Niemeyer - Radiocarbon Datos of Animal Bones in the Earliest Levels of Carthage

I ~ r ir ~ ~

MEDITERRANEA QUADERNI ANNUALI DELLISTITUTO

DI STUDI SULLE CIVILTA ITALICHE

E DEL MEDITERRANEO ANTICO

DEL CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE

GIAacute

laquoQUADERNI DI ARCHEOLOGIA ETRUSCO-ITALICAraquo

1 2004

ESTRATTO

I 3

PISA ROMA

ISTITUTI EDITORIALI E POLIGRAFICI INTERNAZIONALI

MMV

Radiocarbon drJtes 01 animal bones in the earliest levels 01Carthage

RF DOCTER Ro NIEMEYER AJ~ NIJBOER 1 VAN DER PLICHT

d

This contribution has been added to the proceedings Qf the Incontro di Studio after it became clear that the results of five 14C analyses from Carthage presented in Rome by AJ Nijboer would potentially have great impact on Central Mediterranean absolute chronology1 The analyses coacutencerned five bone samples from the earliest hvo phases ofthe Carthaginian settlement (excavations ofthe University ofHamburg below the decumanus maximus) Four ofthe bone samples yieIded a combined calibrated daacutete of835-800 BC (with 95 probability) In view ofthe association with Greek Late Geometric pottery and the unprecedented proximity of this date to the tradiacutetional foundatiacuteon date of Carthage (81413 Be) it was decided to publish arid interpret 1he results in relation to the archaeological contexts The 14C dates and calibrattd

results forthe five Carthage samples are given first Then Docter and Niemeyer discuss fue contexts

from which fue 5 samples wereretrieved while Van der Plicht closes this contribution by examining the quality ofilie radiocarbon datesthemselves and their calibration

The animal bones dated may be secondafy but the descriptions of the contexts demonstrate that

Proiacute drRoaldEDocterDepartmentafArchaeologyandAncient History Ghent University Blandijnberg 2 B-9000 Ghent Belgium (RoaldDocterUgentbe) Proiacute en1 Dr Hans Georg Niemeyer Eppendorfer Landstrasse 60 D-20249 Hamburg (niemeyerunishyhamburgde)DrAlbertlNifboer GrtmingenInstituteofArchaeology University of Groningen Poststraat 6 9712 ER Groningen The Netherlands (wwwlcmrugnl)(AlNljboerletrugnl) DI ir Hans van derPlicht Centre ofIsotopeAnalysis University ofGroningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands (www

1

theyare recovered from the earliest levels of Carthage excavatedby theUniversity ofHamburg and that the animal bones do not seem to belong to an indig~nous settlement which theoretically might have existed on this locationprior to the Phoenician foundation of Carthage The results 2540+-30 BP and 2510+-30 BP are no longer relevantmiddot due to doubts regarding their archaeological context (KA931189 see the desctiption ofthis context below) The remaining 4 fadiocarbon dates indicate that cattle was slaughtered in the period 835-800 BC with a 95 probability and that their remains were excavated in conteacutexts that pertain to the earliest levels of Phoenician Cartbage so far excavated2

bull The two measurementsmiddotfor sample no 189 (GrN-26092 ariacuted 26479) are)averaged and years are rounded to the nearest 53 (TAB A)

l The archaeological contexts4 (RF DOCTER HGNIEMEYER)

Introduction From 1986 till1993 a team ofthe University of

ciophysn1) (JvanderPlichtphysrugn1) I See for a balanced comment bn the consequences of reshy

dating the Central Mediterranean chronologies RroGWAY 2004 especially 19-22

2 The calibrated probability distribution wasanalysed as explained in VAN DER PLICHT MOOK 1989

3 Seealso Tav 2p 554) ofthepaperbyNijboerprecedingthls contribution which presents the calibrations using the OxcalshyprogranJIDe

