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NAMONTHLYORGAN OF REVOLUTIONARY MARXISM

The CzechoslovakCrisisWalter Held and The Editors

PalestineL.Rock CanadaE. Robe?tSO?The SovietUnionMaurice Spector

Fascism and Big BusinessBy Daniel Gu6rin

Foundingthe Fourth International . . By Leon Trots

TWENTY CENTS OCTOBER 19

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AI HomeE PAST WEEKS have broughtre evidence of tbe international

THENEWombay,India,withM. Jainas agent,placedan orderr 50 copies regularlyof the maga-ine; comrades in Scotland haveked us to considera special priceor them so that they may handlehundred,possibly5(NIcopiesf the magazine. Frank Demby inother column reports on the sig-ficant role of THENEW INTERNA-n Europe.BUT,ourproblemto acbievea far greatercirculationtbe United States, and not to bedependent upon foreign circula-on. Otherwise, THE NEW INTER.will finditself in jeopardyexistence.In the past weeks, accountableforpart by the summerperiod,THEINTERNATIONALnst managedweather financial difficulties,indebtedness.Infew localities therewerecirculation; in otherssomeincreases.Neroincreased orders came mainly

from foreign countries. Sevenndred (700) copies of THE NEWre now disposedofAustralia,SouthAfrica, England,cotland, Canada, India, Cbina,eand othercountries,andnowere is the special proposalof Scot-d to consider.This is fineindeed,e political significance of whichnnot be overestimated. But warbroad can wipe out our foreignles, apart from economic consid-Rightnowwe aremuchconcernedh our domestic sitrurtwn: namely,failnre of manyimportantcitiesthe UnitedStateseitberto handlehe magazineor to dispose of theantitywe are sure they could sellith just a little more eflort and or-Uponthis immediate in-in U.S. circulationis depersd-t the oery existence-and eventualpansion-of the magazine today.can he accomplished,andmust.The following localities, whereere are small S.W.P.units, do notndlethe magazineat all: Olivia,nn.; Austin, Minn. (will take abundle later, comradeClif Thomp-n hopes); Sellersville, Pa. Citieswhich are no longer sent the maga-zine becauseof non-paymentof bills

are: Kansas City, Mo.; Louisville,Kentucky. And unless some othercities pay up quickly,there will beno choice but to stop sendingthemthe magazinetoo. This is unavoid-able so long as we are dependentalmost 1009o on bundle paymentsto maintain the magazine. Suchspecial considerationsas THE NEWlNTzt4NAT10NALan give to agentsmust be limited to the comradesinother countries. Payment on Pressobligations (THE NEW INTERNA-TIONAL, Appeal, etc. have to receivefirst consideration).BUT EVENMUCHMOREIM-PORTANT:A few of the large cen-ters, wbere tbere are strong S.W.P.and Y.P.S.L. sections, do not at allcirculate the magazineto an extent

THENEWINTERNATIONALA MONTHLY ORGAN OF REVOLUTIONARY MARXISMVOLUME IV OCTOBER 1SSS NUMBER 10 (Whob No.=)Publt6hed monthly by the New lntemmtiOaat Publlsbfas Comr.anY, 116 UnSvemitr Plm.New York, N. Y. Teler&one: ALzonauto 4-8547. SU~@i~ W*: $2.00 mr year:bundles: 14c for5 wuim rmd UD. Caasda aad Forsi@m: $2.50 W Year; bundr- 10c fm5 COIII-nd WI. Sbide CODY:Zoc.mte~d= s~nd-cl~ matterD=m~r 9. 1937.at the uwt OWS at New York. N. Y., uader the W c1 March 3, 1879.Edltur181 Board: JAMES BURNHAW MAX 8~AcHTMAN. MAURICE SPECTOR.Bus4nms Mamsor: SSARTIN ABERN

TABLE OF CONTENTSThe Editor s Comment s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291A Grea t Ach ievement , by Leon Trotsky. . . . . . . . . . . . . 293The Defense of Czechoslovakia , by Walter Held. . . . . . 294Fa s ci sm and B i g Bu si nes s, by DanieI?Gu4rin. . . . . . . . . 297The Soviet s and Democracy , by Maurice Spector. . . . . . 301I s F ren ch C a na d a Goin g F a scis t? by E. Robertson. . . . 304Mahoney B i l l and Revolut iona ry Po li t ics ,by David Cowles 307B r it is h P ol icy i n P a l es t in e, by L. Rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . 312

BOOKS:Marxi sm and P r og res s, by Rubin Gotesky. . . . . . . . . . . 313Art by U ka ~ , by Edna Margolin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31SMagic and the Machine, by Parker Tyler. . . . . . . . . . . . 316The Child a s Scapegoa t , by F. W. Dupee. . . . . . . . . . . . 318I ns id e F ron t C over : At Home.that is ea.dy possible. The only rea-sonsweare ableto find,andtheyarebad ones, are-insuficient organiza-twn oj the literature department;and underestimation of the role ojthe press by the Party andY.P.S.L.units in question. Of these largercities, Los Angeles, Calif. and NewYork do relatively the poorest jobs,when possibilities are consider~.LosAngeles,withover125PartyandY.P.S.L. members, takes only 125copies at present,and these not al-waysdisposedof; the L.A. subscrip-tionlist is verylow.Yet Los Angelesis fully capable, as was once thecase, of being in the front ranks ofNEWINTERNATIONALirculation.Anexchangeof,correspondence,with re.suitingsuggestions,bas broughtfromthe new literature director, JohnMurphy, tbe definite opinion andpromise that Los Angeles will soonexperience a sharp improvement incirculatiotrand, it ii hoped,in sub-scriptions. Comrade Murphy im-presses as one who means businessand will get things done.AndNewYork? For a few weeks,the New York Y.P.S.L. improvedsteadily in their magazine circula-tion, but again the Circles haveslumpedto a new abysnudlow. Astbis is written, the Y.P.S.L. hadtaken only 50 copies of the Septem-ber issue. This is not because theNewYorkYouthdo notneedandarenot able to dispose of many timesthis number.They bave showntheycould in the past. The New YorkY.P.S.L.s,as a whole,do not haveasufficientresponsibilitygenerally tothe Press. The Y.P.S.L. Circles ex-pect toomuchfor nothing.They justdont pay their bills. An increasedsenseof financialresponsibilitywouldresult in a big increasein magazinesales. Too much leniency has beensbownthe New YorkCircles in thisrespect. In simplewords,tbe Circleshaveto paytheirbills andnotexpectband-outs.The Y.P.S.L. should beable to dispose of 200 copies easily.

There is evenless excuse for themiserable sbowingin tbe recent pastof the New YorkParty.At this writ-ing the New York Party Brancheshad taken a little over200copies ofthe Septemberissue; for a periodoftimemanyof the NewYorkBranchesbave not given the Press the atten-tion and action the Press deservesandrequires.Tbese figuresarereallyincredible; and the reason is, withsome exceptionsboth of individualsand branches: indifference; an atti-tude of let Georgedo it. Includingtbe Party and Y.P.S.L., newsstands,bookshopsand subscriptions,ahout700-750magazines are disposed ofmonthlyin GreaterNew York, notverymuchmore than in the periodof the formerNEW INTZRNATTONAL.At least 1500 copies, we are con-vinced, can be disposed of in NewYork through organized efforts bythe Party and Y.P.S.L.: by system-atic subscription campaigns, cover-ing all outdoorand indoormeetings,schools, colleges, and so on. Uponvery great improvement in New Yorkby the entireParty andYouthmem.bership is really dependent the juteand future of THE NEWINTERNA-TIONAL.n Abe Miller, New Yorkhas a fine literaturedirector;but heneeds the membershipscooperation.Now to 1sss lugubriouscomments.New orders: Bombay,India, socopies; Saskatchewan, Canada, 5copies; Melbourne,Australia, MayBrodney, agent, 4 copies; CapeTown,SouthAfrica,H. M. vanGel.deren,agent, 12 copies.

Increases in Bundles: Toronto,Canada,additional15 copies; Roch-ester,N. Y., O. Stevens,agent,to 15copies; Philadelphia (Hartman,agent, to 50 copies; Detroit,Mich.,E. Panicali, agent, to 35 copies;Berkeley,Calif.Y.P.S.L.,JanetThur-man, agent, to 30 copies. And tliematter of what to do about Scot-landsrequestfor a special figure.Decreases: Boston, Mass. to 55

(ex ect to increase quickly aga?o 5).Agenteabroadwhodeservespecmention for their goodworkformagazine: Paul Koston,CapeToSoutbAfrica; MaxSapire,Johanburg,SouthAfrica; LeonSapire,hannesburg; N. Origlasso andShort,Sydney,Australia; B. PalSydney,Australia; E. Sinclair,Bbane, Australia; G. Gibson, Mbourne,Australia; Max Rfske,Wlington, New Zealand; Ed. FitzLondon,England (ComradeFitzis nowthe literaturedirectorfornewlyunited English organizatioMildred Kabn, London, EnglaWm. ButTow,London; T. MerGlasgow,Scotland; H. Cund,Lipool, England;A. J. Barclay,LeEngland; Frank Maitland, Eburgh, Scotland.And the CanacomradesinWinnipeg,Toronto,Vcouver, Ottawa, Saskatchewanaelsewhere,New Agents: Lee Colvin, LyMass.; Julss Geller, St. Paul; PScott, Cleveland; H. M., PortlaOregon; Janet Thurman,BerkeCalif.; MargeryBlackbum, Colbus; JameaTaylor,Newark.OUR BIG WEAKNESS: SUSCRIPTIONS.Manycities haveeventurnedin a handfnfof subsctions. Subscription campaigoseven simply visits to Party aY.P.S.L. contacts and sympathwould result in a large increasesubscriptions.The magazine todependstoomuchon bundlecirction or sales. Subscriptionsaremagazinessurest foundation. Mneapolishas donethe mostintensorganized work for subscriptNew York, naturally,has the grest numberof subscriptions,butfigureis very low, consideringwcan easily be done, As a mattefact, the subscription list in NYork is muchbelowwhat it wathe periodof the formerNEWINNATIONAL. Chicago did very wwith subscriptions in the emonths,but has done very littlerecentmonths.In bundlecirculaChicago, by relative comparleadsall cities. Nearlyall othercihave done little or nothing inSubscription field. The comrknowwhatand bow to do thisWhy not get busy?We have in mind here, too,largenumberof subscriptions whhave expired. Renew& have bslow. Tbey can be obtained,wecertain, if the Party and Y.P.comradeswill visit these personrenewals, andnot leave it entirethe business office to take careRenewalsubscriptionsare an imtant item in the tinancesof themzine. Get a moveon, comradessubscriptionsnewand renewalSpace forbids publication oflargenumberof commentariesonmagazine,highlyeulogistic,plusgsuggestions for articles, impment, etc. THE NEWINTERNAis the outstandingorganof its knot only in the United Statsa,throughoutthe world, as commfrom all continentsattest. Theeign countriesmagnificentlysupTHENEWINTERNATIONAL.ut tmust be faster improvementinUnited States. THEMANA

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HE NEW IN TERNATI ON ALMONTHLY ORGAN O F R E V O L U T I O N A R Y M A R X I S M

