Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 1

School of Distance Education

tIcf kwkvImcwþA[n\nthi B[p\nI tIcfw

BA Malayalam

III SEMESTER

Complementary Course

2011 Admission onwards

396

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY.P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA – 673 635

396

2

School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

Prepared by :Dr. Biju JosephDepartment of Malayalam and Kerala StudiesUniversity of Calicut

Scrutinised by:Dr.Anil Kumar.V,HOD, Department of MalayalamUniversity of Calicut.

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL

III SEMESTER

B.A. MALAYALAM(2011 ADMISSION)

COMPLEMENTARY COURSE:

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

Layout & SettingsComputer Section, SDE

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Reserved

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 3

School of Distance Education

tIcf kwkvImcwþA[n\nthi B[p\nI tIcfw

bqtdm]pw tIcfhpw X½nepff hym]mc_Ô¯n\v \qäm­pIfpsS Ncn{Xap­v. tIcf¯nse kpKÔ

{Zhy§fmb C©n, IpcpapfIv, Gew, {Km¼q, Idph¸«, Nµ\w XpS§nb DÂ]¶§Ä bqtdm]y³amÀ¡v hfsc

{]nb¦c§fmbnc¶p. a[yIme§fn tIcfhpw bqtdm]pw X½nepff hym]mc_Ôw IqSpX iàn {]m]n¨p. CXn\v

CS\ne¡mcmbn hÀ¯n¨Xv Atd_y³ hym]mcnIfmbncp¶p. {ItaW CS\ne¡mcmb Ad_nIsf Hgnhm¡n

tIcfhpambn t\cn«v hym]mc_Ôw Øm]n¡m³ bqtdm]y³amÀ B{Kln¨p. CXn\mbn t]mÀ¨pK cmPmhv tUmw

am\ph hmkvtImU Kmasb \ntbmKn¨p. 1498 sabv amk¯n hmkvtImU Kma tImgnt¡mSv Im¸mSv Xoc¯v

F¯n. kmaqXncn At±ls¯ BXnYy acymZtbmsS kzoIcn¨p. Kma kmaqXncntbmSv hym]mcmhiy§Ä

Adnbn¡pIbpw bp²§Ä¡v t]mÀ«pKokv I¸Â¸SbpsS klmbw hmKvZm\w sN¿pIbpw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ

kmaqXncn, \m«n \nehnepff \nbaa\pkcn¨v N{Iw sImSp¯v th­ km[\§Ä hm§Wsa¶ B\pIqeyw

am{XamWv Kmabv¡pw Iq«mfnIÄ¡p \ÂInbXv. {]Xo£n¨Xpt]mse bmsXmcm\pIqey§fpw kmaqXncnbn \n¶v

e`n¡pIbnsöp a\Ênem¡nb Kma BKÌv amk¯n tImgnt¡mSv hn«p. bm{Xm at[y At±lw tIme¯ncn

cmPmhnsâ £Wa\pkcn¨v I®qcn Cd§n. AhnsS t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ¡v FÃm hmWnPy kuIcy§fpw tIme¯ncn

hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. t]m«pKokp I¸en Nc¡p Ibäp¶Xns\]än At±lw hmkv tImU Kmabpambn Hcp IcmdnÂ

GÀs¸«p. hmkvtImUKma 1498 \hw_dn I®qcp \n¶v ]pds¸«v 1499þ enkvs_Wn F¯n. \m«nse¯nb

hmkvtImU Kmabv¡v hotcmNnXamb kzoIcWw e`n¨p.

t]mÀ«pKokpImcpsS ASp¯ I¸Â kwLw s]s{Um AÂhmcokv I{_mfnsâ t\XrXz¯nepffXmbncp¶p

33 I¸epIfpw 1500 BfpIfpap­mbncp¶p B kwL¯nÂ. B]Â ¡camb Hcp bm{X¡p tijw I{_mÄ

tImgnt¡ms«¯nbt¸mÄ Bdp I¸epItf Ahtijn¨ncp¶pffq. F¦nepw kmaqXncnbpambn [mcWbnse¯phm\pw

tImgnt¡mSv Hcp hym]mcime \nÀ½n¡phm\pw C¡pdn t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ¡p km[n¨p. tImgnt¡m«pambn

hfscImes¯ hym]mc _Ôap­mbncp¶ Ad_nIsf AhnsS\n¶v Hgnhm¡p¶Xn\v I{_mfnsâ t\XrXz¯nepff

t]mÀ«pKokv kwLw B{Kln¨p. AXn\mbn AhÀ tImgnt¡mSv XpdapJ¯p­mbncp¶ Ad_nIfpambn Gäpap«n.

Ht«sd Ad_n¡¸epIÄ ]nSns¨Sp¡pIbpw I¸Â tPmen¡msc Iq«t¯msS sImÃpIbpw sNbvXp.

t]mÀ«pKokpImcpsS IcpXn¡q«nbpff Cu \oNhr¯n \m«pImsc Acniw sImffn¨p. tIm]mIpecmb P\§Ä

t]mÀ«pKokpImcpsS hym]mcime \in¸n¡pIbpw Icbv¡p­mbncp¶ t]mÀ«pKokpImcn ]IpXnbne[nIw t]sc

h[n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ]cn{`an¨pt]mb I{_mÄ sIm¨nbntebv¡v I¸epambn c£s¸«p.

1500 Unkw_dn sIm¨nbnse¯nt¨ I{_mfns\ sIm¨ncmPmhv kvt\lt¯msS kzoIcn¨p. sIm¨nbnÂ

hym]mcw \S¯m\pw hym]mcime\nÀ½n¡m\papff A[nImchImi§Ä sIm¨ncmPmhv t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ¡p \ÂIn.

sIm¨ncmPmhnsâ BXnYyw kznIcn¨p Ignbth Xs¶ sImïpw hym]mcw \S¯p¶Xn\mbn AhnSps¯

cmPm¡·mcn \n¶pw £Ww e`n¨p. sImÃt¯bv¡p t]mIm³ Xcambnsænepw aS¡bm{Xbn I{_mÄ

I®qcnd§pIbpw AhnsS\n¶pw Iqsd¡qSn Nc¡p IbäpIbpw sNbvXp. A§s\ t\m¡pt¼mÄ I{_mfnsâ

tIcf]cyS\w hngbIcambncp¶p F¶p ImWmw. I{_mfns\ XpSÀ¶v hym]mc ZuXyhpambn F¯nb PmthmUm

t\mhm F¶ t]mÀ«pKokv \mhnI\pw sIm¨nbn \n¶pw I®qcn \n¶pw [mcmfw Nc¡p e`n¨p. kmaqXncn¡v

t]mÀ«pKokpImtcmSpff i{XpX AdnbmXbncp¶ t\mh tImgnt¡m«v Xsâ I¸Â ASp¸n¨tXbnÃ.

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School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

KmabpsS c­mw hchv

I{_mfnsâ I¨hS\b¯nse A]mIXIÄ ]cnlcn¡pI F¶ e£yt¯msSbmWv 1502-Â hmkvtImU

Kma hn­pw tIcf¯nsebv¡p h¶Xv. hcp¶hchn kap{Z¯n I­ Ad_n¡¸epIÄ ]nSns¨Sp¯p.

AXn\ptijw Kma I®qÀ kµÀin¡pIbpw sIm¨nbnse hnebv¡v IpcpapfIpw aäpw I®qÀ XpdapJ¯p \n¶pw

t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ¡v hnäpsImffmsa¶ HcpS¼Snbn tIme¯ncnsb sIms­¯n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AXn\ptijw

kmaqXncnsb kµÀin¨v tImgnt¡mSv \Kc¯n \n¶pw FÃm apÉo§sfbpw ]dªb¡Wsa¶v Bhiys¸«p.

kmaqXncn AXv \nckn¨p. XpSÀ¶v t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ tImgnt¡mSp\Kcw B{Ian¨p.

]n¶oSv hmkvtImU Kma sIm¨nbnse¯pIbpw s]m¶n³ IncoSapÄs¸sS hnes¸« ]mcntXmjnI§Ä \ÂIn

sIm¨ncmPmhns\ {]oWn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. XpSÀ¶v sIm¨ncmPmhpambn Kma Hcp DS¼SnbnteÀs¸«p. {]kvXpX

DS¼Sn {]Imcw t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ \nÝbn¡p¶ hnebv¡v IpcpapfIpw Gehpw aäp Nc¡pIfpw \m«pImÀ sImSp¯p

sImffWsa¶v hyhØbmbn. t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ¡v CjvSapffnSs¯ms¡ hym]mc imeIfpw ssk\nI tI{µ§fpw

Øm]n¡phm\pff A\phmZhpw e`n¨p.

sIm¨nbn \n¶v t]mÀ«pUokpImsc ]dªb¡Wsa¶ kmaqXncnbpsS \nÀt±iw sIm¨ncmPmhv

Xffn¡fªp. 1503 amÀ¨v H¶mw XobXn tImgnt¡mSp ssk\yw sIm¨nbntebv¡v \o§n. temd³tkm samdot\mbpsS

Iogn t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ klmbn¨ sIm¨ossk\y§Ä AhcpsS CS¸ffnt¡m« hntcmNnXambn {]Xntcm[n¨p.

Ichgn¡pw ISÂhgn¡pw ZznapJm{IaWw \S¯nb kmaqXncn ssk\y¯nsâ bp² X{´w sIm­v sIm¨n

ssk\y¯n\v tXmäp ]n·mtd­nh¶p. Bfnepw AÀ°¯nepw sIm¨n ssk\y¯nsâ \jvSw `oaambncp¶p.

sIm¨nbnse aq¶p cmPm¡·mÀ B bp²¯n acn¨p. sIm¨ocmPmhv Ff§p¶¸pg t£{X¯nse kt¦X¯nÂ

A`bw tXSn. ag¡meambt¸mÄ, HmWw Ignªv B{IaWw ]p\cmcw`n¡msa¶ \nÝbt¯msS kmaqXncn

tImgnt¡mt«bv¡p aS§n. kpiàamb Hcp ssk\yhn`ms¯ sIm¨nbn \nÀ¯nbn«mWv At±lw t]mbXv.

1503 sk]vXw_dn {^m³knkvtIm AÂ_p¡À¡nsâ Iogn Hcp t]mÀ«pKokv \mhnIhn`mKw

sIm¨nbnse¯n. AXv kzmÀt« ]¨nt¡mhnsâ I¸epambn ssh¸n³ Icbn sh¨p kÔn¨p. AhnsS hfbs¸«ncp¶

sIm¨o ssk\yw Cu t]mjI tk\sb kzmKXw sNbvXp. sIm¨nbn XmhfaSn¨ncp¶ tImgnt¡m«p ssk\yw

A¼c¶p ]n³hm§n. t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ hnPb]qÀÆw sIm¨ncmPmhns\ sIm¨nbn sIm­ph¶p knwlmk\¯nÂ

]p\: {]XnjvTn¨p. t]mÀ«pKokv ]«mfw hnPb elcnbn CS¸ffn cmPmhnsâ tZi§Ä sImffbSn¡pIbpw Ht«sd

{Kma§Ä sImffn hbv¡pIbpw \ncmbp[cmb kmam\y P\§sf sIms¶mSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. IrXÚXm

_²\mb sIm¨ocmPmhv t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ¡v AhcpsS hym]mcimebpsS kwc£W¯n\v sIm¨nbn Hcp

tIm«sI«m³ A\phmZw \ÂIn. 1503 sk]vXw_À 27þmw XnbXn ASn¡Ãn« Cu tIm«bmWv C´ybn bqtdm]y·mÀ

\nÀ½n¨ H¶mas¯ tIm«. t]mÀ«pKokv cmPmhnsâ _lpaXn¡pth­n am\phÂtIm« (Fort Manuel) F¶v AXn\p

t]cn«p. I®qcn Hcp ]m­nIime am{Xap­mbncp¶ t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ¡v C´y³ a®n Hcp ssk\nI

tI{µap­mbXv A§s\bmWv. kmaqXncn ]n¶oSpw sIm¨n cmPys¯ B{Ians¨¦nepw hnPbn¨nÃ. 1504þÂ

t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ kmaqXncnbpsS ssI¿n \n¶v sImSp§ÃqÀ \Kcw ]nSns¨Sp¯v AXn\pNpäpw tIm« aXnÂsI«n.

sImSp§ÃqÀ cmPmhv tImgnt¡mSpambpff _Ôw Ahkm\n¸n¨v t]mÀ«pKokpImcpsS kwc£Ww kzoIcn¨p.

C´ybnse Xsâ Øm\hpw am\yXbpw Dd¸p hcp¯p¶Xn\v t]mÀ«pK cmPmhv Hcp ssht{kmbnsb

\nban¨p. {^m³kntIm AÂtaU F¶mbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ t]cv. 1505Â sIm¨nbnse¯nb AÂtaU ]pXnb

tIm«IÄ \nÀan¡pIbpw ]gbh_es¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXp. A]ISw a\Ênem¡nb kmaqXncn tIme¯ncnbpambn

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 5

School of Distance Education

tbmPn¨v t]mÀ«pKokpImsc FXncnSm³ X¿mdmbn. 1508þ anÀlpssksâ t\XrXz¯n CuPn]vXnÂ\n¶v

Hcp\mhnI¸S Ad_nISense¯n. B ]Sbpw kmaqXncntbmSpw tIme¯ncntbmSpw H¶n¨p. C¯c¯n hensbmcp

ssk\nI k¶mls¯bmWv t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ¡v t\cntS­n h¶Xv. B bp²¯n t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ ]cmPbs¸«p.

F¶m ASp¯ sImÃw Xs¶ t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ ho­pw C´y³ almkap{Z¯n B[n]Xyw hos­Sp¯p. ]n¶oSv

AtaU aS§nt¸mhpIbpw AÂt^m³kmUn AÂ_p¡À¡v ssht{kmbn Bbn F¯pIbpw sNbvXp.

t]mÀ«pKokpImcpsS hmWnPy XmÂ]cy§Äþ kwc£n¡pI am{Xambncp¶nà AÂ_p¡dnsâ e£yw. Hcp t]mÀ«pKokv

km{amPyw Øm]n¡m\mbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ \o¡w. F¶m AÂ_p¡dnsâ B{IaW§Ä hnPbw I­nÃ.

]n¶oSt±lw \bw amäpIbpw kmaqXncnbpambn DS¼Sn D­m¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Zqc hym]I ^e§fpfhm¡p¶ ]e

]cnjvImc§fpw AÂ_p¡À¡v \S¸nem¡n. hnZymeb§Ä Øm]n¡pIbpw \oXn\ymb hyhØ IÀ¡iam¡pIbpw

sNbvXp. C´y¡msc ssk\y¯n tNÀ¡m³ AÂ_p¡À¡v X¿mdmbn. C´y³ kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sN¿m³

t]mÀ«pKokv DtZymKØsc At±lw t{]mÕmln¸n¨p. C´ybnse t]mÀ«pKokv `cW¯nsâ BØm\w sIm¨nbnÂ

\n¶p tKmhbntebv¡p amän.

AÂ_p¡À¡n\p tijw h¶ t]mÀ«pKokv ssht{kmbnamÀ Aiàcpw AgnaXn¡mcpambncp¶Xn\mÂ

AhÀ¡v Imcymamsbm¶pw t\Sm³ IgnªnÃ. bqtdm¸nse Xs¶ asämcp ssk\nI iànbmb U¨pImcpsS

BKa\w C´ybn t]mÀ«pKokv km{amPy kvXm]\¯n\v XSÊambn. U¨pImcpsS iàn hÀ²n¨tXmsS t]mÀ«pKokv

cmPmhn\v C´ybn km{amPyw Øm]n¡m\pff XmÂ]cyw \in¨p. cmP {]Xn\n[nIÄ¡pw ]ns¶ A[nIImew

C´ybn ]nSn¨p \n¡m\mbnÃ.

t]mÀ«pKokv B[n]Xy¯ns â ^e§Ä

t]mÀ«pKokv `cWm[nImcnIÄ tIcf¯n hcpt¼mÄ iàamb Hcp `cWtI{µw tIcf¯nÂ

D­mbncp¶nÃ. F¶m kmaqXncnbpsS t\XrXz¯n cmjv{Sobamb Nne GIoIcW {ia§Ä \S¶ncp¶pXm\pw.

Cu {ia§fpsS XfÀ¨bv¡pw, XIÀ¨¡pw t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS hchv ImcWambn. kmaqXncnsb cmjv{Sobambn

inYneoIcn¡p¶Xn\p th­n sIm¨ntbbpw I®qcns\bpw AhÀ kzm[o\n¨p. F¦nepw hensbmcp cmjv{Sob

iànbmbn Xocm³ t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ¡v IgnªnÃ. tIcf¯nse sNdpInS cmPm¡·mcneqsS cmjv{Sobm[nImcw

\ne\nÀ¯m³ am{Xta AhÀ¡p Ignªpffq. t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hcthmsS tIcfhpambn Ad_nIÄ¡p­mbncp¶

hmWnPy Ip¯I XIÀ¶p. XÂØm\¯v bqtdm¸pambpff hmWnPyw A`nhr²ns¸«p. CXv tIcf¯nsâ

km¼¯nIm`nhr²n¡v ImcWambn. IpcapfIv, Gew, C©n, Idph¸«, {Km¼q XpS§nbh bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fnte¡v

IbäpaXn sN¿s¸«p. imkv{Xob IrjncoXn¡v t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ henb t{]mÕml\w \ÂIn.

hyhkmbImSnØm\¯n sX§p Irjn t{]mÕmln¸n¡pIbpw Ibdns\ {][m\s¸« IbäpaXn Dev]¶ambn

amäpIbpw sNbvXp. ImkÀt¡m«v imkv{XobmSnØm\¯n ]pIbne Irjn XpS§n. bqtdm]y³ kacmbp[§fpw

bp² kt¦X§fpw t]mÀ¨pKokpImcn \n¶mWv tIcfobÀ ]IÀ¯nbXv.

t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ sIm¨nbnepw ssh¸n³ tIm«bpw A¨SnimeIÄ Øm]n¡pIbpw tIcfs¯bpw

tIcf¯nse kkyeXmZnIsfbpw Ipdn¨v ]T\§Ä \S¯pIbpw sNbvXp. C´ybnse Huj[s¨SnIsf Ipdn¨v,

KmÀjy UmÀ HkvtXm Hcp {KÙw cNn¨p. {InkvXpaX¯n\v t{]mÕml\w \ÂIphm\pw {InkvXy³ ]ptcmlnX·mÀ¡v

]cnioe\w \ÂIphm\pambn sIm¨n, sImSp§ÃqÀ, A¦amen, ssh¸n³ tIm« F¶nhnS§fn skan\mcnIÄ Øm]n¨p.

Cu skan\mcnIfn e¯o³ mjbpw ]Tn¸n¨ncp¶p. t]mÀ¨pKokv inev]amXrI A\pkcn v ]ffnIfpw skan\mcnIfpw

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School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

_w¥mhpIfpw AhÀ ]WnXpbÀ¯n. IYIfnbpsS {InkvXob\pIcWamsW¶v ]dbmhp¶ Nhn«p\mSIw D­mbXpw

hnIkn¨Xpw t]mÀ¨pKokv ImeL«¯nemWv.

Iiph­n, ]pIbne, B¯¨¡, t]c¡, ]¸mb, ssIX¨¡ XpS§nb ]pXnb ImÀjntImev]¶§Ä

{]Ncn¸n¨Xv t]mÀ¨pKokpImcmWv. IpcpapfIpw C©nbpw imkv{Xobambn Irjn sN¿m\pw tIcf¯nsâ XoctZi v

\ndsb sX§pIÄ \Sm\pw AhÀ t{]cn¸n¨p. t]mÀ¨pKokv ImeL«§fnÂ, tImgnt¡mSv, sIm¨n, Nmenbw I®qÀ

XpS§nb \Kc§Ä¡v IqSpX {][m\yw ssIh¶p.

aX\bw

It¯men¡ aX¯nsâ A\pbmbnIfmb t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ lnµp¡tfmSv BZyIme§fn hfsc

X{´]qÀÆamWv s]cpamdnbXv, ImcWw AhcpsS {]oXnbpw B\pIqeyhpw t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS \ne\nÂ]n\v

Bhiyambncp¶p. 1454þ \nt¡mfmkv A©ma³ amÀ¸m¸ t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ Gjybnepw B{^n¡bnepw

I­p]nSn¡p¶ apgph³ cmPy§fpsS AhImi§fpw Hcp {]Jym]\¯neqsS t]mÀ¨pKokv cmPmhn\v \ÂIn.

AXn\ptijw C{]Imcw I­p]nSn¡p¶ cmPy§fnse P\§sf {InkvXym\nIÄ B¡pIsb¶Xv X§fpsS

ISabmsW¶v t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ hnizkn¨p. CXnsâ ASnØm\¯nemWv AhÀ aXw {]Ncn¸n¨Xv. Kma {InkvXpaX

{]NcWw \S¯nbnsænepw I{_mfnsâ Iq«¯n [mcmfw {InkvXpaX ]ptcmlnX·mÀ D­mbncp¶p. Nne

t]mÀ¨pKokv KhÀWÀamcpsS Ime¯v t£{X§Ä XIÀ¡pIbpw sImffbSn¡pIbpw sNbvXn«p­v.

tXhe¡ct£{Xhpw ]ffpcp¯n t£{Xhpw C{]Imcw sImff sN¿s¸«hbmWv. amXrcmPy¯v apÉo§tfmSv

D­mbncp¶ i{XpX AhÀ C´ybnepw XpSÀ¶p. apÉow ]ffnIÄ s]mfn¡p¶ \bw aqew AhÀ B kapZmbs¯

apgph³ i{Xp¡fm¡n amän. t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS aX ]oU\¯n\v ht[bcmb PqX·mÀ sImSp§ÃqÀ hn«v ]dhqÀ

, sIm¨n F¶nhnS§fn Xmakw XpS§n. tKmhbn t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ \S¯nb aX]cnhÀ¯\ {ia§Ä aqew

AhnSps¯ KuU kmckzX¡mÀ ]emb\w sN¿pIbpw, sImSp§ÃqÀ, sIm¨n, Be¸pg, tNÀ¯e F¶nhnS§fnÂ

Xmakam¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS hchn\pw \qäm­pIÄ ap³]pXs¶ tIcf¯n {InkvXpaXw {]Ncn¨ncp¶p. tIcfob

ss{IkvXhÀ Bcm[\bv¡v kpdnbm\n `mj D]tbmKn¨ncp¶XpsIm­v, kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIÄ F¶mWv

Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIfpsS A²ymßnI t\Xmhv _m_ntemWnbbnse ]mÀ{Xnbm¡okv

Bbncp¶p. BZyIme¯v t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ tIcf¯nse kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nItfmSv kulrZw mhn¨ncps¶¦nepw

]n¶oSv i{XpXm at\m`mht¯msS s]cpamdm³ XpS§n. bqtdm¸nse {InkvXym\nIfn \n¶v n¶amb PohnXcoXnbpw

BNmc\pjvTm\§fpw Bcm[\m{Iahpw kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIÄ ]n³XpScp¶p F¶p I­t¸mgmWv

t]mÀ¨pKokvImÀ¡v kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nItfmSv \ockw tXm¶nbXv. AhcpsS ho£W¯n kpdnbm\n Bcm[\m

{Iaw AXn\nµybpw A]Izhpw A]qÀWhpw Bbncp¶p. AXpsIm­v kpdnbm\n {Ia¯n\p ]Icw e¯o³

Bcm[\m{Iaw \S¸n hcp¯phm³ t]mÀ¨pKokvImÀ {ian¨p. AXn\pth­n, sIm¨nbn e¯o³ cq]X Øm]n¨p.

tKmhbnse BÀ¨p _nj¸nsâ t\cn«pff taÂt\m«¯nembncp¶p sIm¨n cq]X. tKmhbnse BÀ¨p _nj¸mb

AeIvknkv Un sa\nkkv tIcf¯nse kpdnbm\n ss{IkvXhsc e¯o³ {Ia¯n tNÀ¡p¶Xn\v {ia§Ä \S¯n.

Cu {ia¯ns â ]qÀ®XbmWv 1599þse DZbwt]cqÀ kp\ltZmkn ImWp¶Xv. DZbw t]cqÀ kp\ltZmkneqsS

tIcf¯nse kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIsf tdma³k`bpsS B[n]Xy¯n sIm­phcm³ t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ¡v

Ignªp. {]kvXpX kp\ltZmkn\v B[y£yw hln¨Xv AeIvknkv Un. sa\nknkv Bbncp¶p. kp\l tZmknÂ

813 {]Xn\n[nIÄ ]s¦Sp¯p. Ahcn 133 t]À I¯\mÀamcpw 20 t]À Uo¡·mcpw 660 t]À Hmtcm CShIsbbpw

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 7

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{]Xn\n[oIcn¨p h¶ km[mcW¡mcpambncp¶p. kp\ltZmkn h¨v kpdnbm\n {KÙ§Ä ]cntim[n¡pIbpw

A\mimkyamb `mK§Ä FSp¯pamäpIbpw sNbvXp. ssZh hncp² {KÙ§Ä I¯n¨p Ifªp. kpdnbm\n

IpÀºm\ e¯o³ IpÀºm\bv¡\pkrXambn t`Zs¸Sp¯n. kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIÄ¡v _ÔwhntÑZn¡s¸SpIbpw

]Icw tdmanse t]m¸ns â B[n]Xyw kzoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

tIcf¯nse kpdnbm\n k`bn t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ t\Snb hnPbw Xm¡menIambncp¶p. A¦amen

cq]Xbntebv¡v e¯o³ _nj¸pamsc \nban¡p¶Xn kpdnbm\n¡mÀ¡XnÀ¸p­mbn. kpdnbm\n _nj¸pXs¶

thWsa¶v AhÀ B{Kln¨p. AXn\mbn _m_ntemWnbbnse ]mÀ{XnbmÀ¡oknt\mSv AhÀ Bhiys¸«p.

AXn³{]Imcw Aläà F¶ _nj¸ns\ _m_ntemWnb³ ]mÀ{XnbmÀ¡v CjvSs¸«nÃ. AhÀ AläÃsb

ssaem¸qcn XSªph¨p. Cu hmÀ¯ kpdnbm\n tI{µ§sf {]£p_v[am¡n. kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIÄ kwLw

tNÀ¶v t]mÀ«pKokv sIm¨nbpsS {]thiZzmc§Ä XIÀ¯p t]mÀ«pKokv A[nIrXÀ AläÃsb ap¡ns¡m¶p

Fs¶mcp i{XpX ]c¶p. CXpIqSn tI« kpdnbm\n IrkvXym\nIÄ IqSpXÂ tcmjmIpecmIpIbpw a«mt©cnbnse

]gb Ipcninsâ Iogn XSn¨p IqSpIbpw sNbvXp. AhÄ B Ipcnin hensbmcp hSwsI«n AXn ]nSn¨psIm­v,

e¯o³ BÀ¨p _nj¸pamtcbpw P_ym«v ]ptcmlnX·mtcbpw Hcn¡epw A\pkcn¡pIbntöv {]XnÚ sNbvXp.

Cu kw`hw Iq\wIpcniv kXyw F¶ t]cnednbs¸Sp¶p. A§s\ tIcf¯nse kpdnbm\n {InkvXymXnIÄ tdma³

kpdnbm\n, bmt¡m_mb kpdnbm\n F¶o c­p hn`mK§fmbn amdn.

Ipªm-en-a-c-¡mÀ

Ipªm-en-am-cpsS DÛ-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hy-à-amb Adn-hnÃ. AhÀ sIm¨n-bnse

I -h-S-¡m-cm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw t]mÀ«pKokp-ImÀ sIm¨n cmPm-hnsâ B\p-Iq-eyw t\Sn-b-t¸mÄ

AhÀ s]m¶m-\n-bn-te-¡p-t]mbn {ItaW kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS \mhn-I-tk\m \mb-I-·m-cp-ambn

XoÀ¶p. Ch-cn BZ-y-Im-es¯ Gähpw [oc-\m-bn-cp-¶p Ip«n-bm-en. an¶n- m-bp¶ `mcw

Ipdª kmbp-[-\u-I-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn v 1525  Ip«n-bmen t]mÀ«pImÀ¡v oa-amb \jvS-ap-­m-¡n.

Ip«n-bm-en-bpsS ie-y-an-Ãm-Xm-¡m³ t]mÀ«pKokv \mhn-I-¸S ià-amb \S-]-Sn-IÄ

kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw 1528 Â Ip«n-bm-ensb XS-hn-em-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kmaq-Xncn Ipªmen cmPm-hnsâbpw Ip«n-bm-en-bpsS _Ôp-hmb ]¨m n ac-bv¡m-cp-sSbpw

sIbvtdm-bnse Hcp hym-]m-cn-bmb Ben A{_m-l-ansâbpw t\Xr-X-z -¯n \mhn-I-

ssk-\-ys¯ ]p\:kwL-Sn- n- p. Cu {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS ^e-ambn C -y³ kap-{Z- nse

t]mÀ«p-Kokv hmWn-Pyw an¡-hmdpw \nÝ-e-am-bn.

]pXnb t]mÀ«pKokv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn h¶ ‘UmI³l’ sh«¯p cmPm-hnsâ

A\p-hm-Z-t¯msS amen-b v Hcp tIm« \nÀ½ p. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS \mhn-I¸Sbpw t]mÀ«pKokp-Imcpw

X½n \nc- -c-k-acw \S-¶p. XpS-sc- p-S-sc-bp-ff bp²-§ÄsIm­v kmaq-Xncn £oWn- p.

1540  t]mÀ«p.-Imcpw kmaq-Xn-cnbpw X½n Hcp kÔn-bp-­m-¡n. F¶m kam-[m\w

A[n-I-Imew \o­n-Ã. 1571 Â kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS ssk\yw Nmenbw tIm« hfªv AXp \ntÈjw

XIÀ¯p.

Nmenbw tIm«-bpsS ]X\w t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS ]X-\- nsâ Bcw- -am-bn-cp-¶p. Nmen-b p

\n¶v t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-Imsc ]pd-¯m-¡nb tijw Ipªm-en-amÀ ià-cm-bn. ac-bv¡mÀ

IpSpw-_- nse {][m\n Ipªmen H¶m-a³ kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-t¯msS tIm«-bv¡Â

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Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

Hcp tIm« sI«n. At±-l-¯n\v kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS Hcp \mbÀ tk\m \mb-I-\p-ff FÃm

A[n-Im-c-§fpw Ah-Im-i-§-fp-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p. 1580  t]mÀ«p¨pKokpImÀ¡v Hcp hym-]m-c-

ime XpS-§m³ kmaq-Xncn A\p-hmZw \evIn-bXv Ipªm-en-amÀ¡v AKm-[-amb A`n-am-\-

£-X- n\v Imc-W-am-bn. 1595 Â Ipªmen c­m-a³ ac-bv¡mÀam-cpsS Xe-h-\m-bn. At±lw

tIm«-bv¡Â tIm« _e-s¸-Sp- p-Ibpw ‘apÉo-§-fpsS cmPmhv’ ‘C´-y³ kap-{Z-§-fpsS

A[n-\m-b-I³’ F¶o _ncp-Z-§Ä kzbw Gsä-Sp¯v kmaq-Xn-cnsb ]c-k-y-ambn [n¡-cn- p.