557

middot~iIIiii _middotH -iquest~jShl_~WSraquoh~

Samp1e Lab Dr 14C age error la Ka93shy GrN (BP) 20

181 26090 2650 30 la 2a

183 26091 2710 30 la 2a

189 26092 2540 30 la 1 89duplo 26479 2510 30

2a

220 26093 2640 50 la 2a

lt

499 26094 2660 30 la 2a

calBC

825-800 890-880835-795 9th century BC with 95 probability

895-825 905-805 9th century BC with 99 probability 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 No longer relevant fortl1i~ discussion due to doubts~ regarding theiacuter

archaeological con~xti

890-885 905-760 680-670 61 0~595 9th century BC with 95 probability

825-805 895-875835-795 9th century Be with 90 probability

TAB A 14C dates and calibrated results for the [iexclve Carthage samples

Ramburg UIlder the direction of RG Niemeyer excavated an area ofsorne 400 square meters ofthe city ofCarthage5

bull The site is situated in the northem part of a terrain in the centre of present-day

Carthage 10cal1y known as Bir Massouda The location was chosen for its exact position on the crossroads of the decumanus maximus and cardo

4 We would like to thank Cw Neeft (Amsterdam) for kindly reading andcriticallycommenting on a draftofthispartofthepapero

5 NmMEYER DOCTER ET ALlI 1993 NmMEYER DOCTER

10-east in the Roman grid system allowing for rather easy access to the Punic stratigraphy below whieh was reached

Three goals govemed the Hamburg excavatkm projeet from the starfi

1 How would the arehitectural remains arehaeologieal sedimentation and the fmds relate

RlNDELAUB 1995 NlEMEYER ET ALllforthcoming 6 See eg NmMEYER 1989 p 11

to the pi early staf

necropoll provided

2 H archaeolc generalfi Meditenshy

3 A Carthage 813BCc almostee Rheiniscl agenda

Itis1 to expan results e earliest e

In su analyses layers o associatc would e conventl ehronollt Unfortul anylong Univers the faur storeroo infa1l2( some1a conteJrn samples a most Conser Nationa

Asl by 1 V~ suggest ofthe S1

Ba 8 L

forthcom 9 No

contribui

558

to the picture of an important city already at a very surprising results and how to publish them in an early stage as had been suggested by botl1 the e~lter _______~pP0priate way carne to the fore lt was decided to necropoleis excavations and the historical infonnation produce a joint manuscript mwhicntfie-f4Cresuumlltsmiddot-------- shyprovided bytheAncientsources would be linked to the full presentation of the

2 How would the observations on f

the archaeological contexts publication was scheduled archaeological remains fit inwithin the larger and more quite optimistically for 2002 From the side of the general framework ofthe Phoenician expansion in the Hamburg excavation team the proviso had to be marle Mediterranean though thatthe editing ofth~manuscripts forthe final

3 As a subsidiary goal also the oId problem of publication ofthe 1986-1993 field campaigns should Carthages foundation date traditionalIy set in 814 preferably be conc1uded first This proviso had three 813 BC on the basis ofTimaeus account and discussed practical reasons almost continuously since JC Beloch s article in the 1 The chronological frarnework of the earliest Rheinis-chesMuseumof1894hadbeenontheprojects stratigraphy used in the fmal publication is based agenda7

bull mainIy on the conventional date ranges ofthe Greek It is this third - subsidiary - goal that now leads us Late ~metric pottery imports and to a lesserdegree

to expand - prior to the fmal publication - on sorne on those ofthe Phoenician local and imported pottery results of the Hamburg excavation coneeming the (thar are partIy based - ultimately - also on the Greek earliest chronoIogy ofthe Carthaginian settlement sequeacuteIacuteice rWedidftfWaacutefit t6 burdenthepublication

In summer 2000AJ Nijboer suggested to do 14C with chronological discussions or out of context analyses on sorne afthe animal bones from the earliest refereacutenees to such discussions that might have wider layers of this excavation These layers had beeJl implications and henee should be based on a separate associated with Greek Late Geometric pottery and study ofa far wider scope would offer thernselves readily for comparing the 2 Linkedtothe-fustpracticalreason bothauthors conventional date rariges ofthese Greek imports with felt that all efforts should go to the main objective chronologies yielded by scientific dating methods editing the manuscripts of the Harnburg excavation Unfortunately the bones were not in the Netherlands and bringiiacuteig thero into prinL any longer After LH VanWijngaarden-Bakker ofthe 3 A last practical reason is based on the way in University ofAmsterdarn had completed the study of which the finds of the Hamburg excavation project the faunal remains8 they had been returned to thehave been prepared for publication In 1990 it was storeroomsoftheMuseacuteeNationalde Carthage There decided to divide the catalogued fmds into different in fal12000 the archaeozoologist 1 Slopsma selected c1asses and store them by this principIe This decision sorne lruge bone fragments ofcattle coming from five had to be made in the face of the huge numbers of contextsofphaseslandlPPennissiontoexportthese finds from many archaeological contexts in samples for 14C analyses in Groningen was granted in combination with the almost complete lack of a most liberal way by the then director of the typologicalstudies ofthemajorCarthaginian (ceramic) Conservatiacuteon du site de Carthage of the Institut classes By that time one of the additiorud goals of National du Patrimoine A Ennabli the excavation project had become the production of