OLUME I V OCTOBER 1938 NUMBER 1

he Editors CommentsN THE GENERAL SHAMBLES of t h eVer sa illes S ys tem + it isn ot h a rd t o r ecoew iz e a l so t h e r uin s of t h e d oct r in e of collec-e secur it y . Th i s i s not a coincidence. The doct r ine of col lect i vecu rit y w a s ela bor a t ed b y t h e s ame imper ia lis t br ig a nd s whot e t h e Ver sa illes Tr ea t y, a n d d es ig ned by t h em a s on e of t h ed eologica l pr ops t o u ph old t he status quo es ta blis hed b y t h er ea t y . The two fa l l, q u it e n a t u ra l ly , t og et h er .The adherence to the imperia l i st doctr ine of col lect ive securityn t he pa rt of t he r efor mist s a nd S ta linist s h a s been m er ely ambol of t h ei r s ubordi na t i on i n fa ct t o imper ia l ism i ts elf . Act -n g a s r et a in er s of im per ia lism , t hey pr opa ga t e it s id ea s in t herki ng cla s s. They h a ve t o ld u s t h a t coll ect iv e s ecu r it y w a s t h eans whe reby peace migh t be prese~ed . The imper i a li st s them-lv es , mor e fr a nk a n d les s h ypocr it ica l, h a ve a d ded t h a t it w a she way in wh ich t h e s t@M qzw of Ver sa illes m igh t be m a in -To t hese con ten tion s Ma r xist s h a ve fr om t he begin nin g r e-i ed : fir st , t h a t col lect iv e s ecu rit y w i ll n ot a nd cannot pr es er veea ce; b ut s econ d, t h a t e ven if it cou ld pr es er ve t h e p ea ce of t h ersai l les stat us quo, t ha t w ou ld n ot b e t o t h e lea s t in t h e i nt er es tf t h e ma s ses , b u t wou ld s impl y mean t he i nd ef in it e c on t inuancen pow er of on e g rou p of imper ia lis t exploit er s. Th e cr it iq ue ofa r xism follow ed , of cou rs e, fr om ou r a n a ly sis of t h e in t er na lon flict s of ca pit a lism , w hich exclud e a n y len gt hy socia l a n dl it i ca l s tab i li za t ion . D r iv en b y t h es e c on fli ct s , one or anot h erf t h e g rea t pow er s mus t t ry t o br ea k t h rou gh t h e e xis tin g leg a l-it y, a n d t o a ccomplis h b y for ce a r e-a r ra n gemen t of t h e w or ld ss ou rces a n d t er rit or ies . And t h e cr it iq ue lik ew is e follow edrom t he a im of the Ma rxist s, w hich is not to submit to a myeria l i st s tu tm quo, bu t to sma sh t he whol e wor ld imper ia l is ts t em and t o a ch ieve a new socia l or der .F a ced by t h e in su rmount a ble n eed s of I t a lia n , J a pa n es e a n dcap it a l ism , col lect i ve secur it y crumbled towa rd the rou tk ed by t h e liq uid a t ion of C zech os lov a kia . F ren ch a n d B r it -s h imper ia lism, con fr on t ed w it h t h e t h r ea t of t h e l os s of pa r t ofir own fa t pos ses sion s, cold ly t hr ow on e d og a ft er a n ot h er t oe w olves: Ma nchukuo, t he S aa r, E thiopia , S pa in , C hina ,chos lovak ia . . . .Bu t s uppos e t h ey h ad not d one s o? Suppos e t h ey h ad res is t edhe aggressor (as they ma y, of course, yet do) ? Wha t t hen?ould t ha t ha ve proved t he vir t ues of collect ive securit y,w hich h as n ever r ea lly been t ried? Th at w ould h ave mea nt ,r r a t h er wou ld mean , t h enew in t er -imper ia l is tw a r , I t a ly , J a p anG erma n y h a ve n ot u nd er t a ken t h eir expa n sion pr og ram s a ssport , or beca use t heir rulers like hea dlines. I t is a life ora t h ques t ion f or t h em , a s cap it a l is t s t a t es i n cr is is , a nd con se-q uen t ly t h ey ca n b e d riv en ba ck on ly by s uper ior for ce, by w a r .t such a w ar, like t he war of 1914-18, is only an imperialiststruggle over the re-division of the world. The workers are then em ies eq ua lly of b ot h s id es in s uch a w a r .C ollect iv e s ecu rit y, w h et h er it w or ks or d oes n ot w or k, is t h eimpla ca ble enemy of a ll t he a ims a nd t he a spira tions of t he

cracyand CzechoslovakiaTHE SAME COUNSELORS who have ballyhooed the doctrineof collective security have told us that the great issue in t he

wor ld i s t h a t b etwe en t he d emocr a cies a nd t h e d ict a t or sh ips , a nh a ve ad vis ed u s t o suppor t t h e d emocr a ci es a g a in st t h e d ict a t ors hips a s t h e cu re for a ll ou r t r ou bles . Wh a t a r e t h ey g oin g t o t eu s n ow , w it h d emocr a t ic C zech os lov a kia h a nd ed ov er by d emocr a tic F ra n ce a n d En gla n d t o H it ler ?We have r epl ied t h a t t h e d is t in ct ion b etween t he d emocr a ciea n d t h e d ict a t or sh ips is a lt oget h er s econ da r y, t h a t d emocr a tg overnmen t , s uch of it a s r ema in s, is on t he w h ole t he lu xu ry ot h e r ela t iv ely s a tis fied n a t ion s, d ict a t or sh ip t h e exped ien t ot he hun gr y n at ion s or n at ion s t or n by int er na l cr isis; a nd wh a ve sa id t ha t fu ndam en ta l policies follow n ot fr om t he formof g overnmen t but fr om economic need and in t er es t .The Sov ieU nion is a dict at or ship, a nd w e support a nd defend it ; C hina n d L oy alist S pa in a r e in a ct ua lit y m ilit a ry dict a tor sh ips, a nwe d ef end and suppor t t h em ag a in st t h ei r enem ies ; E t h iop ia w aa feuda l d ict a t or sh ip, a nd we def ended it a g a in st I t a ly . Engla ndF r ance, t h e United States and Czechoslovakia are democrac iea n d w e oppos e t h em a s w e oppos e t h e imper ia lis t fa s cis t d ict atorships.D emocra tic Fra nce a nd E ngla nd ha ve somehow fa iled tu nd er st a n d t h a t t h e g rea t is su e is b et w een d emocr a cy a n d d itatorship . F or som e r ea son , t hey found n o obst a cle in t heform of g ov er nmen t t o t h e s a bot a ge of L oy a lis t S pa in , w h ich , it h e b eg inn in g a t l ea s t of t h eC i vi l Wa r wa s an ou t st a ndi ng d emocr a cy . And, s im ila r ly , w h en t h e ch oice a r os e bet w een t h e ch a ncof a n a gr eem en t w it h dict at or H it ler a nd t he preser va tion odemocra t i c Czechos lovak ia , they was ted no te a r s in sel ect i ng thf ormer . P r of it s a nd col on ies , a f ter a l l, a r e more sub st a n t ia l stuthan governmenta l l abels .Bu t the Czechos lovak ian cr is is a f ford s add it i ona l comment s ot he h opes in democr acies. Mer ely t he t hr ea t of w a r pr ovideD a la dier w it h h is pr et ext for sm a sh in g t he Ma r seilles st rik

a br oga t in g t he 40 h our w eek la w , a n d su spen din g m a ny of t hdem ocra tic r ight s of fr ee speech a nd a ssem blyfa in t fores had ow ing on ly of t h e i ron d ict a t or sh ip wh ich wou ld b e pres sedow n w hen t he w ar it self begins. And C zechoslova kia , t hd emocr a cy of d emocr a ci es , over whom occu rs a l l t h e d emocr a tw a i li ng , h a s s een fit t o s uppres s a l t og et h er t h e r ig ht of a s semblt o submi t not merely t h e pr es s but a l l pr iv a t e cor r espondence tcensorsh ip, t o est a blish in short a m ar tia l la w t ha t ca n be dit i ngu ished w i th the g rea te st d if fi cu lt y f rom the reg ime of f a sci smThe rel iance on democra t i c cap it a l ism , the crux of the pol ici eof r eformism a n d S ta lin ism, is t he m ost in ca lcu la ble t ra gedWe a r e n ow ver ify in g t h e lit er a l t r ut h of t h e Ma r xis t pr ed ict iot ha t t his st ra t egy sm oot hs t he r oa d for t he a dva n ce of fa scismwhether f a scism comes f rom w i t hou t or w i th in .Th e h a rs h a n d d emon st r a ted t ru th is : d emocr a tic ca pit a lisca nnot s t a nd a g a in st f a scis t ca p it a l ism. Th is d oes not mean t ha n An glo-F ren ch coa lit ion cou ld n ot h a ve defea t ed Na zi G ema ny t wo yea rs a go, or could not do so t oda y or t omorrow . Ia l l pr ob abi lit y G r ea t B r it a i n and F r an ce wou ld h a ve t h e m il it a ra d va n t a ge, B u t t h e es sen t ia l a n d d om in a nt s ou rce of fa s cismw it hin ea ch na tiona l ca pit alism, not ext erna l t o it . In a wag a in st G e rmany d emocr a cy wou ld , a s h a s a l rea d y b een provedb e immed ia t ely d ropped , a n d a r eg ime of t ot a lit a r ia n d ict a t os hi p in st it u t ed , in ever y wa r r in g power . The i dea t h a t s uch d ictt or sh ips w ou ld b e d is solv ed a t t h e con clu sion of t h e w a r is complete ly i ll usory . On ly two a l t erna t i veou tcomes a re conceivab le

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Page292 Tli E NEW I NT ERNAT 10 NAL Octobesolut ion of t he w ar t hr ough prolet ar ia n revolut ion, a nd t hea ch iev emen t of s oci a li st d emocr a cy ; or con t inua n ce of t h e w a r -d ict a tor sh ip of ca pit a lism for t he recon st ru ct ion per iod -wh ich , s ince noth ing can any longer be recons t ruct ed under cap i-t a l ism , wou ld l a st indef in i te ly .Cap it a l is t democr a cy cannot s t and aga in st f a sci sm because, int he gr ind ing wor ld decl ine of cap it a l ism , t he bourgeoi sie i s f a cedw it h t he ch oice of g ivin g up w ha t r em ain s of dem ocr acy t o sa ve

ca pi ta l ism, or g iv in g up cap it a li sm t o g a in a n ew democr a cy . Togive up ca pit alism w ould be t o commit socia l suicide, a nd n ocl a ss volun t a r il y commit s su icide . Therefore, in t he cr is is wh ichcom es on e a ft er a not her t o ever y ca pit a lis t n at ion , t he bour -geoisie must go over t o t ot a li ta r ia n d ict a t or sh ip. And, s in ce t h eb ou rg eois ie con tr ols t he s ta t e, it u tiliz es t he d emocr a tic s ta t eappa r a tu s i t se lf , t he democr a t i c cons t it u t ion , t o make the groundr ea dy f or f a sci sm .To put fa it h, a n y fa it h w h a tev er , i n d emocr a tic ca pit a lism a st he m ea ns for d efea t in g fa scism is t hus t o gu ar a nt ee un eq uiv.oca l ly t h e t r iumph of fa s cism.H as a ny lesson of history ever been so fully proved a s t hisha s been proved in the yea rs from 1933 to t oda y? H ow muchmor e worker s b lood mus t be shed bef or e we l ea r n t h is l es son ?

D r a n g N a c b O st enH ITLER NOW DOMINATES Con ti nen ta l E ur ope a s n o fig ur eh a s d om in a ted it s in ce Na poleon . Th e wh ol e of C en tr a l E ur opea n d t he B a l ka n s, t he r ich wh ea t field s, t he fu ll h er ds , t he pet ro-l eum and coa l a nd t imber , n ow move w i th in h is or bi t. Wha t n ext ?I t is s till pos sib le t ha t E n gla n d w ill fig ht H it ler , if n ot t omor -row t hen a yea r from now . I t is pos sib le b eca u se E n gla n d ma yfeel t ha t t he t hrea t of a t oo pow erful G er ma ny t o h er im peria l

l in es of commun ica t ion , a l on g wh ich f low t h e b il li on s of t r ibut efrom h er colon ies a nd dom inions, is t oo da nger ous. B ut it isunques t ion a bl y t h e ca s e t h a t Engl a nd does not w an t t o f ight H it -ler ; if &e fight s, she w ish es t o fight in t he E ast , t o keep opent he s til) h a rd ly t a pped field s of exploit a t ion . E xcept t o r emov ea t hrea t, G rea t B rit a in h as n ot hin g t o ga in from w a r w it h G er-m an y, ever yt hin g t o lose. C ha mberla in kn ow s t he cost s; heunderst ands t he m ea nin g of t he ferm ent in P a lest in e, I ndia ,Afr ica , a ,ld h ow t ha t fermen t w ou ld r is e a t t he ou tbr ea k of w a r,h e k now s t he s len der t ies h old in g t he d om in ion s t o t he mot hercou nt ry ; a n d h e d ou bt les s a ls o kn ow s h ow t he mood of t he E n g-lis h w or ker s w ou ld ch a ng e a ft er s ix mon th s of mod er n w a r.B u t t he pos it ion of G erma n fin a nce-ca pit a lism is s till in tol-er a ble; it n eed s s till mor e s ou rces of r a w ma ter ia l, m a rket s formanuf a ct u red good s a nd ca pi ta l ou t let s t h a n Cen t ra l Eu rope ca npr ovid e. C hamber la in s logica l con clus ion , t her efor e, if h e

decides h e ca n r is k n ot figh tin g, is t o gr an t H it ler a fr ee h an d t othe Ea s t , r e -a r r anging Wes t ern Europe under t hec lamp of a FourPower agreement .Mos t om in ou sly of a ll; t hen , is t he liq uid a tion of C zech os lo-v a kia a t er rib le s ympt om of t he t hr ea t t o t he S oviet U n ion . Th epa r ti t ion ing of t he Sov ie t Un ion : t he one per spect ive wh ich a loneca n ma ke t he collect iv e mou th of ever y s ect ion of in ter na t ion a limper ia l ism wa t e r . Al ready the f ir st s t eps a re t aken : t he mee t ingbetween Ch amber la i n a nd H it ler a t B e rch t es ga den i s i ts el f sucha s t ep; and the l iqu ida t ion of Czechos lovaki a au t oma t i ca l ly t ea rst o p ieces t he Fr anco-Sov ie t P a c t .Th e policy of t he K rem lin , ba sed upon t he d reams of a gr ee-men t w it h t he d emocr a tic pow er s, is s ha t ter ed in to a t hou sa n dfra gment s. The Lea gue? A joke, for ch ildren t o la ugh a t,

h a rd ly en ou gh a liv e t o b en ef it ev en t he Genev a h ot el-keeper s.The key st on e of t h e en t ir e K r em li n poli cythe F r a nco-Sov ietP a ct , for t h e s a ke of wh ich S t a li n s t opped t h e F r en ch r evolut ion ,sabot a ged Spa in , and handed Czechos lovaki a t o Hi t le r: d is solvedby a t h ree hou r conver sa t i on i n t h e B a v a r ia n Alps .