Ipªmen kmaq-Xn-cnbpsS Hcm-\-bpsS hm Acn-ªp-hn-«Xpw Imc-W-a-dn-bn-¡m³ h¶ \mbÀ

{]`p-hn-t\mSv lo\-ambn s]cp-am-dn-bXpw kmaq-Xn-cnsb tIm]m-Ip-e-\m-¡n. Ipªm-en-am-cpsS

iàn XIÀ¡m³ kmaq-Xncn t]mÀ«pKokpImcp-ambn Icm-dp-­m-¡n.

1600 Â kmaq-Xncn tk\ Ic-h-gn¡pw ]d-¦n- S ImÂh-gn¡pw tIm«-bv¡Â tIm« B{I-an- p.

IS-enÂ\n¶pw Ic-bn \n¶pw b-¦-c-amb B{I-aWw Bcw- n- -t¸mÄ ac-bv¡m-cpsS {]Xn-tcm[

iàn XIÀ¶p. Xsâ Poh³ c£n-¡-W-sa¶ hy-h-Ø-bn Ipªmen Iog-S-§n. {]Xm-]-

im-en-bmb B ]S- -e-h³ kmaq-Xn-cn¡v Xsâ hÄ ASn-bd h¨p. F¶m At±-l-am-Is«

]d-¦n-IÄ¡v hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. AhÀ kmaq-Xn-cn¡p \evInb {]XnÚ ewLn v

Ipªmen ac-bv¡m-sc tKmh-bn h v h[n- p. ihw sIm¯n-\p-dp¡n IS¡c-I-fn-se-dn-ªp.

Xe I®q-cn sIm­p-h¶v Hcp tImen \m«n \nÀ¯n. CtXm-Sp-IqSn Ipªm-en-am-cpsS

iàn Ah-km-\n- p. ]d-¦n-IÄ ISÂs¡m-f-f-¡mÀ F¶p ]d-ª-[n-t£-]n-s¨-¦nepw kz´w

cmPm-hnsâ Iev]\ inckm hln¨v Hcp \qäm­p Ime-t¯mfw B{I-a-W-Im-cn-I-fmbn

t]mÀ«pKokp-ImÀ-s¡-Xn-cmbn hnP-b-I-c-ambn kacw sNbvX Ipªm-en-amsc Ah-K-Wn-¡m³

Ncn-{X- n\v km[-y-a-Ã. X\n-¡p-th­n Hcp iXm-_vZ-¡mew tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn¨ acbv¡mcpsS

iàn \in- n-¡m³ Xsâ i{Xp-¡-fmb ]d-¦n-I-tfmSv kmaq-Xncn tNÀ¶p-sh-¶Xv kmaq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS

Ncn-{X-¯nse Idp¯ ]mSmbn Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶p. “Cu ]S-¯-e-h-·m-cpsS hoc-N-cnXw

tIc-f- n-s\m-«msI A`n-am-\hpw A´Êpw \evIp-sa-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn v bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-Ô.U¨pImÀ

C´ybpambpff hym]mc_Ô¯n \n¶v t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ¡p­mb t\«§sf Ipdn¨v Adnª U¨pImÀ

C´ybpambn t\cn«p hmWnPy _Ô¯n\p Xocpam\n¨p. 1592  Bwkv{SÀUman h¨v {]apJ U¨p hym]mcnIfpsS

Hcp tbmKw IqSpIbpw U v CuÌv C´ym I¼\n Øm]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. 1604þ AUvaod Ìoh³ hm³UÀ

lmKsâ t\XrXz¯nepff Hcp kwLw hym]mcnIÄ tImgnt¡ms«¯n kmaqXncnbpambn kJyw sNbvXp. Cu

kJy¯nsâ {][m\ e£yw U¨pamcpambn tNÀ¶v ]d¦nIsf C´ybn \n¶v Xpc¯pIbmbncp¶p. 1608þ Hcp

]m­nIime kmaqXncn U¨pImÀ¡v \ÂIn. t]mÀ¨pUokpImÀs¡Xnsc tIcf¯nse \mSphmgnIsf kwLSn¸n¡m\pw

AWn\nc¯m\papff U¨pImcpsS {iaw hnPbn¨nÃ. F¦nepw sN¼ItÈcn cmPmhmbpw aäpw U¨pImÀ IcmdpIÄ

D­m¡n.

kntem¬ BØm\am¡nbmWv t]mÀ¨pKokpImcs¡Xncmb \S]SnIÄ U¨pImÀ Bkq{XWw sNbvXXv.

1658þ kntemWnse t]mÀ¨pKokv tImf\nIÄ U¨pImÀ ]nSns¨Sp¯p. AtXhÀjw Xs¶ t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS

sImÃw tIm«bpw U¨pImÀ IcØam¡n. sIm¨ncmPIpSpw_¯nep­mb B`y´c aÕcw apXseSp¯psIm­v

t]mÀ¨pKokpImsc ]cmPbs¸Sp¯m³ U¨pImÀ¡v Ignªp. 1662þ sImSp§Ãqcn \n¶v U¨pImÀ

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 9

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t]mÀ¨pKokpImsc Xpc¯n. XpSÀ¶v U¨p ssk\yw sIm¨n B{Ian¡pbpw sNbvXp. Cu B{IaW¯nÂ

kmaqXncnbpsS klmbhpw D­mbncp¶p.

U¨p ssk\ym[n]\mb hm³Kq¬knsâ t\XrXz¯n sIm¨n cmPmhnsâ a«mt©cn sIm«mcw hfbpIbpw

c­v CfapdX¼pcm¡·msc h[n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. dmWn KwKm[c ]£nab XShnem¡n. XpSÀ¶v aq¯Xmhgnbnse

tIcfhÀ½ U¨pImÀ sIm¨ncmPmhmbn hmgn¨p.

XncphnXmw cmPyw amÀ¯mWvUhÀ½bpsS t\XrXz¯n#n iàambtXmsS U¨pImcpsS iàntIcf¯nÂ

£bn¨p. amÀ¯mWvUhÀ½ sNdnb sNdnb \mSpIÄ sh«n]nSn¡pIbpw Xsâ cmPyt¯mSv tNÀ¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

thWm«nse `n¶n¨p \n¶ XmhgnIsf At±lw Hcpan¸n¨p. XpSÀ¶v ImbwIpfw ]nSns¨Sp¡m\mbn {ian¨p. CXp

U¨pImsc sNmSn¸n¨p. 1841þ Ipf¨Â h¨p­mb bp²¯n U¨pImÀ amÀ¯mWvUhÀ½tbmSv \ntÈjw

]cmPbs¸«p. AhcpsS \mhnI\mbncp¶ Unet\mbv amÀ¯mWvUhÀ½bpsS IqsS tNcpIbpw sNbvXp. 1748þÂ

U¨pImÀ XncphnXmwIqdpambn Hcp Icmdp­m¡n XncphnXmwIqdnse sX§nepw CShbnepw hngnª¯papff Cw¥ojv

hym]mcimeIÄ¡v ieyap­m¡pIbnsöpw GsX¦nepw bqtdm]y³ iàn XncphnXmwIqdns\

B{Ian¡pIbmsW¦n cmPmhns\ klmbn¨p sImffmsa¶pw Cu Icmdn U¨pImÀ Dd¸psImSp¯p.

XncphnXmwIqÀ cmPy§fpambn bp²¯n GÀs¸«m U¨pImÀ \njv]£nX ]men¨psImffmsa¶pw hyhØ sh¨p.

Cu DS¼Sn tIcf¯nse cmjv{Sob iàn F¶ \nebn U¨pImÀ¡p­mb A]Pb¯nsâ DZmlcWamWv.

U¨v B[n-]-Xy- nsâ ^e-§Ä

U¨p-ImÀ¡v £ahpw hn]p-e-hp-amb Hcp `c-W-coXn D­m-bn-cp-¶p. kz´w \m«n \ne-hn-

en-cp¶ P\m-[n-]Xy coXn AhÀ sNs¶- nb tZi-§-fnepw XpSÀ¶v s]m¶p. Gä-hpw sNdnb

]m­n-I-im-e-I-fnÂt]mepw Iu¬kn-ep-Ifpw I½n-än-Ifpw tImS-Xn-I-fp-sam-s¡-bp-­m-bn-cp-¶p.

U¨m-[n-]-Xy-tZ-i-§-fn KhÀWÀ P\-d-ensâ t\cn-«pÅ c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]uckvXy hmWn-Py- nÂ

Xm¸-cy-apÅ {][m\ kwL-S-\-I-fn \n¶v sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-Sp¶ 17 Ub-d-IvSÀam-cmWv U¨p-

I-¼\n cn- n-cp-¶-Xv. U¨v c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ kaÀ°cpw kXy-k-Ôcpw aX-k-ln-jvWpX DÅ-hcpw

Bbn-cp-¶p. hym]m-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« aäp IW-¡p-Ifpw aäpw IrXy-ambn kq£n-¡p-Ibpw k¼ v

anX-ambn am{Xw sNe-h-gn-¡p-I-bpw sN¿p¶ coXn-bmWv U¨p `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ ]n³Xp-SÀ¶-Xv.

AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ Agn-a-Xnbpw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-¶p. Imcy£a-Xbpw A¨-S-¡-hp-am-bn-cp¶p U¨p

ssk\y- nsâ ssIap-XÂ.

U¨p-ImÀ tIc-f- nse hnhn[ aX hn`m-K-§-tfmSv {]tXy-In v tIc-f- nse ss{IkvX-h-tcmSv

hfsc kulmÀ±-t¯m-sS-bmWv s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv. anj-Wdn {]hÀ¯-\-§-tfm-sSm¸w P\-§-fpsS

Btcm-Ky-Im-cy-§fpw AhÀ {i²n-¨n-cp-¶p. ]Ån-¸p-d¯v U¨p-ImÀ Hcp IpjvT-tcm-Km-ip-]{Xn

Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw \m«p-ImÀ¡v NnInÕ \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cn \n¶v

`n¶-ambn tIc-f- nse kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-tfmSv hfsc kvt\l-]qÀ®-am-bmWv U¨p-ImÀ s]cp-

am-dn-b-Xv. kqdn-bman {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS tdman-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ \o¡-§Ä¡v U¨p-ImÀ ]tcm-j-ambn

]n´pW \ÂIn. F¦nepw tdmans\ A\p-k-cn-¡p¶ {InkvXym-\n-I-sfSpw kulrZ ]qÀ®-ambn

Xs¶-bmWv AhÀ s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv. U¨p-Im-cn ]ecpw s{]m«-Ìâ v A\p-`m-hn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶n«pw

It¯m-en-¡-tcmSp ImWn¨ kulrZw tdmans\ AÛp-X-s¸-Sp- n.

t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kpImÀ \njvTqc ]oV-\-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-cm-¡nb KuV kmc-kz-Xsc kwc-£n--

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Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

¡p-¶-Xn\v U¨p-ImÀ {]tXyIw {i²n-¨p. sslµ-h-P-\-X-tbbpw Ah-cpsS aX-hn-Im-c-t¯bpw

_lp-am-\n-¡p-¶-Xn U¨p-ImÀ {]tXyIw {i²-sh- p. C´y³ kky-§-fpsS Huj-[-Kp-W-t¯- än

{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ ""tlmÀ¯qkv ae-_m-dn-¡kv'' F¶ Aap-ey-amb {KÙw U¨p kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv.

hm³doUnsâ c£m-[n-Im-c- n-emWv tlmÀ¯qkv ae-_m-dn-¡-knsâ cN\ \S-¶-Xv. amXyqkv F¶

ImÀa-teäv sshZn-I\pw cwK- -«v, hn\m-b-I- -«v, A¸p- -«v, C«n ANyp-X³ F¶o sshZy-·mcpw CXnsâ

cN-\-bn klm-bn- p. 12 thmfy-§-fm-bmWv Cu {KÙw A¨-Sn- n-«p-Å-Xv.

U¨p-ImÀ D¸p-\nÀ½m-Ws¯ hf-sc-b-[nIw t{]mÕm-ln- n-¡p-Ibpw [mcmfw D -f-§Ä Øm]n-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]©-km-c, sN¼v, XI-cw, Cubw, IÀ¸qcw XpS-§nb km[-\-§Ä Cd-¡p-aXn

sN¿p-Ibpw Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Gew XpS-§nb kpK-Ô-hy-RvP-\-§Ä Ib-äp-aXn sN¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

IpI-cp-ap-f-Insâ Ip¯-Im-h-Imiw e`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th­n {]mtZ-in-I- -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-ambn U¨p-ImÀ

kÔn-bn GÀs¸-«p. ]cp¯n hkv{X-§Ä bqtdm-]y³ amÀ¡-äp-I-fn-te¡v AhÀ Ibän Ab- p.

]pI-bn-e-bp-tSbpw, Nmcm-b- n-tâbpw hnev]\ U¨p-Im-cpsS BZm-b-amÀ¤-§-fn {][m-\-am-bn-cp-¶p.

sX§p-Ir-jn-bpsS Imcy- n AhÀ hf-sc-b-[nIw {i²n-¨p. sh¬Xp-cp-¯n, ssh¸n³ Zzo]v

XpS-§nb Øe-§-fn sX§n³ tXm«-§Ä D­m-¡n AhÀ kwc-£n¨p. sX§pw s\Ãpw IqSmsX

Aa-cn-s¨-SnbpsS Irjnbpw \new-Ir-jnbpw U¨p-Im-À t{]mÕm-ln- n- p.

{^©p-ImÀ

1698-þ Xs¶ {^©p-ImÀ Xe-tÈ-cn-bn Hcp Xmhfw Dd- n- n-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv amln-bmbn

{^©p-Im-cpsS tI{µw. a¿-gn-bmWv amln-bmbn amdn-b-Xv. 1725-þÂ s_{Sm³kv s{^mt¦mkv Unse

t_mtWkv F¶ Iym]väsâ t\Xr-Xz- n-emWv IS- -\m«p cmPm-hn \n¶v a¿gn ]nSn-s¨-Sp- -Xv.

Cu Iym]väsâ t]cmWv "amln' F¶v Npcp¡n a¿-gn¡p \ÂIn-b-Xv. a¿-gn-bnse {^©p-Im-cpsS

km¶n[yw Xe-tÈ-cn-bnse Cw¥ojv Xmh-f- nsâ {Z-X¡p lm\n-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. \m«p-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS

]n´pW t\Sm³ Cw¥o-jp-Imcpw {^©p-Imcpw D]-Pm]w \S- n. IqSm-fn-bnse {^©p-Xm-hfw

B©-temkv tIm«-bn X§n-bp-cp¶ U¨p-tk-\-bpsS ]n³_-e-t¯m-sS- I®qÀ Ben-cmP

B{I-an- Xv Cu L«- n-em-Wv. 1730-þ-I-fn {^©p-ImÀ Ccp-hgn \m«p \¼ym-·m-cp-ambn aÕ-c- n-em-Wv.

A¶v IS- -\mSv {^©p-Imsc klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw {_n«o-jp-ImÀ {^©p-Im-cÀs¡-Xn-cmbn tIme- n-cnsb

klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. F¶m {^©p-iàn tImgn-t¡mSpw tNäp-hm-bnepw Xmh-f-ap-d- n-¡p-

¶-XmWv 1739 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw ImWp-¶-Xv. 1741-þÂ Hcp h³ {^©p-kwLw amln-bnepw F¯n.

1741-þÂ {^©p-ImÀ Cw¥ojv Xmh-f-amb Xe-tÈcn D]-tcm-[n-¡m³ k¶m-l-sam-cp-¡n.

IS-¯-\m-Sp-ambn Gäp-ap-«Â \S¯n Cw¥o-jns\ D]-tcm-[n-¡m\mbn-cp¶p {iaw. F¶m CXv

hnP-bn- n-Ã. XpSÀ¶v Cw¥o-jp-Im-cp-ambn kÔn-sNbvXv tIm«-Ifpw Øe-§fpw {^©p-ImÀ AhÀ¡p

ssIam-dn. bqtdm- n Cw¥\vSpw {^m³kpw bp²w sN¿p¶ XpSÀ¶pÅ hÀj-§-fnepw ae-_m-dnÂ

Ah-cpsS _Ôw hj-fm-bn-Ã. 1749 Bb-t¸mÄ bqtdm- n Ccp-hcpw kam-[m\w Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. F¶m Cw¥­pw {^m³kpw X½n bqtdm- n bp²w \S¶ 1756-þÂ, C´y-bnepw ChÀ

]S-s]m-cp-Xn. {^©p-Im-cpsS Xmh-f-amb t]m­n-t¨cn 1761-þ {^©p-ImÀ¡v \jvS-s¸-«p. XpSÀ¶v

a¿-gnbpw AhÀ¡v \jvS-am-bn. F¶m bqtdm-¸nse ]mcokv DS-¼-Sn-sb-¯p-SÀ¶v 1765

HIvtSm-_-dn {^©p-ImÀ¡v a¿gn Xncn¨p In«n. ]n¶oSv 1954 hsc a¿gn {^©p-Im-cpsS

A[o-\-X-bn¯-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 11

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{_n«ojv B[n-]-Xyw.t]mÀ¨pKokp-Im-tcbpw U¨p-Im-scbp t]mse hmWn-Py- n-\mbn BWv Cw¥o-jp-Imcpw

tIc-f-¯n h¶-Xv. 1583-þ dmÂ^v ^n¨v F¶ Cw¥o-jp-Im-c³ aäp I¨-h-S-¡m-cp-sam-¶n¨v

sIm¨n-bn-se- n. XpSÀ¶v 1615-þ Iym]vä³ Ioenw-Knsâ t\Xr-Xz- n aq¶p I¸-ep-I-fn-embn

asämcp Cw¥ojv hym]m-c-kwLw tIc-f- n-se- n. AhÀ kmaq-Xn-cn-bp-ambn Hcp hym]mc DS-¼Sn

bnteÀs¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bän-§Â dmWn-bn \n¶v A©p-sX-§n Hcp sNdnb aW {]tZiw

e`n- -tXm-sSbmWv Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ¡v 1695-þ Hcp tIm« ]Wn-bp-hm³ km[n- -Xv. ssk\n-I-km-a-{Kn-IÄ

tiJ-cn- p-sh-bv¡m\pw \mWn-Py- n\pw AhÀ A©v sX§v Xmh-f-am-¡n. Bän-§Â dmWn A©p-

sX-§n Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ¡v kuP\y Xmh-f-§-f-\p-h-Zn- p-sIm-Sp- Xv Øe-hm-kn-Isf tcmjm-Ip-e-cm-¡n.

Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ \nÝ-bn-¡p¶ hne¡v IÀj-IÀ AhÀ¡v Ipcp-ap-fIv hn¡-W-sa¶ \n_-Ô-\bpw

\m«p-Imsc Akz-Ø-cm-¡n. AhÀ 1697-þÂ A©p-sX-§nse ^mIvSdn B{I-an-¨p. ]t£ B

B{I-aWw Ae-kn-t¸m-hp-I-bm-Wp-­m-b-Xv.

Bän-§Â Iem]w1721-þ A©p-sX-§nse hyh-km-b-im-e-bpsS Imcy- n Hcp {]Xn-kÔn L«-ap-­m-bn.

Ahn-Ss¯ Cw¥ojv hym]m-cn-IÄ, t\Xm-hmb Knt^mÀUnsâ IognÂ, Iepj {]hÀ¯n-I-fmbpw

[rjvS-amb s]cp-am-ä- nepw P\-§sf i{Xp-¡-fm-¡n. AtX-k-abw AhÀ hÀjw tXmdpw hne-s¸«

]mcn-tXm-jn-I-§Ä \ÂIn Bän-§Â dmWnsb kt´m-jn- n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. B {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ

A[n-Imc hmgvN-bp-­m-bn-cp¶ ]nÅ-am-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ dmWn¡p sImSp-¡m-\pÅ

k½m-\-§-sfÃmw X§Ä aptJ\ thWw dmWn¡p kaÀ¸n-t¡-­-sX¶v Bh-iy-s -«p. CXv Knt^mÀUv

\nc-kn- p. AbmÄ dmWn¡p t\cn«p k½m\w \ÂIm³ 140 Cw¥o-jp-Im-cpsS Hcp kwL-hp-ambn

Bän-§-en-te¡v ]pd-s¸-«p. Cu _e-{]-I-S-\- n Øe-hm-kn-IÄ tIm]m-Ip-e-cm-bn. AhÀ B

kwLs¯ B{I-an¨v apgp-h³ Bfp-I-tfbpw sIm¶p. A\- cw B{I-a-W-¡mÀ A©p-sX-§nÂ

sN¶v tIm« hf-ªp. K®À C³kv tIm« {]Xn-tcm-[n- p. D]-tcm[w Bdp-am-k-t¯mfw \o­p\n-¶p.

Xe-tÈ-cn-bn \n¶v Cw¥o-jp-Im-cpsS t]mj-I-tk\ h¶p-sNÀ¶-t¸m-gmWv AXv Ah-km-\n- -Xv.

tIc-f-¯n {_n«ojv A[n-Im-c-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb BZy¯w kwL-SnX {]t£m-`-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ

Bän-§Â Iem]w {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p. Cu Iem-]- nsâ ]cm-P-bs¯ XpSÀ¶v Cw¥o-jp-Imcpw

dmWnbpw X½n Hcp Icm-dp-­m-¡n. CXn³{]-Imcw B{I-a-W- n I¼-\n-¡p-­mb FÃm \jvS-§fpw

dmWn ]cn-l-cn-¡-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp-¶p. Ipcp-ap-fIp I¨-h-S- n Ip¯-Ibpw CjvS-ap-Ån-S-s¯Ãmw

hyh-kmb ime-IÄ Øm]n-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Im-ihpw Cu Icm-dp-aqew Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ¡p e`n- p.

ssakqÀ B{I-aWw""1761-þÂ ssakq-dnsâ B[n-]Xyw sslZÀ Aen-bpsS ssII-fn-em-bn. I¨-h-S-¯nepw

Xoc-{]-tZ-i¯pw \nb-{´Ww e`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th­n ae-_mÀ Iog-S-¡m³ sslZÀ Aen¡p Xm¸-cy-

ap-­m-bn. I®q-cnse Aen-cm-Pmhpw tIme- ncn cmP-Ip-Spw-_- nse Nne Akw-Xr-]vXcpw sslZÀ

Aensb ae-_m-dn-te¡v £Wn-¡pI IqSn sNbvX-t¸mÄ ae-_m-dnse ssakqÀ ]S-tbm«w bmYmÀ°y-am-bn.

tIc-f-N-cn-{X- nsâ KXn Xncn- p-hn« kw -h-am-bn-cp¶p sslZÀ Aen-bp-tSbpw aI³ Sn¸p kp¯m-tâbpw

B{I-a-Ww. cmjv{So-b-cw-K- p-am-{X-aà kmaqly km¼- n-I-ta-J-e-I-fnepw Gsd Ne\w D­m-¡nb

Cu kw`hw sIm¨n-tbbpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-t\bpw ]nSn- p-Ip-ep-¡n. 1766 s^{_p-h-cn-bn Bcw- n¨

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Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

B{I-a-Ws¯ Aen-cm-Pmhpw am¸n-f-tk-\m-\n -Ifpw klm-bn-¨p. tIme-¯ncn cmPmhpw

AtX-t]m-se-bpÅ P·n-amcpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-te¡v c£-s¸-«p. tIme¯p \mSv ssI¡-em-¡nb

sslZÀ tImgn-t¡mSv B{I-an-¨p. KXy-´can-ÃmsX kmaq-Xncn Xsâ A¼mSn tImhn-e-I-¯n\v

Xo sh¡p-I-bp-­m-bn. s]cp-¦p-f-¯p-­mb Gäp-ap-«-en-\p-ti-j-amWv Cu kw`-h-ap-­m-b-Xv.

ssakq-dnsâ cmjv{Sob hfÀ -¡p-th­ [\w k¼m-Zn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu B{I-a-W-§-fpsS e£yw.

t£{X-§-fn ]eXpw Cu e£y-t¯msS XIÀ¡-s¸-«p. ]me-¡m-Sv, tImb-¼-¯pÀ F¶o

{]tZ-i-§fpw ssakq-dnsâ A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn. ssakqÀ tk\ ae-_m-dnepw hb-\m-«nepw B[n-]Xyw

Dd-¸n-¨p-sh-¦nepw Cw¥o-jp-Im-cp-tSbpw adm-¯n-I-fp-tSbpw B{I-a-Ws¯ sNdp-¡m³ sslZÀ

Aen ssakq-dn-te¡v Xncn- p-t]m-bn. ae-_m-dn Xe-tÈcn tI{µ-am¡n {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS ssk\n-I-ap-t¶äw

Bcw- n- Xv ssakqÀ `c-W- n\v Xe-th-Z-\bp­m¡n. {^©p-Im-cp-am-bp-­mb sslZ-dnsâ _Ôw

{_n«ojv i{Xp-Xbv¡p Imc-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. sIm¨n `c-Wm-[n-Imcn Hcp henb XpI I¸w sImSp¯v

Xsâ kzmX{´yw sslZ-dn\p ImgvN-sh-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn. ASp¯ e£yw Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Bbn-cp-¶p.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ {_n«o-jp-Im-cp-ambn \à _Ô- n-em-bn-cp¶p F¶p am{X-a-Ã, ae-_m-dnse P·n-amÀ¡v

kwc-£Ww \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. kmap-Xn-cnsb {]Xn-tcm-[- n\p klm-bn- Xv Nmh-¡ms«

sslt{Zm-kvIp«n aq¸-\m-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m Cu X{´hpw hnP-bn- n-Ã. sslZ-dnsâ km¶n[yw

ae-_m-dn h³ Iem-]-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-bn. aJvZqw Aen-bpsS ssakqÀ tk\ ]cm-Pbw

Gäp-hm-§n-b-t¸mÄ Sn¸p-kp¯m³ ae-_m-dn F¯p-I-bp-­m-bn. Aen cmPm-¡-·m-cp-ambn _Ôw

Øm]n-¨psIm­v ae-_m-dn ssakqÀ `c-W-¯nsâ ASn-¯dbpd-¸n-¡m³ Sn¸p-kp¯m³

{ian-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn. AÀjmZv s_KvJm³ ae-_m-dnsâ dh\yq DtZym-K-Ø-\mbn \nb-an-¡-s¸-«p.

ae-_m-dnse P·n-Ifpw \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpambn ssakqÀ kÔn-IÄ H¸p-sh- p. Sn¸p-hnsâ `c-W- n-s\-

Xnsc at©cn Kpcp-¡Ä Iem]w XpS-§n-bXv ssakqÀ `c-Ws¯ _m[n- p. 1788-þÂ Sn¸q-hnsâ

km¶n-[y- n ae-_m-dnse ssakqÀ `c-W- nsâ sI«p-d- n-¡m³ amä-§Ä hcp- p-I-bp-­m-bn.

tImgn-t¡m-Sn-\-Sp¯v "^dq-Jm-_mZv' F¶ ]«Ww Øm]n-¨Xv Cu Xocp-am-\-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Nmen-bmÀ \Zn-¡-c-bn-b ØnXn sN¿p¶ Cu ]«-Ws¯ Xe-Øm\ \K-c-ambn amäm-\m-bn-cp¶p

Sn¸p-hnsâ ]²-Xn. ]pXnb dh-\yq-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw tdmUp-I-fpsS \nÀ½m-Whpw ae-_m-dnsâ Pohn-X

-co-Xn-bn amä-§-fp-­m-¡n. ae-_m-dn Iem]w Hs¶m-¶mbn hÀ²n- p-sIm-­n-cp-¶p. Ad-bv¡Â

_ohn-tbbpw am¸n-f-am-tcbpw Xsâ ]p{Xsâ hnhm-l-_-Ô- n-eqsS Sn¸p hi- m-¡n. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ

Sn¸p-hn \n¶v kwc-£Ww t\Sp-¶-Xn\v sIm¨n-cm-Py-¯n\v kao]w ""s\Sp-t¦m«'' sI«p-Ibpw

{_n«o-jp-Im-cp-ambn kÔn-bn-se- p-Ibpw sNbvXncp-¶p. s\Sp-t¦m« ssakqÀ¸«mfw XIÀ¡p-Ibpw

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ B{I-an-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. t_mws_-bnÂ\n¶pw a{Zm-knÂ\n¶pw ssk\yw

ssk\yw F¯p-Ibpw ae-_mÀ, sIm¨n F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse \mSp-hm-gn-IÄ klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-

tXmsS Sn¸p-hnsâ A[o-\-{]-tZ-i-§-fn ho­pw Iem-]-ap-­m-bn. 1792 amÀ¨ 8 \v {_n«ojv

tk\ {iocw-K-]-«-W-¯p-sh¨v ssakq-cns\ tXm¸n¨v Hcp kÔn-bn H¸p-sh-¨p. CtXmsS

ae-_mdpw Im\-d-{]-tZ-ihpw {_n«ojv \nb-{ -W- n-em-bn. sIm¨nbpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw ssakqÀ

A{I-aW `ojWnbn Cw¥o-jp-Im-cpsS \nb-{´-W- n-em-bn Ign-ª-Xp-aqew tIcfw bYmÀ°

{_n«ojv tImf\n {]tZ-i-ambn amdn-I-gn-ª-Xm-bn-cp¶p Sn¸p-hnsâ ]cm-P-b- nsâ ^ew.

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 13

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Sn¸p-kp¯m³ : B[p-\n-I-a-e-_m-dnsâ {kjvSmhvtIc-f- n {]tXy-In¨pw ae-_m-dn \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ P·n-Xzs¯ CÃm-Xm-¡n-b-Xm-bn-cp¶p

ssakqÀ `c-W- nsâ {][m\ kw`m-h-\. \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-tSbpw \mSp-hm-gn-I-fp-tSbpw A[n-Im-c-§Ä

ssakpÀ`-c-W-IqSw Gsä-Sp-¯-tXmsS t£{X-tI-{µo-IrX \mSp-hmgn P·nXz hyhØ CÃm-Xm-bn.

sslZ-c-en-bpsS Ime-¯p-Xs¶ `qan apgp-h³ kÀth sNbvXv `q \nIpXn GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bXv

tIc-fs¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Hcp \qX\ ]cn-jv¡m-c-am-bp-cp-¶p. CS\ne-¡m-cn \n¶v

IÀj-IÀ¡v tamN\w e`n-¡p-Ibpw ssakqÀ c-W-Iq-S- n\v \nIpXn t\cn«v G¸n-¡m³ km[n-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Cu ]cn-jv¡m-cs¯ IqSp-X \qX-\-am-¡m³ Sn¸p kp¯m\v km[n- p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-te¡v

c£-s¸« P·n-am-cp-tSbpw \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-tSbpw `qan IÀj-IÀ¡v hnX-cWw sNbvXp. tZhkzw

`qan-¡p-­m-bn-cp¶ \nIp-Xn-bn-fhv d±m-¡n-b-tXmsS {_mÒ-Wm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v Ncn-{X-¯n-em-Zy-ambn

ae-_m-dn £oWw kw`-hn-¡m³ XpS-§n. \nÀ_-Ô-]qÀÆhpw AÃm-sXbpw \S¶ CÉmw-aX

]cn-hÀ -\-§Ä ae-_m-dnse A[xIrX kaq-l- n\v tamN-\- nsâ ]mX Xpd-¶p. ap³Im-e-§-fnÂ

\ntj-[n¡s¸«n-cp¶ ]e Ah-Im-i-§fpw ChÀ¡v e`n-¡m³ XpS-§n. hb-\m-Sv, tImgn-t¡m-Sv,

]me-¡m-Sv, ^mdq-Jm-_m-Zv, tImb-¼- qÀ F¶o Øe-§sf _Ôn- n-¡p¶ tdmUp-IÄ Sn¸q-hnsâ

\nÀt±-i-{]-Imcw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«p. ae-_m-dnsâ apJ-Omb amäp-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Cu ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä.