As the results ofthe J4C analyses on the samples typological sequences in the hands of many by J Van der Plicht becameacute available in JlU1e 2001 speciacutealists based on the Hamburg stratigraphy This suggesting date ranges around 800 BC for all but one fmds publication strate~ and the way of storage ofthe samples the question ofhow to interpret these prevent us from viewing the complete contents ofa

7 BELOCH 1894 only cattle bones W Prummel of the Groningen Institute of 8 LH VAN WIJNGAARDEN-BAKKER in NIEMEYER ET ALIl Archaeology is thanked for kindly checking the remaining bone

forthcoming material of the samples used in the 14C analyses confuming 9 Not having the notes at hand while writing this their initial identifications (exclusively cattle )

contribution sorne doubts arose on whether we actually used

559

=gt

given context in reality Only tbrough listing the finds by context in the ARCHBANK database which is in fact rather easy can we grasp the full pictureacute of the contexts contents The links to the specialists reports on individual items however had not yet been made in aH cases A context report written in 2001 or 2002 and even in 2003 would therefore certainly have been incomplete and subject to corrections once all specialists comments would have been entered in t1e database

For various reasons the editing of the fmal publication ofthe Hamburg excavations in Carthage has still not been concluded at the time of writing these lines (February 2004) At the same timethe pressure to present theacute results of the 14C analyses which so suggestively and temptingly would reconcile the archaeological and the literary chronologies becomes stronger and stronger Already in November 2001 Al Nij boer presented the results on a national conference in Groningen publishing a Dutch version of his talk shortly thereafter10 When he presented them again on the intemational conference in Rome of October 31 st 2003 ofwhich these are the proceedings we were pressed hard byvarious colleagues to provide more information on the archaeological contexts of the sampled bones In view of the fact thatthese new chronological dates are starting to get quoted and used for different ends we felt obliged to present at least a basic overview-of the contexts contents for the present volumeacute on Iron Age chronology A full publication of these contexts in relation with pottery drawings and field sections is foreseen elsewhere and at a more appropriate moment

The raw data forthe finds lists compiled below bave been kindly furnisbed by members of the publication team of the Hamburg University excavations in particular by K Schmidt (Hamburg) B Bechtold (Graz) K Mansel (MunichBerlin) H

10 NIlBOER 2002 11 Moreover a series ofbone samples from the earliest levels

in the new bilateral excavations of Ghent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine in Carthage will be submitted for 14( analysis in eooperation With Al Nijboer and 1 Van der Plicht Onthese new excavations see DoCTER CHELBI TErMINr 2003 CHELBI TELMINI DOCTER forthcoming

12 With regard to the transport amphorae ofthe 1993 eampaign

~-

Koens (Amsterdam)A Peserico (pisa) Ch Briese in each (Randers) W Van Neer (Brussels) LB Van Gre Wijngaarden-Bakker (Amsterdam) PJ Nukoop best po (Am~terdam) and R Maliepaard (Amsterdam) or for the bave been added by the present authors I2- that Ph

i studied On tbe absolute dating of pbases 1 and n iexcl ranges J

The pottery and other fmds come from levelling ~ secure layers or fillings which are mainly composed of t elemen accumulated domestic and industrial garbageacute iexcl paralle Primary archaeological contexts that is td say Euboe~ destruction layers have been found only inafew though cases (layers Illb in House 1 and IVb in House2) t period The levelling layers precede constructionlPaacuteiacuteld f establi occupation levels (floors) the fillings are likeacutewise t remain connected withbuilding activities viz they constitute iexcl study the in-til1ings offoundation trenches b~m~~ljaacutel i been ( found m these layers has thereforeto be consldered S seque as pre-dating the construction and usephaseSi t Cyclac