How gr imly the cold and remorseless Chamber la in undert he is ola t ion of t he K rem lin : S t a lin h a d t o lea r n of t he B er cgaden agreement f rom the news services .TheRoadAheadDESPAIR I S AN EMOTION a li en t o r evolu tion a ry s ociaD efea t s, t oo, mus t b e u tilized . F rom t he a n a ly sis of d efea tw or kin g cla ss lea r ns t he r oa d t o victory. Since our road aleads from the gulf and can bring freedom, human decencypeace, we remain confident that mankind will follow it.The liquidation of Czechoslovakia can be the beginningnew era for the working class, as it is the end of the Versaera for the imperialists. It can be such a beginning ifworkers, smnming up in their own minds the lessons of the twyears, turn their eyes finally and resolutely from the will-owisp of democratic capitalism, if they throw from their backthose who lead them bound into the camp of the class enand if, independently and with their own aims and theirleaders they close class ranks in their irresistible and woverpowering strength. Against the united forces of the wornothing on earth can stand. Hitlers vast pedestal will crumlike sand; and Chamberlain will remain only as a bad memto trouble the nightmares of old men.It is true that such a perspective, the perspective of the soist revolution, seems utopian and unrealistic to the P

tines, and to many honest workers (whose ideas have unfonately been derived from those same philistines) as well. Ysolution, it is objected, may be very splendid, and very satitory to achieve, but no one is listening to you. The united fthe class struggle, the united socialist states of Europe, the inational revolution, all such slogans will have to be put auntil some dim and rosy future. Now there is an emergencwe will have to take some necessary temporary measuresget out of the emergency-drop the class struggle for thebeing in favor of the democratic front, support BenesChamberlain and Daladier and Roosevelt for just a few yfigh~ a short, noble war for England and France, so that Hcan be put out of the way . . . and then, maybe, later on wecome back to the subject of socialism.We are not, alas, impressed. We have watched a quarter

centurys experiments in these temporary measures, this realand practical kind of politics, and we observe where it hasus: Hitler, unemployment, and the new war on the immedhorizon. Our idea of the meaning of the program of the revtion is just the opposite of that of the philistines. Our unstanding is that the great slogans and the mighty strategy ofrevolution is designed, not for verbal admiration and pracsuspension in every historical emergency, but preciselyabove all for application and action in emergency and crisis.state that the only way in which to defeat Hitler and Hitleris through the united front of all workers, through the cstruggle for socialism and against the governments of all ctalist nations, with the concrete perspective summed up inconception of the united socialist states of Europe and the wsocialist revolution, this is not to shout empty abstractions,to pose the only practkal, t h e on ly a ct u a ll y r ea l is t ic pla n .I n t he n ew w ar crisis, a s in 1914, t he choice is very st r

l im it ed . You a r e for t h ew a rth a t i%you suppor t on e or a noof t he imperia list ca mps, or y ou a re a ga in st it , a ga inst it inen tir et y. C a n t her e, i n t he la st a n a ly sis , b e a n y d ou bt w h er ef ut ur e l ies ? Does t h e pa t h t o socia l ism l ea d t h rough t h e supof im per ia lism or in t he s tr uggle a ga in st it ? Th e q ues tion is imple a n d clea r -cu t a s t ha t .As for us, w e h ave ch osen our s id e, a nd w e w ill n ot ch a ng

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October1938 THE NEW INTER NAfl ONA L Page2A GreatAchievementwHEN THESE L INES APPEAR in t h e p res s, t h e C onfer en ceof t h e F ou rt h I nt er na t ion a l w ill pr oba bly h a ve con clu dedit s la b or s. The ca l li ng of t h is Con fer en ce i s a ma jor a ch ievemen t .The i rr econci la b le r evolu t ion a r y t endency , s ub ject ed t o suchper secu t ion s a s no ot her poli ti ca l t endency i n wor ld h is t or y h a sin a ll likelih ood suffer ed, h a s a ga in given pr oof of it s pow er .S u rmoun ti ng a l l ob st a cles , it h a s under t h e b l ow s of it s a lmi gh t yenem ies convened i ts I n t ern a t ion a l Con fer en ce. Th is fa ct con -s ti tu t es un impea ch ab le ev id ence of t h e profound v ia b il it y a ndunwaver ing perseverance of the in terna t i ona l Bo lshev ik-Len in-is t s. The ver y pos sib il it y of a s ucces sfu l Con fer en ce wa s fir st ofa l l a s su red b y t h e spir it of r evolu t ion a r y in t ern a t ion a lismw h ichim bues a ll our sect ions. As a m at ter of fa ct , it is n ecessa ry t op la ce ex t remely g rea t va lue upon the in terna t i ona l t i es of the pro-let a r ia n v a ng ua r d in or der t o g a th er t oget h er t h e in t er na t ion a lr evolut iona ry st aff a t t he pr esent t ime w hen E ur ope a nd t heen t ir e wor ld l iv e i n t h e expect a t ion of t h e approa ch in g wa r . Thefumes of na t i ona l ha t red s and raci a l persecu t ions compose todaypolit ica l a tmos ph er e o f ou r pla n et . F a scism a n d r a cism a r e

r ely t he most ext rem e expr essions of t he ba cch ana lia ofh a uvin ism w h ich seeks t o over com e or st ifle t he in toler a blela ss con tr a dict ion s. Th e r esu rgen ce of s ocia l pa t riot ism ina n ce a n d ot h er cou nt r ies , or , r a t her , it s n ew open a n d s hame-s s man if es t a t ion per t a in s t o t h e s ame ca t eg or y a s F a s cism, butt h a n a d a pt a t ion t o d emocr a t ic id eolog y or it s v es tig es .Al so per t a in in g t o t h e s ameci rcle of even t s i s t h e open fos t er -of nationalism in t h eU . S .S .R .: a t meet in gs , i n t h e p ress , a n dn t h e s ch ools . I t is n ot a t a l l a q ues tion of t h e s o-ca lled s ocia l-t pa t r iot i sm, i .e ., d ef ense of the conques t s of the October revo-u t ion a g a in st imper ia l ism. No, it i s a q ues t ion of r es t or in g pr e-

m in en ce t o t h e pa t r iot ic t r a dit ion s of old Rus sia . And h er e t h ei s l ik ew i se one of cr ea t i ng sup ra . soci a l, s upr a -cl a ss v a lu esa s t h er eb y more succes sf ully t o d is cipl in e t h e t oi ler s a nd sub -

ect t h em to t h e g reed y bureau cr a t ic v erm in . The of fici a l i deol -gy of t he present K rem lin a ppea ls t o t he exploit s of P rincelexa nder Nevsky, t o t he heroism of t he a rmy of S uvorov-mn ik sky or Ku tu zov -Smol en sky, wh il e it s hu t s i t s ey es t o t h ea ct t h a t t h is h er oism w a s b a sed on t h e e n sla v emen t a n d d ar k-s s of t h e p opu la r m a ss es , a n d t h a t for t h is v er y r ea s on t h e olds sia n m-my w a s v ict or iou s on ly in s tr ugg les a g a in st t h e s tillr e ba ckwa r d As ia t ic peoples , or t h e w ea k a n d d is in t eg ra t in gs on t heWes t ern border . On the ot h er h and, i n con fli ct s w i t han ced count r ies of Eu rope t he v a lia n t C z a ris t s ol di er y a lw a y soved bankrupt . Obv ious ly , the exper i ence of the l a s t imper i a l-t w ar ha s a lrea dy been buried in t he Kremlin , just a s it ha sr got t en t h e n ot u nimpor t a nt fa ct t h at t h e Oct ober r ev olu tionew d ir ect ly f rom def ea t i sm . Wha t d o Therm id or ia n and Bona -a r t is t s ca r e a bou t a l l t h is ? They r equ ir e n a t ion a lis t ic f et is hes .lexa n der N evs ky mus t come t o t h e a id of N ik ola i Yez hov .Th e t h eor y of s ocia lism in on e cou nt r y, w h ich liq uid a t ed t h er ogr am of t h e in t er na t ion a l r ev olu tion a ry s tr ug gle of t h e pr o-t a ria t , could n ot fa il t o t ermin a te in a w a ve of n a tion a lism ine U .S .S .R. a n d cou ld n ot bu t en gen der a r espon sive w a ve ofs ame n a t ur e in t h e communis t pa r ties of ot h er cou nt r ies .n ly t w o-t h ree y ea r s a g o it w a s m a in t a in ed t h a t t h e s ect ion s ofC om in t er n w er e ob lig ed t o su ppor t t h eir g ov er nmen t s on lyt h e s o-ca lled d emocr a tic s ta t es t ha t w er e pr epa r ed t o s up-

or t t he U .S .S .R. in t he st ruggle a ga in st F a scism . Th e t a sk off end in g t h e worker s s t a t ew a s i nt ended t o s er ve a s a ju st ifi ca -on for socia l pa triot ism . Toda y, B row der , w ho h as been n or e a n d n o les s pr os tit ut ed t h a n ot h er lea d er s of t h e S t a Iin -declares before the senatorial investigating commit tee tha t

in t he event of a w a r between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., hBrowder, and his party will be on the side of their own demcratic fatherland. In all probability this answer was prompteby Stalin. But the case is not altered thereby. Betrayal haslogic of its own. Entering the path of social patriotism, tThird International is now being clearly torn from the handsthe Kremlin clique. Communists have become social-imperialists and they differ from their social democratic allies ~dcompetitors only in this, that their cynicism is greater.TheGreatBetrayalB et ra ya l h a s a logic of it s ow n. Th e Th ir d I nt er na t ion a l fol ow i ng t h e S econd ha s compl et el y per is hed a s an In t ern a t ion