Nmenbw þ tNäphm tdmUns\ Sn¸p kp¯m³ tdmsU-¶mWv Adn-b-s -«-Xv. kp¯msâ ssk\nI

tI{µ-amb kp¯m³_-t -cnbpw hb-\mSpw aäp-{]-tZ-i-§-fp-ambn _Ôn¡s -«p. Pe-K-Xm-K-X- n\v

I\m-ep-IÄ ]Wn-b-s¸-«Xpw C¡m-e- m-Wv. B`y- c hym]m-c-cw-K¯v amä-§-fp-­m-bn. kw`-c-W-

im-e-IÄ ]WnXv kpK-Ô-hy-RvP\ hym]mcw ssakqÀ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS \nb-{ -W- n-em-¡n.

ae-_m-dnse kmaq-ln-I-hy-h-Ø-I-fn amä-§-fp-­m¡pw hn[w PmXn tI{µo-IrX ASn-a¯ hyhØ

\nÀ¯-em-¡n-bXv Gsd {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ H¶m-bn-cp-¶p. A[x-IrX sslµ-h-Pm-Xn-¡mÀ¡n-S-bnÂ

kv{XoIÄ¡v taÂhkv{Xw [cn-¡p-hm³ Sn¸p A\p-hmZw \ÂIn-bXv ae-_m-dn amä-§-fp-­m-¡n.

sIm¨n-bnepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw dh\yq `c-W-¯n D­mb amä-§Ä Sn¸p-hnsâ ae-_mÀ

]cn-jv¡m-c-§-fpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p. aX ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§fpw t£{X-§Ä B{I-an-¡-s¸-

«Xpw D¶X PmXn-¡mÀ¡n-S-bn {]tXy-In¨pw {_mÒ-W-P-·n-amÀ¡n-S-bn Sn¸p-hns\ aX-{`m- -\mbn

Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m³ t{]cn- n- p. F¶m Ncn-{X-tc-J-IÄ kqNn- n-¡p-¶Xv aX kulmÀ±w ]cn-t]m-jn-

¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v t£{X-§Ä¡pw aäp aX-§-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-§Ä¡pw ssakpÀ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ

klmbw \ÂIn-bn-cp¶p F¶m-Wv. ae-_m-dnsâ Ncn-{X- n amä-§Ä hcp- nb Sn¸p kp¯m³

""B[p-\n-I- a-e-_mdnsâ {kjvSmhv'' F¶mWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ¡n-S-bn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.''

(tI-cfNcn{Xw kw`-h-§-fn-epsS þ ]n.-in-h-Zm-k³.)

{_n«ojv B[n-]-Xy- nsâ ^e-§Ä

Hcp hym]m-c-Øm-]\w Bbn cq]w sIm­ Cw¥ojv CuÌv C´ym I¼-\n¡v C´y-bnÂ

hnim-e-amb Hcp km{amPyw Øm]n-s -Sp-¡m\pw Ign-ªp. {_n«ojv B[n-]-Xys¯ Du«n-bp-d- n-¡p-Ibpw

Ah-cpsS hyh-lm-c- Xm¸-cy-§sf iàn-s¸-Sp- p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ `cWcoXn-bmWv C´y-bnÂ

{_n«o-jp-ImÀ ImgvN sh¨-Xv. Cu´y-bnse hn`-h-§Ä NqjWw sN¿pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p I¼\n

`c-W- nsâ apJy-]-£w. 1773-þÂ {_n«ojv ]mÀe-saâ v ]mkm-¡nb {Iao-I-cW \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn¨v

Cw¥ojv CuÌv C´ym I¼-\n-bpsS ta {_n«ojv Kh¬saân\v \nb-{ -Wm-[n-Imcw In«n. 1757-þse

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Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

¹mkn bp²-t¯msS Xs¶ I¼-\n¡v IqSp-XÂ cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imcw In«n-bn-cp-¶p. 1600 apXÂ 1757

hsc C´y-bn-te-¡m-h-iy-amb Nc-¡p-IÄ Cd-¡p-aXn sN¿m\pw C´y³ Nc-¡p-I-fmb XpWn- -c-§fpw

kpK-Ô-{Z-hy-§fpw hntZ-i-§-fn-te¡v Ibän Ab-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-amWv Cw¥ojv CuÌv C´ym I¼\n

IqSp-X {i²n-¨-Xv. F¶m ]n¶oSv b{´-h-XvIrX hyh-km-bs¯ kwc-£n-¡p-Ibpw

]n³Xp-W-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ \bw C´y-bn AhÀ Bhn-jv¡-cn- p. XÂ^-e-ambn C´y-bnÂ

IqSp-X XpWn- -c-§Ä Dev]m-Zn- n-¡p-hm³ Igns-ª--¦nepw {_n«ojv hn]-Wn-bn-se- m³ AXn\v

Iu¯ \nIpXn sImSp-t¡-­p-h-¶p. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ C´y-bnse k¼¶ hyh-km-b-hÀ¤- nt\m

sXmgn-em-fn-IÄt¡m {]tXy-I-KpWw e`n- n-Ã. k¼¶ hÀ¤hpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse CuÌv

C´ym I¼-\n-bpsS Ip¯I FXnÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v CXv Imc-W-am-bn. {_n«-\n D¸m-Zn- n-¡p¶ anÂ

XpWn-IÄ C´y-bn [mcmfw hnä-gn-¡p-Ibpw C´y-bnse ]c-¼-cm-KX s\bv¯v hyh-km-bs¯

\in- n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C´y³ Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp \nÀ½m-Whpw hn]Wn Is­- m-\m-hmsX

\in- p. C´y-bnÂ\n¶v {_n«-\n-te¡v k¼- nsâ Ips¯m-gp-¡p-­m-bn.

hym]m-cm-h-iy-§Ä¡m-sW-¦n t]mepw C´y-bn \ho-\-co-Xn-bn tdmUp-IÄ ]Wn-bp-¶-

Xn\pw sdbn KXm-KXw GÀs¸-Sp- p-¶-Xn\pw {_n«o-jp-ImÀ X¿m-dm-bn. C´y³ \Zn-I-fn {_n«ojv

Bhn-¡- -ep-IÄ k©-cn- p-Xp-S-§n. Imcy-£-a-amb Hcp X]m kwhn-[m-\hpw B[p-\n-I-amb hmÀ¯m-

hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-§fpw {_n«ojp-ImÀ GÀs -Sp- n. Ønc-am-sbmcp q\n-Ip-Xn-hy-hØ sIm­p-h-cm\pw

CuÌv C´ym I¼\n¡p Ign-ªp. \nIpXn ]nSn-s¨-Sp-t¡­ Npa-Xe P·n-amsc G¸n-¡pI hgn

{_n«ojv c-W-t¯mSv Iqdv ]peÀ¯p¶ Hcp P·n hÀ¤s¯ D­m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡m³ AhÀ¡v Ign-ªp.

C´y-bnse \m«p-cm-Py-§-fp-ambn bp²-¯n-teÀs¸-tS­n hcp-t¼mÄ C´ym-¡m-cmb

]«m-f-¡m-se- -s¶-bmWv CuÌv C´ym I¼-\n- IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn- -Xv. CuÌv C´ym I¼\nbpsS

ssk\y- nsâ qcn- m-Khpw C´y³ ]«m-f-¡mÀ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p-Xm-\pw. {Ia-k-am-[m\ ]me-\- n\p

th­n Imcy-£-a-amb Hcp t]meokv tk\sb hmÀs¯-Sp¯v kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn {_n«o-jp-Im-IÀ

hnP-bn- p. X§-fpsS amXr-cm-Py¯v \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-epÅ knhn {Inan-\ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-§fpw

tImS-Xn-Ifpw C´y-bn Øm]n- p. AXp-hgn \nb-a- n\p ap¶n FÃm-hcpw ka-·m-cm-sW¶

t_m[w s]mXp-P-\-§-fn krjvSn-¡m³ AhÀ¡p Ign-ªp. PmXn-bn bÀ¶-h\pw Xmgv¶-h-\p-sams¡

Htc \nb-a- n\p Iogn h¶p. C§-s\-bm-sW-¦nepw C´y-bnse {_n«o-jp-Imsc klm-bn¡pw

hn[- n-epÅ \nb-a-§fpw tImS-Xn-Ifpw AhÀ krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

{_n«ojv B[n-]-Xy- nsâ BZy-Im-e-§-fn C´y³ kwkv¡m-c-s¯bpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-tbbpw

_lp-am-\n-¡p¶ \b-amWv AhÀ ]n³Xp-SÀ¶-Xv. F¶m C´y-bn-se-¼mSpw X§-fpsS B[n-]Xyw

Øm]n-X-am-b-t¸mÄ C´y³ kwkv¡m-cs¯ ]pÑn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Xmgv¯n-s¡-«p-¶-Xn\pw AhÀ {iaw

XpS-§n. bqtdm-]y³ kwkv¡m-cs¯¡mÄ hfsc Xmgv¶ \ne-bn-epÅ H¶m-bmWv mcX kwkv¡m-cs¯

AhÀ I­-Xv. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ AXns\ \ho-I-cn-t¡-­Xv X§-fpsS IS-a-bm-sW¶pw AhÀ

Icp-Xn. C´y-bn {]hÀ¯n- n-cp¶ {InkvXy³ anj-W-dn-amÀ¡pw CtX A`n-{]mbw Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

AhÀ hnZym-e-b-§fpw Iem-im-e-Ifpw Bip-]{XnIfpw aäpw Øm]n v C´ysb B[p-\oI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v

{ian- p. sa¡msf {]`p-hnsâ \nÀt±-i-a-\p-k-cn v \S- n-em-¡nb Cw¥ojv hnZym- ymkw C´y³ bphm-¡-fnÂ

kzmX{´y _p²nbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[hpw hfÀ¯n. CXv ]n¶oSv tZio-b-t_m-[ambpw km{amPy

hntcm-[-ambpw ]cn-W-an-¡p-Ibpw C´y³ kzmX{´y ka-c- n\v tlXp-hm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 15

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]gÈn hn¹hwtIm«bw cmP-Ip-Spw-_- nse tIc-f-hÀ½ ]gÈncmPmhv ae-_m-dnse {_n«o-jp-ImÀs¡-Xn-cmbn

{]t£m-`-W-§Ä kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p. H¶m-as¯ {]t£m-`-W-¯nsâ (1793-þ1797) {][m-\-Im-cWw

{_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS sXämb \nIpXn \b-am-bn-cp-¶p. ssakqÀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cnIÄ DtZym-K-Ø-·mÀ aptJ\

Irjn-¡m-cn \n¶pw t\cn-«mWv \nIpXn ]ncn- n-cp-¶-Xv. F¶m {_n«o-jp-ImÀ Cu \bw amäp-Ibpw

AXXp \mSp-I-fnse cmPm-¡-·mcn \n¶v sam¯w XpI-I-fmbn \nIpXn CuSm-¡m-\pÅ Hcp ]²Xn

\S- n-em-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B­p tXmdp-am-bn-cp¶ ]m«w 1794-þ A¿m-­p ]m«-ambn ]pXp¡n. P\-§Ä

kwL-Sn-X-cmbn FXnÀ¡p-I-bm \nIpXn ]ncn-¡p-¶-Xn cmPm-¡-·mÀ ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p. Xosc

ab-an-Ãm¯ a«n-emWv XpI \nÝ-bn- n-cp-¶-Xv. \nÀ_-Ôn¨p Icw CuSm-¡p-¶Xv P\-§Ä FXnÀ¯p.

AhÀ {_n«ojv c-Wm-[n-Im-cs¯ shÃp-hn-fn- p. F¶m tIm«-b- nsâ ]cm-Xn¡v asämcp ImcWw

IqSn-bp-­mbn. tIm«bw cmP-Ip-Sp-_- nse Cf-b-cm-Pm-hmb tIc-f-hÀ½ Sn¸p-hn-s\-Xn-cmb bp²-§-fnÂ

Cw¥o-jp-Imsc klm-bn- n-cp-¶p. F¶m Sn¸p ]n³hm-§n-b-t¸mÄ I¼-\n-bpsS DtZym-K-Ø-·mÀ

At±-ls¯ Ah-K-Wn-¡p-Ibpw amXp-e-\mb Ipdp-{¼-\m«p cmPm-hn\v 1793-þÂ tIm«bw {]tZiw

]m«- n\p sImSp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIm«-bs¯ P\-§Ä Cw¥o-jp-Im-cpsS Cu \S-]-Sn-bn tIm]m-

hn-jvS-cm-bn.

I¼\n sNbvXp-sh¨ GÀ¸m-Sp-Isf ]g-Èn-cm-Pmhv FXnÀ¡p-Ibpw I¼-\n¡pw Xsâ

A½m-h-\p-sa-Xn-cmbn {]t£m- -W- nsâ sImSn-¡qd DbÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIm«-bs¯ FÃm

\nIpXn kw`-c-Whpw At±lw \nÀ¯n-sh-bv]n-¨p. "FÃm cmPm-¡-·m-cnepw sh¨v Gähpw

Zpcm-ZÀi\pw Gähpw A\ym-b-¡m-c\pw' Bbn-«mWv I½o-j-WÀamÀ ]g-Èn-cm-Pm-hns\ IW-¡m-¡n-b-Xv.

At±-ls¯ sNmÂ]-Sn-bnÂsIm-­p-h-cm³ Ahcv FÃm AS-hp-Ifpw {]tbm-Kn- p. ]t£ cmPmhv

B cmPy¯v XnI¨pw P\-{]n-b-\m-b-Xp-sIm­v, \nIp-Xn-]n-cnhv Hcp hÀj-t¯¡v \nÀ¯n-h-bv¡m³

{_n«o-jp-ImÀ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-bn. CXn-\n-S-bn I½o-j-WÀamÀ ]g-Èn-cm-Pm-hns\ ]c-k-y-ambn

Ah-K-Wn- p-sIm­v Ipdp-{¼-\m«v cmPm-hnsâ ]m«w 5 hÀj-t¯¡v ]pXp¡nsImSp- p. X -e-ambn

{]t£m- Ww A{I-am-k-à-am-bn. {_n«ojv A[n-Im-cs¯ shÃp-hn-fn-¡m³ Xs¶ ]gÈn cmPmhv

Xocp-am-\n- p. 1795 Pq¬ 28\v {_n«o-jp-ImÀ GÀs¸-Sp- nb FÃm-\n-IpXn ]ncn-hp-Ifpw ]g-Èn-cm-Pmhv

d±m-¡n. Ipdp-{¼-\m«p cmPm-hns\ klm-bn-¡m³ I¼\n Dt±-ym-K-ØÀ F¯n-sb-¦nepw \nIp-Xn-

]n-cnhv \S-¶n-Ã. ]g-Èn-cm-Pm-hns\ h[n-¡m³ {_n«ojv ]«mfw {ian-s¨-¦nepw AXpw \S-¶n-Ã. ]g-Èn-

cm-Pmhv hb-\m-S³ ae-I-fn-te¡v ]n³hm-§n. I¼-\n-]-«m-f-am-Is« sIm«mcw sImf-f-b-Sn¨v hne-s¸«

km[-\-§fpw FSp-t¯m-­p-t]m-bn. ]g-Èn-cm-Pmhv ssakqcpambn _Ôw ]peÀ¯p-Ibpw hb-\m-«nÂ

\n¶v Cw¥o-jp-Imsc Xpc- m³ ssakq-cnsâ klmbw tXSp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1797 amÀ¨n Hcp {_n«ojv ssk\yw tIW tUm_nsâ t\Xr-X-z- n ]g-Èn-cm-Pm-hp-ambn

bp²- n\v ]pd-s¸-«p. ]g-Èn-ssk-\yw Hfn-bp-²- n-eqsS Ahsc tXmev]n- p. ]g-Èn-cm-Pm-hp-ambn

kÔnsN¿msX I¼\n ]«m-f- n\v c£-bn-söv h¶p. t_mws_ KhÀWÀ sPm\m-X³ U¦³

ae-_m-dn h¶v ]g-Èn-bp-ambn A\p-c-RvP\ kÔn-bn-teÀs¸-«p. Ipdp-{¼-\m-«p-cm-Pm-hp-am-bp-­mb

IcmÀ I¼\n d±p sNbvXp. ]g-Èn-cm-Pmhv B­p-tXmdpw F®m-bncw cq] ASp- q¬ kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw

I¼-\n-bp-ambn kam-[m-\- n Ign-bm-sa¶v k½-Xn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

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Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

c­mw ]gÈn hn¹hw (1800 þ 1805)

1799þse {iocw-K-]-«Ww DS-¼Sn A\p-k-cn¨v Sn¸p kp¯m³ Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ¡v hn«p-sIm-Sp¯

hb-\mSv AhÀ ssIh-i-am-¡m³ {ian- -XmWv c­mw ]g-Èn-hn-¹-h- nsâ {][m-\-Im-c-Ww. ]g-Èn-cm-

Pmhv hb-\mSv kz´w PnÃbmsW-¶-h-ImÄs¸-Sp-Ibpw hb-\mSv ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\p-ff {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS

\o¡s¯ FXnÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th­n kpk-Ö-amb Hcp ssk\-ys¯ Hcp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. I®-

h¯v i¦-c³ \¼-ymÀ, ssItXcn A¼p-\m-bÀ, FS- \ Ip¦³\m-bÀ Xe-bv¡Â N´p F¶n-h-cm-bn-

cp¶p ]gÈn ssk\-y- nse {][m\n-IÄ. hb-\m-«nse h\m- -c-§-fn ]Xn-bn-cp¶v Cw¥o-jp-ImÀs¡-

Xnsc Hfn-bp²w \S- p-¶-Xn-\p-ff Hcp X{´w AhÀ X¿m-dm-¡n. Sn¸p-hnsâ ssk\-y- n \n¶v

]ncn- p-hn-S-s¸« ]e apÉow `S-·mcpw ]g-Èn-bpsS ssk\-y- n tNÀ¶p.

]g-Èn-cm-Pm-hnsâ ssk\n-I-\o-¡s¯ GXv hnt[-\bpw t\cnSm³ I¼\n Xocp-am-\n- p. AXn-

\p-th­n AhÀ BÀXÀ shÃ-Énsb kÀÆ ssk\-ym-[n-]-\mbn Ah-tcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw ]g-Ènsb t\cn-

Sm-\-b-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1801þÂ tIWÂ Ìoh³k¬ ssakq-cnÂ\n¶v asämcp henb ]S-bp-ambn

h¶v ssakqÀ AXnÀ¯n-sXm«v Xma-c-tÈcn Npcw hsc tIm«-I-fpsS Hcp {irwJe \nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw

]g-Èn-cm-Pm-hns\ sXt¡-a-e-_m-dnse A\p-bmbnIfn \n¶v Hä-s¸-Sp- p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpSÀ¶p-

­mb bp²- n {_n«ojv ]«m-f- n\v hen-b-tXm-Xn Pb-ap-­m-bn. h-b-\m-«nse X{ -{]-[m-\-amb

]eØe-§fpw AhÀ ]nSn-s¨-Sp- p. ]g-Èn-cm-Pm-hn\v A\p-N-c-·m-cp-ambn h\m- -c-§-fn Aeªp

Xncn-tb-­nbpw h¶p.

1801 \hw-¼-dn {_n«ojv ]S-bm-fn-I-fpsS Hcp kwLw e^vä-\â v FtU-zÀUnsâ t\Xr-X-z-

¯n cmPm-hnsâ Hcp {][m\ tk\m-\m-b-I-\mb I®-h¯p i¦-c³\-¼-ymsc XS-hnÂ]n-Sn- v, I®-

h- p-ff At±-l- nsâ hk-Xn¡p sXm«-Sp¯ Ip¶n³ ]pd- p-h- p-Xq-¡n-en-«p. ]gÈn {]t£m- -W-

¯n\p Xo£-W-amb Hcm-Lm-X-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. 1802 P\p-h-cn-bn If-IvSÀ taPÀ aIvtembvUv PnÃsb

\ncm-bp-[o-I-cn- p. Cu kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§-sfms¡ D­m-bn«pw {]t£m- Ww sI«-S-§n-bn-Ã. 1802

HIvtSm-_-dn {]t£m- -W-Im-cn-IÄ FS-t¨\ Ip¦³ \mb-cp-sSbpw Xe-bv¡Â N´p-hnsâbpw t\Xr-

X-z- n ]\-a-cw-tIm« ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-Ibpw Ahn-sS-bp-­m-bn-cp¶ 70 Cw¥ojv ssk\n-Isc hI-h-cp-

¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu hnPbw ]gÈn tZim- n-am-\n-Isf Bth-i- -cn-X-cm-¡n. AhÀ iàn-k-¼m-

Zn¨v hb-\m-S³ {]tZ-i-§Ä apgp-h³ kz´w \nb-{ -W- n-em-¡n. FÃm- m-K§fnÂ\n¶pw {_n«njv

]«m-f-§Ä hb-\m-«n-te¡v IpXn- p. {]t£m- -IÀ kpc-£n-X-Xzw IcpXn h\m- À`mK-§-fn-te¡v

ho­pw aS-§n-t]m-bn. CXn-\n-S-bn taPÀ aIvtembvUv `q\n-Ip-Xn-bpsS \nc¡v hÀ²n- n¨pw hn\n-a-

b- nsâ ]«nI ]cn-jvI-cn¨pw P\-§sf apgp-h³ A{]o-X-cm¡n. XpSÀ¶v Hcp P\-Iob apt¶-ä-ap-

­m-bn. Cu kµÀ`-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v ]g-Èn-]-S-bm-fn-IÄ X§-fpsS Hfn- m-h-f-§-fn \n¶p ]pd- p-h-

cn-Ibpw ka-X-e- nse P\-§-fpsS {]t£m- -W- n ]¦p-tN-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. I®qÀ [À½Sw

Zzo]v apX-emb {]tZ-i-§-fnÂt¸mepw cq£-amb kwL-S-\-§-fp-­m-bn. ]g-Èn-ssk-\n-IÀ A©-c-¡-

­n-bnse kpK-Ô-{Z-h-y-¡r-jn-t¯m-«-§Ä \in- n- p. hb\m«nse {_n«ojv ]«m-f-§-fpsS ØnXn

hfsc IjvS- n-em-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-cn Ht«-sd-t¸À¡v ae-¼\n ]nSn-¡-s¸-«p. cmP-y- nsâ hnh-[-

`mK-§-fn-ep-ff ]g-Èn-t]m-cm-fn-I-fpsS sNdnb kwL-§sf t\cn-Sm³ tIm¡À F¶ t]cn 1200

t]meo-kp-Im-cpsS Hcp kwLs¯ I¼-\n-bp-tZ-ym-K-Ø-·mÀ kwL-Sn- n- p.

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 17

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tIc-f-¯-nsâ B[p-\n-I-h¡-cWw

Xncp -hn -Xmw -¦qÀ, sIm¨n , ae -_mÀ {]tZ -i -§-fpsS GIo -I -c -W-t¯m-sS -bmWv

sFI-y-tI-cfw km[-y-am-bXv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn \n¶pw sIm¨n-bn \n¶pw `n¶-ambn ae-_m-dnse

P\-§Ä t\cn-«p-ff {_n«ojv `c-W-¯nsâ Iogn-em-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-­m-bn-cn¡mw tZiob

{]Øm-\-§-fn-e-[n-Ihpw ià-ambn hfÀ¶Xv ae-_m-dn-em-b-Xv.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn {_n«ojv hmKvNsb AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-sc-¦nepw Xt±-io-b-cmb cmPm-¡-

·m-cp-­m-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ {]Pm-t£-a-X¸-ccpw Bbn-cp-¶p. Agn-a-Xn-s¡-Xnsc ià-ambn \S-]-Sn-

sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xnepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ hnI-k\ Imc-y- nepw AhÀ hf-sc-b-[nIw {i²n- n-cp-¶p.

thep-¯¼n {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb ]e-]-cn-jvIm-c-§fpw \S-¸n-em-¡n, Agn-a-Xn-¡mcpw

kX-y-k-Ô-c-Ãm¯Xpamb DtZ-ym-K-Ø-·msc ]ncn- p-hn«v At±lw `c-W- n Hcp ip²o-I-cWw

\S- n. Xsâ t\cn-«p-ff taÂt\m-«- n \nIpXnhn- mKw Zfh ]p\:-kw-L-Sn- n- p. Xncp-h-\- -]pcw þ

sImÃw, Be- pg XpS-§nb ]«-W-§-fpsS A`n-hr-²n-¡p-th­n At²lw ]cn-{i-an- p. sImïv

lmPqÀ It¨cn Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw hnim-e-amb A§m-Sn-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. N§-\m-tÈ-cn,

Xe-tbm-e- -d-¼v, Be-§mSv XpS-§nb {][m\ tI{µ-§-fn BgvN- - -IÄ Øm]n- p. th¼-\m-«p-

Im-e-bn ImSp-]n-Sn- p-In-S-¶n-cp¶ ]mXn-cm-a-W F¶-Xp-cp v sh«n-s -fn v Ahn-sS s\Ãpw sX§pw

Irjn sNbvXp.

1810 apXÂ 1815 hsc Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ `cWw \S-¯nb dmWn Kucn e£van-`m-bn-bmWv

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn Hcp {_n«njv Znhms\ BZ-y-ambn \nb-an- -Xv. tIW a¬tdm F¶m-bn-cp¶p

At±-l- nsâ t]cv. {_n«ojv C -y-bnse amXr-I-bne a¬tdm Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ `c-W- nepw

]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä hcp- n. sk{I-«-dn-tbäv k{¼-Zmbv At±-l-amWv ChnsS \S- n-em-¡n-b-Xv. dmWn

e£van`mbn-bpsS Ime¯v \oXn-\-ymb `c-W-¯n ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä D­m-bn. ]ß-\m-`-]p-cw,

Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, amth-en-¡-c, ssh¡w Beph F¶n-§s\ sXsc-sª-Sp¯ tI{µ-§-fn PnÃm

tImS-Xn-IÄ Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p. t]meokv hIp¸v hn]p-eo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw AXv Znhmsâ t\cn-«p-ff

taÂt\m-«- n-em-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIWÂ a¬tdm Znhm-\m-bn-cp¶ Ime¯v {InkvX-y³ anj-Wdn

{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ]qÀÆm-[nIw iàn-{]m-]n- p. AhÀ kvIqfp-Ifpw tImtf-Pp-Ifpw Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw

km[m-cW P\-§Ä¡v B[p-\nI hnZ-ym- -ymkw \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fnsâ `c-W-Imew (1829þ1847) B[p-\nI Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ kphÀ®-Im-e-

sa-¶m-W-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. {]Xn- m-im-en-bmb kwKo-X-Ú\pw Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp¶p At±-lw.

At±-l-¯nsâ `c-W-Im-e¯v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ BØm\ kZ-Ên kpIp-am-c-I-e-IÄ¡v

Akm[m-c-W-ambn t{]mXvkml\w e`n- p. Xncp-h-\- -]p-c¯v Cw¥ojv kvIqfp-IÄ Bcw- n-¡p-Ibpw

Kh¬saânsâ taÂt\m-«- n Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-\p-tijw A[n-Im-c-taä D{Xw Xncp-\mÄ amÀ¯m-Þ-hÀ½ ASn-a-I-fpsS a¡sf

kz-X-{´-am-¡p-Ibpw sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIÄ¡v amdv ad-bv¡m-\p-ff

kzm-X-{ yw A\p-h-Zn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtX hÀjw Xs¶ (1859) Xncp-h-\- -]p-c v s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ¡pth­n

Hcp kvIqÄ Øm]n-¨p. 1857þÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BZ-ys¯ t]mÌväv Hm^okv Be-¸pg

]«-W- n Xpd-¶p.

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Bbn-eyw Xncp-\m-fnsâ (1860þ1880) `c-W-Im-e- mWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ `q]-cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä

Bcw- n-¡p-¶Xv 1865þse ]­m-c-]m«w hnfw-_cw kÀ¡mÀ hI-]m-«-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS ta IpSn-bm-\-h-Imiw

Ønc-s¸-Sp-¯n-sIm-Sp-¯p. hnimJw Xncp-\m-fnsâ `c-W-Im-e¯v ImÀjn-I-{]-ZÀi-\-§Ä

kwL-Sn- n-¡p-Ibpw Ic-Iu-ie {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v t{]mÕm-l\w \¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {ioaqew

Xncp-\m-fm-Is« ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e-bn-emWv IqSp-XÂ {i²-]-Xn- n- -Xv. ImÀjnI hmbv]bv¡v Hcp N«w

D­m-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmP-y-¯nsâ \m\m-`m-K¯pw Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cyw hÀ²n-¸n-¨p.

cmP-y- nse hnZ-ym- -ymk {]hÀ¯-\-§sf GtIm-]n- n- p. B¬Ip-«n-IÄ¡pw s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ¡pw

kÀ¡mÀ ]f-fn-¡q-S-§-fn {]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn- p.

Ah-km-\s¯ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ alm-cm-Pm-hmb {ioNn-¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ _me-cm-a-hÀ½

(1933þ1949)bpsS `c-W-Im-e¯v \nb-a-\nÀ½mW k`-bpsS LS-\-bn amäw hcn-Ibpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw

`c-W-]-c-hp-amb Ht«sd ]cn-jvIm-c-§Ä \S- n-em-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Nn¯n-c-Xn-cp-\m-fnsâ Ime- mWv

t£{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_cw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn- -Xv. (1936 \hw-_À 12) Xncp-hnXmwIqdnse t£{X-{]-th-i-\-

hn-fw-_-c- n-eqsS lnµp-a-X- nÂs¸« FÃm-hÀ¡pw khÀ®-þ- A-hÀ®-t -Z-an-ÃmsX Xpd-¶p-sIm-Sp- p.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse ]cn-jvIm-c-§-tfmSv kmayw hln-¡p¶ ]cn-jvIm-c-§-fmWv sIm¨n-bnepw

\S-¶-Xv. tIW a¬tdm BWv CXn\p XpS¡w Ipdn- -Xv. A¸o tIÄ¡m-\p-ff A[n-Im-c-t¯m-Sp-IqSn

Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯v Hcp lPqÀI-t¨cn Øm]n- p. XrÈq-cpw, Xr¸p-Wn- p-dbpw c­p kt_mÀUn-t\äv

tImS-Xn-IÄ GÀs¸-Sp- n.

a¬tdm-hnsâ ]n³Km-an-bm-bn-h¶ \©- ¿ Ign-hp-ff `c-W-X-{ -Ú-\m-bn-cp-¶p. At±lw

sIm¨n-bn ]p¯³ \mWbw \S-¸n hcp-¯p-Ibpw ASn-a-Isf bP-am-\³ ZÞn-¡p-¶Xp

\ntcm-[n- p-sIm­v hnf-¼cw {]J-ym-]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1835 apXÂ 1840 hsc Znhm-\m-bn-cp¶

sh¦-S-kp-º¿ sIm¨n-bnse \oXn-\-ymb \nÀh-lWw {_n«o-jn- -y-bn-te-Xn\p Xpe-y-am-¡m³ \mep

hy-h-Øm-\n-b-a-§Ä sIm­p-h-¶p. XrÈqcpw a«m-t©-cn-bnepw Cw¥ojv kvIqfp-IÄ Øm]n-¨p.