The architectural remains ofthePuniqperiod ~ that F found on the site wbich for the better parthad been ~ Coriacutent heavi1y affected by later human buildingand t end of robbing activities could be assignedtQ~~ight ~ clearl) different major construction phasesl3

bull TheybelOfig ordf indiscl to sorne seven architectural units (hoUses)imdm~ f becau streets (East- and West-Street)and can be furlheacuter ~ Geom subdivided in 14 occupation levels (mostlYfloors) ~ Corin F ortunately there are manY cross-links betWeenthe t building sequences in the individualhouses antl i streets mainly because theseshated communaI ~ 14 1i

walls which by consequence had to be rephicea aacutel i eonsidt the same time Tbe layers and fills precedingthe ~ assume floors ofeacb individual building phasebavebeen Hallstl

considered to be contemporary with eachothereven 15 F bull bull bull c gt dates te lftheorettcallya floor oflayer ITa mHou~elmaY I 2004 I have been laid out some years later or earherthan aacute i AJ N floor na in House 2 or a street level na Iacuten theampsiacute i cireuJiexcl

Street Tbis synchronisation enableacuted uS1oIacutellhlce r founda

maximum use ofthe few dating elements contained tphhe re t oeUl events

it should benoted thatthese were only statisticallyregisteredduriIIacuteg NIJBOE

the campaigriacute Two years later RE Docter ehecked and cometed volum(

in Carthage the statistics ofthedifferent contexts Onlyoccasionaacuteny is mad middotamphorae ofthis campaign have been included in the 1997 study sugges

(DoCTER 1997) Consequently no full profile drawings ~d circula descriptions ofthese amphorae are available mentic

13 RE DoCTER HG NIEMEYER K SCHMIDT in NIEMEYER Eacutel table b

ALI forthcorning oceurE

560

in each layer and filI Greek imports in the earliest layers form the

best possible eviOence to obtain absolute dates for the stratigraphical ~equence given the fact that Phoeniciap pottery is either still not well studieCl or provides us with only very wide date

l4ranges bull In the record of Greek imports no secure Middle Geometric formal or decorative elements were found the fragments find good parallels in the Late Geometric repertoiresof Euboea Pithekoussai andmiddotperhaps the Cyc1ades thougp The absolute dating of this stylistic period in the three Greek landscapes is well established has been widely accepted and has remained virtually unchallenged iquestince the 19-68 study of JN Coldstream15 bull Its beginning has been dated around 750 BC in the regional sequences c~ncerning us here Euboean Cyc1adic and Corinthian (consideringthe fa9t that Pithecusan potters closely followed Corinth~an styles next to Euboean ones)16 The end offuese Late GeopIetric sequences isnot as cleacutearly given as their start Quite arbitrarily and indiscriminately we use here c 715 BC mainly because of the clear transition from Late Geometric to Early Protocorinthian in the Corinthian sequence based on inter alia

14 I4C dating of charcoal rernains had never been considered a serious alternative givell the reasonably assumed overlap of the earliest layers with the so-called Haacutellstatt-Plateau

15 For sorne recent and unconvincing proposals to lower dates to the 7th century BC see the discussion in RIDeWAY

2004 p 22 wiacuteth references in n 23 On various occasions AI Nijboer has stated that the following reasoning is a circular argument first using Thucydides Sicilian foundation dates for dating Greek pottery and next using the resulting absolute dates for rnaking the Greek and Phoenician (Levantine) expansion in fue West sIacuternultaneous events dated from c 770 BC onwards (AJ NUBOER in NUBOER ET ALlI 19992000 NrJBOER 2002 NlJBOER this volume p 527 ss) The fact that in this connection reference is made to POCTER 2000 is highly unfortunate since it suggests that confirmation can be found there for such a circular argument which is not fue case The Greek imports rnentioned in DOCTER 2000 (pp 165-166 fig 1) and in the table belowclearly show that Greek Late Geometric pottery occurs next to Phoenician pottery from the first phase