I t is n o lon ger ca pa ble of displa yin g a ny kin d of init ia t ivet he sphere of w orld prolet ar ia n polit ics. I t is, of course, na ccid en t t h a t a ft er 15 y ea r s of pr og res siv e d emor a liz a tion , tC om int er n r evea led it s complet e in ter na l r ot ten ness a t tm omen t of t he a ppr oa ch in g w or ld w a r, i.e., pr ecisely a t a t imwhen the prol et a r ia t is mos t u r gen t ly i n need of it s in t ern a t ionrevolut ionary uni fica t ion .H ist or y h a s piled u p mon st r ou s obs ta cles befor e t h e F ou rI nt er na t ion a l. Mor ibun d t ra dit ion is bein g a im ed a ga in st t hl iv ing revolut ion . F or a cent ury a nd a ha lf, t he ra dia tions ot h e G rea t F r en ch Revol ut ion s h a ve s er ved and a r e s t ill s er vin gt h eh and s of t h e bou rgeoi si e a nd it s pet t y b ou rgeois a g encythS econ d I nt er na t ion a la s a mea n s of s ha t t er in g a n d pa r a ly zinthe revolut i ona ry w i ll of the prolet a r i a t . The Third In terna t i onis n ow exploit in g t o t h e s ame en d t h e in compa r a bly mor e fr esa n d mor e pow er ful t ra dit ion s of t he Oct ober r evolu tion . Thmemory of t h e fir st v ict or iou s upr is in g of t h e prol et a r ia t a g a inbou rgeois d emocr a cy s er ves i n t h e h ands of t h e u su rper s t o s a vbourgeoi s democracy f rom the prolet a r i an upr is ing . Con f ron tew i th t h e approa ch of t h e new imper ia l is t w a r , t h e s ocia l pa t r iotor ga n iz a t ion s h a ve join ed for ces w it h t h e left w in g of t h e boug eois ie u nd er t h e la b el of t h e P eoples F ron t w h ich r epr es enn ot h in g els e bu t a n a t t empt on t he part of t h e bou rg eoi si e, i n idea t h a gon y, on ce a ga in t o subject t he pr olet ar ia t t o it s r uljust a s t he r evolut ion ar y bour geoisie ha d subject ed it a t t hda w n of ca pit alism . Wha t w a s on ce a pr ogr essive h ist or icam a nifes ta t ion n ow a ppea r s befor e u s a s a r ev olt in g r ea ct ion a rfa rce. B ut w hile t he P eoples F ront s a re im pot en t t o cureca pit a lism t h a t is r ot t en t o t h e c or e, w h ile t h ey a r e in ca pa b le oeven check ing t h e m ili ta r y a g gr es sion of F a s cismthe ex ampof Spa i n is fu ll of s ymbol ic mean ing !they never t h el es s p rovs t ill s u5ci en t I y power fu l t o s ow il lu si on s among t he r a nks of t ht oiler s, t o pa r a ly ze a n d sh a tt er t heir w ill t o figh t, a n d t her ebcr ea t e t he gr ea t est difficult ies in t he pa t h of t he F ou rt h I nt erna t iona l .Th e wor kin g cla s s, es pecia lly in Eur ope, is s till in r et rea t , o

a t bes~ in a st a te of expect a ncy . D efea t s a r e st ill t oo fr esh , a nt heir n umber fa r fr om exha ust ed. Th ey h ave a ssum ed t heis ha rpes t form in Spa i n. S u ch a r e condit ion s i n wh ich t h e l ?ou rtIn terna t i ona l i s develop ing . Is it a ny w onder t ha t it s grow thpr oceed s mor e s low ly t h a n w e s hou ld lik e? D ilet t a nt es , ch a rlat a ns, or blockh ea ds in ca pa ble of pr obin g in to t he dia lect ic oh ist oric ebbs a nd flow s h ave mor e t ha n on ce br ought in t heiver dict : Th e id ea s of t h e B ols hev ik -L en in is tsm a y per ha ps bcor rect but t h ey a r e i ncap abl e of bui ld in g a ma ss or gan iz a t ion .As if a ma ss or ga niza tion ca n be built un der a ny a nd a ll con dit ion s! As if a r evolu tion a ry pr ogr am d oes n ot r en der it obligat or y for us to r ema in i n t h em inor it y a nd sw im ag a in st t h e s t ream

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Paga294 THE NEW INTERNATIONAL Octoberin a n epoch of rea ct ion! Tha t revolut ion ist is w ort hless w hous es h is ow n impa t ien ce a s a m ea sur in g r od for t he t empo of a nepoch. Never before ha s t he pa th of t he w orld revolut ion ar ymov emen t b een blocked w it h s uch mon st rou s ob st a cles a s it ist od ay on t he eve of a n ew epoch of gr ea t es t r evolut ion ar y con -vu ls ion s. A cor rect Mar xis t a ppr a is a l of t he s it ua t ion pr ompt st he con clu sion t ha t w e h a ve a ch iev ed in es tim a ble s ucces ses i nrecent years, despi te every th ing .The Rus si a n Lef t Oppos it ion or ig in a t ed 15 yea r s a go. Cor -rect w ork on t he int er na t iona l a ren a does n ot a dd up a s y et even ,t o a complet e decade. The pre-h is t or y of t he Four th In t erna t iona lpr oper ly f a ll s i nt o t h ree s t a ges . I n t h e cou rs e of t h e fir st per iod ,t he Le ft Oppos it i on s till pla ced h opes on t he poss ibilit y ofr eg en er at in g t he C om in ter n, a nd view ed it self a s it s Ma rxistf a ct ion . The revol t ing cap it u la t ion of t he Comin t ern in Germanyt a cit ly a ccept ed b y a l l it s s ect ion s pos ed open ly t he q ues tion oft henecess it y of bui ld ing the Four th In t erna t iona l . However, ou rsma l l or ga n iz a t ion s wh ich g rew t h rough ind iv idua l s el ect ion i nt he pr oces s of t heor et ica l cr it icism pr act ica lly out sid e of t hel abor movemen t i t se lf p roved a s yet unprepa red for independen ta ct i vi t y. The second period i s cha r a ct er iz ed by the e ff or t s t o f inda r ea l polit ica l m ili eu for t hes e is ola t ed pr opa g an dis t g roups ,even if a t t he pr ice of a t empor a ry r en un cia t ion of forma l in de-pendence . En t r y int o t he soci a li st p a rt i es immedia t e ly increa sedou r r a nks , a l th ou gh in r es pect t o q ua n tit y, t he g a in s w er e n ot a sgrea t a s t hey could h ave been . B ut t his ent ry signified a n ex-t r emely impor t an t s t a ge in the pol it i ca l educa t ion of ou r sect ionswh ich t es t ed t h emsel ves a nd t h eir i dea s f or t h e f ir st t ime f a ce t ofa ce w it h t he rea lit ies of t he polit ica l st ruggle a nd it s livin gr equ ir emen t s.As a r esul t of t h e a cqu ir ed expe ri en ce ou r ca d resg rew a h ea d t a ller . A n ot u nimpor ta n t c on qu es t w a s a ls o t he fa ct

The Defense ofTheeyes of the worldare turnedouCzechoslovakia.The issue of waror

peace is poisedat razorsedge for all of humanityin the strugglefor theSudeten mountains.The feverish undertonesof pacifist propagandaareanticipatingthe roar of the cannonand their own transverberationntoovertonesof social-patriotichysteria.Under the circumstances,the followingarticle writtenby onr Europeancollaborator,WalterHeld, at the end of Augnst, takes on a particularlystrikingtimeliness. In themidst of an ideologicalcoufusionwithoutprece-dent, the article ably analyzesthe factual backgroundof the threateningcalamity,restates the revolutionaryconclusionsdrawnfrom the Marxistanalysis for present and future action, and settle-saccountswith the mostdangerous breeddangerousbecause well-meaning-of pacifist mind.pojsonersin the currentsituation: the ethicalphilosophicopponentsofso-calledBolshevikamoralism.Ourmagazinewill deal withthe specificAmericancounterpartsof Willi%hlammon another occasion. For the time being, Helds contributionstrikes at it with sufficientforce andwith adequateeffect.-THE EDITORS.

THE CONGRE SS OF THE P .E .N. C LU B S, a n a ssocia tion ofbour geois pa cifist w rit ers, w hich met in P ra gue la st J u lya t t ended t h emaneuver so f t h e C zech a rmy . P r esen t among t h esew r it er s w a s t h e former Aust r ia n Commun is t a n d one-t ime pub-lish er of t he N eue Welt bueh ne* Willi S ch lamm , w ho in h isbook D ie D ikt a tur d er L ueg e (Th e D ict at or sh ip of t he L ie),s et s h imsel f t h e t a sk of r ev er t in g soci a lism f rom t he ma t er ia l is td ia l ect i cs t o Kan t i an e th ics .I n t he N eue Ta gebu ch t of Augus t 6 S ch lamm a tt empt s t og iv e a n a ccou nt in g for t he s olid a riz a tion of t he w rit er s w it h t heC zech a rmy. In doing so he a ffords us a st riking exa mple ofh ow t he et hica l r en ova t ion of s ocia lism looks in pr a ct ice. Tob e s ur e, S ch lamm does h a ve a few pa cifis t-et hica l q ua lm s a t t he*A magazine published nbroed since Hitlers coming to power which was edited in Ger-many for many years m , Die Weltbuehne. by the well known pacifist nnd Nobel Primwinner, Cerl Vou Osniet zky. It bm since become complet ely Sta finized.Trbe liber.1 joumnl pubffsbed in P.rks b~ the well-known German publioht, LwpoldScbwarmchild.

t h a t w e pa r t ed company w i th i ncor r ig ib le s ect a r ia n s, muda nd t rickst ers w ho a re w on t t o join ever y n ew movem en t inbeginning only to do a ll in t heir pow er to compromisepa r a l y se i t .The s t a ges of development of ou r sect ions in va r ious counca n not of cou rs e coin cid e ch ron olog ica lly . N ever th eles scr ea t ion of t h e Amer ica n Socia l is t Worker s P a r t y ca n be rn ized a s t he t ermin at ion of t he secon d per iod. H en cefor thF our th I nt er na tion al st ands fa ce t o fa ce w it h t he t asks ofma ss movement . Th e progra m of t he t ra nsit iona l periodr ef lect ion of t h is impor t a nt t ur n. I t s s igni fi ca n ce l ies i n t h isinst ea d of pr oviding a n a prwri t heor et ica l pla n, it dr awb a la n ce of t he a lr ea d y a ccumu la t ed exper ien ce of ou r n a tsect ion s a nd on t he ba sis of t his exper ien ce open s u p br ointernat ional perspect ives.Th e a ccept a nce of t his pr og ram , pr epa r ed for a n d a s su re

a len gt hy pr ev iou s d is cu ss ion , or , r a th er , a w h ol e s er ies ofcussions , representsour most cap i t a l conquest . The Four th In a tion al is n ow t he on ly in ter na t ion al or ga niza t ion w hichon ly t akes clea r l y int o a ccoun t t he dr iv ing for ces of t he impeist epoch but is a rmed w it h a syst em of t ra nsit iona l demw hich a re ca pa ble of unit ing t he m asses for a revolut ios t ru gg le f or power . We do n ot n eed a n y s elf-d ecept ion s.d is cr epa n cy b et w een ou r for ces t od a y a n d t he t a sks on t herow is much m ore clea rly perceived by us t ha n by our crB u t t he h a rs h a n d t ra gic d ia lect ic of ou r epoch is w or kin g i nfa vor . B r ou gh t t o t he ext reme pit ch of exa s per a tion a n d inn a t ion t h e ma sses w i ll f in d no ot h er l ea der sh ip t h a n t h a t of ft hem by t he F ou rt h I nt er na t ion a l.August 30,1938 Leon TROTSK

Czechoslovas igh t of t he m a ny t a nks, t he a ircr aft a nd t he ca nn on . Th att o b e expect ed . B u t h e over comes h is q ua lm s r a pid ly a s t heer al, w it h w hos e w is e in tellect ua l ca st of fa ce-w e m ay r eacon cu rnon e of t he a t t en din g w rit er s ca n in a n y w a y compexpla in s t o him t ha t t his a rm y fight s for t he freedom ofa n d n a tion s, for cu lt ur e, b ook s a n d d emocr a cy . Mor eoverw ise gen era l did not a t a ll a sk t he et hica l a nd pa cifist w rt o glorify w ar . Not a t a ll, On t he cont ra ry, h e req uest ed uprocla im t ha t it is honora ble a nd w onder ful t o be a freedecen t human being , who r espect s ot h er f ree human being sfree, huma n culture. And such a req uest ca n na tura llyg ra n ted w it hou t t he s lig ht es t q ua lm s b y a n y h on es t w r it er ,t h a t , p reci se ly , h a s ever been h i s hones t dut y .