XpSÀ¶p-h¶ i¦-c-hm-cn-bc F¶ Znhm³ IqSp-X \à `c-W-\n-]p-W-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 1854þ At±lw

{]J-ym-]n¨ hnfw-_cw cmP-y- p-ff FÃm ASn-a-IÄ¡pw kzm-X-{´yw \ÂIn. 1845þÂ Fd-Wm-Ip-f v

Hcp Fen-saâdn Cw¥ojv kvIqÄ Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p. AXmWv ]n¡m-e¯v alm-cm-Pmhv tImtf-Pmbn

hnI-kn-¨-Xv. i¦p-®n-ta-t\m³, tKmhn-µta-t\m³ XpS-§nb Znhm-·mcpw sIm¨nsb B[p-\n-Io-

I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn {it²-b-amb ]¦p-h-ln- -h-cm-Wv.

ae-_mÀ Pnà 1800 sabv 21þmw Xo¿Xn aZn-cmin {]h-i-y-bpsS `mK-am-bn- oÀ¶p. PnÃ-bpsS

`c-W-¯n\v Hcp {]n³kn-¸Â If-IvSdpw At±-ls¯ klm-bn-¡m\ H³]Xp kt_mÀUn-t\äv

If-IvSÀamcpw \nb-an-¡-s¸-«p. 1801 HIvtSm-_À 1þmw Xo¿Xn taPÀ aIvtembvUv ae-_m-dnse

BZ-ys¯ {]n³kn-  If-IvS-dmbn DtZ-ym-K- n {]th-in- p. cmP-hmgvN \ne-\n¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dntem

sIm¨n-bntem D­mb A`n-hr-²n-sbm¶pw ae-_m-dn D­m-bn-Ã. 1802 tIm¬hm-enkv \S- m-¡nb

\nb-a-a-\p-k-cn¨v PqUo-j-yepw FIvkn-I-yq-«n-hp-amb A[n-Im-c-§Ä thÀXn-cn- p. Xe-tÈ-cn-bn Hcp

{]mhn-iyw tImS-Xnbpw Xe-tÈ-cn-bnepw tImgn-t¡mSpw PnÃm-tIm-S-Xn-Ifpw GÀs¸-Sp- n. {_n«ojv

`c-W- n Iogn ae-_m-dnse KXm-K-X-þ-ku-I-cyw A\p-{Iaw hnI-kn- p. 1848\pw 1851\pw C-Sbv¡v

I®qÀ apXÂ IpS-Ip-hsc sh«n-b-tdmUv PnÃ-bnse KXm-KX ]²-Xn-Isf Iq«n-bn-W-¡n. 1797þÂ

Cw¥ojv CuÌn- -ym-I-¼\n A©-c-¡-­n-bn kpKÔ kk-y-§-fpsS Hcp tXm«-ap-­m-¡n. Ct¸mgpw

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 19

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B tXm«w \ne-\n¡p-¶p-­v. ]t£ Idp-hm-s¨Sn am{Xta C¶-hnsS Irjn-sN-¿p-¶p-f-fq. A©-c-

¡-­n-bnse Cu Ipdp-hm-t¯m-«-amWv Idp-hm-t¯m-«-§-fn sh¨v temI-¯n Gähpw hep-Xv.

_mk Chm³ Peo-¡Â anj³ ae-_m-dn s\bv¯p-im-e-Ifpw Hm«p-I-¼-\n-Ifpw XpS-§n.

BZ-ys¯ Hm«p-I-¼\n tImgn-t¡m-Sn-\-Sp- p-ff ]pXn-b-d-¡-Ãne 1874þÂ Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p.

19-þmw iX-I- n ae-_mÀ Pnà hnZ-ym- -ym-k-cw-K v A`n-hr-²n-s -«p. C¡m-c-y- nepw _mkÂ

anj³ImcmWv ap³ssI FSp- -Xv. 1848þ anj³ IÃm-bn-bn (tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv) Hcp ss{]adn kvIqÄ

Xpd-¶p. CXmWv ]n¡m-e¯v ae-_mÀ {InkvX-y³ tImtf-Pmbn hnI-kn- -Xv. _mkÂan-j³ 1856þÂ

amÀ¨v 1þmw Xo¿Xn Xe-tÈ-cn-bn ae_m-dnse BZ-ys¯ Cw¥ojv kvIqÄ Øm]n- p.

{]mtZ-inI kz-bw- -c-W- nsâ cwK¯v ae-_m-dn\v 19þmw iX-I- n Imc-y-amb ]ptcm-KXn

D­m-bn. 1865--- --- -se aZn-cmin \K-c-hn-I-k\ \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn¨v tImgn-t¡m-Sv, Xe-tÈ-cn, I®qÀ F¶n-

hn-S-§-fn ap\n-kn- m-en-än-IÄ \ne-hne h¶p. `c-W-]-c-ambpw km¼- n-I-ambpw kmaq-ln-I-ambpw

A`n-hr-²n-s -«n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄXs¶ ae-_mÀ Pnà am¸nf Iem-]-§Ä F¶-dn-b-s -Sp¶ A{I-am-k-à-amb

Ak-z-Ø-X-I-fn-eq-sSbpw IS-¶p-t]m-bn.

tlmwdqÄ {]Øm\w

H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp²w (1914þ1918) ae-_m-dnse tZinb {]Øm-\- n\v B¡w-Iq-«n. kÀ¡m-cnsâ

bp²-b-Xv\-§Ä¡v s]mXp-P-\-§-fpsS ]n´pW k¼m-Zn-¡m³ 1916þ tImgn-t¡mSv Su¬lm-fnÂ

IqSnb s]mXp-tbm-K- n ae-bm-f- n kwkm-cn-¡m-s\m-cp-§nb sI.-]n.-tI-i-h-ta-t\ms\ If-IvSÀ

C¶okv A\p-hmZw \ntj-[n- p. CXn {]Xn-tj-[n¨ tat\m³ tbmK- n \n¶n-d-§n-t¸m-bn. _lp-

`q-cn-]£w kZ-Ê-ycpw At±-ls¯ A\p-K-an- p. tZiob {]Øm-\- nsâ hfÀ¶p-h-cp¶ iàn-bpsS

kqN-\-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu kw`-hw.

bp²-tijw 1919þ sams­-Kp-þ-sNw-kvt^mÀUv ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä {]J-ym-]n-¡-s¸-«p. Cu ]cn-

jv¡m-c-§Ä Xf-ftWm sImf-ftWm F¶v Xocp-am-bn-¡m³ 1920 G{]n 23þmw Xn¿Xn at©-cn-

bnÂsh¨v tUm. B\n-_-kânsâ A[-y-£-X-bn Hcp kt½-f\w \S-¶p. {]kvXpX ]cn-jv¡m-c-

§Ä Xf-fm Xocp-am-\n-¡p-I-bpw, ae-_m-dn `q]-cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä thK- n \S- n hcp- -W-sa-

¶m-h-i-y-s¸-Sm³ Xocp-am-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1300 Hmfw {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ ]s¦-Sp¯ Cu kt½-f-\-

¯n anX-hm-Zn-Ifpw Xo-{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw X½n n¶n- p-­mbn P·n-amcpw ]W-¡mcpw tIm¬{K-knÂ\n¶v

hn«p-t]m-hp-Ibpw Irjn-¡mÀ¡pw sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw CS-¯-c-¡mÀ¡pw-th­n \ne-sIm­

Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS I¿n t\Xr-Xzw h¶p-tN-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]Øm-\-§Ä

Fkv.F³. Un.]n

Acp-hn- p-ds¯ inh-{]-Xn-jvT-bv¡p-tijw 1899-þÂ {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp XpS§n sh¨ \mcm-bW

[À½-]-cn-]m-e\ tbmKw tUmIvSÀ ]ev]p, Ipam-c-\m-im³ F¶n-h-cpsS t\X-Xz- n apt¶m«v t]mbn.

Cug-h-cpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-bv¡mbn ]eXpw sN¿m³ Cu tbmK- n\p Ign-ªp. {Kma-§Ä tXmdpw

ivJIfpw {Kma-im-J-Isf \nb- n-¡p¶ Xmeq¡v {_m©p-Ifpw, PnÃm-k-an-Xnbpw, FÃmän\pw aosX

tI{µ-¡-½n-än-bpw tNÀ¶ NXpÀXe kwhn-[m-\-amWv tbmK-¯n-tâ-Xv. tI{µ-¡-½n-än-bpsS BZy

{]kn-U­v {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcphmbn-cp-¶p. aXw, kZm-Nm-cw, hnZym-`ym-kw, hyh-kmbw F¶o

20

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Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

hnj-b-§-fn {]kw-Kn-¡p-hm³ ]än-b-hsc Xnc-sª-Sp¯v hnhn[ Øe-§-fn-te-bv¡-b-¡p-hm³

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp {i²n- p-cp-¶p. A\y aX-¡m-cpsS hnIm-c-§Ä {hW-s¸-Sp- -cp-sX¶v At±lw

A\p-bm-bn-Isf HmÀ½n- n- p. sNe-th-dn-bXpw A\m-hiyhpamb BNm-c-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡p-hm³ \nÀt±-in- p.

Imem-\p-Iq-e-amb ]ptcm-KXn t\Sm³ At±lw Cug-hÀ¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn.

BZy-Im-e-§-fn Fkv.F³. Un.]n. bpsS ]n¶nse henb iàn tUmIvSÀ ]ev]p Bbn-cp-¶p.

Cug-h-kv{Xo-IÄ¡v th­n At±lw 1903-þ {]tXy-I-tbmKw kwL-Sn- n- p. 1905-þ sImà v ImÀjn-I-

hym -h-km -bnI {]ZÀi\w GÀs¸-Sp -¯n. ]pXnb hyh-km -b-§-fn -tebv¡v Xncn -bm³

Cug-hsc DÕm-ln- n- p. Ipam-c-\m-im³ ]Xn-\-©p-sIm-Ã-t¯mfw tbmK- nsâ Imcy-ZÀin-bmbn

{]hÀ¯n- p. kÀ¡mÀ kv¡qfp-I-fn Cug-hÀ¡v {]th-i\w t\Sm³ Fkv.F³. Un.]n. bpsS

{]hÀ -\-§Ä klm-bn- p. kz -ambn [mcmfw hnZym- ymk Øm]-\-§fpw tbmKw ap³ssI-sb-Sp v

XpS-§n.

1922-þse hmÀjnI kt½-f-\- n Cug-hÀ lnµp-aXw hn«v _p²-aXw kzoI-cn-¡-W-sa¶

Bibw s]m´n h¶p. anX-hmZn ]{Xm-[n-]-cmb IrjvW³ CXn-\mbn hmZn- p. _p²-aXt¯mSv

BZ-c-hp-s­-¦nepw e£-¡-W-¡n\v P\-§-fpÄs¡m-f-fp¶ Hcp kap-Zm-bs¯ A]-cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp

aX- n-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯\w sN¿n-¡p-¶Xv icn-bà F¶v Ipam-c-\m-im³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p.

PmXn-¡-Xo-X-ambn FÃm lnµp¡Ä¡pw t£{X- n {]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa¶ {]tabw

1920-þse tbmKw ]mkm-¡n. ssh¡w kXym-{K-l-Im-e¯v t£{X- n\p Npäp-ap-ff hoYn-I-fn-eosS

\S-¡m-\p-ff kzmX{´yw t\Sm³ Sn.-am-[-h\pw Iq«p-Imcpw tÌäv tIm¬{K-Ên-t\m-sSm¸w {]b-Xv\n- p.

1936-þ \nb-a-k- -bn Cug-hÀ¡mbn kwh-cWw sNbvX koäp-IÄ e`n-¡m\pw Fkv.F³. Un.]n.bpsS

{]h- \w Imc-W-am-bn. Cug-hÀ¡v kÀ¡mÀ tPmen-IÄ e`n-¡m-\p-ff {iahpw XpSÀ¶p-­m-bn.

1940-þ BÀ i¦À Imcy-ZÀin-bm-bn-cps¡ [mcmfw hnZym-e-b-§Ä Bcw- n- p. 1948-þ sImà v

tImtf-Pn\v XpS-¡-an-«p. 1952-þ-se {io\m-cm-b-W {SÌv hnZym-`ym-k-Øm-]-\-§-fpsS \nb-{´Ww

Gsä-Sp- p. Fkv.F³. Un.]n. tbmK- nsâ BZÀi-§Ä {]N-cn- n-¡p-hm-\mbn 1904-þ hnth-tIm-Zbw

XpS-§n.

C¶v tIc-f- nse {]apJ cmjv{Sob iàn-I-fn-sem-¶mbn Fkv.F³. Un.]n. hfÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.

A\-h[n hnZym- ym-k-Øm-]-\-§fpw, Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw tbmK- nsâ Iogn-ep-­v.

F³. Fkv. Fkv.

1914 HIvtSm-_À 31-þ\v a¶¯p ]ß-\m- sâ t\Xr-Xz- n Hcp kwLw \mbÀ bphm-¡Ä

H¯p-tNÀ¶v \mbÀ kÀÆokv skmssk-än¡v co]w \ÂIn. 1945 hsc a¶¯p ]ß-\m- ³ Xs¶

F³. Fkv. FÊnsâ sk{I-«dn Bbn Ccp-¶p. ]n¶oSv At±lw {]kn-Uâpw, hn KwKm-[-c³

sk{I-«-dn-bp-am-bn. \mbÀ kap-Zm-b- nse AwK-§-fnse Hcp-an¨v \nÀ¯p-I. ]e kap-Zm-b-¡m-cmbn

\n¡p-¶-Xnse AÀY-iq-\yX t_m[y-s¸-Sp- p-I, \mb-co-gh el-f-bpsS Imeqjyw Ipd-bv¡pI

F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p {]hÀ¯-\-e£y§Ä. Ic-tbmKw tNÀ¶v Ie-l-§Ä H¯p-XoÀ¡p-hm\pw A\m-

Nm-c-§Äs¡Xnsc i_vZ-ap-bÀ¯p-hm\pw F³. Fkv. Fkv. apt¶m«v h¶p. sP\-d sk{I-«dn

Fw. ]n. a·-Ysâ Npa-X-e-bn {Kma-kz-cmPv F¶ hmcnI Cd-¡n. kÀ kn.-]n. cma-kzm-an-bvs¡-Xnsc

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn \S¶ D¯p-hmZ {]t£m- - n F³. Fkv. Fkv. tÌäv tIm¬{K-Ênsâ mK¯p

\n¶v {iaw D­m-bn. C´y kzX-{ -am-Ip-t¼mÄ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ thdn« cmPy-ambn \n¡-W-sa¶

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 21

School of Distance Education

Znhmsâ \ne-]m-Sn-s\-Xn-cmbn s]mXp-P-\m- n-{]mbw F³. Fkv. Fkv. t\Xm-¡Ä¡v km[n- p.

FÃm kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-I-sfbpw Hcp-an- n-¡pI F¶ e£y-t¯msS s]cp-¶-bn tNÀ¶

kt½-f-\- n sh¨v \mbÀ kap-Zmb {]am-Wn-IÄ ]ecpw PmXn-t¸cv tNÀ¡p¶ ]Xnhv Dt]-£n- p.

sImÃw kt½-f-\-¯n sh¨v F³. Fkv. Fkv. kPo-h-cm-jv{So-b-¯n {]th-fn-¡m-\p-ff

Xocp-am\w ssIsIm-­p.

hnZym- ymk Imcy- n {i²-th-W-sa¶ \nÝ-b-t¯msS 1947-þ s]cp-¶-bn lnµp-tIm-tfPpw,

1948-þÂ Xncp-h-\- -]p-c¯v alm-ß-KmÔn tImtfPpw Bcw- n- p. tIcfw apgp-h³ \S¶v kw`m-h\

kzoI-cn-¨mWv hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-§Ä Bcw-`n-¨Xv. Hmtcm Ic-I-fnepw I½n-än-bp-­m-¡n,

hoSp-I-fn \n¶v tX§tbm, Xpey-amb kwJytbm \nÝ-bn v IrXy-ambn ]Ww ]ncn-¡p¶ ]Xn-hp-­m-bn.

"AJn-emWvU aWvU-e-a-Wn-bn-s¨m-cp¡n' F¶v ]mSn, bÚw t]mse \S- nb ]W- n-cn-hnÂ\n¶v

aqe-[\w BÀÖn- p.

a¶¯p ]ß-\m- ³, If- n them-bp-[³ \mbÀ, a¡- pg hmkp-tZ-h³]n-f-f, sI F³

.i-¦p-®n- n-f-f, Sn.-]n. them-bp-[³ ]n-f-f, Ip«n-bm«p inh-cm-a- -®n-¡À, hn .]n. tKmhn-µ³ \mbÀ

F¶n-§s\ {]i-kvX-cmb ]e t\Xm-¡-·mcpw F³. Fkv. FÊnsâ kPo-h-{]-hÀ¯-I-cmbn

Ccp-¶n-«p-­v.

C¶v tIc-f-cm-jvSo-b- n-epw, hnZym- ym-k-cw-K¯pw \nÀ®m-b-I-i-àn-bmbn F³. Fkv. Fkv

hfÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.

tbmK-£a k`

1910-þ1911  Hcp kwLw \¼q-Xncn bphm-¡Ä tbmK-£a k` F¶ t]cn Hcp kwL-S-\-bp-­m¡n

kapZmb- nse A\m-Xm-c-§Ä CÃm-Xm-¡p-hm³ {iaw Bcw`n¨p. Cw¥ojv hnZym- ymkw t\Sn kaq-

l- n apt¶m-«p-h-cm³ AhÀ bphm-¡Ä t{]cn- n- p.

hnhm-l-Po-hn-X- nepw, IpSpw-_-{I-a- nepw amä-§Ä hcp-t¯-­-Xn-s\-¡p-dn- mWv tbmK-

£a k` NÀ¨ sNbvX-Xv. \¼q-Xncn bphm-¡Ä FÃm-hcpw kzPm-Xn-bn \n¶v hnhmlw Ign¨v

kw_Ôw GÀ¸mSv \nÀ¯-em-¡-W-sa¶v \nÝ-bn-¨p. hr²hnhmlw _lp-`m-cyXzw F¶nh

\ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp- n. A´ÀÖ-\-§-sf-bpw, hn[-h-I-sfbpw Hä-s¸-Sp- p¶ ]Xn-hns\ FXnÀ¯p.

kz¯v Hcp-t]mse `mKw shbv¡p¶Xn\v hyh-Ø-bp-­m-I-W-sa¶ \nÀt±-i-\p-­m-bn. bph-P-\

-kw-L- nâw B`n-ap-Jy- n "D®n \¼q-Xncn' F¶ hmcn-Ibpw Cd-¡n.

]m­w hmkp-tZ-h³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bm-bn-cp¶p bph-P-\-kw-L-¯nsâ BZys¯ sk{I-«-dn.

hn.-Sn. «-Xn-cn- mSv bph-P-\-kw-L- nse apJy {]hÀ -I-\m-bn. "cP-\o-cwKw F¶ IYm kam-lm-c- n-epw,

"ASp-¡-f-bn \n¶v Ac-§-t¯bv¡v F¶ \mS-I- nepw At±lw A´ÀÖ-\-§-fpsS Zb-\o-b-

ØnXn FSp- p-Im-«n. \qdp-I-W-¡n\v thZn-I-fn Ac-t§dn Cu \mSIw \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b- nÂ

amä-§Ä¡p-ff {]tNm-Z-\-am-bn.

tbmK-£-a-k- bv¡v bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-cn \n¶v ISp¯ FXnÀ¸v t\cn-tS-­n-h-¶p. Ahn-hm-

ln-X-cmb \¼q-Xncn bphm-¡-sf-s¡m­v kzPm-Xn-bn hnhmlw sN¿n-¡p-hm-\pw, hr²³am-cpsS

hnhml DZyaw XS-bp-hm\pw ap³ssI-sb-Sp- Xv tImem-l-e-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-bn. A´ÀÖ-\-§sf

Ac§nte¡v sIm­v hcm³ DÕm-ln- -hÀ tLmj _ln-jvI-cn-¡p-hm\pw Blzm\w sNbvXp.

kv{XoIÄ¡v hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-¡-cpXv F¶ hmZw ià-am-bn. 1934-þÂ hn.-Sn. `«-Xn-cn-¸mSv

hn[-hmhnhmlw \S¯ns¡mSp- Xpw bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-cpsS FXnÀ¸n\v Imc-W-am-bn.

22

School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

\¼q-XncnamÀ¡n-S-bn \qäm-­p-I-fmbn \ne-\n¶v t]m¶ Adp-]-¯n-\mep BNm-c-§-fpw,

]g-Inb hnizm-k-§fpw AIän \ho\ temI- n-tebv¡v Ahsc Iq«n-s¡m­p t]mcm³ t\XrXzw

\ÂIn-bXv hn.-Sn. `«-Xn-cn- mSmWv.

km[p-P\ ]cn-]m-e-\-kwLw

kmaq-ln-I-k-aXzw A\p- -hn-¡p¶ BÀ¡pw {]hÀ¯n-bv¡m-\p-ff Hcp kwLw F¶ \nebv¡v

A¿³Imfn cq]o-I-cn¨ kwL-S-\-bmWv CXv. 24 hIp- -I-fn-embn \nb-am-hen X¿m-dm¡n lnµp-¡-fnepw

]pXp-{In-kvXym-\n-I-fnepw Ah-iX A\p- -hn-¡p-¶-hsc DbÀ¯m-\p-ff \nÀt±-i-§Ä DÄs¡m-f-fn- p.

ipNnXzw, A¨-S-¡w, F¶nh IÀi-\-ambn ]cn-]m-en-¡-Ww, hmZym- ym-k- n\pw k©m-c-¯n\pw

kzmX{´yw t\S-Ww, Abn¯w CÃm-Xm-¡Ww F¶o e£y-§Ä¡v th­n {]hÀ¯n-¡p-hm³

km[p-P\ ]cn-]m-e-\-kwLw apt¶m-«n-d-§n. kwLmw-K-§-fn \n¶v hcn-kwJy ]ncn v Øew hm§n

kwLw dPn-ÌÀ sNbvXp.

]pe-b³amÀ BgvN-bn Bdp-Zn-hkw ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-sa-¶pw, Hcp Znhkw hn{i-an-¡p-sa¶pw

hyh-Ø-bp-­m-¡n. Rmb-dmgvN kap-Zm-bmw-K-§Ä H¯p-IqSn s]mXp-{]-iv\-§Ä NÀ¨ sN¿pw.

]peb¡p«n-Isf kv¡qfn tNÀ¡p-hm-\p-ff \nbaw sIm­p-h-cp-¶-Xn\v A¿³Im-fn- DÕm-ln- p.

]s£ khÀ®-cmb DtZym-K-Ø-·m-cpw, \m«p-{]-am-Wn-amcpw kÀ¡mÀ Iev]\ ]qgv¯n-sh-¨p.

]peb¡p«n-Isf kv¡qfn {]th-in- n- n-sÃ-¦n ]pe-b³amÀ hb-en ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-I-bnà F¶

\ne-]mSv kzoI-cn- p. Abn- -Pm-Xn-¡mÀ Hä-s¡-«mbn ka-c- n-\n-d-§n. P·n-am-cpsS {]tem- -\-§-Ä

hnet¸mbn-Ã. Nne khÀ®-·mÀ ]mS- n-d§n t\m¡n-sb-¦nepw ]pe-b-·m-sc-t¸mse A\p- -h-hn-

Úm\w AhÀ¡v t\Sm-\m-bn-Ã. ]«n-Wn-bn-emb ]pe-btcm hngn-ªs¯ aÕy-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS

IqsS {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ A¿³Im-fn- \nÀt±-in- p.

A¿³Im-fn- S-bpsS A{I-a-W- n ]e P·n-Kr-l-§fpw \in- p. sImf-fbpw Xosh¸pw

\nXy-kw- -h-ambn. Irjn- Wn kvXw`n- v P·n-am-À ]«nWnbn-em-bn. Znhm³ cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bpsS

kÔn-kw- m-j-W- n 1908-þ kacw H¯p-XoÀ¶p. IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡m Iqen Iq«n-¡n-«n.

hnZym-e-b-§-fn ]peb¡p«n-IÄ¡v {]th-i\w e`n-¨p.- k©mc-kzm-X-{´y-¯n\v kÀ¡mÀ

\nb-a-ap-­m-¡m-sa¶v k½-Xn- p.

1915-þ \S¶ ]pe-b-a-lm-k- bn ]e Øe¯v \n¶pw ]pe-b-·mÀ sImïv hs¶- n.

"IÃpw amebpw' hen-s¨-dn-ª v km[-cW kvXoI-sf-t¸mse \S-¡m³ A¿³Im-fn- kvXoI-tfmSv

Blzm\w sNbvXp. 1911-þ Xncn-hn-Xmw-IqÀ \nb-a-k`-bn XmW PmXn-¡m-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn

A¿³Im-fnsb t\man-t\äv sNbvXp.

\qäm-­p-I-fmbn ASn-a- - n InS¶ Hcp P\-hn- m-Ks¯ kzX-{ -cpw, hnZym-k-¼-¶-cp-am-

¡m³ km[p-P\ ]cn-]m-e-\-kwLw {]hÀ¯-IÀ¡v km[n- p.

N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ

Xncp-h-\- -]p-c- n-\-Sp v sImÃq-cn ]mc-¼-cy-ap-ff Hcp IpSpw-_- n 1854-þ hmkp-tZ-h-iÀ½

F¶ {_mÒ-W-sâbpw Xncp-\¦ F¶ \mbÀ kv{Xobp-tSbpw aI-\m-bn-«mWv "Ipª³' P\n- -Xv.

sImÃqÀ aT- nse {_Ò-WÀ ]Tn-¡p¶ kwkvIrX ]mT-§Ä Ipª³ Hfn¨p \n¶p ]Tn- p. ]ns¶

\mb-·m-cpsS k{¼-Zm-b- n If-cn-bn tNÀ¶p. AhnsS N«¼n AYhm ¢mkv eoUdmb Ipª³

]n¶oSv N«¼n F¶p-Xs¶ Adn-b-s¸-«p. Ipd- p-Imew B[m-c-sa-gp¯p tPmen t\m¡n. KpkvXnbpw

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 23

School of Distance Education

]Tn-¨p. Z£n-tW´y apgp-h³ k\ym-kn-sb-t¸mse Npän-\-S-¶p. aS-§n-sb-¯pt¼mtg¡pw

D]-\n-j- p-IÄ, a{ -X-{ -t`-Z-§Ä, hmZ-ap-d, ZÀi-\-§Ä, tbmKm-k-\w, aÀ½-hn-Zy, aÃ-bp-²-ap-d,

kwKoXw F¶n-§s\ hnhn[ hnj-b-§-fn ]mWvUnXyw kw¼m-Zn- n-cp-¶p.

{Kmam- -c-§-fn hnÚm\w tXSn Npän \S¶ N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ k©-cn¨p sIm­n-cp-¶p.

N«-¼n-kz-an-Ifpw {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cphpw X½n I­v ZrV-_Ôw Øm]n- p. c­p-t]cpw Hcp-an¨v

k©-cn-¡p-Ibpw [ym\- n apgp-Ip-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. CÉmw aX- nepw hnip² Jpdm-\nepw

kzman Adn-hp-t\-Sn. ss__nÄ ]Tn¨p "{IkvXp-aX kmcw' Fs¶mcp ]pkvX-Ihpw kzman cNn- n-«p-­v.

kzman hnth-Im-\-µsâ tIcf kµÀi-\-th-f-bn N«-¼n-kzm-an-Isf ImWp-Ibpw At±-l- nsâ

AÛp-X-{]-Xn- sb A`n-\-µ-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I-bp-­m-bn-«p-­v.

]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-­nsâ D¯-cmÀ²-¯n {_mÒ-W-ta-[m-hn -Xz -¯nsâ IognÂ

\mb-·m-cpsS ØnXn ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-bn. ]c-ip-cm-a³ tIc-f- nse apgp-h³ {_mÒ-WÀ¡v Zm\w

sNbvX-Xm-sW¶ IYsb kzman tNmZyw sNbvXp. \mb-·mÀ Hcp Ime v tIc-f- nse {]K-Û-·m-cpw,

`qhp-S-a-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p F¶ Ncn-{X-kXyw kzman {]Jym-]n- p. \mbÀ hwi-P-cn CXv Bß-hn-

izmkw hfÀ¯n. {Zmhn-U-kw-kvImcw Gähpw al- -c-am-sW¶v kzman sXfn-bn- p. {_mÒ-W-aXw

"I£n ]qc-W-aX' amsW¶v At±lw k[ocw {]Jym-]n- p. PmXn¡p ImcWw P·-aà IÀ½-am-sW¶v

At±lw ]pcm-W-§Ä D²-cn¨v P\-Xsb t_m[y-s¸-Sp- m³ {ian- p.

{]No-\-a-e-bm-fw, thZm-[n-Im-c-\n-cq-]-Ww, AssZzX Nn´m-]-²Xn F¶n-h-bmWv N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fpsS

IrXn-IÄ. Xan-gnse \nPm-\-µ-hn-emkw F¶ IrXn At±lw ae-bm-f- n-tebv¡v XÀÖa sNbvXp.

1914-þ Fgp-a-äq-cn kzman ]c-a-«m-cm-{iaw Øm]n- p. 1942-þ At±lw kam-[n-b-S-ªp.