Pithekoussai grave 325 with the Bocchoris scarab17

bull Corinthian (Protocorinthian) pottery only startsb~ing found in the stratigraphicaacutel sequence afier phase lIIB bull

The table below lists ~I1imports of Greek FineWare pottery found in contexts of phases 1 and II19 When looking at these imports in isolation there seems to emerge a very homogeneous-picture of only few provenances and vessel shapes and one could even speak of one single horizon of imports It is only by comparing the frequency of other - non-Greek shyc1asses (local and imported Phoelfician NuraghicUtc) within the different layers that the distinction in three Iayers (1 lIa and IIb)

based on the architectural changes in this early period finds confirmation in the material culture as weIl Moreover the Greek Fine W~e imports of phases l and II and their bearing on the absolut~ dating of Iayers 1 Ila and IIb can only be properly understood in the context of the imports inmiddotthe subsequent phases III and lV20 bull

fhes~eacutexe~cises Iieoutsicle the scope of the present articIe21 but some of their results may already be grasped by the comments on different classes of transport amphora~ in the contexts discussed below (especially KA93183)

onwards leaving no doubt as to the fact that they are contemporary (but see now below on KA931183) Moreover the Thucydides dating scheme which starts with the foundation ofNaxos in 734 BC is oflittle help in absolutely dating the Euboean Cycladic () and Pithecusan Late Geometric pottery found in our eaacuterliest layers

16 COLPSTREAM 1968 pp 302-331 and especially p 330 with tableo Only the start ofthe Theran sequence has been dated later to around 720 BC

17 NIiEFr 1987 pp 372-379 correcting the transition from Corinfuian LG to EFC as given by Coldstream and others (720 BC)

18 DOCTBR 2000 p 66 fig 1 see also below n 57 19 It is based on DOCTER 2000 pp 65-66 fig 1 and RF

DOCTER in NIEMEYER ET Aw forthcoming 20 In the layers of phases III and IV Euboean and

Pithecusan vessels continue in good quantities as stated aboye Corinthian vessels appear for the first time

21 Por this we refer to the final publication NIEMBYER ET AUacutelforthcoming -

561

Greek Fine WaresStratigrapby

e760-740 I 1 EuboeaIl LG skyphos22 e750-715PhaseI

e740-725 I 1 Euboean LG skypbos23

1 Cyc1adie () LG open vesseF4

1 Pitheeusan Aetos 66 kotyle25

1 Pitheeusan LG flat bowI or plate26

Layerlla

~-

I

e725-700Layerllb

In the presentation ofthe five contexts be10w the abso1ute dates given are always the eonventional ones

Context KA93183 pbase 1 (bone sample of cattle)

This context was exeavated in the southem part oftheEast-Street ata leve1 of700-739 ID belowpoint zero of fue site It was described as a fettige knochenreiche Sehichf A street pavement of small 1imestone eobb1es partly covered the eontext In part it sat direet1y on top ofthe virgin sollo

The context contains 75 fragments ofanimal bones and a mollusc (nos 32-39) 100 fragments ofpottery

22 KA93183-31 out see the cornments on context KA93 183 below

l3 KA911537-4 East-Street RE DociER in NIEMEYER ET

ALII fortbcoming cato 4118 24 KA911537-3 EastStreet NIEMEYER DOCTERETAm1993

226 RF DocrER in NIEMEYER ET ALIl fortbcoming cat 4297 25 KA8857-12 House 2 Room K RF DOCTER in

NIEMEYER ETAw fortbcoming cat 4192 26 KA8857-B12 House 2 Room K RF DOCTER in

NIEMEYER ET ALII fortbcoming cat 4202 27 KA93124-4 and 5 House 2 Room M RE DOCTER in

NIEMEYER ET mI fortbcoming cato 4262-4263 28 KA86171-5 House 2 RoomK RE DOCTER in NIEMEYER