FromPacifismto DemocraticImperialismAs w e have already indicated, Schlamm has exchanged mrialist dialectics, which he has made responsible for the de

eration of the Soviet state among ot her t hin gs , for t he et ew is dom of id ea lis t mor a ls . I t is t her efor e a ll t he mor e a s tonin g for u s t o fin d t ha t h e ju st ifies h is con ver sion t o t he w a r aof the C zech a rmy w it h t he follow ing a ssert ion: I t is notm or al t a sks of t he w rit er s t ha t h ave ch an ged , but actuallys t a te of a f fa ir s.Th is formula t ion a lon e w ould t en d t o ca st d oubt s u pon

h on es ty of t his n ew ly con ver ted mor a lis t. Wh a t n eces sitthere for refer r ing to the cha nge in t he st at e of a ffa irs ifm or al t a sks have not been changed? Incidentally, Schlaquotes a French writer who, in an after-dinner speech, remarthat five years ago the members of the P.E.N. Clubs would h

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1938 THE NEW INTE RNAT 10 NAL Page29r own ou t of t he d oor a n yon e wh o wou ld h a ve d ar ed t o pr opos enda n ce a t maneuver s t o t h em , but t h a t t od a y t h ey wer e goingt h e Cz ech a rmy beca u se t h is a rmy pr ot ect s t h ei r book s.In other w ords: on ly five yea rs a go it w as t he mora l t a sk ofe pa cifis t w rit er s t o h at e a nd d espise ever y w a r a nd a ll m an -ver s a s pr epa ra t ion s for w a r. Tod ay it is t heir t a sk t o fr at er -ize w it h t he a rmies of t he pea ce pow ers a nd to a ccept t hefor t he d efen se of pea ce a nd fr eedom . S ch lamm s a ss er -on sh ou ld, in r ea lit y, r ea d a s follow s: Th e mor al t a sks of t het er s h a v e ch a nged beca u se t h e s t a te of a f fa i rs h a s ch a n ged .Aft er a br ief excu rsion in to t he r ea lm of et er na l m or al ver -es , Sch lamm ha s t hus ret urned, w it hout giving h imself a ncou nt of t his fa ct , t o t he d ia lect ic d epen den ce of mor a l t a skson ma ter ia l t hin gs . Th e on ly d iffer en ce is t ha t h e h a s t ra d edt h e con cr et e cr it er ia of t h eh i st or ica l cl a ss s t ru gg le for s ev er a lons l ike peace, f reedom , cu lt ur e, w h ich s er ve t heu rpose of cov er in g up and muf fl in g t h e imper ia l is t r ea l it ies . I ns manner t h e campa i gn er a g a in st t h e dict a t or sh ip of t h e l ieb ecom in g t ra n sformed in t o a s imple in st rumen t of t he impe-st l ie .Now , t hen, w herein lies t his a lleged cha nge in t he st at e offa ir s? C er ta in pow er s h a ve t ur ned a g ain st t he fr eed om a n de life a nd t he pea ce of m a n, d is put in g h is r igh t t o t hes em ostea sur ed of h is poss ess ion s fun dam en ta lly a nd , a s t hey sa y,Th es e ba d pow er s a re opposed by t he pea ce pow er s, pre-mabl y, who def end t h emos t t r ea sur ed of man s pos ses si on s i nmos t a l tr uis t ic f a sh ion . The f li gh t of t h e Sch lammia n spir itr om t he dept hs of t he d ia lect ic in to t he a lt it ud es of t he a bso-

u te h er e pr oduces a n h is tor ic ca nva s of t ruly ch ild -like s im -ici t y, not t o sa y ch ildi sh s imple-mindedness .Wa r a r is es beca u se sudden ly , God knows wher ef rom , cer t a inow er s s pr in g u p wh o w a n t w a r a n d a r e oppos ed by pow er s w h opea ce. When t h e Czech bou rgeoi si e a nd i ts g en er a ls d epicts t or y bef or e t h e w r it er s of t h e P . E .N . C lubs i n t h is t ou ch in gl ymple f a shion , Sch lamrn i s qu it e r igh t in a t t r ibu t ing int e ll igencet h em .Fo r t h ey a r e expl oi ti ng t h e i gnor a n ce a nd t h e con fu si onf t he w rit er s in t he field of s ociolog y t o t heir ow n a dva nt a ge.e t rust t ha t S ch lamm w ill n ot t a ke it a miss if, in t his con nec-on , w e in clin e t o s how less respect for t he in tellig en ce of t het er s who f a ll v ict ims t o t h is decept ion a nd poi son t h ei r publ ich it .Th e C zech bou rg eois ie a s w ell a s t he ot her pea ce pow er s ,ce, Engl a nd , et c., d oes not a t a l l d ef end a b st r a ct ly t h e pea ce

d t he freedom of ma n, but t he pea ce of 1918 w hich ga ve hermin ion over n ine mi ll ion S lovaks , Germans ,Ru then ians ,Hun-ia n s a n d P oles a n d t he fr eed om t o oppr es s a n d exploit t hes e

n in e m illion a s w ell a s t he prolet ar ia t of it s ow n na t ion. Th es am e h old s t rue for t he pea ce a nd t he fr eed om w hich E ngla nda nd F r a nce, t h e a l li es of C zechos lov a ki a , d efend.I n B rit ish S out h Africa , t o n ame but on e exa mple, a t ype ofr a cia l leg is la t ion pr ev ails w h ich out st rips by fa r in s hameles s-n es s t ha t of t he Th ir d R eich it self. Th e n a tive a g ricu lt ur a l la b -

orer t here ea rns a ll of, H ea ven sa ve t he ma rk !-six poundss t er li ng per y ea r , of wh ich one pound mus t be deduct ed a s t a xes .F or t hese five poun ds h e h as t o w or k s ixt y h ou rs a w eek a nd ina dd it ion , pla ce t he la bor pow er of h is w ife a nd ch ildr en a t t hed isposa l of h is bos s a t h ar vest t im e. (C f. Manchester Guardian,Augu st 8: Th e Colou r B a r in S ou th Afr ica b y S ir J o hn D a vis .)Th is i s ex a ct ly wh a t f reedom , l if e a nd pea ce, t h ose mos t t r ea s -

u red of man s pos ses sion s, l ook l ik e i n t h e doma in of t h e pea cepow ers a nd it is precisely t his kind of a pea ce a nd no othertha t the so-ca l led peace powers defend.L et u s a s sume for a momen t t ha t G erma n y c ame ou t t he vict orin t he la s t w a r a n d a n nexed B elg ium, t he B a lt ic pr ovkces , va l-

u a bl e pa r ts of Afr ica , et c. C a n t her e b e a n y d oubt t ha t , in such

a ca se, G erma ny w ould t od ay belon g t o t he pea ce pow er s a nF ra n ce, on t he ot her h a nd , t o t he wa r pow er s ?The StatusQuoas LesserEvilG ra nt ed tha t t he present st a te of E urope a nd t he w or ld

b ad , S ch hu nm ma y r eply , b or row in g a n a r gumen t fr om t he Geer a l S ecr et a r y of t h e I n ter n a t ion a l o f L ies , but pea ce on t h e ba sof t he st uWs q u o is s till t he less er evil in compa ris on w it h w aTher ef or e t h e pea ce power s a r e f ul fi ll in g a pr og res siv e t a sk a nit is our dut y t o st ep over t o t heir side.Th is t ype of a r gumen ta t ion on ly over looks on e lit t le t riflt ha t it is in ten ded t o m ake pa la ta ble for us, not peace on tba sis of t he st at us q uo but w ar for it s defense. H ere w e see tt rue funct ion of t he pa cifist s. F or t wo deca des t hey h ave dlu ded h uma nit y a b ou t t he d a ng er of t he n ew w a r , t ellin g u s t h

a la st ing pea ce w as possible on t he ba sis of t he st a tus q uomea n s of s tr ug gle for d is a rm amen t, L ea g ue of N a tion s, collet ive pa ct s, a rbit ra tion court s, et c., only t o ca ll for a w ar fr et en tion of t he s ta t us q u o wh en it h a s f in a lly b ecome clea r t ha ll t ha t w as merely bluff a nd sa nd throw n in the eyes of tm asses. Wit hout t he a mica ble a id of t he pa cifist s it w ouldq uit e impos sib le for t he imper ia lis ts t o pr epa r e a n d t o con duthei r wa r s .The s t ruggI e for t he ret ent ion of t he p resen t , r ea c t iona ry s t aquo is just a s unworthy of the blood of a single ma n a s tst ruggle for t he redivision of t he w orld, q uit e a side from t

fa ct t ha t a ft er t he outbrea k of t he w ar no one a nyw here wthink of reest a blishing the st a tus quo a nd tha t t he peapowers a s w ell a s t he w ar pow ers w ill set t hemselves nimper ia l ist t a sks .Th e imper ia lis t s ta t us q uo mea n s n ot hin g els e for t he ma st ha n ever n ew a nd d eeper cr is es, gr ea t er pover ty a nd gr eadespa i r . S ince the oppor tun is t degener a t ion and gener a l p a ras is of t he la bor m ovem en t s ta nd s i n t he w a y of a r evolu tion ach a ng e of a ffa ir s, t he ma ss es a r e, in t he la s t a n a ly sis , mor e ppa red t o a ccept F ascism a nd w ar w it h t he prospect of cha nt ha n t h e s ta t us q u o. lh t his m a nn er , t h e pa cifis t d efen der s ofst at us q uo once m ore serve w ar a s w ell a s Fa scism a nd in tmanner i t becomes clea r why the Sudet en German masses declw i th t h a nk s t h e mos t t r ea sur ed pos ses sion s of man of fer ed t hby B en es a nd w hy t hey pr efer t he F ascist en d w it h h or ror t odem ocr at ic h or ror w it hout en d. Not t he gym t ea ch er H en lbut peopl e of S ch lamrns s t ri pe, t h e C zech socia l d emocr a t s acommuni st s, h a v e b rough t t h e Sudet en Ge rman ma s ses t o t hpresent posit ion.CzechLife, Liberty and HappinessL et u s exam in e mor e clos ely h ow t he mos t t rea s ur ed pos

sions, t he life a nd libert y of ma n, fa re in CzechoslovaS ch lam rn w ill for giv e u s, w e h ope, if w e con su lt s ta t is tics af or t h is pu rpose, f or i n con t ra s t t o t h e mor a lis t s, who int oxi ct hem selv esw i t h ph ra s es a n d for get t he w or ld b en ea t h t hem ,amor a l d ia lect icia n s d er ive ou r s obr iet y fr om t he con cr et einexor ab le f a ct s . The s t a t is t ics of t he League of Na t ions , t h isa n d on ly u sefu l a ch ievemen t of t he lea g ue w it hou t a n d a g athena t ions , se t s t he index f igu re of product ion in Czechos lovaa t 100 for t he fis ca l y ea r 1929. I n 1937 t he bus in es s c ycle w his at pr esen t becom ing t r a ns formed int o a cr is is bef or e ou r veyes rea ched i t s cu lmina t ing point , but t he index f igure rema i3.7 poin ts beh in d t ha t of 1929. Employmen t figu res fa re cs id er a bly w or se; t a kin g 1929 a s eq ua l t o 100, w e on ly g et 901937. I n 1929 t he per cen ta ge of u nemploy ed w a s 2.2, in 19on t he ot her h an d, 8.8. I n 1929 t he in dust ria l r eser ve. a rmamount ed t o 41,630 m em bers; in 1937 t en t imes t ha t mu408,949. I n ot her w ords: t he pea k of t he business cycle1937 r epr esen t s a depr es si on when compa r ed w i th 1929. An

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296 THE NEW INTERNATIONAL October1r is a result of this economic decline on t he one ha nd, it is

n ly a n a cceler a tion of it on t he ot her . L ik e ca pit a lis t econ omya w hole, it s C zech os lova k s ect or is m ovin g a t a fur ious pa cew a rd t he pr ecipice. Who ca n s till b e am a zed wh en t he ma ss esmpl y deser t t h ep rophet s who ca n pr opose not h in g on t h e ba si sf t hesedynamics other t h an the ret ent ion of s t a t usquo? Czecho-ova k ia h a s a s lit t le t o offer t he b roa d ma ss es in oppor tu nit iesor life a n d for a fu tu re a s a n y on e of t he ot her h ig hly d evelopedta list countries. I ts d efen se d oes n ot a d va n ce h uma nit y b yne s ing le s t ep.Th at s h ow t hin gs st a nd w it h life. An d h ow a bou t fr eed om ?e ca n ea s ily r efr a in fr om r eca llin g t o t he m in d of t he hon es tn e-t im e Communis t S ch lamm such b a na lit ies a s t his : t ha t t hereedom of t he overwhelming ma jor it y in t h is pea ceful democ-cy con sist s of bein g fr ee t o s ell t heir la bor pow er t o t he ca pi-list s or t o st a rve; fur th ermor e, t ha t t his fr eedom , a s w e h a vehow n a bove, is being confined more a nd more t o t he la tt erer na t iv e; mor eov er , t h a t t h is s ame overwhelming ma jor it y isompletely f ree, t h a t i s, ex cl uded fr om fr ee human cu lt ur e ,m ed uca t ion in t he h igh er in st it ut ion s of lea r nin g a nd t hever s it i es , fr om the possess ion of books and works of a r t , f romnda n ce a t t he t hea t er s, fr om pa r ticipa t ion i n t he s cien tificfe, et c. We ca n even a bst ain from ment ioning the fa ct t ha t

ourgeois freedom of t he press is a lie, since it is free fory cap it a l is t s and penur ious worker s in equa l mea su re .Wet t o m eet S chla mm h alfw a y for t he n once a nd a ccept his,