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp

1855-þÂ Xncp-h-\- -]p-c- n\Sp¯v sN¼-g´n F¶ Øe¯v {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp P\n-¨p.

ae-bm-f- nepw kwkvIr-X- nepw hnZym- ymkw t\Sn. \mep hÀj-t¯mfw kztZ-i¯v Ip«n-Isf

]Tn- n- p Ign-ªp. 29-þmw as¯ hb-Ên euIn-I-_-Ô-§-sfÃmw hn« At±lw k\ym-kn-bmbn

Aeªp \S-¶p. C¡m-e¯v tbmKm- ymkw ]Tn- p. N«-¼n-kzm-an-Isf ]cn-N-b-s¸«p acp-Xzm-a-e-bnÂ

tbmK-\n-c-X-\mbn Iptd-¡mew Ign-ªp.

s\¿m-än³I-c-bnse Acp-hn- pdw BØm-\-am-¡nb "\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp' Xs¶ kµÀin-¡p¶

`à-·mÀ¡mbn AhnsS Hcp t£{Xw thW-sa¶p \nÝ-bn- p. Hcp inh-cm{Xn Znhkw s\¿m-änÂ

ap§n At±lw inh-enw-Km-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-ff Hcp ine Is­-Sp¯v Bdnsâ Ing-t¡-I-c-bnse ]md-bnÂ

{]Xn-jvTn-¨p. `à-·mÀ AhnsS Hcp inh-t£{Xw ]Wn-Xp-bÀ¯n. {_mÒW ta[m-hn-Xzhpw

BNm-c-§fpw ià-am-bn-cp¶ A¡m-e v Hcp Cug-h³ inh-{]-XnjvT \S- n-bXv hnhm-Z-§-fp-bÀ¯n.

AtX kabw AhÀ®¡v Bß-hn-izmkw \ÂIp¶ [oc-ambn apt¶-dm³ Blzm\w sN¿p¶ Hcp

kw -h-ambn AXv amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. t£{X-a-Xn-en-t·Â PmXn t`Zw aX-tZz-jw-þ-G-Xp-an-ÃmsX kÀÆ-cpw-

þ-tkm-Z-c-tXz\ hmgp¶þam-Xr-Im-Øm-\-am-Wn-Xv. þF¶v {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp kz´w ssIb-£-c- nÂ

Fgp-Xn-sh-¨n-«p-­v.

Acp-hn- p-ds¯ {]Xn-jvT-tbmsS {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp {]kn-²-\m-bn. \qdn¸cw t£{X-a-XnÂ

At±lw ap³ssI-sb-Sp¯v Øm]n- p. arK-_-enbpw aZy-tk-hbpw \S- n-bn-cp¶ Nne t£{X§Ä

s]mfn¨p \o¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. apcp¡pw ]pg t£{X- n "kXyw, [À½w, Zb, kvt\lw' F¶

24

School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

ap{Zm-hmIyamWv {]Xn-jvT. Imc-ap¡v t£{X- n Hcp sISm-hn-f-¡pw, tNÀ¯-e-bnepw h¡¯pw

I®m-Snbpw BWv {]Xn-jvT.

t£{X-\nÀ½mWw \nÀ¯n-sh¨v {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp ]f-fn-¡q-S-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv

t{]mÕm-ln- n-¡m³ XpS-§n. t£{X-§-tfm-S-\p-_-Ôn¨pw hnZym-e-b-§Ä GÀs¸-Sp- n. "aZyw

hnj-am-Wv, AXp-­m-¡-cp-Xv, sImSp-¡-cpXv' F¶ Bibw {]N-cn- n-¡m\pw {]hÀ¯n-I-am-¡m\pw

At±lw ap³ssI-b-sb-Sp-¯p. a\p-jy-hwiw Htc PmXn-bm-b-Xp-sIm­v At\ym\yw hnhmlw

]´n-t`m-P-\hpw \Ã-XmWv F¶ Kpcp-h-N\w kaq-l- n ]cn-hÀ¯-\- n\v XpS¡w Ipdn- p. "Hcp

PmXn Hcp aXw Hcp-ssZhw a\p-jy\v' F¶ hninjvS ktµiw At±lw {]N-cn- n- p.

1924-þ {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp Bep-hm-bn kÀÆ-aX kt½-f\w hnfn- p-Iq-«n. inh-Kn-cn-bnÂ

FÃm aX-§fpw ]Tn- n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ff Hcm-{iaw ]Wn-I-gn- n-¡-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-l- nsâ Dt±-iyw.

CXn\mbn s]mXp-P-\-§Ä ssIb-b v kw`m-h\ \ÂIn. 1924-þ ssh¡w kXym-{K-ln-Isf kµÀin v

Imcy-§Ä NÀ¨ sNbvXp. Fkv. F³. Un. ]n. bpsS FÃm {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsSbpw ]n¶nse

{]tNm-Z-I-i-àn-bmbn At±lw hmWp.

ae-bm-f-¯nepw kwkvIr-X-¯nepw Xan-gnepw Akm-am-\y-]m-WvUnXyw t\Snbncp¶

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp [mcmfw Cuiz-c-kvt{Xm-X-§Ä cNn-¨n-«p-­v. "Btßm]tZi iXI-Iw,

"ZÀi-\-ame' F¶n-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-IÄ. 1928-þÂ At±lw kam-[n-b-S-ªp.

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp Cug-h³amÀ¡n-S-bn \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ Xmen-sI-«p-I-eym-Ww, sXc­pIpfn,

]pfn-IpSn apX-emb A\m-h-iy-amb BNm-c-§Ä \nÀ -em-¡n. hnhm-l-coXn ]cn-jm-¡-cn- -tXm-sSm¸w

BÀ`m-S-§Ä ]mSn-à F¶p \nÝ-bn-¨p. Nm¯³, Nmap-WvUn, amS³, ]qX-¯m³, NpS-e-am-S³

XpS-§nb ZpÀaqÀ¯n-I-fpsS Bcm-[\ \ntcm-[n- p. t£{X-§-fn {]XnjvT \S- p-I-bpw, AhnsS

Bcm-[\ \S- m³ A\p-h-[n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX \m-cm-b-W-Kpcp Cuiz-csâ I®n FÃm-hcpw

Xpey-cmWv F¶ [mcW hf- n.

{io\m-cm-b-W- {]Øm\w aäp PmXn, aX-ØÀ¡pw A\m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-Xnsc apt¶-dm-\p-ff

{]tNm-Z-\-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. Fkv. F³. Un. ]n. bpsS amXr-I-bn 1905-þ ]pe-b-·m-cpsS

"km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\-kwLw' cq]o-Ir-X-ambn 1010-þÂ hme-k-ap-Zmbw "hme-k-ap-Zmb ]cn-jvIm-cnWn

k`' F¶ t]cn kwL-S-\-bp-­m-¡n. 1907-þ \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS tbmK-t£a k` kmaqly

]cn-jv¡-c-W-kw-c- -§Ä XpS-§n. Cugh kap-Zm-b- nsâ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS amXrI ]n´p-S-cp-hm³

\mbÀ kaqlw F³. Fkv. Fkv. kwL-S\ Øm]n- p.

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcphnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-­mb {]Øm\w C´y-bnse asäÃm kmaq-ly

-]-cn-jvI-cW {]Øm-\-§-sfbpwImÄ \ho-\hpw ]cn-jvIr-X-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

A¿³Imfn

tIc-fob kaq-l-¯n Gähpw IqSp-X ASn-¨-aÀ¯-en\v hnt[-b-cmb ]pe-cpsS

D¶-a-\- n-\p-th­n {ian¨ ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-hm-bn-cp¶p A¿³Im-fn. (1863 þ 1941) Xncp-h- -]p-c¯v

sh§m-¶q-cn tKmhn-µ- n-ff F¶ P·n-bpsS ASn-bm-\m-bn-cp¶ A¿³ ]pe-bsâ aI-\m-bn-cp¶p

Im-fn. ]pe-b-¡p-«n-Isf kv¡qfn tNÀ¡m³ k½-Xn-¡m¯ Ime-am-b-Xp-sIm­v A¿³Im-fn¡pw

Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb hnZym- ymkw e`n- n-Ã. khÀ®-ta-[m-hn-Xzs¯ [oc-ambn FXnÀ¡m³ Xocp-am-\n¨

A¿³Im-fn ]pe-bÀ¡v \ntj-[n-¡- -«n-cp¶ ]eXpw sNbvXp-t\m-¡n. kz -ambn Imf-h­n hm§n.

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 25

School of Distance Education

taÂap­p [cn v AXn-en-cp¶v s]mXp-]m-X-bn-eqsS h­n-bn-en-cp-¶p-t]m-bn. kmbp-[-cmbn h¶ khÀ®-

ta-[m-hn-Isf I¯n ImWn¨v `b-s¸-Sp- n.

s]mXp-hgn \S-¡m-\p-ff ]pe-b-cpsS kzmX-{´ys¯ FXnÀ¯ _me-cm-a-]p-cs¯ Nmen-b-·m-tcmSv

A¿³Im-fnbpw Iq«cpw el-f-bv¡p-t]m-bn. 1898-þ-em-bn-cp¶p Nmen-b-s¯-cp-hp-e-l-f.

]pe-b-¡p-«n-Isf kv¡qfn tNÀ¯p-In-«m\pw A¿³Im-fnbpsS t\Xr-Xz- n ka-c-§-fp-­m-bn.

\ne-hn-ep-ff hnZym-e-b-§-f-fn AXn\p k½Xw In«msX h¶t¸mÄ 1901-þ ]pe-b-¡-«n-IÄ¡mbn

sh§m-¶q-cn Hcp \ne-s¯-gp¯p ]f-fn-¡qSw XpS-§n. ]pe-b-¡p-«n-IÄ ]Tn-¡m³ XpS-§n-bmÂ

]mS¯p ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m³ Bfp-­m-hnà F¶p IcpXn khÀ®À Cu kwcw`w XS-ªp. "H¶-Sn- mÂ

c­Sn' F¶ ka-c-{]-Xn-Ú-bp-ambn A¿³Im-fn ]pe-bsc kwL-Sn- n- p. \Ã Nne Dt±ym-K-Ø-·mcpw

{_«ojv Kh¬saâpw Cu kwcw- -§Ä¡v ]n´pW \ÂIn.

lnµp-a-X- nse {Iqc-X-I-sf- -änbpw PmXn-bpsS AÀ°-iq-\y-X-sb- -änbpw {]kw-Kn¨p \S¶

kZm-\-µ-kzm-ansb A¿³Im-fn BNm-cy-\mbn kzI-cn-¨p. kZm-\-µ-kzm-an-bpsS t{]c-W-tbmsS

alm-cm-Pm-hn\v ]pe-b-·mÀ Hcp `oa-lÀPn kaÀ¸n- p. kzta-[bm Dff aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\ta ]mSpffq,

anj-\-dn-amÀ Btcbpw \nÀ_-Ôn¡cpXv F¶v lÀPn-bn ]d-ªn-cp-¶p. A¿³Im-fn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz- nÂ

"{_Ò-\njvTmaTw' ]m¨-Ãq-cn Øm]n- p. aX-]-cn-hÀ¯\w XS-bm³ DÕp-I-\mb alm-cm-Pmhv Cu

kwcw- s¯ A\p-Iq-en- p.

{_mÒ-\n-jvTm-a-Ts¯ ]pXp-{In-kvXym\n-IÄ FXnÀ¯p. Ah-cn ]ecpw Abn¯ PmXn-¡m-cnÂ

\n¶v ]cn-hÀ¯\w sNbvX-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. kmaq-ln-Im-k-aXzw A\p- -hn-¡p¶ BÀ¡pw ({In-kvXym-\n¡pw,

lnµp-hn-\pw) {]hr- n-¡m-\p-ff asämcp kwLwþkm-[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\-kw-LwþA¿³Im-fn- cq]o-I-cn- p.

24 hIp- p-I-fp-ff \nb-am-hen X¿m-dm-¡n. ipNnXzw, A¨-S-¡w F¶nh ]men-¡p-I, hnZym- ym-kw,

k©mcw F¶n-h-bn kzmX{´yw t\Sp-I, Abn¯w CÃm-Xm-¡m³ ]c-am-h[n {ian-¡pI CsX-Ãm-

am-bn-cp¶p kwL- nsâ e£y-§Ä. kwLmwK-§-fn \n¶v ]ncn¨ hcn-kwJy tNÀ¯v Øew

hm§n km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\-kwLw dPn-ÌÀ sNbvXp.

]pe-b³amÀ BgvN-bn Bdp-Zn-hkw ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-sa-¶pw, Hcp Znhkw hn{i-an-¡p-sa¶pw

hyh-Ø-bp-­m-¡n. Rmb-dmgvN kap-Zm-bmw-K-§Ä H¯p-IqSn s]mXp-{]-iv\-§Ä NÀ¨ sN¿pw.

A¿³Im-fn-bpsS {ia- -e-ambn 1907-þ Abn- -Pm-Xn-¡mÀ¡p kv¡qÄ {]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa¶

N«w h¶p. ]s£ khÀ®-cmb DtZym-K-Ø-·m-cpw, \m«p-{]-am-Wn-amcpw kÀ¡mÀ Iev]\ ]qgv¯n-

sh- p. Ip«n-Isf kv¡qfn {]th-in- n- n-sÃ-¦n ]pe-b-·mcpw aäpw hb-en ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m³

t]mI-cpXv F¶v A¿³Im-fn- \nÀt±-in- p. Abn- -Pm-Xn-¡mÀ Hä-s¡-«mbn ]Wn-ap-S-¡n ]¦-Sp- p.

P·n-am-cpsS {]tem- -\hpw oj-Wn-bp-sam¶pw hnet¸mbn-Ã. khÀ®-cn NneÀ ]mS- n-d§n ]Wn

sNbvXp-t\m-¡n-sb-¦nepw hnf-shm¶pw In«nbn-Ã. ]«n-Wn-bn-emb ]pe-btcm hngn -ªs¯

aÕy-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS IqsS {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ A¿³Im-fn- \nÀt±-in- p.

A¿³Im-fn- S-bpsS A{I-a-W- n ]e P·n-Kr-l-§fpw \in- p. sImf-fbpw Xosh¸pw

\nXy-kw- -h-ambn. Irjn- Wn kvXw`n- p.

Znhm³ cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn ap³ssI-sb-Sp¯v P·n-am-scbpw IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-sfbpw

hnfn- p-Iq«n {]iv\w NÀ¨ sNbvXp. 1908-þ kacw H¯p-XoÀ¸m-bn. IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v

Iqen sImSp-¡m³ P·n-amÀ X¿m-dm-bn. hnZym-e-b-§-fn ]Tn-¡m-\pw, s]mXp-\n-c-¯p-I-fnÂ

\S-¡m-\p-ap-ff kzmX{´yw \ÂIm³ th­Xp sN¿m-sa¶v kÀ¡mÀ k½-Xn- p.

26

School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

khÀ®-k-ap-Zm-bmw-K-§-fn ]ecpw A¿³Im-fn-sb i{Xp-hmbn I­p. A¿³Im-fn-sb

Poh-t\m-sS ]nSn¨p-sI-«n-bm c­m-bncw cq], Xp­w Xp­-am¡n sIm­p-h-¶mÀ Bbncw cq]

Fs¶ms¡ AhÀ hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-cp-¶p-h-{X. 1911-þ At±-ls¯ Xncn-hn-Xmw-IqÀ \nb-a-\nÀ½mW

k`-bn XmW PmXn-¡m-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn t\man-t\äv sNbvXp. 1915-þ sImïp \S¶ ]pe-b-

a-lm-k-t½-f\¯n "IÃpw amebpw' hen-s -dn-ªp. km[-cW kvXoI-sf-t¸mse \S-¡m³ A¿³Im-fn-

Blzm\w sNbvXp. DbÀ¶ PmXn-¡mÀ kt½-f\w apS-¡n. t]meokv kwc-£-W-tbmsS XpSÀ¶p

\S¶ kt½-f-\- n \nc-h[n kv{XoIÄ ]c-ky-ambn IÃp-am-e-I-fpw, Ccp¼p]­-§fpw hen-s -dn-ªp.

A¿³Im-fnbpsS amXrI kzI-cn¨p 1913-þÂ sI.-Sn.sI IrjvW-sâbpw, sI.-]n.-Ip-dp- -tâbpw

t\Xr-Xz- n "sIm¨n ]pe-b-a-lm-k`' cq]o-I-cn- p. 1927-þ sI.-tI-f- -tâ-bpw, kn IrjvW-tâbpw

t\Xr-Xz-¯n tImgn-t¡m«v XmW-PmXn¡mcpsS kt½-f\w kwL-Sn -¸n-¡-s¸-«p.. 1914-þÂ

acn-¡p-¶-Xp-h-sc A[:ØnXÀ¡p th­n-bp-ff {]hÀ -\-§-fn A¿³Im-fn GÀs -«p-sIm-­n-cp-¶p.

ktlm-Z-c³ A¿- ³

ssh¸n³Ic-bnse sNdmbn {Kma- n 1889-þ sIm¨mhp sshZy-tâbpw D®q-en-bp-tSbpw

aI-\mbn A¿-¸³ P\n-¨p. sNdp- -¯nte anSp-¡-\m-bn-cp¶ Cu hnZymÀ°n D]-cn-]-T-\-¯nsâ

Ah-k-c-¯n {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ kzm[o-\-h-e-b-¯n-se-¯n. Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n.-bpsS

sk{I-«-dn-bmb Ipam-c-\m-imsâ kplr- m-bn.

PmXn \in-¡msX a\p-jy³ \¶m-hp-I-bnà F¶ hnizmkw A¿- \v F¶p-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p.

kam-\-Nn- m-K-Xn-¡m-cpsS Hcp tbmKw A¿-¸³ hnfn-¨p-Iq-«n. PmXn-k-{¼-Zmbw XIÀ¡m-\mbn

an{i-t`m-P\w \S-¯m³ tbmKw \nÝ-bn-¨p. ]pe-b-·m-scm-sSm-¸-an-cp¶p an{i-t`m-P-\-¯nÂ

]¦p-sIm-­-hsc ]n¶oSv ktlm-Z-c-kw-L-¡mÀ F¶p hnfn-¡m³ XpS-§n. A¿- ³, ktlm-Z-c³

A¿- \pam-bn. an{i-t`m-P-\- n ]s¦-Sp- -hsc Ic-tbmKw {`jvSvI-ev]n¨p ]pd- -f-fn.

sNdmbn ktlm-Z-c-kw-L-¯n\v Hcp Hm^okv Xpd-¶p. kwL-¯n-sâ {]Nc-WmÀ°w

ktlm-Z-c-³ F¶ amkn-Ibpw XpS-§n. PmXn-cm-£-ksâ tImew I¯n-¡pI, PmYIÄ \S- p-I,

an{i-t`m-P\w kwL-Sn- n-¡pI XpS-§nb ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw D­m-bn-cp-¶p. sImSp-§-ÃqÀ t£{X- n-\-Sp- p-ff

]mX-bn Abn¯ PmXn-¡mÀ¡v {]th-i\w \ntj-[n- n-cp-¶p. ktlm-Z-c³ A¿- ³ AXn-\-Sp¯v

Hcp tbmKw \S- n. PmXn-cm-£-ksâ tImew I¯n- p. AtXmsS ]mX FÃm-hÀ¡pw Xpd-¶p-In-«n.

Cug-h-{]-am-Wn-I-fn \n¶p Xs¶-bmWv ktlm-Z-c³ A¿- \v Gsd FXnÀ¸v kln-t¡-­n-h-¶-Xv.

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp ktlm-Z-c\¿- sâ \S-§sf AwKo-I-cn- -tXmsS Cug-h-cpsS CS-bnÂ

FXnÀ v ]Xps¡ sI«-S-§n. {_mÒ-W-cpsS A]-l-cWw shff¡cpsS A]-l-cWw Ch-bvs¡-Xn-cmbn

"ktlm-Z-c³' ]{Xw \nc- -cambn i_vZ-ap-bÀ¯n. ]n¶oSv Bcw- n¨ bpàn-hmZn amkn-I-bn-eqsS

AÔ-hn-izm-k-§Äs¡-Xn-cmbn [oc-[ocw t]mcm-Sn.

sImSp-§-ÃqÀ `c-Wn-¡m-e¯v sXdn- m-«p-]m-Sp-¶Xpw tImgn-Isf sh«p-¶Xpw Hgn-hm-¡m³

ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸³ ap³ssI-sb-Sp¯v {ian-¨p. P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn \nb-a-k-`-bnepw

DtZym-K-§-fnepw kwh-cWw Bh-iy-s¸-«p-sIm­v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kÀ¡m-cn-s\-Xn-cmbn \S-¯nb

\nhÀ¯\ {]t£m- - nepw kn.-]n.-cm-a-kzm-an-s¡-Xn-cmb {]t£m- -§-fnepw ktlm-Z-c³ A¿- ³

ap³\n-c-bn Xs¶ D­m-bn-cp-¶p.

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 27

School of Distance Education

c­p Zi-I- n-tesd XpSÀ¨bmbn ktlm-Z-c³ A¿- ³ sIm¨n \nb-a-k-b- m-Kw-ambn Ccp-¶p.

{_n«ojv N{I-hÀ¯n-bn \n¶v "dmhp kmln_v' F¶ _lp-aXn e`n- p. {]mb-]qÀ¯n thm«

-hIm-i- n\p th­n \nb-a-k- -bn At±lw hmZn- p-sIm-­n-cp-¶p. sIm¨n-bn D¯-c-hm-Z- -cWw

kzoI-cn- -t¸mÄ a{´n-k- -bn A¿- ³ s]mXp-a-cm-a¯p a{´n-bm-bn. Xncp-þ-sIm¨n kwtbm-P-\- n\p

tijhpw A¿- \v a{´n-k- -bn Øm\-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p.

ktlm-Z-csâ `mcy ]mÀÆ-Xnbpw kmaq-ly-tk-h\ {]hÀ -\-§-fn kPohw ]¦p-sIm-­n-cp-¶p.

1968-þÂ ktlm-Z-c\¿- ³ acn- p.

hn.-Sn.- -«-Xn-cn- mSv

1896 amÀ v 24-þmw Xn¿Xn tag- q-cn shf-f- n-cp¯n Xmg v a\-bv¡-emWv hn.-Sn.- -«-Xn-cn- m-Snsâ

P\-\w. A¶s¯ \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS ]Xn-h-\p-k-cn v D]-\-b-\hpw Hm¯p-sNm-Ãn-¡-ep-ap-­m-sb-¦nepw

A£cw ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ Bcpw sa\-s¡-«n-Ã. EtKzZw sNmÃn-¸-Tn¨v ]qÀ®-{_mÒW\mbn F¶

k¦-ev]- n hn.-Sn. sjmÀ®q-cn-\-Sp v ap­-ap-I-t£-{X- nse im´n-¡m-c-\m-bn. A£-c-§-sf-gp-Xm³

]Tn- Xpw hnÚm-\- n³s# ]pXp-tem-I- n-te¡v {]th-in- Xpw ]Xn-t\-gp-h-b-Ên-\p-ti-j-am-Wv.

temI-am-\y-Xn-e-Isâ Bcm-[-I-\m-bn- oÀ¶ hn.-Sn. sjmÀ®q-cn "B\-µ-aTw' Fs¶mcp tkhm-

tI{µw Øm]n- p. AXnsâ apJ-]-{X-am-bn-cp¶p "hnZymÀ°n'. ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-t¯m-sSm¸w Cw¥o-jp-

]Tn¡m\pw kabw Is­- n. 1920-þse Hä- mew tIm¬{KÊv kt½-f-\- nepw Al-½-Zm-_mZv

tIm¬{KÊv kt½-f-\- nepw thmfân-b-dmbn ]s¦-Sp- p.

awK-tfm-Zbw {]Ên "{]q^v doUÀ' s\¡- -h-S-¡m-c³ F¶n-§s\ Nne sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ

kzoI-cn- p-sh-¦nepw tbmK-t£-a-k- bpsS apgp-h³ kab {]hÀ¯-I-\m-bn-cp¶p hn.-Sn. hn.-Sn.-bpsS

t\Xr-Xz- n tbmK-t£-a- nsâ bph-P-\-im-J-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w kPo-h-am-bn. Cug-h-tcm-sSm¸w

an{i-t`m-P\w \S- nXpw A´ÀÖ-\-§Ä tLmj _ln-jvI-cn-¡-W-sa¶ {]tabw ]mkm-¡n-bXpw

tbmK-t£-a-k- -bpsS BZy-Im-e-t\-«-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1930-þÂ hn.-Sn. bph-P-\-kwLw Imcy-ZÀin-bmbn

Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«p.

1930-þÂ hn.-Sn. bpw Iq«p-Imcpw ImkÀtImSp apXÂ sX¡p-hsc FÃm \¼q-Xncn Krl-§-fnepw

Ib-dn-bn-d§n ]W-¸n-cnhp \S-¯p¶ bmN-\m-bm{X Bcw-`n-¨p. \¼q-Xncn hnZym-e-b-§-fpsS

Bh-iy- n-\m-bn-cp¶p ]W- n-cn-hv. \ho\ hnZym- ymkw sImt­ \¼q-Xn-cnsb a\p-jy-\m-¡m³

]äp F¶m-bn-cp¶p At±-l- nsâ Dd¨ hnizm-kw.

hn.-Sn. bpsS tkh-\-§Ä \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b- n HXp§n \n¶n-Ã. 1932 apX¡v hSs¡

ae-_m-dnse If-fp-jm¸p ]n¡-än-§v, Abn-t¯m- m-S-\w, JmZn-{]-N-cWw F¶o tZiob {]hÀ¯\-§-fnÂ

At±lw sI. tIf- -t\mSpw kmaq-hÀ Btdm-Wn-t\mSpw tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n- p. Kpcp-hm-bqÀ t£{X-

{]-th-i-\- n\v A`n-{]m-b-am-cm-bm-\p-ff d^-d-­- nsâ Npa-Xe AJn-te´ym tIm¬{Kkv I½nän

hn.-Sn. sb Gev]n- p. Kpcp-hm-bqÀ t£{Xw lcn-P-\-§Ä¡v Xpd-¶p-sIm-Sp-t¡-­-Xm-sW¶v tbmK-

t£-a-k` {]tabw ]mkm-¡n.

1939-þÂ s]m¶m\n tIm¬{Kkv I½nän sk{I-«-dn-bm-bn. IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡p-th­n

tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-¡m³ hn.-Sn. Cu Ah-kcw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp- n. hn[hm hnhm-lw, an{i-hn-hmlw

F¶n-§s\ kap-Zm-b- n amä§Ä sIm­p-h-cm³ hn.-Sn. ap³ssI-sb-Sp- p. P·w- sIm-­Ã,

IÀ½w sIm­mWv {_mÒ-W-\m-Ip-¶Xv F¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡n. a\p-jy³ Úm\w sIm­pw

28

School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

{]hÀ¯nIÄ sIm­pw t{ijvT-\m-I-Ww. A¯-c- n-ep-f-f-hÀ GXp PmXn-¡-cm-bmepw _lp-am-\y-

cm-bn- o-cpw. {_Ò-Úm\w [À½-[À½ t_m[-amWv F¶ ]pXnb hymJym\w At±lw \ÂIn.

hn.-Sn. `«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ ASp-¡-f-bn \n¶v Ac-§-t¯bv¡v F¶ \mSIw tIc-f-¯n-e

-t§m-f-an-t§mfw ]e thZn-I-fn Ac-t§-dn-bn-«p-­v. hnZym- ym-khpw temI-]-cn-N-bhpw \ntj-[n-¡-s -«

A´ÀÖ-\-§-fmbn Ign-tb-­n-h-cp¶ kv{XoI-fpsS Zp:Jhpw \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nse bmYm-

Øn-I-cpsS ISpw-]n-Sn- -§fpw At±lw Cu \mS-I- n Ah-X-cn- n- p. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b- nÂ

CXv henb tImfn-f-¡- n\v Imc-W-am-bn. tLmj _ln-jv¡-cn-¡m\pw ad-¡p-S-IÄ hen-s¨-dnªv

]pd- n-d-§m\pw Cu \mSIw A´ÀÖ-\-§Ä¡v t{]c-W-bm-bn.

ssh¡w kXym-{Klw

Abn¯PmXn-¡mÀ¡v ]qÀ®-amb k©m-c-kzm-X{´yw A\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa¶ Bhiyw ]e

{]t£m- -§Ä¡pw Imc-W-am-bn. tImgn-t¡ms« Xfn-t£-{X- n-te-¡p-ff hgn-bnÂIqSn Xn¿cpw aäv

AhÀ®cpw k©-cn- p-IqSm F¶v ae-_mÀ If-IvS-cpsS D¯-c-hp-­m-bn-cp-¶p. 1917-þ anX-hmZn

]{Xm-[n-]-cmb kn. IrjvW³ D -chv ewLn- p. Abn-t¯m- m-S-\- n\pw k©m-c-kzm-X-{´y- n\pw

th­n Gä-hp-a-[nIw {]hÀ¯n- -bm-fmWv Sn.-sI. am[-h³. At±lw 1923-þ tImI-\Z tIm¬{K-ÊnÂ

]¦p-sIm-f-fp-Ibpw, KmÔn-Pn-bp-tSbpw tIm¬{K-Ên-sâbpw ]n´pW Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1924-þ25 Ime¯v ssh¡w t£{X- n-\-Sp- p-ff hgn-I-fn¡qSn \S-¡m³ AhÀ®-cpsS {]t£m`w

Bcw- n- p. Sn.-sI. am[-h³, sI. ]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m³, a¶- p-]-ß-\m- ³, kn.-hn. Ipªp-cm-a³, sI.

tIf- ³ F¶n-hÀ kXym{Kl¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn. 1925-þ KmÔn-Pn-bpsS ssh¡w kµÀi\w

kXym-{K-ln-IÄ¡v hen-sbm-cp-WÀhp \ÂIn. ]©m-_n \n¶v AIm-en-IÄ h¶v kXy-{l-ln-IÄ¡p

th­n kuP\y `£-W-ime Xpd-¶p. Cu. hn. cma-kzm-an-\m-bv¡-cpsS t\Xr-Xz- n Xan-g-·mÀ

kXym-{K-l- n-s\- n. C´y-bpsS apgp-h³ {i² ]nSn- p-]änb Hcp ka-c-ambn AXv amdn. kXym-{Kl

ka-c- nsâ `mKambn \mKÀtIm-hn-en \n¶pw ssh¡- p-\n¶pw Hmtcm PmY ]pd-s¸«v Xncp-h- -

]p-c-s - n. "ssh¡w sat½m-dn-bÂ' cmPm-hn\v kaÀ¸n- p. khÀ®-cpsS FXnÀ v `b-¦-c-am-bn-cp-¶p.

`oj-Wn¡pw tZtlm-]-{Z-h- n\pw ]pdta AhÀ Hcp kXy-{K-ln-bpsS I®n Np®m¼p tXbv¡p-I-

hsc sNbvXp. kXy-{K-l- n ]ecpw Pbn-en-em-bn.

KmÔn-Pn-bp-ambn A[n-Im-cn-IÄ \S- nb NÀ¨-bpsS ASn-Øm-\- n 1925-þ ssh¡w

t£{X-¯n\p Npäp-ap-ff \mep tdmUp-I-fn aqs¶-®-¯n FÃm-hÀ¡pw k©m-c-kz-X{´yw

A\p-h-Zn-¡-s -«p. ]qÀ®hnPbw t\Sm³ Ign-ªn-sænepw ssh¡w kXym-{Klw AhÀ®À¡n-S-bnÂ

Hcp ]pXnb Bthiw ]IÀ¶p \ÂIn.

ssh¡w ka-c- nsâ ^e-ambn A¼-e- pg Xncp-hmÀ¸v, ipNo{µw apX-emb tI{µ-§-fnse

t£{X \nc-¯p-I-fnepw AhÀ®À k©m-c-kzm-X-{´y-¯n\p th­n kacw \S-¯n. 1928-þÂ

Xncp-h-Xmw-Iq-dnse FÃm t£{X-\n-c- p-I-fnepw AhÀ®À¡v k©mc kzmX{´yw A\p-h-Zn¨p In«n.

Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{Klw

1931-þ hS-I-c-bn sh¨p tNÀ¶ tIm¬{KÊv kt½-f\w FÃm PmXn-bn-epw-s]«

lnµp-¡Ä¡v t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa¶v A[n-Im-cn-I-tfmSv A`yÀ°n-¨p. CXnsâ

`mK-ambn Kpcp-hm-bqÀ t£{X-¯n FÃm lnµp-¡Ä¡pw {]th-i\w Bh-iy-s¸-«p-sIm­v

t£{Xm-[n-]-\mb kmaq-Xncn¡v \nth-Z\w \ÂIn. AXp \ncm-I-cn-¡-s¸«tXmsS Kpcp-hm-bqÀ

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 29

School of Distance Education

t£{X- n\p ap¼n kXy-{Klw Bcw- n- p. a¶¯v ]ß-\m- ³ {]kn-Uâmbpw sI. tIf- ³

sk{I-«-dn-bpambn Hcp kXym-{K-l-¡-½än cq]o-I-cn- p. tIc-f- nsâ hnhn-[- m-K-§-fn \n¶v Kpcp-

hm-bqcnte¡v kXy-{K-l-Pm-Y-IÄ ]pd-s¸-«p. 1931 \hw-_À H¶v "AJn-te´ym t£{X-{]-th-i-\-

Zn\-'ambn C´y-bpsS ]e `mK-§-fnepw BN-cn¨p.

Kpcp-hm-bqÀ t£{X-\-S-bv¡Â \n¶p-sIm­v hmf-­n-bÀamÀ `P-\-IÄ ]mSn. ""ad-tbms\

XoÀ¯ Xh ssI Xm\-tÃm, ]d-b-t\bpw lm hnc-Nn¨p'' F¶n-§-s\-bp-ff ]m«p-IÄ ]mSn P\-{i²

BIÀjn- p. kXym-{K-ln-IÄ¡p t\scbp-ff A[n-Xm-cn-I-fpsS ISpw-ssI-IÄ shdp¸pw `oXnbpw

Df-hm-¡n. Kpcp-hm-bqÀ C´y-bpsS apgp-h³ {i²m tI{µ-am-bn.

G.-sI. tKm]m-e³, Sn kp{_-ÒWyw Xncp-ap-¼v, kzman PK-¶m-Y³, ssh{i-h-W¯p \¼q-Xn-cn,

a¶¯p ]ß-\m- ³ F¶n-§s\ ]e {]K-Ûcpw kXym-{K-ln-I-tfm-sSm- -ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p. G.sI tKm]m-es\

NneÀ tNÀ¶v aÀ±n-¨p. ]S-¡-sa-dnªXns\-¯p-SÀ¶p-­mb tImem-l-e-¯n \mep-t]À¡p

]cn-¡p-]-än. kXym-{K-ln-Isf XSªv sI«n-bn-«n-cp¶ then Btcm s]mfn¨p If-ªp. AtXmsS

t£{X-ap-S-a-IÄ t£{Xw AS- p.

{io sI. tIf-¸³ t£{X-ap-S-a-bmb kmaq-Xn-cnbv¡v ]{X-§-fn-eqsS Hcp {]Xy-£-]{Xw

ka-À¸n- p. ""£tbm-·p-J-amb lnµp-a-Xs¯ ]pjvSn-s -Sp- p-hm-\p-ff'' Ah-kcw D]-bp-à-am-¡m-\p-ff

A`yÀ°\ kmaq-Xncn sNhn-sIm-­n-Ã. t£{Xw ho­pw Xpd-¶-t¸mÄ kXym-{Klw \mep \S-bnepw

Bcw- n- p. AhÀ®À¡p-am-{X-ambn Nne \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-§Ä GÀs¸-Sp- n-s¡m-­p-ff \nbaw

h¶-Xn-s\-Xnsc KmÔnPn D]-hmkw Bcw- n- p. Kpcp-hm-bqÀ t£{X-\-S-bn tIf- \pw D]-hmkw

Bcw- n- p. ]¯p-Zn-hkw Ign-ªn«pw A[n-Im-cn-IÄ A\-§n-bn-Ã. t£{X¯n\-I¯v khÀ®-

ln-µp-¡fpw \ncm-lmcw XpS-§n. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS A`yÀ°\b\pkcn mWv tIf- ³ D]-hmkw \nÀ n-b-Xv.

{]iv\- n\v ]cn-lm-c-ap-­m-bn-sÃ-¦n KmÔnPn Xs¶ kXym-{Kl¯n\n-d-§p-sa¶v hmKvZm\w sNbvXp.

KmÔnPn Bh-iy-s¸-«-X-\p-k-cn¨v kn. cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bpsS taÂt\m-«- n s]m¶m\n

Xmeq-¡nse khÀ®-ln-µp-¡-fpsS CS-bn Hc- n-{]m-b-shm-s«-Sp¸v \S- n. 77 iX-am\w ln-µp-¡Ä

t£{X {]th-i-\s¯ A\p-Iq-en- p. t£{X {]th-i-\Imcy- n P\-Iob ]n´pW hfÀ¯m³

A¶s¯ ]{X-§-sfÃmw \à {]N-cWw \ÂIn. Kpcp-hm-bqcn \S¶ lnµp-a-lm-k-t½-f-\hpw

t£{Xw Xpd¶p In«m³ {]tabw ]mkm-¡n.

t£{X {]th-i-\ hnfw-_cw aqew 1936-þ ¯s¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse t£{X§Ä FÃm

lnµp-¡Ä¡pw Xpd-¶p-In-«n-bn-cp-¶p. ae-_m-dnse t£{X§Ä Kpcp-hm-bqÀ DÄs¸sS FÃm lnµp-

¡Ä¡pw Xpd-¶p- In-«p-¶ \nbsa {]m_-ey- n hcp¶ kml-Ncyw D­m-bXv 1947-þ am{X-am-Wv.

tIf-¸sâ B`n-ap-Jy-¯n h¼n¨ Hcp P\-¡q«w Bcm-[-\m-]qÀÆw Kpcp-hm-bqÀ t£{X¯nÂ

{]th-in- p. lnµp kap-Zmbw apgp-h³ Htc LS-I-sa¶ \ne-bn {]hÀ¯n-¡-W-sa¶v At±lw

Blzm\w sNbvXp.

t£{X-{]-th-i\ hnf-_cw

t£{X§fn \n¶v AhÀ®sc AI-än-\nÀ¯p-I, Ah-cpsS k©m-c-kzm-X{´yw ]cn-an-X-s¸-

Sp- pI F¶o A\m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-Xnsc iàamb FXnÀ¸v DbÀ¶p-h-¶p. \ho\ hnZym- ymkw

t\Snb FÃm PmXn-I-fnepw s]« bphm-¡Ä Cu FXnÀ¸n\p ]n¶n-ep-­m-bn-cp-¶p. {_«ojv

iàn-bvs¡-Xnsc t]mcm-Sp-t¼mÄ `mc-X- n-\p-f-fnÂXs¶ \n¶p t]mcp¶ kmap-Zm-bnI Ass\Iyw

30

School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

F{X timN-\o-b-am-sW¶ tXm¶-ep-­m-bn. {_«ojp¡msc¡mÄ \oN-amb kz´w P\-X-tbmSp

s]cp-am-dp¶ coXn amd-W-sa¶pw a\p-jy-Xz-sa¶ Hcp \qX-\-aXw D­m-I-W-sa¶pw bphm-¡Ä Nn´n¨p

XpS-§n.

Abn-t¯m- m-S\ {]Øm\w hnP-b-a-IqSw NqSn-bXv 1936 \hw-_À 12-þmw Xob-Xn-bm-Wv. {io

Nn¯n-c-¯n-cp-¶mÄ _me-cm-a-hÀ½ t£{X-{]-thi\ hnf-_c¯neqsS A¶v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse

t£{X§sfÃmw lnµp-kap-Zmb¯n\v khÀ®þAhÀ® t`Z-an-ÃmsX Xpd-¶p-sIm-Sp- p. ""\½psS

lnµp-{]-P-I-fn BÀ¡pw-Xs¶ Ah-cpsS P\-\-tam, PmXn-tbm, kap-Zm-btam ImcWw lnµp-a-X

-hn -izm -k-¯nsâ im´nbpw km´z-\hpw \ntj-[n -¡s¸Sm³ ]mSnÃ'' F¶-Xm-bn -cp¶p

t£{X-{]-thi\ hnf-_c¯nsâ B -tcm-±-iyw.

""B[p-\nI Ime-¯nse AÛp-X-sa¶p-¶pw,'' ""P\-§-fpsS B[ym-ß-hn-tam-N-\-¯nsâ

A[n-Im-c-tc-J-bmb kvarXn'' F¶p-amWv KmÔnPn Cu hnf-_cs¯ hnti-jn- n- -Xv. C´y-bn¯s¶

CZw-{]-Z-ambncp¶p Cu Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\-amb hnf-_cw. kÀ kn.-]n. cma-kzman A¿-cm-bn-cp¶p A¶v

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ Znhm³. \nb-a-k`m ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä \S- n hcp- n-b-X-\p-k-cn¨v

Iu¬kn-enepw Akw-»n-bn-ep-ap-ff sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« AwK-§-fpsS F®w hÀ²n- n-cp-¶p. 1933-þÂ

Cug-hcpw apÉow-§fpw kpdn-bm-\n-¡cpw aäp {IkvXym-\n-Ifpw tNÀ¶v kwbpà cmjv{So-b-I£n

cq]o-I-cn- p. Ahcpw Fkv. Un. ]nbpw tNÀ¶mWv t£{X-{]-thi\ hnf-_c¯n\v alm-cm-Pm-hns\

t{]cn- n- -Xv. AhÀ®À Iq«-t¯msS aXw amdn-t¸m-Iptam F¶ `bhpw Cug-hÀ _p²-a-X-t¯mSp

ImWnbv¡m³ XpS-§nb Iqdpw Cu hnfw-_-cs¯ Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp- n.

Cuiz-csâ ap¶n XpeyX e`n¨ Pohn-X- nsâ FÃm Xpd-I-fnepw Xpey-X-bmbn Fs¶mcp

tXm¶-ep-f-hm-¡m\pw lcn-P-\-§-fn Bß-hn-izmkw hfÀ¯m\pw Cu hnf-_cw D]-bp-à-am-bn.

1947-þÂ ae-_m-dnse t£{X-§fpw 1948-þÂ sIm¨n-bnse t£{X-§fpw FÃm lnµp-¡Ä¡pw Xpd¶p

sImSp-¡m³ hyh-Ø-bp-­m-bn.

Nm¶mÀ elf

]s¯m³]Xmw iX-I- nsâ ]qÀÆmÀ²- nÂ, aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\- n IqSn a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-

§-fpsS kzm-Z-\p- -hn¨ AhÀ® P\-hn- m-K-§-fn Ah-Im-i-t_m-[- nsâ BZ-y-N-e-\-§Ä I­p-

Xp-S-§n. taÂPm-Xn-¡m-sc-t¸mse hkv{Xw [cn-¡m-\p-ff Ah-Imiw X§Ä¡p-­m-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶p

\nÝ-bn¨ Nm¶mÀ kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-Øm-]\ ka-c-am-Wv Nm-¶mÀelf. 1822þ I¡p-f- p-

h- mWv elf XpS-§n-b-Xv. 1829þÂ sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-em-I-am\w el-f-IÄ s]m«n- p-d-s¸-«p.

A¶s¯ Znhm-\m-bn-cp¶ tIWÂ a¬tdm-bpsS D -chpw {]Imcw {InkvX-y³ Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIÄ¡p

Ip¸mbw [cn-¡m-sa¶pw ]t£ taÂap­p [cn- p-Iq-sS-¶p-ap-ff ØnXn-h-¶p. Ipsd Ime- n-\p-

tijw {InkvX-y³ Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIfpw lnµp-¡-fmb Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIfpw taÂap-­p-[-cn-¡m-\p-ff

Ah-Im-i- n-\p-th­n hmZn-¡m³ XpS-§n. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Kh¬saâ v \nth-Z-\-§-tfmSv {]Xn-I-cn- n-Ã.

1855þ AhÀ aZn-cmin Kh¬saânte¡v A¸o t]mbn. AhnsS \n¶pw {]Xn-Iq-e-amb

adp-]-Sn-bp-­m-bn. Cu Ime-am-b-t¸mÄ Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIÄ Hfnªpw adªpw taÂap­p

[cn-¡p-hm³ XpS-§n.

1859þÂ elf hym-]-I-am-bn. Cu hÀjw P\p-hcn 7 \v Ipam-c-]p-c¯v Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIsf

\á-cm¡n hgn \S- n. XXv -e-ambn 1829þte-Xn-t\-¡mÄ h¼n¨ elf \S-¶p. t]meokpw kÀ¡mÀ

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 31

School of Distance Education

DtZ-ym-K-Ø-·mcp Nm¶m-·mÀs¡-Xnsc kwL-Sn- -h-sc-bmWv klm-bn- -Xv. el-f-bpsS aqÀ²-\-y- nÂ

1859 Pqembv 26 \v aZn-cmin KhÀ®-dmb temÀUv lmcokv sdkn-U­p hgn-bmbn Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ

Kh¬saân\p \ÂInb \nÀt±-is¯ am\n¨v D{Xw Xncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hv, lnµ-¡-fmb Nm¶mÀ

kv{XoIÄ¡pw Pm¡äp [cn-¡m³ A\p-hmZw \ÂI-s¸-«p. FÃm-hn[ Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIfpw XSn¨p

]cp-]-cp¯ ap­v ap¡p-h- n-I-sf-t¸mse taÂap-­mbn Ah-c-h-cpsS CjvS-{]-Imcw [cn-¡m-sa-¶pw,

]s£ AXp taÂPm-Xn-¡mÀ [cn-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Xn-cn-bm-bn-cn-¡-cp-sX¶pw hy-hØ sN¿-s¸-«p.

kap-Zmb{`jvSp-aqew ASn-a-I-fpsS kwJy hÀ²n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. IÀ¡n-S-I-am-k- n-emWv

]pe-t¸Sn \S-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. a®m-t¸-Sn, ]pe-t¸-Sn, ]d-t¸Sn XpS-§nb BNm-c-§Ä \nÀ¯-em-¡n-bXv

tIm«bw tIc-f-hÀ½-bm-Wv. chn-hÀ½-bm-bn-cp¶p cmPm-sh-¦nepw tIc-f-hÀ½ kz´w t]cnÂ

hnfw-_nI ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv.

\thm-°m-\hpw kmaq-ly ]cn-jvI-cW {]Øm-\-§fpw

20-þmw iX-I- nsâ {]mcw- -Z-i-I-§-fn tIc-f- n kpi-à-amb kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW

{]Øm-\-§Ä Bcw- n- p. cma-Ir-jvW-an-j³ {_Ò-hn-Z-ym-kwLw Bc-y-k-amPw apX-emb kwL-S-\-

I-fpsS t\Xr-X-z-¯n iàn-bmÀÖn- p-h¶ AJn-e- m-cX lnµp-aX ]cn-jvI-cW {]Øm-\-§Ä

tIc-f-¯n Nne t\cnb Ne-\-§Ä krjvSn-¨p-sh-¦nepw N«-¼n-k-zm-an-I-fp-sSbpw (1854þ1924)

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâbpw (1856þ1928) t\Xr-X-z- n tIc-f- n Xs¶ cq]w-sIm­ ]cn-jvI-cW

{]Øm-\-§Ä¡mWv Chn-Ss¯ s]mXp-Po-hn-X- n Gähpw henb kzm-[o-\-iàn sNep- m³

km[n- -Xv.

AhÀ® hn`m-K- nÂs]« k¶-ym-kn-bm-bn-cp¶p \mWp Kpcp 1888 emWv Acp-hn-¸p-d¯v

inh-{]-XnjvT \S- n-b-Xv. BVy {_mÒ-WÀ¡p am{Xw hn[n¨ {]XnjvTm IÀ½w \nÀÆ-ln- p-sIm­v

7þmw \qäm-­p-ap-XÂ ChnsS thcp-d-¡p-hm³ XpS-§nb {_mÒ-W-]u-tcm-ln-X-ys¯ \mWp-Kpcp shÃp-

hn-fn-¨p. AtXm-sSm¸w lnµp-a-X-¯nse kZv ssZh-§sf Bcm-[n-¡p¶ kmX-zn-Im-cm-[\m

k{¼-Zmbw AhÀ® kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡n-S-bn {]N-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw CS-bm-bn. {io\m-cm-bW Kpcphnsâ

aX-]-cn-jvI-cW {]hÀ¯\w Hcp hi¯v \S-¶p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ hnZ-ym-e-b-§-fnepw kÀ¡mÀ

kÀÆo-knepw {]th-i-\- n-\p-th­n tUm.-]¸p-hnsâ t\Xr-X-z- n-ep-ff Hcp kwcw`w adp-h-i¯pw

\S-¶p-sIm-­n-cp-¶p. (hn-tZ-i-{_m-Ò-W-cpsS DtZ-ym-K-¡p- I Ah-km-\n- n-¡p-hm³ Bh-i-y-s¸-«p-

sIm­v _mcn-ÌÀ Pn.-]n.-]n-f-f-bpsS t\Xr-X-z- n \m\m-PmXn aX-Ø-cmb ]Xn-\m-bncw t]À H¸n«v

1891þ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmPm-hn\v kaÀ¸n-¡-s¸-«-XmWv {]i-kvX-amb ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ.

13176 Cug-hÀ H¸n« Hcp Cugh sat½m-dn-b tUm.-]¸p, Znhm³ i¦-c-kp-º-¿À¡v kaÀ¸n- p.

Pn.-]n.-]n-ffbpsSbpw aäpw klm-b-t¯msS Cu {]iv\w {_n«ojv ]mÀe-saâp-h-sc-sb- n-¡m\ ]¸p-hn\v

Ign-ªp. kn.-hn.-Ip-ªp-cm-asâ t\Xr-X-z- n Cugh kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-W- n-\p-th-­n-bp-ff

asämcp kwcw- hpw C¡m-e v Xs¶-bp-­m-bn. C§s\ kam- -c-ambn P·-sa-Sp¯ aq¶v {]Øm-\-§Ä

H¶n- p-tNÀ¶v cq]-sa-Sp- -XmWv S.N.D.P. Znhm³ 1905  ]e Kh.-kvIq-fp-Ifpw Cug-hÀ¡mbn

Xpd¶psIm-Sp- p. Ipsd khÀ®À CXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Nne {]tZ-i-§-fn NnÃd el-f-Ifpw \S-¶p.

kmX-zn-I-amb Bcm-[\ {Iaw \S- n hcp- p-I, hnZ-ym- -ymkw {]N-cn- n-¡p-I, hy-h-km-b-§Ä

XpS-§p-I, A\m-Nm-c-§Ä Ah-km-\n- n-¡pI C§s\ \nc-h[n ]²-Xn-I-fp-ambn Fkv.-F³.-Un.]n

tbmKw apt¶m«p t]mb-t¸mÄ kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-cWw kpkm-²-y-ambn XoÀ¶p. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-

32

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Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

hnsâ BZÀi-§Ä kaq-l- n {]N-cn- n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p {][m-\-e-£-yw. Cug-h-cm-Zn-bmb Ahi

kap-Zm-b-§-fpsS `uXn-Ihpw Bßo-b-hp-amb

Jnem- ¯v {]Øm\w

XpÀ¡n kp¯msâ ‘Jmen v’ A[n-Im-cs¯ \ntj-[n- p-sIm­v {_n«ojv Kh.-ssI-s¡m­

\S-]-Sn-I-fn {]Xn-tj-[n- p-sIm-­mWv Jnem- v {]Øm\w Bcw- n-¡p-¶-Xv. lnµp-¡fpw apÉo-§fpw

Bth-i-]qÀÆw AXn ]s¦-Sp- p. Jnem- v \nÊ-l-I-cW ktµiw P\-§-fn-se- n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn

1920þ KmÔn-Pnbpw ju¡- -enbpw ae-_mÀ kµÀin¨p Cu kµÀi\w P\-§Ä¡m-th-i-am-bn.

ae-_mÀ elf (1921) (a-e-_mÀ Iem-]w)

Jnem- ¯v {]Øm-\- n-\p-­mb hfÀ¨ kÀ¡mÀ Xe- n A¼-c- p-­m-¡n. Gd-\m-Sv,

hf-fp-h-\mSv Xmeq-¡p-I-fn C´-y³ in£m \nb-a- nse 144 \S- m-¡n. Gd-\mSv Xmeq-¡nse

]qt¡m-«qÀ F¶ Øes¯ {]mtZ-inI Jnem- ¯v I½nän sk{I-«bn hSt¡ ho«n apl-½-Zns\

AdÌv sNbvX-tXm-sS-bmWv kwL-«-\-§Ä Bcw- n- -X. el-f-¡mÀ t]meokv tÌj³ B{I-an-¡p-Ibpw

kÀ¡mÀ JP-\m-hp-IÄ sImf-f-b-Sn-¡p-I-bpw, kÀ¡m-cm- o-kp-IÄ \in- n-¡p-I-bpw sNbvXp.

hmcn-b³ Ip¶- p Ipª-½-l-Zp-lm-Pn, Ipa-c³ ]p¯qÀ koZnt¡mb X§Ä, Ben-ap-k-en-bmÀ

F¶n-h-cmWv elf \bn- -Xv. ae- pdw, at©-cn, Xncq-c-§m-Sn, s]cn- Âa® F¶n-hn-S-§-fn kzbw

`cWw Øm]n-¡m³ ChÀ¡p Ign-ªp. XpSÀ¶v {_n«ojv ]«m-fhpw KqÀ¡ ]«m-fhpw tNÀ¶v

elf ASn- -aÀ¯n. \qd-p-I-W-¡n-\m-fp-Isf Pbn-e-e-S-bv¡p-Ibpw \mSp IS- p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sam¯w

10000 Bfp-IÄ¡v Poh-lm\n kw`-hn- -Xmbn IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

hmK¬ {SmPUn

1921 \hw-_À 10þmw Xob-Xn-bmWv el-f-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Cu Zpc´ kw`hw \S-¡p-¶-Xv.

AS¨p ]q«nb Hcp hmK-Wn Xncq-cn \n¶v tImb-¼- q-cn-te¡v sIm­p-t]mb 90 am¸n-f-am-cn 60

t]À amÀ¤-a-t²y izmkw ap«n acn- p.

cmjv{Sob ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\m-cw`w

el-f-bv¡p-tijw s]mXpsh im´-am-bn-cp¶ Ah-k-c-¯n-emWv ae-_m-dn cmjv{Sob

{]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n -¡p-¶-Xv. tIm¬{K-Ênsâ ktµiw P\-§-fn -se-¯n-¡p-¶-Xn -\mbn

sI.-]n.-tI-i-h-ta-t\m³ B`n-ap-J-y- n 1923þ tImgn-t¡m«p \n¶v ‘amXr- qan’ {]kn²o-I-c-W-am-cw- n- p.

P\-§-fn tZio -b-t_m[w hfÀ¯p-I-sb¶ e£-y -t¯msS apl-½Zv A_vZp -d -ln -am³

]{Xm-[n-]-X-y- n 1924þ tImgn-t¡m«p \n¶v ‘A Aao³’ Bcw- n- p. tZiob{]Øm\ hfÀ -bnÂ

Cu ]{X-§-fpsS Øm\w kp{]-[m-\-am-Wv.

D¸p kX-ym-{Klw

1930Â KmÔn-Pn-bpsS t\Xr-X-z -¯n-em-cw-`n¨ D¸p-k-X-ym-{K-l-¯nsâ Ae-sbm-en-IÄ

tIc-f- n-ep-ap-­m-bn. ]¿-¶qÀ tI{µ-am-¡n-bm-bn-cp¶p ae-_m-dn kacw \S-¶-Xv. tIc-f- nsâ

\m\m- m-K-§-fn \n¶v kX-ym-{K-ln-I-fpsS ]e kwL-§Ä ]¿¶qcn-te¡v \o§n. BZ-y-L-«-§-InÂ

kacw kam-[m-\-]-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. sabv 5þ\v KmÔnPn Ad-Ìp-sN-¿-s¸-«-tXmsS kw`-h-§Ä¡p

hgn- n-cn-hp-­m-bn. 12þmw XobXn tImgn-t¡m-Sv IS- p-d¯v XSn- p-Iq-Snb kX-ym-{K-ln-Isf t]meokv

B{I-an- p. sI. tIf- ³, apl-½Zv A_vZp dln-am³, Sn.-BÀ.-Ir-jvW-k-zman A¿À, ]n. IrjvW-]n-ff

XpS§n ]eÀ¡pw aÀ±-\-ta-äp. \qd-h-I-W-¡n-\m-fp-IÄ Bip-]-{Xn-bn-em-bn. F¶n«pw Zn\w-{]Xn

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 33

School of Distance Education

IqSp-X Bfp-IÄ kX-ym-{K-l- n-te¡v BIÀjn-¡-s¸«p. 1931  KmÔn-þ-CÀhn³ kÔn \ne-hnÂ

h¶-tXmsS kacw ]nÂh-cn-¡-s¸-«p.

Iznäv C´ym kacw

1942 se Iznäv C´ym kacw ZpÀ_-e-ambn am{Xw ae-_m-dn {]Xn-[-z-\n- p. I½-yq-Wn-Ìp-]mÀ«n-bpsS

\b-]-c-amb hy-Xn-bm-\-am-bn-cp¶p CXn\p Imc-Ww. tIm¬{K-Ênse Nne bph {]hÀ¯-IÀ tUm.-

sI.-_n.-ta-t\msâ t\Xr-X-z- n Hcp tkmj-y-enÌv hn`m-K-ambn kzbw kwL-Sn-¡p-Ibpw Iznäv C´ym

ka-c- n X§-fpsS ]¦v hln-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tbmKw, {]I-S\w F¶nh _ln-jvI-cn-¡-s¸-«p.

kz-X{´ `mc-X-sa¶ cl-ky ]{Xn-Ibpw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p.

C -y-bn Xg- p-h-fÀ¶n-cp¶ `oI-c-kw-L-S-\-IÄ¡v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw thtcm-«-ap-­m-bn.

‘A\p-io-e³ kan-Xnsb’ amXr-I-bm¡n \oe-I-WvT-{_-Ò-Nm-cnsb t]mep-f-f-hÀ ChnsS {]hÀ¯n- p.

]p\eqÀ, sImÃw, sNt¦m« F¶n-hn-S-§-fn kan-Xn-bpsS imJ-IÄ Øm]n-X-am-bn.

hntZi cmP-y-§-fn tZiob kzm-X-{ - n-\p-th-­n-bp-ff {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S- n-b-h-cnÂ

{]ap-J-\mWv sN¼I cma³]n-f-f. 1908 D]-cn-]-T-\-¯n-\mbn bqtdm-¸n _Àen-\n At±lw

Xma-k-am-¡n. A¶v bqtdm-¸n D­m-bn-cp¶ C´-y³ hn¹-h-Im-cn-Isf kwL-Sn-¸n¨v ]nff

C -y-bv¡-\p-Iq-e-amb A´ÀtZ-iob kanXn cq]o-I-cn- p. A¶s¯ PÀ½³ c-Wm-[n-Imcn ssIkÀ

hne-y-hp-ambn ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯nb At±lw Xsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v Ah-cpsS ]n´pW

t\Sn. XpSÀ¶v C -y³ kzm-X-{ - n-\p-th-­n-bp-ff {]hÀ¯n-bn DuÀÖ-k-z-e-X-tbmsS hym-]r-X-\mb

At±lw 1915þ _À¯p-f-fm-Jm³ {][m-\-a-{´n-bmbn cq]w-sIm­ kz-X-{ -P-\-X-bpsS Xmev¡m-enI

Kh¬saâ v hntZ-i-a-{´n-bmbn Øm\-ta-äp.

\nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m`w (1932)

1932  alm-cm-Pmhv {]J-ym-]n¨ `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-§Äs¡-Xnsc Cugh {InkvX-y³ apÉow

kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ \S-¯nb {]t£m- -W-am-bn-cp¶p \nhÀ¯\ {]t£m-`-Ww. kz-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä¡v

\ym-b-amb ]cn-c£ \ÂIp-¶-h-b-Ã ]pXnb `c-W-\nÀt±-i-§-sf¶v a\-Ên-em-¡nb AhÀ Xnc-sª-Sp¸p

_ln-jv¡-cn- p. Cu _ln-jvI-c-W- n-\-hÀ \ÂInb t]cm-bn-cp¶p ‘\nhÀ¯\w’. Cu {]t£m- -Ws¯

\bn-¡p-¶-Xn\p cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸« kwL-S-\-bmWv kwbpà cmjv{S kan-Xn. 1938 s^{_p-h-cn-bnÂ

kwbpà cmjv{S kanXn Xncp. tÌäv tIm¬{Kkv F¶ ]pXnb kwL-S-\-bmbn amdn.

]«w F XmWp-]n-f-f-bm-bn-cp¶p CXnsâ BZy A²-y-£³. kn.-tI-i-h³, Sn.Fw.-hÀKokv F¶n-hÀ

CXnsâ t\Xm-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse P\-§Ä¡v ]qÀ®-amb D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz `cWw

t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p CXnsâ e£-yw. D -c-hm-Zn-Xz cWw A\p-h-Zn¨p sImSp-t¡-­-Xnsâ

Bh-i-y-I-X-bpsS ASn-b- nc kz- mhw hni-Z-am-¡n-s¡m­v tÌäv tIm¬{KÊv alm-cm-Pm-hn\v Hcp

\nth-Z\w kaÀ¸n- p. XpSÀ¶v At\Iw kac ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄs¡m-Sp-hn KmÔn-Pn-bpsS D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw

tÌäv tIm¬{Kkv \nth-Z\w ]n³h-en- p. CXnsâ ^e-ambn ]mÀ«n-bn `n¶n- p-­m-hp-Ibpw Hcp

hn`mKw Ia-yq-WnÌp {]Øm-\- n tNcp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]p¶{] hb-emÀ kw`hw

Znhmsâ tkz-Ñm-[n-]-Xyw Ah-km-\n-¸n¨v D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz `cWw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn

Ia-yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Be- pg PnÃ-bnse ]p¶-{], hb-emÀ F¶o {]tZ-i-§Ä tI{µo-I-cn¨p \S- nb

AXn-cq-£-amb A{I-am-kà ka-c-§-fm-Wn-Xv. 1946 HIvtSm-_À 24-þmw ]p¶-{]-bnepw 27\v

34

School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

hb-em-dnepw t]meokpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw Gäpap«n. t]meokv sXmgn-emfn kwL-«-\- n 200 Hmfw

t]À acn- p. sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ IÃp-Ifpw hmcn-¡p- -§fpw Bbp-[-§-fm¡n t]mcm-Sn. ]«m-f- nsâbpw

t]meo-knsâbpw oa-amb iàn¡p ap¼n At\Iw sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ acn¨p hoWp. GI-tZiw 1000

Hmfw t]À Cu kw`-h- n acn- n-cn-¡m-sa¶v Icp-Xp-¶p.

sIm¨n-bnse BZ-y-Ime tIm¬{Kkv {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

{_n«ojv C -y-bnse C -y³ \mj-W tIm¬{K-Ênsâ t\Xr-X-z- n Bcw- n tZio-b-{]-Øm\w

sIm¨n-bnepw kzm-[o\w krjvSn- p. 1919 tIm¬{K-Ênsâ Hcp I½nän XrÈq-cn {]hÀ¯n- n-cp-¶p.