i s, t h e a b st r a ct , bou rgeoi s, menda ci ou s con cept ion of f ree-om. And w e a sk S chla mm, t he honest a ut hor : h ow do ma t-r s s ta n d in y ou r pea ce lovin g cou nt ry w it h t he h ig hes t pr in -ple of t he liber al d em ocr acy , t he r igh t of fr eed om of expr es-on , or al a s w ell a s w rit ten ? You h a ve publish ed a per iod ica lt ha t count ry your self. You t herefore kn ow t ha t t her e is an sor sh ip in t ha t dem ocr acy ; t ha t pa per s w hich r efus e t obmit t o it a r e s us pen ded a n d con fis ca t ed ; t ha t a ll cr it icism ofs es i n t h is r epubl ic a r e mos t r ig or ou sl y suppr es sed ; t h a t t h isn sor sh ip is exer cis ed n ot on ly in t he a bs tr a ct in ter es ts of t hea t e, bu t i n t h e d ir ect a n d und is gu is ed i nt er es t s of t h e mun it ionn a tes , t he s hoe kin gs a n d t he la n ded g en tr y of t he coun tr y.I nsofa r a s t he G erma n em ig r6 pr ess is con cer ned , lit tle bye i t w a s complet el y d ri ven ou t of C z echos lov a ki a . I t r et a in sm ar ket t her e on ly a t t he pr ice of t he t ot a l a bst en tion fr omt ici sm of l oca l condit ion s. Th a t , b y t h e w a y , mus t h a ve ca u sedh lamm t o feel a ll t he mor e s ecu re fr om con tr a dict ion . B u t t her ikin g a n d a cu te s ig nifica n ce of t he pr oblem s h a s for ced u s t oop ou r r eser ve. The Czech gover nmen t w i ll pr ob a bl y r ea ct b yh ib it in g t he leg a l cir cu la t ion of ou r pa per * on it s t er rit or y,r eby p rov ing anew i t s det e rmina t ion t o defend democr a cy andmos t s a cr ed pos ses si on s of mankind . E v en t h e con ser va t iv er ea ct ion a r y P a r i s Temps affirms in a s ur vey of t he fr eedomthep res s i n v a ri ou s Eu ropea n count r ies : Tbus we on ce a g a inr pr is e C zechos lov a ki a ~ a l fw a y between democr a t ic li ber t iest ot a l it a r i an compu ls ion . (Le Temps, Augu st 16, 1938).Temps ca n man if es t ly a f for d i ts el f t h e enunci a t ion of such

t hs a ll t he mor e libera lly, since t he honest w rit ers a ndt h ica l r en ewer s a r e t a k in g ov er t h e bus in es s of d ecei vi ng a ndt ray ing publ ic opiu ion . fhis art icle wan originall y writt en for the German emigr6 organ, Unser Wort.n respect to the other democmtio rights of the worker,, e.g. the right of organization,ight he mentioned that the Czech shoe king. Bata, long ago erected a Fascist etatein the state. In Betas city, ZJin, the free trade unions an well as the Socialist andmunist publicat ions and organizations are stri ct ly proscribed. Instead, Z lin ha8 i ts ownpany unions, company papers and a company Jaw in the bent Fawiet fashion. Accord.to Schlamm, the Czech army educates the people for aid to the weak, for a tochingct for tenderness and he lplessness. (Apparently there is only a small c.tep fromcn to lyrics.) Quemion: what has the Czechodovak republic done for the protection of8 vict ima , recruited from among the most illit era te and oppressed l ayere o f Slovakia?named the late Thomas Bata an the o5cia1 boot-outfitter of its peace army. Thed writer Jarodav Hasek, tbe author of that imperishable satire, l%. Adventures ofBrave Soldier Scbwejk in tbe World War, on tbe otber hand, died of hunger in tbech cit y o f Leipnik on January 2, 192S. Just anotber indicat ion bow culture and bookstreasured in tbi s cul tured republ ic . Had there been, among the vmfters of tbe P.E.N.bs, a sing le man o f Scbwejks intellig ence wbo, in his na ively ing-nuous manner, wouldcalled tbe generals attention to the contradiction between bis sweet words md ther realities, we are convinced that the generals face would bave lost its expression ofllectual superiority instantaneously.

Warand TotalitarianDictatorshipI n t he s ph er e of d om est ic policy , w a r w ill a ls o depict a c

t in ua t ion a nd a cer ba t ion of t he pr esen t policy . I f, in t im espea ce, C zechos lov a ki a i s f or ced t o suppr es s ev er y i nconveniopini on in bur ea u cr a t ic pol ice f a sh ion , t h en t h is t enden cy wbe t r emendou sl y sha r pened dur in g t h e w a r a nd cuhn in a t e i nform of a t ot a lit a ria n d ict a tor sh ip of t he g en er a ls . G ra n ted , t he lib er ties of t he w or ker s in C zech os lova kial im it ed , ou r opponen t w i ll per ha ps r et or t , nev er t hel es s t ha re grea ter t ha n in F ascist G erma ny . D oesn t it pa y t . defer el a ti ve f reedom aga in st a n a b solut e con st r a in t of f reedom? A

t he C zech w or ker s t o ca pit ula t e w it hou t a s tr ug gle befor e Fci sm? Doesnt t h a t mean a r epet it ion of Tha elmann s poli cy ?Now then, w e do not by a ny mea ns go so fa r a s to deny t ha t tC zech w or ker s s till h a ve cer ta in lib er ties of w h ich t he Germworkers have been complet e ly depr ived , but these liberties avaluuble jor the Czech workers only insofar as they make theO!sertice to themselves. B ut in t ha t ca se, w ha t a ppea rs t o comon sen se a s t h e on ly rea l poli ti ca l pos sib il it y , t h e def en set he d om est ic s ta t us q uo, becomes a n a b solut e impos si bi liE it her t he C zech w or ker s d efen d w it h d et ermin a tion t heir owin ter es ts a n d r ig ht s a g a in st t he C zech bou rg eoi sie a n d it s g eer als, d em an d t he con fisca t ion of t he w a r pr ofit s a nd w or kecon t rol of pr oduct ion a nd d is t ri bu ti on a nd even t ua l ly pr ocet o t he expr opr ia t ion of t he S kod as, B a t as a nd P et ch ecks a ndt he erect ion of t heir ow n dict at orship over t hem or else t hrenounce complet e ly r ep resent a t ion by means of an independepolicy, submit to the t ot alit ar ia n conduct of t he w ar by tC zech b ou rg eois ie a n d t her eb y la n d u pon a s it ua t ion in dis tg uish a ble fr om t ha t un der F as cism . A m id dle r oa d is en tir eexcluded.BourgeoisResponsibilityfor ImperialisWarWa r a nd it s inst rument s a r e a misfort une, w it h w hich tn a t ion s pa y for t h ei r s t upi dit ies , Willi S ch lamm decla r es a nr aises a s a cr it er ion of h on es ty w het her w rit er s sa y just t ha t

g lor ify w a r a s t he d es tin y of m a nkin d. An h on es t w r it er s houa sk, a bov e ev er yt h in g el se, wher ei n t h is s t upi dit y of t h e n a t iolies a nd how it m ay be overcome. Fr om t he point of view of toppr es sed , w h o r epr es en t t he in ter es ts of m a nkin d a s a w h olt his s tu pid it y ob viou sly lies i n t he fa ct t ha t t hey h a ve notdonaw a y w i th ca pit a lis t s, d is lodged t h e bou rgeoi si e, r a is ed t h e bar ier s of s t a t e, e st a b li shed the un it ed European Soci a li st r epub liI mperia list w a r is undoubt edly a fr ight ful m isfort une fohuman it y . Bu t r espon si bil it y f or t h is m is for t un e i s bor n e by t h

C zech bour geois ie eq ua lly w it h t he G erma n, F ren ch , I ta liaB r it is h, J a p a nese a nd Amer ica n bou rgeoi si e. I n 1918 t h e Czebou rgeoi si e h a d no ot h er ambi ti on but t h a t of d raw ing t h e g reaes t pos si bl e pr of it f rom t h e def ea t of t h e Cen t ra l power s, t h a t iof en rich in g it self a t t he expen se of t he v a nq uis hed n a tion s.s hied n eit her fr om for ce n or fr om d ecept ion in or der t o a t tat h a t a im and appea r ed t o be en t ir el y uncon cer ned r eg a rd in g t hfu t ur e Eu ropea n con fli ct s t h a t such a pol icy wou ld , of n eces si tpr ovoke. A s tr ug gle for t he pr es er va t ion of C zech os lov ak iat her efor e by n o m ea ns a st rug gle for pea ce, On t he cont ra ry ,i s a s t ru gg le for t h e n a t ion a l a n d imper ia l is t d ismembermen t oEu rope upon wh ich imper ia l is t w a r i s condi ti on ed . B ut , w h oev er d oes n ot t a ke t he d efen se of C zech a lov ak ia

t h is t ime i s h elpi ng H i tl er ; Wi ll i S ch lamm w i ll excl a im t oget hw i th t h e S t a li ni st s a nd t h e ot h er r epr esen t a ti ves of t h e pol it icalie. We ha ve a lrea dy sh ow n t ha t it w a s t he policy of t he peoples front , on t he cont ra ry, t ha t it w a s support of t he C zecbourgeoi sie t h a t d rove the na t iona l minor it i es of Czechos lovaks t ra i gh t i nt o t h e a rms of F a s cism. OnI y det ermined r evolut ion

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October1938 THE NEW INTERNATIONAL Paga r y r es is t a nceon t h ep a n of t h e C zech pr olet a r ia t a g a in st i ts ownbou rgeoi si e cou ld h a ve ser ri ed t h e t oi li ng ma sses of t h e n a t ion a lm in or it ies a b ou t t he C zech pr olet a ria t . Wh a t h a s b een t ru e forpea cet ime h old s t ru e a h un dr ed t imes mor e for t he t ime of w a r ,t his con tin ua t ion a n d exa cer ba t ion of t he policy t ha t pr oceed sw a r . Whoever i den t if ies h imsel f w i th t h e C zech bou rgeoi si e a ndt he C zech s ta t e fu rt her s, a t t he ot her en d, t he con solid a tion oft he Sud et en Germa n popu la t ion a r ou nd H it ler a n d ma kes pos -s ib le for H i tl er t h e n a t ion a l i nt ox ica t ion of t h e Ge rman worker s,fa cilit a t es in ev er y w a y h is w h ol e g ame.

Tasks of the CzechWorkersB ut w ha t sha ll t he C zech w or ker a nd revolut ionist do con-

cr et ely in v iew of t he H it ler it e offen sive? I s h e t o r efu se s er vicein t he w a r? ~ S ha ll he pr act ice sa bot a ge? N at ur ally n ot . We a renei th er pa ci fis t s n or a n a rch is t s. The r evolut ion is t s of C z echo-s lova k ia a r e a n in fin it es im a l m in or it y, t hey mus t s ubm it t o t hem ajor it y a nd go t o t he fr on t. But they pursue their own policyin irreconcilable oppositwn to the Czech bourgeoisie and itsagencies. They s a y t o t he ma ss es t h a t t he w a r is a t er rib le ca lam -it y, for w h ich t he C zech bou rg eois ie is a s g uilt y a s t he Germa n .Th ey s how t he m as ses t ha t t her e a re h ea ps of w a r pr ofit eer s inC zech oslova kia a s w ell a s in G erma ny w ho gr ow r ich u pon t hismass murder . They procla im everywheretheir opposi t ion aga instt he w a r a im s of t he C zech bou rg eois ie. Th ey d ecla re t heir op-pos it ion t o t h edomina t ion a nd t h e pr iv il eg es of t h e gener a ls a ndoff icer s i n t h e C z ech a rmy and a g it a t e f or t h e el ect ion of sol di er scommit tees.They march towards the erect ion of the Czech Socia l-ist republic a s a st ep t o t he erect ion of a S ocia list E ur ope a ndt hey ca ll upon t he sold ier s on t he ot her s id e of t he t ren ch es t om a ke common ca use w it h t hem , t o d rive out t heir K rupps a ndThyssens a nd their pra et or ia ns H it ler , G oering a nd G oeb-b els , t o es ta blis h a S ocia lis t G erma n y a n d t o a id in t he cr ea t ionof a u nit ed S ocia list E ur ope. I n t his ma nn er t hey w ill defea tH it ler w it h h is ow n soldiers, for only so ca n he be defea tedpr ogr ess ively . B y con duct in g t hem selves in t his fa sh ion , t he

C zech r evolut ion is ts w ill h elp t he n a tion s t o s urmoun t tst upidit ies a nd t o crea te a system from w hich w ars w illappea r a long w i t h s tup id it y . Whoever never t helesss ides w i t hpea ce powers a nd endorses t he w ar for t he defense ofE uropea n st a tus quo is himself a sea t of conta gion forst upidit y of t he na t ions w hich, if it does not produce wneverthelessm akes them possible.Wi ll i Schhunm s ta r ted ou t t o fig ht a g a in st t he S t a lin is t t a t or sh ip of t h e l ie . Un for t un a t el y, h e d id not con fi ne h fit o t his t ask, but m a de B ols hevism a nd even Ma rxism it sel

spon si bl e for t h e S t a li ni st r eg ime of hor ror s. Wi th ou t i dea let h ics , h e con t ended , s oci a li sm wa s los t . And now i t a ppea r sour r en ova t or h as sim ply t ra ded in socia lism for im per i et h ics . Cu ri ou sl y enough , h e h a s la n ded , i n t h e pr oces s, w it he clos es t pr oxim it y of t ha t d ict a tor sh ip of t he lie t he sg le a g a in st w h ich h a d b een h is poin t of d epa r tu re.S t a lin a n d h is ilk t od a y d efen d t he C zech r epu blic a n d t heof t he pea ce pow er s w it h exa ct ly t he s ame a r gumen ts a s tet h ica l opponen t Wi ll i S ch lamm, a nd i t i s pr ecis el y i n t h e ies t s of t h is l ie t h a t t h e a t r ocit y t r ia l s a r e s ta g ed .The nob le Ch um an is ts of t he t ype of B en es a nd Ma sa ry k un der st a nd tin t er connect ion s bet t er t h a n t h eir a dep~ Wi ll i S ch lamm.

w hile t hey point ed a n a ccusing finger a t L en in a nd Trob eca u se of t heir a lleg ed cr uelt y a n d amor a lit y a n d t hem sor ga nized a m ilit a ry campa ign a ga in st r evolu tion ar y Ruthey havekept ent i re ly qu ie t abou t t he Moscow t r ia l s and ob lt h e of ici a l a n d of fi ci ou s pr es s of C ze chos lov a ki a t o do l ik ewt ha t is , in fa ct , t o t a ke t he t ria ls a s good coin . Th e ba n al a pism: On e h a nd w a sh es t he ot her a ppea r s t o r et a in it s va lev en in t he s ph er e of id ea lis tic et hics . B en es , D a la d ier , S tRoos evelt , t he S econ d a nd t he Th ir d I nt er na t ion als a nd tcamp-follow er s of S ch lamms s tr ipe a r e h on or ed t o s pot he et hica l s win dle of t he d efen se of C zech democr acy . Wehonored to reject th is sw indle w it h t ha nks a nd to prefer ema in t r ue t o ou r i rr econ cil a bl e oppos it ion t o i dea l is t ic etAugmt 23, 1938 Wal ter HEL

Fascismand Big BusinessThefollowingarticleis anexcerptfromDanielGu6rinsbookonFascism,the English translationof which is soon to be released by Pioneer Pub-lishers. It is a studyof the rootsanddestinyof Fascism,at once so factualand so thoroughlyMarxistin its approacb,that no apologyfor giving itthe widest possiblepublicityis necessary. EDITORS.APARTI CULARLY DANGEROUS I LLU S ION con sis ts inr eg a rd in g fa scism, d es pit e t he h or ror it in spir es , a s a pro-gressive pol it ica l phenomenonas a passing a nd even necessary,t h ough pa i nf ul , s t a ge. R a sh pr ophet s h a ve a nnounced t en t imes ,a h un dr ed t imes , t he immin en t a n d in evi ta bl e cr umblin g of t hefa scist dict at or sh ip in I ta ly or G erma ny un der t he blow s of t hev ict or iou s r evolut ion . They h a ve a s ser t ed t h a t f a sci sm , by d riv -in g cla s s a n ta g on isms t o t heir h ig hes t d eg ree of t en sion , is h a s-t en in g t he h ou r of t he pr olet a ria n r evolu tion , ev en g oin g s o fa ra s t o con ten d t ha t t he pr olet a ria t cou ld con q uer pow er on ly b ypa s sin g t hr ou gh t he h ell of t he fa scis t d ict a tor sh ip. Tod a y it isn o lon ger pos sib le t o keep u p such illu sion s. E ven ts h a ve d em-on st ra ted w it h t ra gic clea rn es s t ha t t he m omen t t he w or kin gcla ss a llow s t he fa scist w a ve t o sw eep over it , a lon g per iod ofsla very a nd impot ence begins-a long per iod during w hichsocia l is t , e ven democr a t ic, i dea s a r e not mer el y er a sed f rom t heped imen t s of publ ic monumen t s a nd l ib ra r ies but , wh a t i s muchmor e s er ious, a re rooted oti oj ?umum minds. Even t s h a vep roved tha t f a sci sm phys ica l ly des t roys every t h ing oppos ing i t s

d ict a tor sh ip, n o ma tt er h ow m ild ly , a n d t ha t it cr ea t es a va ca r ou nd it self a n d l ea ves a va cu um beh in d it .This ext raordinary power to surmveb y a n nih il at in g ev

th ing except i t sel f, t o hold ou t a ga in st every t h ing and everybt o h old out for y ea rs in s pit e of in ter na l con tr ad ict ion s a nspite of t he misery a nd discont ent of the ma ssesw habeh ind i t ? * * *Excessive CentralizationThe s tr en gt h of t he d ict a tor sh ip r es ts fir st of a l l in it s ex

sive cen tr aliza t ion. S uch a r egim e ca nn ot by it s very n aen du re t he s lig ht es t t ra ce of fed er a lism or a u ton omy. L ik eConvent ion , l ike Napoleon , i t must seek complete cent ra l ismlogica l con seq uen ce of it s sy st em a nd t he n eces sa ry m ea ninsur e it s permanen ce. Mus sol in i a n d H i tl er s t ren gt h en t outmost t he a ut hor it y of t he cen tr al gover nm en t a nd suppev en t he fa in tes t t ra ce of in divid ua lism. I n I t aly t he pow ert h e pr ov in cia l g ov er nor s h a v e been con si der a bl y i ncr ea s edmus t b e clea r , a communica t ion fr om t he Duce in forms t ht ha t a ut horit y ca nnot be divided. . . . Aut hor it y is singleun ified . I f it w er e n ot , w e s hould fa ll ba ck in to a d isor ga ns ta t e. I n Germa n y t he s ev en t een st a tes , w h os e r ig ht s t o town governmen t sand pa r li amen t s were p rese rved by the Wei

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Page298 THE NEW IN TERN ATi Ohl AL October19%et it ut ion , h a ve been g ra d ua lly s uppr es sed a n d t r a nsformedh t o mere prov in ces of t h e.Reich , d ir ect ly a dminis t er ed b y r ep-r es en t a t iv es of t h e cen t ra l g ovemmen~ t he Sta.t&Zter. Extollingh is cen t r a liz in g work, H i tler b oa s t s of h a v in g gi ven t h e peopl et h eCons t it u t ion t h a t w i ll make them strong.Ma rx in h is t im e w a s a ble t o r ejoice beca use t he execut ivepower , wh i le becoming ever more concen t r a t ed , s imu lt aneous lyconcen t r a t ed ag a ina t i t s el f a l l t he f orces of des t ruct i on . And cer-t a i n of ou r con t empor a r ies , w i th a s omewha t t oo s imple concep-t ion of t h e d ia lect ic, im a gin e t ha t by cen t ra liz in g t o t h e umos t,f a s ci sm i s work ing au toma t i ca l ly f or the Revolut i on . They wouldbe cor rect if fa scism did n ot , a t t he s am e t im e a s it cen tr aliz es,destroy in the most radical fashwn the forces oj destructwnthemselves.F a scism, in fa ct , h a s br ou gh t t o t h e h ig hes t d eg ree of per fec-t ion t h e met h od s of police r epr es sion u sed in mod em s ta t es . I th a s mad e t he poli ti ca l poli ce a t r ul y s cien t ifi c or gan iz a t ion . TheI ta l i an Ovra, t h e Ge rman Ge st upo-r ea l st a t es w i t hi n t h e s t a te,w it h r amifica t ion s in a ll cla sses of societ y a nd even in ever ydwel li ng house, w i th enormous f inanci a l and ma te r ia l resources ,a n d w it h lim it less pow er s-a re in a posit ion lit er a lly t o a n nih i-la t e a t bir th ever y a t tempt a t opposit ion w her ever it a ppea r s.They ca n a rrest a t a ny t ime, put a wa y on a remot e isla nd orin a con cen t ra t ion camp, ev en execu te w it h ou t a s embla n ce of at ria l, a n yon e t hey w ish . C on seq uen tly it is poss ible t o s ay t ha tsuch a regime is a smooth block oj granite wh-ereno hand canfind a hold. Gen t iz on is n ot fa r fr om t h e t ru th , u nfor t un a t ely ,w h en h e sa ys of I ta ly: Oppos i t ion has comple tely d isappeared .. . . Wit h t h e s ys tem of t h e t ot a lit a r ia n st a t e, n o h os tile pr opa -g anda is pos si ble. An d G oebbels t oo w hen h e a sser ts: Th eenemies of t he regime a re complet ely put dow n; t here is nol onger i n t h ewho le count r y an y oppos it ion wor t hy of t h e n ame.

Disper$alof the *Wo;kin~ClassAdded t o t hes em et hods of police r epr ession is t he st a te of

forced d isun it y , d ispe rs ion and helples snes s in wh ich f a sci smkeeps t h e working cl a ss . Cer t a in ly i n nei th er I t a ly nor Ge rmanyca n t he r egim e boa st of h a vin g a ll t he pr olet a ria t w it h it ; q uit et h e con tr a ry . Mus solin i h im self is for ced t o con fes s: I ca n notsa y t ha t I h a ve [w it h m e] a ll t he w or ker s. . . . Th ey a r e p er pet ua lmalcontents. I n G erma n y, t h e elect ion s t o t h e fa ct or y con fi-den tia l cou ncils h a ve t w ice (Apr il, 1934, a n d Apr il, 1935)con st it ut ed a st in gin g d efea t for t he r egim e. Accor din g t o t hela t er a dm ission of D r. L ey h im seI f, sca r cely 40 per cen t of t heel ect or s vot ed i n 1934. I n 1935 a t lea s t 30 per cen t of t h e e lect or sab s t a ined or voted aga inst . In 1936, 1937, and 1938 the elect i onswe re pos tponed a s a precau t i ona ry measure, a nd in J une, 1938,it w a s decided t ha t t he con fiden tia l m en w ou ld n o lon ger beelect ed bu t a ppoin t ed by t h e h ea d of t h e compa n y.Th is l a t en t d is con t en t , h owever , fi nd s i t a lmos t impos si bl e t oexpres s i ts el f or t o or g aniz e. The working class is a tomized andd is in t eg ra t ed . I t is t r ue t h a t pr ot est mov emen t s h a ve a ppea r edh er e a n d t her e, bu t t hey a r e st ifled immedia t ely . Th ey a r e r e-s tr ict ed t o is ola t ed pla n t s a n d kn own t o few wor ker s ou ts id e t h epla nt s w her e t hey occur ; in ea ch fa ct or y t he w orker s believet h ey a r e a l on e in t h eir r es is ta n ce. N ot only a r e t h e t ies br ok enbetwe en t he worker s i n d if fer en t fa ct or ies , b ut even i ns id e l a rg eenterpr ises contac ts no longer exi st b etwe en t he employ es of t h ev a r iou s d epa r tmen t s, a nd it i s v er y d ifi cu lt t o r e-es t a bl is h t h em .Even when t he embry os of i ll eg a l un ion s a r e f ormed , w i th heroi cef for t s, t h ey a r e a lmos t a lw a y s crushed i n t h e eg g.No dou bt t her e a r e m ilit a nt socia list s a n d commun is ts w h od is tr ibu te illeg a l lea flet s a t t h e per il of t h eir liv es , bu t t h ey a r eon ly a n h er oic a n d con st a n tly d ecim a t ed ph a la n x. Th e wor ker slos e t h eir pa s siv it y on ly wh en a n ev en t abroad r ev ea ls t o t h emt ha t t hey a r e n ot a lon e, t ha t beyondhe f ron t ier s ot h er worker s

a r e s tr ugg lin g. Thus t h e g rea t s tr ikes of J u ne, 1936, in F ra n cin s pit e of t h e ca r e of t h e fa s cis t pr es s t o m in im iz e t h eir impot ance, ha d a profound echo a rhong t he w orkers of I t aly a nGermany .*

q q qFascist EducationAnd w hile fa scism put s it s a dult opponent s in a posit iow her e t h ey ca n do n o h arm, it im poses it s im pr in t on t he y ou na nd sh apes t hem in it s ow n m old. Th e generation of t he ir r

conci lab le s w i ll be e limina tedby na tu ra l l aws , Mussol in i exu ltS oon t he y ou nger g en er a tion w ill com e! Volpe spea ks lusin gly of t h is vir gin ma t er ia l w h ich h a s n ot y et b een t ou ch ed bt h e old id eolog ies . $Our fu tur e is r epr esen ted by t he G ermyou th, : H it ler d cd a res . We w ilI ra ise it in our ow n spirit .t he older gen er a tion ca n not becom e a ccu st om ed t o it , w e wt a ke t heir children fr om t hem. . . . We w a nt t o in culca t e opr in ciples in t he ch ild ren fr om t heir m ost t en der yea rs. AnG oeb bels a s ser t s t ha t a s lon g a s t h e y ou t h a r e beh in d H it ler , tre~mewill be indestructible. At t he a ge of four in G erma ny a na t six in I ta ly , t he ch ild is t a ken fr om h is fam ily , en rolled in tm il it a r iz ed f orma t ion s of fa s cism, a nd sub ject ed t o an i nt en sis t uf fi ngw i t h propa g anda . The d ict a t or ia l s t a t e put s i n h is h ana sin gle n ew spa per , a s in gle t ext book, a n d edu ca t es h im in aincred ib le a tmosphere of exa l t a t ion and f ana t ici sm .Th is t r a in in g a ccomplis hes it s a im . Alt h ou gh t h e r eg imeG erma ny ha s not been in pow er long en ough t o ena ble usformu la t e v a lid con clu sion s, in I t a ly t h e r es ult s a r e t a n gibl