\nÊ-l-I-c-W-{]-Øm-\w, \nb-a-ew-L-\-{]-t£m- Ww F¶n-h-bn sIm¨n-bnse ]e tIm¬{KÊp-Imcpw

]s¦-Sp-¡p-Ibpw AdÌv hcn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ce-Iv{Sn-kn-än-k-acw

1936 sIm n-bn BÀ.sI j×pJw sN«n Znhm-\m-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ XriqÀ \K-c- nse hnZ-yp-Ñàn

hnX-cWw Hcp kz-Im-cy I¼-\nsb G¸n-¡m³ kÀ¡mÀ Xocp-am-\n- p. FÃm-k-ap-Zm-b-§-fnepw s]«

P\-§Ä H¶p tNÀ¶v \S- nb Cu ka-cs¯ t\cn-Sm³ kÀ¡mÀ aÀ±-t\m-]m-b-§Ä kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw

kacw ]cm-P-b-s -Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xriq-cnse kzm-[o-\-i-àn-bp-ff {InkvX-y³ kap-Zm-bs¯ tZiob

ka-c- n sIm­p-h-cm³ Cu kacw klm-b-I-am-bn.

1940HmsS sIm¨n PnÃm tIm¬{KÊv I½än sIm¨n-bnse s]mXp Pohn-X- n kPo-h-am-bn.

D¯-c-hm-Z- -c-W- n-\p-th­n \S-¡m³ t]mIp¶ {]t£m- -W-s -¡p-dn- p-ff kwkmcw sIm¨n-bpsS

A -co-£- n apg-¡n-sIm-­n-cp-¶p. s]mXp-P\ hnIm-cs¯ im -am-¡m³ sIm¨n Kh¬saâ v

`c-W-L-S\ ]cn-jvI-cn-¡m³ Hcp ]²Xn {]J-ym-]n- p. Xncp-hnXmwIqdnse Kh¬saâ v Ahn-Ss¯

D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz `c-Ws¯ aÀ±n-s¨m-Xp-¡m³ {ian- -t¸mÄ sIm¨n Kh¬saâ v P\-ln-X-§Ä ]e

L«-§-fmbn km[n¨p sImSp-¡pI F¶ \b-amWv kzo-I-cn- -Xv.

sIm¨n-bnse Zzn- -cWw

sam¬tS-Kp-þ-sNw-kvt^mÀUv cW-]-cn-jvIm-c-§-sf-¡p-dn v {_n«ojv C -y-bn \ne-hn h¶

`cW k{¼-Zm-b- nsâ amXr-I-bn sIm¨n-bnepw Hcp Zzn `cW ]²Xn Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p. Cu

Zzn- -cW ]co-£Ww sIm¨n-bnse ]ptcm-K-a\ hmZn-I-fmb P\-§sf Xr]vXn-s -Sp- n-bn-Ã. D -c-hmZ

`cWw t\Sp-¶-Xn-\mbn {]t£m-`Ww kwL-Sn-¸n-¡pI F¶ {]J-ym-]nX e£-y-t¯msS sIm¨n

cmP-y-{]-Pm-a-Þew F¶ kwL-S\ 1941Â cq]w sIm­p. 1045Â sIm¨n \nb-a-k- -bn-te¡p \S¶

s]mXp Xnc-sª-Sp- n {]Pm-a-Þew Øm\mÀ°n-I-fm-bn-cp¶ 19 t]cn 12 t]À hnP-bn- p. aäp

c­p sNdnb {Kq¸p-I-fp-ambn tNÀ¶v a{´n-k` cq]o-I-cn-¡m³ {]Pm-a-Þew Xocp-am-\n- p. A§s\

1946 sk]vXw-_À 9þmw XobXn sIm¨n-bnse B.-ys¯ Iq«p-I£n a{´n-k` A[n-Im-c-ta-äp. 1948 Â

sIm¨n \nb-a-k- -bn-te¡p \S¶ Xnc-sª-Sp- n {]Pm-a-Þ-e- n\v h-y-à-amb `qcn-]£w In«n.

Cu ka-b-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw {]Pm-a-Þew tIm¬{K-Ên ebn- p. A¶s¯ tIm¬{Kkv a{´n-k`

sIm¨n-bn c-W-ta-äp. Cu a{´n-k- -bpsS Ime v 1949 Pqsse 1þmw XobXn sIm¨n Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dp-ambn

kwtbm-Pn- n¨v Xncp-sIm¨n cq]w sIm­p.

sFI-y-tI-cfw

kz-X{´`mc-X-¯nsâ `c-W-L-S-\bv¡v cq]w sImSp-¡p-t¼mÄ tIc-fs¯ Hcp {]tX-yI

{]hn-i-y-bmbn ]p\:-kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm³ \S-]Sn kzo-I-cn-¡-W-sa¶v tIm¬{Kkv t\Xr-X-z-t¯mSv

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 35

School of Distance Education

Bh-i-y-s -Sp¶ Hcp {]tabw 1928 Ph-lÀem s\lvdp-hnsâ A²-y-£-X-bn ]¿-¶q-cp-h¨p \S¶

cmjv{Sob kt½-f-\-¯n ]mÊm-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn. F¶m tIc-fw, sIm¨n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ,

ae-_mÀ F¶n-§s\ aq¶mbn hn`-Pn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xn-\mepw ae-bmfw _lp-P-\-`m-j-bm-bn-«p-ff

ImkÀtKm-Uv, tlmkvZpÀKv Xmeq-¡p-IÄ sX¡³ Im\d PnÃ-bn DÄs¸-«n-cp-¶-Xn-\mepw

sFIytIcf\o¡w {]Xo-£n¨ thK- ew \ÂIn-bn-Ã. AXn-\p-ff {ia-§Ä F¶ \ne-bn 1947

G{]n-en Xriq-cnepw 1949 s^{_p-h-cn-bn Bep-h-bnepw AtX hÀjw Xs¶ \h-¼-dnÂ

]me-¡m«pw sFI-y-tI-c-f-k-t½-f-\-§Ä \S-¶p.

1956se kwØm\ ]p\:-kw-L-S\ \nb-a-{]-Imcw tXmhm-fw, AK-kvXo-i-z-cw, I¡pfw,

hnf-h³tImSv F¶o sX¡³ Xmeq-¡p-IÄ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn \n¶v thÀs]-Sp¯n aZn-cm-in-tbmSv

tNÀ¯p. tijn¨ Xncp-.sIm-¨n-tbmSp ae-_mÀ PnÃbpw ImkÀtKmUv Xmeq¡pw tNÀ¶v 1956

\hw-¼À 1\v sFI-y-tI-cfw Hcp bmYmÀ°-y-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kwØm\ Xe-h-\mb cmP-{]-ap-J-\p]-Icw

KhÀWÀ h¶-t¸mÄ tIc-f- n \n¶v cmP-hm-gvN-bpsS Ah-km\ NnÓhpw A{]-X-y-£-am-bn.

hnZ-ym- -ym-k-cw-Ks¯ hntZ-i-an-j-W-dn-am-cpsS kw`m-h-\-IÄ

1705þ tIc-f- n {]hÀ¯-\-am-cw- n¨ e­³ anj-\nse dh: aoUv hnZ-ym- -ymk {]hÀ¯-

\-§-fn Xmev]-c-y-ap-ff hy-àn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. NÀ¨v anj³ skmsskän (kn.-Fw.-F-kv) 1813þÂ

tIm«-b-s¯mcp tImtfPv Øm]n- p. Cu tImtf-Pnsâ amK-kn-\n-emWv ae-bm-f- nsâ BZy t\mhÂ

A -Sn- p-h-¶-Xv. AhÀ Hcp skan-\m-cnbpw Øm]n- p. CXns\ ]n³Xp-SÀ¶mWv kv¡qÄ Øm]n-X-am-b-Xv.

Cu Ime-L-«- n Xs¶ sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn \mKÀtIm-hn tI{µ-am¡n ‘kmÂth-j³

BÀan’sb¶ t]cn asämcp anj-\dn kwLw {]hÀ -\-am-cw- n- n-cp-¶p. Cu kwL- nse ‘änwKnÄ äm_v’F¶ kv]m\njv anj-\dn 1806\pw 1816\pw at²y \mKÀtIm-hnenepw kao] {]tZ-i§fnepw Cw¥ojv

kv¡qfp-IÄ Øm]n- p. anj-\dn kwL-§-fpsS hnZ-ym- -ymk {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ

Kh¬saâ v KW-y-amb klmb kl-I-c-W-§Ä \ÂIn. kn.-Fw.-F-kn\v dmWn ]mÀÆ-Xo- mbn 21200

cq] kw`m-h\ \ÂIp-I-bp-­m-bn.

aX-{]-N-c-W-am-bn-cp¶p anj-\-dn-am-cpsS {][m-\-e-£-yw. hnZ-ym- -ym-k-{]-N-cWw AXn-\p-ff {][m\

D]m-[n-bmbn AhÀ IW-¡m-¡n. cmP-y- nsâ hnhn-[- m-K-§-fn AhÀ kv¡qfp-IÄ Øm]n- p.

{ItaW kÀ¡m-dnsâ {i²bpw hnZ-ym- -ym-k- n-te¡v Xncn-ªp. 1834 Xncp-h-\- -]p-c v BZ-y-ambn

kÀ¡mÀ hI Cw¥ojv kv¡qÄ Øm]n- p. ]n¶oSv Xncp-h-\- -]p-c¯pw Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯pw Kh¬saâ v

tImtf-Pp-I-fp-ap-­m-bn.

ae-_mÀ {]tZ-i¯v hnZ-ym- -ymk{]Nm-c-W- n\v t\Xr-Xzw \ÂIn-bXv ‘_mk anj¬’ F¶

PÀ½³ anj-\dn kwL-am-Wv. 1856þ AhÀ Xe-tÈ-cn-bn Hcp kv¡qÄ Bcw- n- p. _mkÂ

anj¬ ]mXn-cn-am-cn DÄs¸-Sp¶ BfmWv tUm.-slÀa³ Kp­À«v.

`mj-bpsS kX-z-chpw _lp-ap-J-hp-amb hfÀ¨bv¡v aX-{]-Nm-cWw Imc-I-i-àn-bmbn

{]hÀ¯n- n-«p-­v. e­³ anj³, kn.-Fw.-Fkv F¶o s{]m«-Ìâ v anj-\dn kwL-§Ä 19þmw

iX-Im-cw- - n Xs¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn {]hÀ¯-\-am-cw- n- p. hnZ-ym- -ym-kw, hy-h-km-bw, A¨-Sn,

]cn- m-j, hym-I-c-Ww, ]{X-{]-hÀ¯\w XÀÖ-a, t\mh {KÙ-\n-cq-]-Ww, \nL­p \nÀ½m-Ww,

{]`m-j-W-I-e, [\-X-X-z-imkv{Xw, imkv{X kmln-Xyw F¶o taJ-e-I-fn-emWv anj-\-dn-amÀ tIc-f- nÂ

IqSp-X {i²-tI-{µo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. CXn Xs¶ hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-¯n C-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-IÄ

36

School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

hne-s -«-Xm-Wv. anj-Wdn {]Øm\w KZ-y-im-Jsb k¼pjvS-am¡n. mc-Xob mj-I-fpsS KZ-y-km-ln-Xy

hfÀ¨bv¡v ss{IkvX-h-an-j-W-dn-am-tcm-Sp-ff B[À½-Wyw Ah-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã.

hnZ-ym- -ymkcwKs¯¶t]mse hy-h-km-bnI cwK¯pw _mk anjsâ kw`m-h-\-IÄ hep-Xm-Wv.

AhÀ XpWn-an-Ãp-Ifpw (tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv, I®qÀ) Hm«p-¡-¼-\nbpw (tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv) Øm]n- p.

Ah-ni-zk\obamwh®w Ne-\-§Ä D­m¡nb Hcp hn¹-h-am-bn-cp¶p A -Sn. mc-X- n-em-Z-y-ambn

Hcp {]Êv Øm]n-¡-s]-Sp-¶Xv tKmh-bn-emWv (1556). 1772þÂ kwt£-]-th-ZmÀ°w Cu cwKs¯

{][m-\-s¸-s«m-cp -ImÂsh- m-Wv. ae-bmf A£-c-§Äam{Xw D]-tbm-Kn¨v Cu {KÙw X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv

tdman sh¨m-Wv. IÀ¯mhv ¢aâ v ]mXn-cn, tUm. _©-an³ s_bven acw sIm­p-ff Hcp {]Êv

Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw kz-´-ambn A¨p-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-I-bpw sNbvXp. At±-l-¯nsâ ss__nÄ

hnhÀ¯\w Cu cwKs¯ {][m\ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. 1821þ kn.Fw.Fkv {]Êv {]hÀ¯-\amcw`n- p.

kz-X-{ -Ir-Xn-I-fpsS cN-\-bn-eqsS am{X-aà DXvIrjvS IrXn-I-fpsS XÀÖ-a-I-fn-eq-sSbpw

s{]m«-Ìâ v anj-\-dn-amÀ ae-bmf `mjsb k¼-¶-am-¡n. ss__n-fnsâ hnhÀ¯\v Hcp Bh-i-y-ambn

h¶p-Iq-Sn. kpdn-bm-\n, e¯o³ `mj-I-fn-se-gp-Xnb ss__n-fp-I-fm-Wn-hnsS {]Nm-c- n-en-cp-¶-Xv.

1806þÂ ‘_p¡m-\³’ F¶ kn.-Fw.-Fkv anj-\-dn-bmWv Cu cwKs¯ H¶m-a³. tUm.-_-©-an³

s_bven Cw¥o-jn \n¶pw t\cn-«p-ff ss__nÄ XÀÖa X¿m-dm-¡n. ]mtd-am-¡Â tXmam-I- -\mÀ

{InkvXm-\p-I-c-Whpw BÀ¨v Uo¡³ tImin ]c-tZ-in-bpsS tam£-bm-{Xbpw ‘Xncp-t¸m-cm-«hpw’XÀÖa sNbvXp.

tIc-f- n-ep-­mb BZ-ys¯ h-ym-I-c-W-{KÙw eoem-Xn-eIw BWv. ]mÝm-X-y-an-j-W-dn-am-

cpsS hc-hn-\p-ti-j-amWv hym-I-c-W-imJ IqSp-XÂ hnI-kn- -Xv. tUm. B©-temkv {^m³knkv

(1700þ1712) AÀt®mkv ]mXncn (1699þ1732) tdm_À«v {Uw, sh: tPmk^v ]näv (1841) XpS§n ]ecpw

A]qÀ®-§-fmb hym-I-c-W-{K-Ù-§Ä cNn- p. 1863þ sdh. tPmÀÖv am¯sâ ‘ae-bm-gva-bpsS

hym-I-cWw’ ]qÀ¯o-I-cn- p. Hcp ae-bmfn ae-bm-f- n-se-gp-Xnb BZ-ys¯ hym-I-c-W-{K-Ù-am-Wn-Xv.

1851þÂ tUm.-Kp-­À«v ‘ae-bmf`mjm-h-ym-I-cWw’ {]kn-²o-I-cn- p.

tIc-f- n ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\- n\v XpS-¡-an-«Xv anj-W-dn-am-cm-Wv. _mk anj³ AwK-amb

tUm.-Kp-­À«v BWv ae-bmf ]{X-{]-hÀ -\- nsâ P\-bn-Xm-hv. 1847 PqWn ae-bm-f- nsâ H¶m-as¯

amkn-I-bmb cmP-y-k-am-Nmcw {]kn-²o-I-cn- p. aX-Im-c-y-§-fmWv CXnse Df-f-S-¡w. 1847 HIvtSm-_-dnÂ

‘]Ýn-tam-Zbw’ F¶ amknI {]kn-²o-I-cn- p. hnÚm-\-{]-Z-§-fmb teJ-\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p CXnÂ.

1848þÂ kn.-Fw.-F-knsâ apJ-]-{X-amb ‘Úm\-\n-t£]w’ ]pd- p-h¶ 19þmw \qäm-­nse ]e {]Xn-

`m-imenIfp-tSbpw If-cn-bm-bn-cp¶p Úm\-\n-t£-]w. hnZ-y- -ym-kkw{Klw F¶ tIm«bw kn.-Fw.-

Fkv amK-kn 1865þ ]pd- n-d-§n. Ch-bvs¡Ãw ]n¶n {]hÀ¯n- Xv anj-W-dn-am-cm-bn-cp-¶p-h-tÃm.

`mj-bpsS i_vZ-k-z-`m-hs¯ \nb-a\w sNbvXv \nb-{´n-¡p-¶Xv hym-I-c-Whpw AÀ°

-k-z- m-hs¯ \nb-{´n-¡p-¶Xv \nL-­p-hp-am-Ip-¶p. mjm-im-kv{X-{K-Ù-\nÀ½mWw Hcp X]-k-y-bm¡n

amän-b-h-cmWv anj-W-dn-amÀ. hcm-¸p-g, A¼-g-¡mSv XpS-§nb skan-\m-cn-I-fn sshZn-I-]-T\w

\S- n-bn-cp-¶p. hnZ-ymÀ°n-IÄ¡p-th-­n-bmWv BZ-y-Ime \nL-­p-Ifpw hym-I-cW§fpw cq]w-

sIm­v A]qÀ®-§fpw Aap-{Zn-X-§-fp-am-bn-cp¶p Ah-bn ]e-Xpw. AÀt®m-kv]m-Xncn (1681 þ

1732) Ìo^³ ]mXncn (1700þ1769) ¢aâ v ]nbm-\n-bqkv ]mXncn (1714þ1782) ntdmkv ]mXncn (1715þ1789)

tPm¬ _m]vXo-_¯ F¶n-h-cmWv Cu taJ-e-bn BZ-y-Ime ]T-\-§Ä \S- n-b-hÀ. 1860 \pw

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 37

School of Distance Education

1890\pw CSbv¡v hcm- p-g-bn \n¶v 4 \nL-­p-¡Ä {]kn-²o-I-cn- p. ae-bmfw þ e¯o³, e¯o³-

þ-a-e-bm-fw, ae-bm-fw-þ-e- o³ þ Cw¥ojv F¶n-h-bm-W-h. 19þmw \qäm-­nse \nL­p \nÀ½m-Xm-¡-

fn {][m\n dh: tUm. _©-an³ s_bven. 1846  {]kn²oI-cn¨ ae-bmfw þ CwKojv \nL-­p.

At±-l- n\v Cu `mj-bn Aa-c-Xzw t\Sn-s¡m-Sp- p. 29 hÀjs¯ ]cn-{i-a- -e-am-bn-cp¶p AXv

s_bven 1848Â Hcp Cw¥ojv ae-bmfw \nL­p IqSn {]kn-²o-I-cn- p. dh:-dn- mÀUv tImfn³kv

1865 Hcp ae-bm-fw-þ-a-e-bmfw \nL-­p-hn\v cq]w sImSp- p. ae-bmf ]Z-§Ä¡v ae-bm-fmÀ°w

\evIp¶ BZy \nL-­p-hm-Wn-Xv. 1872Â Kp­À«nsâ \nL­p {]Im-i\w sNbvXp.

BwK-e-km-ln-X-y- nsâ NphSp ]nSn- mWv t\mh ae-bm-f- n-ep-­m-Ip-¶-Xv. 1882 BÀ¨v

Uo¡³ tImin {]kn²oI-cn¨ ‘]ptÃen-¡p©p’F¶ IrXn-bn ae-bmf t\mh {]Øm-\- nsâ

_me-]m-T-§Ä ImWmw. ‘LmI-X-h[w’ F¶ t\mh tImfn Z¼-Xn-I-fpsS Cu cwKs¯ {][m\

krjvSn-bm-Wv. hnhÀ¯-\-§-fn \n¶mWv t\mh IS¶p h¶-Xv.

ae-bmf {KÙ-\n-cq-]-W- n\v Hcp \qäm­v ]g-¡-ap-­v. hnZ-ym-kw-{Klw amkn-I-bn 1864

Pqsse amk- n {]kn-²o-I-cn- p-h¶ k·mÀ¤ thtZm-]-tZ-i-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp¶ \ncq-]-W-amWv

BZ-y-t¯Xv F¶p ]d-bmw. dh: tPmÀÖv am¯³, Un. e£va-W-cm-bÀ F¶n-h-cp-tS-XmWo teJ-\w.

P·n þ IpSn-bm³ _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn- p-ff ‘sImgp-ap-X-em×’, Xncph\ -]p-c¯v ]pXn-b-Xm-bm-cw- n¨

Bip-]-{Xn¡v ASn-Øm-\-an« kw`-hs¯ hni-I-e\w sN¿p¶ km[m-cW NnIn-Õm-ime

F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn- p-ff teJ-\-§-fp-ap-­m-bn.

1881þÂ ^m. PdmZv {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ‘Ae-¦m-c-imkv{X’amWv {]`m-j-W-I-e-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-ff

BZ-y-{K-Ùw. [\-X- -z-imkv{X kw_-Ôn-ambn `mj-bn-em-[-y-ambn {KÙw cNn- -Xv. dh. CtS-ycm

Cu¸-\m-bn-cp-¶p. KZ-y-{K-Ù-§-fpsS {]N-c-WmÀ°w Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Kh: \S- nb {]_-Ô-c-N\m

aÕ-c- n k½m-\mÀl-amb {KÙ-am-Wn-Xv. ‘]W-¡m-c-y-hÀ®\’ F¶mWv {KÙ-t¸-cv.

19þmw \qäm-­n tIc-f- n-se- nb s{]m«-Ìâ v anj-W-dn-amÀ \à imkv{Xm-h-t_m-[-ap-f-f-

h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. aXhpw imkv{Xhpw X½n ka-\-z-bn- m c­n\pw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-­m-Ip-sa-¶-hÀ

hni-z-kn- p. ae-bmf mj-bn BZ-y- u-Xn-I-im-kv{X-{KÙw cNn- Xv 1883þ FÂ.-tPm-l-\mkv t{^m¬

tabÀ F¶ PÀ½³ ]mXn-cn-bm-Wv.

kaq-l-¯nsâ _lp-ap-J-amb hfÀ¨-bv¡p-XIpw hn[-ap-ff anj-W-db {]hÀ¯-IÀ

km[m-c-W-¡msc Ah-cn-te-bv¡m-IÀjn- p. PmXn, aX hÀ®-\-b-§Ä t\m¡m-sX-bp-ff hnZ-ym- -ymk

\bw, Xmgv¯-s¸-«-h-tcm-Sp-ff kulr-Z-k-ao-]\w F¶nh A[:-Øn-Xsc Ah-cn-te-bv¡m-IÀjn- p.

X·qew hf-sc-b-[nIw t]À {InkvXp-a-X-¯n-tebv¡v ]cn-hÀ¯\w sNbvXp. AhÀ¡v lnµp

aX- nsâ AhÀ®³ Ah-i-X-IÄ ]e-Xp-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

ae-bmf `mj-bn am{X-aà Xan-gv, sXep¦v, I¶-U, _wKm-fn, adm¯n XpS-§nb `mc-Xob

`mj-I-fnepw anj-W-dn-am-cpsS `mjm-hn-j-b-I-amb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ImWmw. ae-bmf `mj-bpsS

kmln-X-y- nsâbpw cq]-h-chpw ma-]-c-hp-amb hfÀ¨bv¡v anj-Wdn {]hÀ¯\w klm-bn- n-«p-­v.

F.-Un. 1þmw \qäm­p apXev¡p Xs¶ C -ybv¡p ]pd- p-\n¶v {InkvXp-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-IÄ

h¶p-sIm-­n-cp-s¶-¦nepw F.-Un. 15-þmw \qäm-­n\p tijw aX-{]-Nm-c-W- n-\n-hn-sS-sb- nb k`m-

{]-Xn-\n-[n-IfmWv anj-Wn-amÀ. 1542þ tIc-f- n h¶ skâ v {^m³knkv tkh-y-dn-t\m-Sp-IqSn

anj-W-dn-amÀ¡p {]m[m-\yw kn²n-¡p-¶-Xv. XpSÀ¶v t]mÀ«p-KÂ, kvs]bn³, t]mf-­v, {^m³kv,

38

School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

Cä-en, Cw¥­v XpS-§nb bqtdm-]-y³ cmP-y-§-fn \n¶v [mcmfw anj-W-dn-amÀ tIc-f- n h¶p.

aX-{]-N-c-W-am-bn-cp¶p apJy e£-y-sa-¦nepw hnhn[ `mj-IÄ ]Tn¨v Ahsb ]cn-t]m-jn- n-¡m³

Ah¡v XmXv]-c-y-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p.

16-þmw \qäm­v tIcf Ncn-{Xs¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Hcp kp{]-[m\ Ime-L-«-am-Wv.

C-hnsS \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ yq-U hy-h-Øn-Xn-bn-te¡mWv t]mÀ«pKokv anj-W-dn-amÀ h¶-Xv. {InkvXp-

aX ktµ-i-§Ä P\-lr-Z-b-§sf ]nSn-s -Sp-¡m³ klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu ktµ-i-{]-Nm-c-W- n-\p-ff

am[-y-a-sa¶ \nebv¡mWv Hcp ]pXnb ae-bmf KZ-ys¯ krjvSn-¡m³ AhÀ apXnÀ¶-Xv. ChnsSbp­m-bn-cp¶

KZyw imk-\-§-fnepw Iq¯v, IqS-bm«w XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS B«-{]-Im-c-§-fnepw {Ia-Zo-]n-I-I-fn-ep-ambn

cq]-s¸« H¶m-Wv. F¶m Cu ssien¡v ae-bm-f-a-®n thcp-dbv¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. kwkvIr-X

-P-Sn-e-amb ‘\¼-ym³ Xangv’ ssien-bnte¡mWXp ]ptcm-K-an- Xv AXp-sIm­p Xs¶ B[p-\nI

ssien-bpsS ]nXr-Xzw Gsä-Sp-¡m\ CXn\p Ign-bm-sXbpw t]mbn. Cu ]Ým- -e- n \n¶p

thWw anj-Wdn KZ-ys¯ hne-bn-cp- m³.

anj-Wdn KZ-ys¯ c­p L«§-fmbn hn`-Pn¨p ImWm-dp-­v. H¶mwL«w F.-Un. 16þ18 hsc

iX-I-§Ä.

It¯m-en¡m anj-W-dn-am-cm-bn-cp¶p Cu Ime-L-«- nse KZ-y-hn-I-k-\- n\v amÀ¤-\nÀt±iw

\evIn-b-Xv. Cu Ime-L-«- n-ep-­mb KZy IrXn-I-fpsS cN-bn-Xm-¡Ä `qcn-]-£hpw anj-\-dn-amcpw

\m«p-{In-kvX-ym-\n-I-fp-am-Wv. DZ-bw-t]-cqÀ kp¶-l-tZmkv Imt\m-\-IÄ, thZ-X- -zw, Úm\-ap- p-am-ew,

kwt£-]-th-ZmÀ°w, hÀ¯-am- p-kvX-Iw. cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§fpw

aX-]-c-amb XÀ¡hnXÀ¡-§fpw `mjm-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn kzm-[o\w sNep- n. kmam-\-y-P-\-§Ä¡v

kX-y- nsâ s]mcpÄ thÀXn-cn- p-sIm-Sp-¡p-hm³ Ah-cpsS `mj-Xs¶ kzo-I-cn- p. D±n-jvSm-i-b-§Ä

Ah-X-cn- n-¡m³ ]Z Zmcn{Zw A\p- -h-s¸-«-t¸mÄ anj-W-dn-amÀ e¯o³, kpdn-bm-\n, t]mÀ«p-Kokv

`mj-I-fn \n¶v ]Z-§Ä IS-sa-Sp- p. A§s\ IS-sa-Sp- h aX-]-c-amb kwÚm-\m-a-§-fm-bn.

F´m-bmepw anj-Wdn `mjsb ‘]mXncn ae-bmfw’F¶v NneÀ ]cn-lm-k-]qÀÆw hnfn- p-t]m-¶p.

B[p-\nI ae-bmf KZ-y- nsâ thcp-IÄ anj-Wdn KZ-y- n-em-sW¶v s{]m^. kn.-FÂ. Bâ-Wn-sb-

t¸m-ep-f-f-hÀ hni-z-kn-¡p-¶p.

Z£n-W-tI-c-f-¯n kn.-Fw-.F-Êpw. D¯-c-tI-c-f-¯n _mk anj\pw aX-{]-hÀ¯-\-

§Ä¡p t\Xr-Xzw \evIn-b-Xn-¡m-e- m-Wv. Cu Ime-L-«- nse `mjm-k-z- mhw kX-y-th-Z-tJ-Sw,

tIc-f- -ga XpS-§nb {KÙ-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n- m a\-Ên-em-¡mw. 19þmw \qäm-­n ae-bm-f-K-Zyw

B[p-\n-Iambn- oÀ¶p. amÀ¯m-Þ-hÀ½-bpsS ZnKvhnPbw 18þmw \qäm-­n-ep-­mb anj-W-dn-amÀ

XpS-§n-h v mjm-]-cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-bsb Xz-cn-X-s -Sp- p-¶-Xn kp{]-[m-\-am-sbmcp ]¦p hln- p. \thm-°m\

{]tX-y-I-X-bmb At\-z-j-W-X-zc tIc-fob Pohn-X- n-ep-­m-bn. s{]m«-Ìâ v anj-Wdn hnZ-ym- -ymk

{]hÀ¯\w aqew Cw¥ojv hnZ-ym- -ym-k- n\v {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw e`n- p. KZ-y-h-fÀ¨bv¡pw \ne-hm-c-s¸-

Sp- -en\pw B¡w Iq«p-hm³ A¨-Sn¡pw ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\- n\pw Ign-ªp. _©-an³ s_bvenbpw

Kp­À«pw ss__nÄ hnhÀ¯-\- n\p apXnÀ¶Xpw `mjm-K-Z-y- nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v klm-b-I-am-bn.

hym-I-c-W-]-c-amb Ac-P-I-Xzw A-h-km-\n-¡p-Ibpw h-y-h-Øm-]n-X-amb `mjm-L-S\ cq]-s¸-Sp-I-bpw

sNbvXp. C§s\ kaq-l-¯nsâ _lp-ap-J-amb hfÀ¨sb {]X-y-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw

klm-bn- -h-cmWv s{]m«-Ìâ v anj-W-dn-amÀ.