Th e yout h ca n n o 1on ger even con ceive of socia list or commun is t id ea s , G ent iz on w r it es . A mil it a n t worker , F eroci , cofirms t his: A yout h t ha t ha s never rea d a la bor pa per, neva t ten ded a la bor m eet in g, a n d kn ow s n ot hin g of socia lism a ncommunism . . . t ha t is . . . w ha t m a kes for t he r ea l st ren gt hMussolinis regime.Doubt les s t h er e is s ometh in g f a scis t educa t i on cannot s t ifa nd w hich does n ot n eed t o be t aughtt he cla ss in st inct . Namoun t of prop a gand a w i ll ev er pr even t t h e y oung worker fr ofeelin g h e is exploit ed . P iet ro Nen ni, w hile fa r fr om cla im int h a t t h e B l a ck Sh ir t y ou t h h a s a l rea d y succeed ed i n f reei ng it s efr om t h e f a scist gr ip, st a t es t ha t in I t a ly ma n y y ou ng people asocia list s w it hout kn ow in g it a nd w it hout w a nt in g t o be.MagZio,the week ly p aper of t h e fa s ci st uni on is t s of Tu r in , compla ins t ha t a mong t he yout h t here is a cert ain la ck of undes t and ing of f a sci st un ion ism: I t is n a tu ra l t ha t t her e s houb e a few y oung people who, w h ile r ecog niz in g t h a t t h e a b olit ioof a ll for ms of cla ss st ruggle is a n a bsolut e n ecessit y . . . s tb eliev e t h a t la b or s m a t er ia l in t er es ts ca n b e bet t er a s su red bs t rik es and t hemethod s of s t ru gg le u sed up t o y es t er da y i n la bcon flict s . . . . I n G erma n y a s w ell, cou nt les s y ou ng people whbel iev ed l it er a ll y t h a t t h e Th ir d Rei ch wou ld b e their state, a nw h om t he Th ir d R eich h a s con demned t o for ced la bor , a r e bt er ly d is a ppoin t ed . B u t it is ext r emely d ifficu lt for t h e y on t heit h er cou nt r y, in v iew of t h emen t a l t r a in in g t h ey a r e g iv en ,get r id of t he fa lse idea s w it h w hich t hey a r e in doct rin at ed,cla r ify t h eir r evolt , a n d w it h ou t g uid a nce d o for t h em selv es tw or k of a cen tu ry of s ocia lis t a ct ion a n d t h ou gh t . Th e con fu seawaken ing of t h eir cla s s con sciou snes s lea d s s ome of t h em to tleft w in g of fa scism or Na t ion a l S ocia lism ; it does n ot m athem into mil it an t revolut i on is t s.

2.Anot h er illu sion a b ou t t h e d ur a t ion of fa s cism must be d

pelled. C er ta in people t ry t o deduce fr om t he econ omic apolit ica l con tr a dict ion s w hich h a ve developed in t he fa sciqO n A pr il 18. 1937. Rudolf Hew made a violent anti-communist speech at Karloruwhich the Berl in correspondent of Information commented on m follows: Inside Gmnmthis speech tends to put a #top to the discussions whichhave mfmn among the popumasses of the Reich, despite the cenwrc.hip, as a result of the promulgation of the forhow law and new social Iawa hy the Blum cabinet.

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October1938 TH,E NEW JNT ERNATIONAL Pagr egim e t ha t t he da ys of t he dict at orship. a re n~ bered. Thesecon tr a dict ion s d o exis t, a n d w e h a ve a n a ly zed ,t hem . Th ey a r eimpor ta n t en ou gh pos sib ly t o br in g a b ou t pr ofou nd ch a ng es int h e s t ru ct ur eo f t h e r eg ime. Bu t such ch a nge s ca n ,occu r w i th ou$#w dictatorship itseij collapsing.Dissatisfaction of Big BusinessA few supplemen ta r y expla n a tion s a r e n eces sa r y h er e. Th e

f a ct i s unden ia b le t h a t t h e i ndus t ri a li st s who subsi di zed a nd pu tfa scism i n pow er a r e n ot en tir ely s a tis fied w it h t heir ow n cr ea .t ion. I n t he first pla ce t he regim e is t err ibly expensive. Th ema in t en a n ceo f t h e ex ces si ve bur ea u cr a cy of t h e s ta t e, t h e pa r t ya nd t h e numerou s sem i-gov er nmen t a l bod ies cos t s unhea r d -ofsums and a dds t o t h e f in a n ci a l d if ficu lt ies of t h e gov er nmen t . I nt heir memor a ndum of J u n e, 1937, t o H it ler , t he in du st ria lis tsw rot e: I t us ed t o be es tim at ed t ha t t her e w a s on e fun ct ion ar yfor every twe lve per sons in p roduct ive occupa t ions . Today , i f t heof fi ci a l pa r t y organ iz a t ions and the semi-of fi ci a l and corpor a t i veservi ces w i t h t hei r funct iona r ie s and employes a re included , Z i sestimated that there i s o n e person on the state payroll for eueryeiglu persons in productive occupatims. Aba nd on in g a n ya t tempt t o est im at e t he amou nt of per son al a nd m at er ia l ex-pen ses r equ ir ed by t h e a dmini st r a t iv ema ch in e, t h e a u t hor s oft he memorandum compla ined of t he inca l cu lab le losses a r i singfr om a la ck of con ta ct bet w een t he old a nd t he n ew a ut hor it ies ,a n d t he ov er la ppin g of fu nct ion s b et w een t he old a n d n ew s ta t eserv ices and the par ty .* They w i sh ed t h ed a y wou ld come when in a ccor da n ce w it h a d efin it e pr in ciple, a fin a l organization ofthe internal polb.cal apparatus oj the state will be possible. . . .While the state must carry huge incidental expenses, the bigcapitalists themselves have to stand a certain number: voluntarycontributions extorted by the party and its welfare undertak-ings; various subscriptions; graft and seats on the boards of

directors of big companies for the upper crust of the fascistleaders, etc. But these incidental expenses , t he impor t ance ofwh ich mus t n ot be exa gger a t ed , a r e l es s a nnoy in g t o b ig bus in es st h an the demagog ic ag i t a t ion indu lged in by the f a sci st p lebe iansag i t a t ion wh ich , despi t e pu rges and repress ions , per iod ica l lyr eappea r s , t hough w i t h in cons t an tl y na r rower l imit s .Ag a in , w h ile b ig bus in es s a ppr ov es of a n a g gr es siv e policyt ha t br in gs it n ew a rm am en t or der s, it is a fr aid les t t he fa scistlea ders, in seekin g a diversion from t he w ret ch edness of t hepeople, pr ov oke a pr ema tu re w a r w h ich w ill r es ult in t he is ola -t ion of t h e count r y a nd i ts d ef ea t . I t i s especi a ll y s igni fi ca n t t h a ti n t he a u tumn of 1935 it w a s t he fa scis t lea d er s, F a rin a cci, R os -son i, and other s ,w ho urged Mussol in i int o con fl ict w i t h Eng land ,w h ile t he b ig b ou rg eois ie, t he Gen er a l S t aff, a n d t he C rown , ont he ot her h an d, a dvised m od er at ion a nd ca ut ion . L ikew is e inGerma n y, w h en H it ler d ecid ed i n Mar ch , 1936, t o r em ilit a rizet h e Rhinel a nd , i t w a s t h e Na zi t op bur ea u cr a cyGoer in g, Goeb-b els , a n d ot her swho u rg ed h im on t o t he a d ven tu re, w h ile t heb ig ca pit a lis ts a n d t heir r epr es en ta t iv e, D r . S ch a ch t, a s w ell a st he R eich sw eh r Gener a ls , w e re w a ry , n ot a s t o t he a ct it self bu ta s t o t he ra sh form it t ook. At t he end of D ecember of t he sa meyea r , Gene ra l v on F ri ts ch point ed ou t t h a t n ei th er t h e Rei ch nort he Ge rma n a rmy cou ld u nd er ta ke a n y a ct ion t ha t m ig ht lea d t ow ar in a short t ime, a nd he w ent so fa r a s to t hrea ten t o resignh is command i f h is exper t a dvi ce w a s d is reg a rded .The Cultof the LeaderNeit her d oes big bu sin ess look w it hout a cer ta in am oun t of

a n xiet y on t he s ympt oms of d elu sion s of g ra n deu r d is pla y edev er mor e obvi ou sl y by t h e d ict a t or . Th is dev el opmen t i s r ea l lyq,AI1 & chief administitive hodies of the state, the Berlin correspondent of theTe.mps has ohsemed, me duplicated, co to t.peak, by the organs of the National SOCialictPrey.. . . Tbeparty penetmtea into the Ministries, hut it also preserves, on the fringesof the traditional administrative bodies, its own organs. . . .

i nev it a b le, for i n pr opo~ i on a s t h e pl ebei a ns a r e el im in a t edt he pa rt y r elega t ed t o a s econ da ry posit ion , it is n eces sainfla te t he Ma n of D est iny a ll t he m ore in order t o conbeh in d h is per son t he r ea l n a tu re of t he fa s cis t s ta t e: a m ila n d pol ice d ict a t or sh ip i n t h e ser vi ce of b ig bus in es s. I t i s nsa ry t o follow S pen gler s a dvice: Not hing ha s m ea nin gmor e but t he purely persona l pow er exercised by t he C[in w hom ] t he om nipot ence of m on ey disa ppea rs. ThuI ta ly , t he d ict at or sh ip of t he fa scist pa rt y h as g ra dua lly gpla ce t o t he per son al dict at orship of t he D uce. I n G ermduring t he la st elect ora l ca mpa ign, t here [w as] veryq ues tion of N a tion a l S ocia lism a n d mucht o t he exclu sioa lm os t ever yt hin g els e-of H er r H it ler . B ut t he d ict at ors elf is t a ken in by t his booby -t ra p. Th e sam e mishap beh im a s befell L ou is B on apa rt e: On ly . . . w h en h e h im selft a kes h is imper ia l r ole s er iou sly . . . d oes h e b ecome t he v iof h is ow n con cept ion of t he w or ld , t he s er iou s bu ffoon , w hlonger t akes w orld hist ory for a comedy but his comedyw or ld h is tor y. Mus soli ni a n d H it ler en d b y lit er a lly b ecomegoma nia cs . An d t he b ig ca pit a lis ts mus t in cr ea s in gly r ew i th t h e bound les s pr id e, t h e ch a nging humor a nd wh ims, ofD uce or t he Fiihrer . This mea ns a loss of t ime a nd ha s cerdrawbacks.An d f in a lly , t he econ om ic policy of fa scism, h ow ever faa ble t o t hem selves it m ay be, is n ot en tir ely sa t isfa ct or y t ob ig cap it a l is t s. Al t hough they eagerl y pocket t he f abulous p rfr om a rmamen t or der s, t hey a r e t er rified a t t he pos sib le coq uen ces of t his policy. Th ey a re ha un ted by t he t houghtf in a n ci a l ca t a s tr ophe. They l ik ew i se compl a in , a s we h a ve st ha t t he w a r econ omy r eg ime is con st a n t ly impos in g on tmore burdensome s t a t e regu la t ions , t h a t i t i s f orever ea t ing aa t sa crosanct pr iv a t e ini t ia t i ve .Ther ef or e t h e i ndus tr ia