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 39

School of Distance Education

sFI-y-tI-c-f- nsâ Bkq-{XnX hnI-k\w

km£-cX

C -y-bn-em-Z-y-ambn k¼qÀ® km£-cX t\Snb kwØm\w tIc-f-am-Wv. 1998 G{]n 18\v

\h-km-£-c-bmb tNe-t¡m-S³ Bbn-j-bmWv k¼qÀ®-km-£-cXm {]J-ym-]\w \S- n-b-Xv. tZiob

km£-c-Xm-an-jsâ am\-Z-Þ-a-\p-k-cn- m-bn-cp¶p {]J-ym-]-\w. 90% ne-[nIw km£-cX t\Sn-bmÂ

k¼qÀ® km£-cX F¶-XmWv tZiob km£-c-Xm-an-jsâ IW-s¡-Sp- v. k¼qÀ® km£-c-Xm

-{]-J-ym-]\w \S- p-t¼mÄ tIc-f- nsâ km£-cX 90.86% Bbn-cp-¶p. C -y-bn k¼qÀ® km£-cX

t\Snb BZ-ys¯ PnÃ-tI-c-f- n-em-Wv. Fd-Wm-Ip-W-amWv B PnÃ. 1990 s^{_p-hcn 4\v A¶s¯

C -y³ {][m-\-a-{´n-bm-bn-cp¶ hn.-]n.-knwKv CXv kw_-Ôn¨ {]J-ym-]\w \S- n. k¼qÀ® km£-cX

t\Snb BZ-ys¯ ap\n-kn- m-enän tIm«-b-amWv.

`mjm-Sn-Øm-\- n tIc-f-kw-Øm\w cq]w sIm­-Xn-\p-tijw 1957 \S¶ BZ-y-Xn-c-sª-Sp- nÂ

126 koän Adp-]-sX®w I½-yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n t\Sn A©p kz-X-{ -·m-cpsS klm-b-t¯msS C.-Fw.-

F-kv. \¼q-Xn-cn- m-Snsâ t\Xr-X-z- n Hcp a{´n-k` \ne-hn h¶p. Cu a{´n-k- -bpsS Gähpw

{][m\ Xocp-am-\-§Ä q]-cn-jvI-c-Whpw hnZ-ym- -ymk _nÃp-am-bn-cp-¶p. hnZ-ym- -ymk _nÃns\ FXnÀ -hÀ

hntam-N\ ka-c-hp-ambn cwK- p-h-¶p.

kv{XohnZ-ym- -ymkw C¶v

tZiob \ne-hm-c- n 78% B¬Ip«n-IÄ ss{]adn hnZ-ym- -ymkw t\Sp-t¼mÄ s]¬Ip-«nI-fpsS

iX-am\w 64 BWv. 60% B¬Ip-«n-IÄ ]T\w XpS-cp-t¼mÄ 43% s]¬Ip-«n-Itf ]T\w XpS-cp-¶p-f-fq.

F«mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-bn \me-c-Z-i-e£w cq] hnZ-ym- -ym-k-cw-K- n\p th­n \o¡n-sh- p. ]¯mw

]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn hnZ-ym- -ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn-bv¡mbn ]pXnb am\-Z-WvU-§Ä kzo-I-cn- n-cn-¡p-¶p. kv{Xo

hn-Z-ym- -ym-k- n\v t{]mÕm-l\w \ÂIpI F¶ Imcyw tI{µ- nsâbpw kwØm-\-§-fp-sSbpw

apJ-y-hn-j-b-am-Wv.

kaq-l- n enwK-k-a-Xzw D­m-IpI F¶Xv hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-¯nsâ C¶s¯ {]J-ym-]nX

eI-vj-y-§-fn-sem-¶m-Wv. ]mc-¼-cy aqe-y-§Ä Dd- n-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w tZio-bhpw A´Àt±-io-b-hp-amb

apJ-y-[m-c-bn-tebv¡v enwK-t`Z-a-t\y hnZ-ymÀ°n-Isf \bn-¡-Ww F¶v tZiob hnZ-ym- -ym-k-\bw

A\p-im-kn-¡p-¶p. kv{Xok-a-X-z-t¯m-sSm¸w kzbw ]c-ym-]vX-Xbpw D­m-I-Ww. kaq-l- n kv{XobpsS

am\-yX ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s -S-Ww.

C.-F- v.-F. (Education for All) F¶ ]pXnb \b-a-\p-k-cn v kaq-l- n\v kvIqfp-I-fp-sS

\S- n- n ]¦m-fn w D­m-I-Ww. CXp-hgn ss{]a-dn-X-e- n hnZ-ym- -ymkw e n-¡m¯ Hcp Ip«nt]mep-anÃ

F¶p-d- m-¡m³ kaq-ls¯ Npa-X-e-s -Sp- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]©m-b- -[n-I-r-XÀ¡pw A[-ym-]-IÀ¡pw,

c£m-IÀ¯m-¡Ä¡pw kvIqÄ \S- n- n ]¦p-­v. CXp-hgn s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ¡v hnZ-ym- -ymkw Dd- m-

¡m³ Ign-bpw. CSbv¡v sh v hnZym- -ymkw \nÀ¯nt¸mIp¶ d]-h-WX XS-bm-\p-am-Ipw. C.-F- v.F

\b-a-\p-k-cn¨v hoSp-hn-Sm-´cw kÀsÆ \S¯n km£-cX t\Sm³ t{]mÕm-l\w \ÂIp-¶p.

hnZq-c{Kma-§-fnse s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ¡v ho«n-en-cp¶v ]T\w XSp-cm-\p-ff ]²XnIÄ cq]o-I-cn- n-cn-¡p-¶p.

A\u-]-Nm-cnI hnZ-ym- -ymkw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v Iymw-]p-IÄ kwL-Sn- v s]¬Ip-«n-Isf ]s¦-Sp- n-¡m\pw

Dt±-i-ap-­v.

40

School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

kv{Xo hnZym`ym-k- nsâ {]m[m-\yw a\-Ên-em-¡m-\mbn am[-y-a-§-sfbpw {]Nm-c-Wm-bp-[-§-sfbpw

D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- m³ {ian v hcp-¶p. Xmeq¡v km£-cXm kan-Xn, {KmaoW km£-cXm kan-Xn,

A[-ym-]-I-þ-c-£m-IÀ¯r-k-anXn (DLC, VEC, PTA) F¶n-h-bv¡mWv CXnsâ Npa-Xe.

kp{]ow tImÀ«nsâ A\p-im-k-\-a-\p-k-cn v hnZ-ym- -ymkw P\-§-fpsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-am-Wv. ]Xn-

\mep hbÊv hsc-bp-ff Ip«n-IÄ¡v \nÀ_-Ô-ambpw hnZ-ym-`-ymkw Dd-¸m-¡m³ {ia-§-fp-­v.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 73, 74 A\p-_Ô§-f-\p-k-cn¨v hnZ-ym- -ymkImc-y-§-fpsS Npa-Xe {]mtZ-inI

kwL-S-\-IÄ¡m-Wv. bqWn-th-k Fe-saâdn FU-yp-t¡-j³ (UEE) F¶ {]J-ym-]nX e£yw

ssIh-cn-¡m-\m-Wv {iaw.

2001-þÂ kÀÆ-in£m A`n-bm³ (SSA) F¶ ]²-Xnbv¡v XpS-¡-an-«p. BZ-y-]Sn F¶ \nebv¡v

hnZ-ym- -ym-k- n-epw, kv{Xo km£cXbnepw, ]ndsI \n¡p¶ 48 UnÌ-dn-IvSp-IÄ Xnc-sª-Sp v ]²Xn

\S- m-¡n. XpSÀ¶v kÀÆ-in£m A`n-bm³ IqSp-X kv¡qfp-I-fn-tebv¡v hym-]n- n- p. Hm -tdj³

_vfm¡vt_mÀUv D - -£W ]cn-]m-Sn, hnZ-ymÀ°n-IÄ¡v bqWn-t^m-apw, ]pkvX-I-§fpw kuP-\-y-ambn

\ÂIpI F¶o Npa-X-e-IÄ SSA Gsä-Sp- p. IpSpw-_-t£aw, kv{Xo hnZ-ym- -ymkw F¶n-hbv¡v SSA

\ÂIp¶ {]m[m-\yw FSp¯p ]d-tb-­-Xp-­v.

H¶v apXÂ ]¯p-hsc IvfmÊp-IÄ¡v Bh-i-y-amb kne-_kv X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn\v \mj-WÂ

Iu¬kn t^mÀ FU-yp-t¡-j³ Bâ v s{Sbn-\n§v (NCERT)F¶ kan-Xnsb Npa-X-e-s -Sp- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

P\m-[n-]-X-yw, aueo-Im-h-Im-i-§Ä , kmwkvIm-cnI sshhn-[yw, tZiotbmZv{K-[\w aX-ku-lmÀ±w F¶o

hnj-b-§Ä kne-_-kn DÄs -Sp- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]cn-ØnXn hnÚm\w P\-kw-Jym t_m[-h-XvI-cWw.

FbvUvkv \nb-{´Ww F¶nhpw ]mT-y-]-²-Xn-bpsS `mK-am-Wv.

D]-cn-hn-Z-ym- -ym-k- nsâ Imc-y- n bqWn-th-gvknän {Kmâkv I½o-j³ (UGC) Gsä-Sp¯

Imc-y-§Ä ^e-{]-Z-am-W. \m - -t©mfw ]pXnb tImgvkp-IÄ tImtf-Pp-I-fn Bcw- n-¡p-hm³

ap³ssI-sb-Sp- p. Ah-bn ]eXpw sXmgn-e-[n-jvTn-X-tam, ]n¡m-e v sXmgn sN¿m-\p-ff

kml-N-cyw Dfm-¡p-¶-htbm BWv. Cu tImgvkp-IÄ s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ {]tX-yIw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- p-­v.

Fw.- F- nÂ.]n.F¨v.-Un. tImgvkp-IÄ¡v bp.-Pn.kn \ÂIp¶ t{]mÕm-l-\-hpw, [\-k-lm-bhpw

D]-cn-hn-Z-ym- -ym-ks¯ klm-bn- n-«p-­v. tIc-f- nsâ {]tX-yI kml-N-c-y- n Cu klmbw IqSp-XÂ

D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- p-¶Xv s]¬Ip-«n-I-fmWv F¶v ]T-\-§Ä sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p.

kv{Xo hnZ-ym- -ym-k- n\v t{]mÕm-l-P-\-I-amb asämcp ]²-Xn-bmWv hnZq-c-hn-Z-ym- -ym-kw.

D]-cn-hn-Z-ym-`-ym-k-¯n\v kml-N-cyw H¯p-h-cmsX t]mb-hÀ¡v hnZq-c-hn-Z-ym-`-ym-k-]-²-Xn-IÄ

{]tbm-P-\-s -Sp- mw. ]T\w CSbv¡v sh v apS-§n-b-hÀ hnhm-ln-X-IÄ, A²-ym-]n-I-amÀ, DtZ-ym-K-Ø-IÄ

F¶n-§s\ kaq-l- nsâ ]e hn`m-K-§-fnepws]« kv{XoIÄ Cu Ah-kcw {]tbm-P-\-s -Sp- p-­v.

IpSpw-_-¯nse Npa-X-e-IÄs¡m¸w hnZ-ym-`-ym-khpw XpS-cm³ Ign-bp¶ AhØ kv{XoIsf

BIÀjn- n-«p-­v. km£-c-X-bpw, D]-cn-hn-Z-ym- -ym-k- n-\p-ff Ah-k-chpw tNÀ¶v tIc-f- nse

IpSp-_n-\n-I-fn ]pXn-sbmcp Bß-hn-i-zm-khpw XtâShpw hfÀ¯n-bn-«p-ap-­v.

B[p\nI hnZ-ym- -ym-k-h-y-h-Ø-bpsS LS-\-bn Iymw-]-Ên ]Tn-s¡-Xs¶, ]mT-y-]-²-Xn-bpsS

\nb-a-§Ä¡v ]pd v IS v Xs¶- s¶ Is­- m-\p-ff Ah-k-c-§Ä hnZ-ymÀ°n-IÄ¡v e n-¡p-¶p.

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 41

School of Distance Education

kmln-Xy kan-Xn-IÄ, kb³kv Ivfºp-IÄ, bph-P-t\m-Õ-h-§Ä, kvt]mÀSvkv aÕ-c-§Ä, kvIqÄ-þ-

tIm-tfPv ]mÀe-saâ v Xnc-sª-Sp- p-IÄ FÃmw hnZ-ymÀ°n-bpsS am\-kn-I-hn-Im-c- n\v Du¶Â \ÂIp-¶p.

Htc {]mb- n-ep-ff Iptd-t -cpsS kwKaw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b- n\pw hnj-b-§-fn-ep-ff NÀ¨bv¡pw

hgn-sbm-cp-¶p.

kaq-l- nsâ \Sp-hn Iymw-]Êv Hcp ] - p-cp- mbn hÀ n-¡p-¶p. ]pd- p-ff Ak-z-kvX-IÄ

Iymw-]-Êns\ _m[n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Iymw-]kv mj³, Iym-]kv tPm¡v, Iymw-]kv lotdm, Iymw-]kv _yq«n

F¶n-§s\ Iymw-]-kn\v X\-Xmb Hcp temI-ap-­v. hmWn-Py kn\n-a-IÄ¡pw, am[-y-a-§Ä¡pw

Iymw-]kv Hcp CjvS-hn- -h-am-Wv. hÀjm-hÀjw Iymw-]-knsâ A`n-{]m-b-§Ä kam-l-cn-¡p¶ Imem-eb

amkn-I-IÄ t]mepw It¼m-f-kw-kvIm-c- nsâ {]Xn-[-z-\n-bmbn amdp-I-bm-Wv. hÀ®-i-_-f-amb t]Pp-IÄ,

{i²-]n-Sn¨p-]-äp¶ hnNn-{X-amb IhÀt]Pv t^mt«m-IÄ Ch-bv¡- pdw teJ§Ä, IY, Ihn-X, NÀ¨IÄ

þ ]e-Xn\pw \ne-hmcw t]mcm. Iym-]kv amK-kn-\p-IÄ It¼mf hy-h-Ø-bn \ne-\nÂ]n\v th­n

[mcmfw ]c-k-y-§Ä kzo-I-cn-t¡­n hcp-¶p. AtXmsS Df-f-S-¡- n\v th­{X Øew e`n-¡msX

amK-kn-\p-I-fpsS {]kàn \jvS-s -Sp-¶p. CXn\v A]qÀÆ-ambn A]-hm-Z-§Ä CÃm-Xn-Ã.

Hcp-Im-e v Iymw-]kv {]kw-K-]-cn-io-e-IÀ¡p-ff thZn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. \r¯w, kwKoXw F¶n-h-

bv¡p-ff ]cn-io-\-¡-f-cnbpw Iymw-]-Êm-bn-cp-¶p. Iymw-]kv \mS-I-§-fpw, anan-{Inbpw samtWm BIvSpw

IYm-{]-kw-K-hpw. {]Ñ-¶-th-jhpw mhn-hm-KvZm-\-§sf krjvSn- n-cp-¶p. C¶v kn\n-am-cw-K¯pw, anan-{In-

þ-i-_vZm-\p-IcWcwK¯pw, {]kn²nt\-Snb ]e Iem-Im-c-·mcpw Iym-]-Ên \n¶v Is]m- n-h-¶-h-cm-Wv.

kwKoXm- n-cp-Nn-bpsS amäp-t\m-¡m\pw Iymwkv cwK-§Ä Ahkcw \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. \mS-I-c-N-\,

\mS-Im- n-\-bw, sXcp-hv\m-S-I-§Ä, F¶n-h-bn ]pXp-a-IÄ ]co-£n-cp-¶Xpw Iymw-]-Êp-I-fm-Wv. Iymw-]-Ênsâ

thdn« i_vZw Ch-bn DbÀ¶p-tI-«n-cp-¶p. C¶v a[-y-h-bÊp Ignbmdmb Ime-Im-c-·m-cpsS

Xe-ap-dbv¡v Iymw-]kv \ÂInb kmln-X-y-þ-I-em-{]-tNm-Z-\-s -¡p-dn v Gsd ]d-bm-\p-­m-Ipw.

I;-ymw-]-Ên \n¶v Ct¸mÄ Db-cp-¶Xv Nne-Nn-X-dnb i_vZ-§-fm-Wv. Iymw-]-Ên \n¶v hcp¶

bph-\À¯-Icpw, kwKoX-{]-Xn- -Ifpw Iem-cw-K¯v ]nSn- p-\n¡p-¶n-Ã. kn\n-a-bmWv Ahsc

BIÀjn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¦nepw kn\n-am-cw-K v aÕ-c-§sf AXn-Po-hn- pw, ITn-\m-[-zm\w sNbvXpw \ne-

\n¡m-\pf Icp v ]eÀ¡p-an-Ã. Nne kn\n-a-I-fpw, tUI-yp-saân-Ifpw \nÀ½n¡m-\p-ff {iaw

\S¡p¶ps­¦nepw km¼- nI sRcp¡w A¯cw kwcw- -§Ä¡v XS-bn-Sp-¶p. \mS-I-cw-K-am-Is«

ipjvI-hpw A\p-I-c-W-{]-[m-\-hp-am-Ip-¶p. {]Xn- -bpsS kv pc-§Ä Iymw-]-Ênsâ AI- -f-§-fnÂ

Xs¶ Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I-fn bph-P-\-§sf t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m-\pw, ]cn-io-en- n-¡p-hm\pw Hcp

{]tX-y-I-hn- mKw Xs¶-bp-­v. bph-P-\-§-fpsS Iem-kw-c- -§sf km¼- n-I-ambn klm-bn-¡p-hm-\p-ff

Npa-X-ebpw kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-IÄ¡p-­v. hÀjw tXmdpw Item-Õ-h-§Ä kwL-Sn- n-¡p-I-hgn ]mc-¼-c-y-

I-e-Isf \ne-\nÀ¯m³ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I-fnse hnZ-ymÀ°n-IÄ¡v X½n-e-dn-bm\pw

aÕ-c-§-fn-eqsS amäp-c-bv¡m\pw Item-Õ-h-§Ä klm-bn-¡p-¶p. tIc-k-¯n-\p-]p-d¯v

kÀÆ-I-em-im-esb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- vsIm­v Iem-a-Õ-c-§-fn ]s¦-Sp-¡m\pw Ah-kcw e`n-¡p-¶p.

42

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Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-IÄ Imbn-I-cw-K v \S- p¶ kwcw- -§Ä {][m\amWv. Iuam-c-{]-Xn- -IÄ¡v

]e aÕ-c-§-fnepw ]s¦-Sp-¡p-hm-\p-ff t{]mÕm-l\w \ÂIp-¶Xv kÀÆ-I-em-ime Hcp-¡p¶ thZn-I-fm-Wv.

tZiob aÕ-c-§-fn ]e-X-hW H¶mw Øm\-s - m³ Ic-fob bph-X-z- n\v km[n- Xv kÀÆ-I-em-

im-e-I-fpsS ]cn-io-e\w D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- n-b-Xp-sIm-­m-Wv.

F³.-kn.-kn., F³.-F-kv.-Fkv {]hÀ -\-§Ä A[-y-b-\- nsâ `mK-am-¡pI hgn kÀÆ-I-em-

im-e-IÄ hy-àn-X-z-hn-I-k-\- n\v t{]mÕm-l-\-ta-Ip-¶p. A -S¡w ]«m-f-]-cn-io-e-\- nsâ apJy

LS-I-am-Wv. F³. kn. kn bneqsS Iuam-c-{]m-b- nte e`n-¡p¶ A -S¡w PohnXw apgp-h³

\ne-\n¡p-¶p.

tIc-f- nsâ amdp¶ apJw

kz-X-t{ - -y-bn aäp kwØm-\-§-fn-ep-f-f-h-tc-¡mÄ ap¶n ae-bmfn hncm-Pn- n-cp¶ Hcp Imew

D­m-bn-cp-¶p. sIm¨n-þ-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ \m«p-cm-P-y-§Ä ImÀjn-I-]-²-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw, hy-h-kmb

kwcw-`-§-fn-eq-sSbpw Gsd ap¶n-se-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. kmaq-l-y-t£a kwcw-`-§Ä, PmXn-hn-cp²

]cn-jvIm-c-§Ä, hnvZ-ym-`-ymk \ho-I-cWw F¶n-h-bv¡p-ff kwL-Sn-X-{i-a-§Ä \S-¯n-bn-cp¶p

{]Pm-k- -I-fn A[:-I-r-XÀ¡pw, aX-\-yq-\-]-£-§Ä¡pw {]m[m-\yw e`n- n-cp-¶p. t£{X-{]-th-i-\-

hn-fw-_-c- n-eqsS \mw aäp kwØm-\-§Ä¡v hgn-Im-«n-bm-bn. {InkvX-y³ anj-\-dn-am-cpsS {]hÀ -\-§Ä

\-ho\ hnZ-ym- -ymkw {]N-cn- n- p. ASn-a- -\n-tcm-[\w, tXhn-Sn-bm« \ntcm-[\w, acp-a-¡- mb BIväv,

Nne `q]-cn-jvI-cW kwcw- -§Ä FÃmw kzm-X-{ -y-e-_v[nbv¡v aps¼ ChnsS km[n ]cn-jvIm-c-§-fm-Wv.

cmjv{So-b- n-epw, c-W- nsâ D¶-X-X-e-§-fnepw {]i-kvX-cmb At\Iw t]sc kw`m-h\ sN¿p-hm\pw

tIc-f- n\v km[n- p.

ka-Im-e-tI-cfw AJn-te- -ym-X-e- n AXn-thKw kw -hn-¡p¶ amä-§-tfmSv H¸-sa -¯m -\m -ImsX

]n¶n-em-bn-t¸m-b-Xmbn ImWp-¶p. cmjv{Sob {]_p-²-X-bn ap³\n-e-¡m-cm-bn-cp¶ \mw A©p sImÃw

IqSp-t¼mÄ c­p ap¶-Wn-Isf amdn amdn ]co-£n v ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS hgn-ap-S-¡p-¶p. BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W- nsâ

KpW- -e§Ä kzo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ XSÊw \n¡p-¶Xv \½psS hnI-e-amb \b-§fpw bmYm-ØnI

hni-z-k-§-fp-am-Wv.

kmaq-l-y-cw-K- n kw -hn-¡p¶ amä-§Ä hfsc thK- n-em-Wv. AWp-Ip-Spw-_-§Ä, vfmäv

kwkvImcw, hy-²-P-\-§-fpsS A\m-Ym-hØ Ip«nIÄ¡nS-bn IqSn-h-cp¶ aÕc _p²n, F¶n-§s\

tIc-f-k-aqlw amdn-s¡m-­n-cn-¡p-¶Xv {i²n-¡mw. km£-c-X-bn-epw, kzm-X-{´-y- nepw ap¶nÂ

\nÂs¡- s¶, kv{XoIÄ ho­pw IpSpw-_¯nsâ kpc-£-bn-te¡v HXp-§mÄ Xmev]-cyw ImWn-¡p-

¶p. ]pcp-j-·m-cm-Is« bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-amb IpSpw-_-k-¦Â -§-fn \n¶v amdp-hm³ Iq«m-¡p-¶n-Ã.

am[-y-a-§fpw, kaq-lhpw tNÀ¶ kv{Xo]o-U-\-I-Y-IÄ s]cp- n v Im«n kv{Xosb ho­pw hoSnsâ

Npa-cp-IÄ¡p-f-fn Xf- n-Sm³ {ian- p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-¶p.

tIcfw hf-sc-¡m-e-ambn A`n-am-\-t¯msS FSp-¯p-¸-d-ªn-cp¶ aX-ku-lmÀ±w F¶

aqe-y- n\pw CSn-hp-X-«n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp kaqlw asämcp kaq-ls¯ kwi-b-t¯msS ho£n-¡p-¶,

Ac-£n-Xm-hØ A\p- -h-s -Sp¶ Hc- -co£w \ne-\n¡p-¶p. kzm-X-{´yw e`n- n«v Ac-\q-äm-­n-e-[nI-

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam 43

School of Distance Education

am-bn«pw PmXn-bpsS sI«p-IÄ Ab-bv¡p-hm³ km[n- n-«n-Ã. PmXn D]-PmXn F¶n-§s\ kv]À²-bpsS

iàn hÀ²n v hcp-¶p. Zfn-XÀ¡v e`n-¡p¶ B\p-Iq-e-y-§Ä ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã.

Hcp Xcw A]-IÀj-t_m-[- n AhÀ Ct¸mgpw ASnªp InS-¡p-¶p. \yq-\-]-£-§Ä¡v `c-W-L-S\

A\p-h-Zn¨ Ah-Im-i-§Ä tNmZyw sN¿-s -Sp-¶p. Hmtcm kpa-Zm-bhpw {]tX-yIw kwL-S-\-I-fp-­m¡n

Ah-Im-i-§Ä t\Sm³ iàn kw -cn-¡p-¶p. BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS {]iv\-§-fpw a\p-j-y-X-z-]-c-ambn

]cn-l-cn-¡p-hm³ Bbn-«n-Ã. Akw-L-Sn-X-tam, Acm-jv{So-btam Bb H¶n\pw \ne-\nÂt¸m ]cn-K-W-\tbm

e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã.

km¼- n-I-ambn tIc-fvXn\p e n DWÀÆv KÄ v cmP-y-§-fn \n¶v Hgp-In-sb- p¶ ]W- nsâ

hoc-y- n-em-Wv. D]-t`m-K-h-kvXp-¡Ä krjvSn-]-c-amb Hcp Imc-y- n\pw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- p-¶n-Ã.

aWn-am-fn-I-IÄ ]Wn-bm\pw, {]Xm]w {]I-Sn- n-¡m\pw ae-bm-fnbv¡v DÕm-l-am-Wv. kl-P-amb emfn-Xyw

\jvS-s -Sp¯n anY-ym-tam-l-§-fn apgp-In-I-gn-bp¶ Hcp P\-X-bmbn \mw ambn-s¡m-­n-cn-¡p-¶p.

hnZ-ym- -ym-k-cw-K- mWv Ime-L-«-§-fn-eqsS h¶ amäw {it{Z [bamIp-¶-Xv. hnZ-ym- -ymkw

Imen-I-ambn amäp-¶-Xn th­{X {i²-bp-­m-bn-Ã. sXmgn-e-[n-j-TnXw F¶ k¦Â]w {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-am-bn-Ã.

s{^m -W hnZ-ym- -ymkw k¼-¶À¡p-am{Xw kwh-cWw sN¿vs -«n-cn-¡p-¶p. kl-P-hm-k-\-IÄ

hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡m-\p-ff kml-N-cyw Bcpw hnZ-ym- -yÀ°n¡p \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. ]W-sa-dnªp ]Ww hmcpI

F¶ \bw hnZ-ym-cw-K-s¯bpw AXn-{I-an- p-Io-g-S-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

A\-ym-{i-bw, ASn-a- a:ØnXn I]-S-k-Zm-Nmcw, Ae-kX F¶n-§s\ ae-bm-fn-bpsS cà- nÂ

Aen-ªp-tNÀ¶ Nne ]mc-¼-c-y-L-S-I-§sf Xqs -dnªv apt¶-dm-\p-ff CÑm-iàn bphm--¡Ä¡v D­m-I-Ww.

hntam-N\ kacw

C.-Fw.-Fkv Kh¬saânsâ IqSn-sbm-gn- n-¡Â \ntcm-[\ \nb-aw, P·n-Icw \nÀ¯-em-¡Â,

IÀj-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v an\naw IqSn ImÀjn-I-_-Ô-\n-b-aw, ]pXnb hnZ-ym- -ymk \bw F¶nh

tIc-f- nse PmXn-, aX, kap-Zm-b, kwL-§sf Ak-z-Ø-cm-¡n. Ahc Hcp-an¨v kÀ¡m-cn-s\-Xnsc

ka-c- n-\n-d-§n. Cu ka-c- n-s\m-Sp-hn tIc-f- nse BZ-ys¯ kÀ¡mcns\ ]ncn- p-hn-«p. Cu

ka-c-amWv hntam-N\ kacw F¶-t]-cn-e-dn-b-s -Sp-¶-Xv. hntam-N\ ka-c- n\v t\Xr-Xzw \ÂIn-b-hÀ

]n.-Sn.-Nm-t¡m, sI.-Fw.-ko-Xn-km-ln-_v, ]n.-sI.-Ipªv XpS-§n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. kacw ]e-bn-S¯pw

A{I-am-k-à-am-bn. tI{µ B`-y- -c-h-Ip¸v tIc-f- nse {Ia-k-am-[m\ \nesb Ipdn¨v tIc-fm-

K-hÀW-tdmSv dnt¸mÀ«m-h-i-y-s¸-«p. KhÀWÀ \ÂInb dnt¸mÀ«v {]Imcw `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 356þmw

hIp- -\p-k-cn¨v tIc-f- nsâ BZ-ys¯ kÀ¡m-cns\ ]ncn- p-hn-«p. ]n¶oSv 1960, 1965, 1970, 1977, 1980,

1982, 1987, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011 F¶o-hÀj-§-fn sXsc-sª-Sp- p-IÄ \S-¶p.

tIc-f- nsâ apJ-y-a-{´n-amÀ

1. C.-Fw.-F-kv.-\-¼q-Xn-cn- mSv þ (1957 þ 1959)

2. ]«w XmWp-]n-ff þ (1960 þ 1962)

44

School of Distance Education

Kerala Samskaram - Adinivesa Adunika Keralam

3. BÀ. i¦À þ (1962 þ 1964)

4. C.-Fw.-F-kv. þ (1967 þ 1969)

5. kn. AN-yp-X-ta-t\m³ þ (1969 þ 1970)

6. kn. AN-yp-X-tat\m³ þ (1970þ1977)

7. sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-c³ þ (1977 amÀ¨v þ 1977 G{]nÂ)

8. G.-sI. BâWn þ (1977 þ 1978

9. ]n.-sI.-hm-kp-tZ-h³\m-bÀ þ (1978 þ 1979)

10. kn.-F- v.-ap-l-½Zv tImb þ (1979 HIvtSm-_À þ 1979 Unkw-_À)

11. C.-sI.-\m-b-\mÀ þ (1980 þ 1981)

12. sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-c³ þ (1981 þ 1982)

13. sI. Icp-Wm-I-c³ þ (1982 þ 1987)

14. C.-sI.-\m-b-\mÀ þ (1987 þ 1991)

15. sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-c³ þ (1991 þ 1995)

16. G.-sI.-BâWn þ (1995 þ 1996)

17. C.-sI.-\m-b-\mÀ þ (1996 þ 2001)

18. G.-sI. BâWn þ (2001 þ 2004)

19. D½³Nm­n þ (2004 þ 2006)

20. hn.-F-kv.-A-N-yp-Xm-\-µ³ þ (2006 þ 2011)

21. D½³Nm­n þ (2011 þ )

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