ET Aw fortbcoming cato 4101 29 KA86171-7 House 2 Room K RE DOCTER in NIEMEYER

ET Aw fortbcoming cato 4102 30 KA861118-2 House 2 Room K RF DOCTER in

NIEMEYER ET ALII fortbcoming cat 4107 3J KA861118-84 House 2 Room K RE DOCfER in

562

2 Greek open vesse1s27

1 Euboean LG skyphOS28

1 Euboean LG skypbos29

1 Euboean LG skyphos3O

1 Euboean LG SkyphOS31

1 Euboean LG skyphos32

1 Pitheeusan jug1et33

le 750-715 e750-715

e750-715

e750-715

e 750-715

e750-715

e750-715

c750-715

e750-715

i

and 1 iron slag (no 31) The abso1ute date of the eontext and of phase 1has been fiXed mainly by fue base ofthe Euboean skyphos with triglyph mdtif in the handle zone (no 1) dated conventionaJiYP~~Iacute C 750 and 715 BC34 The 14 fragrneritsofNufaacutegbib handmade amphorae seem to confinn thise~iacutey illiacuteteacute still within the second halfofthe 8th oifir~t4uariefof the 7th century BC (nos 2-3)35 Thediagllostic fragments of local Red Slip iexcldates (nos~ 2i~29) i~d the earinated bow1 (no 21) seemto be10ng eidtiSively to A Peserieos first horizon of the Red SUumliexcljWaacutere open vessels of Carthage eomprising layers 1to Na and dated only general1y between c 750 and 650 BC36bull

NIEMEYER ET ALII fortbcoming cato 4108 3l KA911122-58 House 2 Room K RF DOCI1t in

NIEMEYER ETAw fortbcoming cat 4111 33 KA8671-6House2 Room K DocrER NIEMEYER 1994

p 107 cato 1 fig 5h RE DOCfERinNIEMEYEREiALlI fortbcoming cat 4211

34 The two joining base fragments have been kindly examined by 1 Coldstream (1961996) and were consideredmiddot by him to correspond to his notion ofgenuine Euboean fabrico See RF DocrER in NIEMEYER ET Aw fortbcomingcat 4120 with full references

35 On these amphorae initially assigned a Central-~ta1ian provenance (DOcrER 1997 chapter IX) see now OOOIANO 2090 DOCTER 1998 RE DOCTER in NIEMEYER ET ALIl fortbcomingsect XILA2 cat 5362-5389

36 On this horizon PESERlCO 2002 pI 12 plateacutes oftypeP1 (PESERICO 200221-27 fig4 pI 3) abase oftypeB2 (PESERlCO

2002 53-56 fig 12 pI lla-b) and a carinated bowl CCr2 (PESERlCO 20024043-4449 8 pI 8)

The sam fragmen

del Estn the Sout Carthagl ofthe ir the rmd campaiiexcl laeking just aeei 10 fragn years j

oeeurreiexcl amphon campaig in the e

Tl I

1 ]

2 1 3 ]

4 1 5 ]

6 ]

7 ]

8 ]

9 J 10 J 11 J 12 J 13 J 14 ]

15 TJ ]16 ]17 J ]

18 19 20 ]

]21

37Doc

inNIEMEYE 38 Doc

DocrERin

The same general date range n+ay be given to the 23 fragments oftransport amphorae from the Circuito del Estrecho (CdE ) that is to say principally from

shy

the South andSouth-West of Spain (nos 4-5)31 In Carthage layera IDa till Na constitute the floruit of the Iacuteinport of c1ass CdE 1 (c 700-650 Be) In the finds of contexts assigned to phase 1 in the campaigns 1986-1991 the class is comp1etely iacking which may be significant but may a1so be

just accidental1y so given the fact that onlysorne 10 fragments could be attributed to phase 1in these years Although the same may be said of the occurrence of the Corinthian A type transport amphorae and the Attic ones in the 1986-1991 carilpaigns it seell1S that these classes do start later

in the Carthaginian stratigraphy Starting with 7

fragments in layer Ilb so in the last quarter of the 8th cent BC the Corinthian amphorae are mainly

found in phase JV3B The Attic amphorae of the 1986-1991 campaigns start even later in layer IDa although examples of the earliest 8th century BC versions have been found in residual position39 The CorinthianA type transport amphorae (nos 6-7) and the Attic ones (nos 8-9) in context KA931183 may therefore perhaps -suggest that the context is not as homogeneous as initiallythought AIso the factthat only one single fragment ofHandmade Ware pottery has been found in the context (no 30) is suspicious This seems to be rather unusua1 in a context ofsuch an eariystratigraphica1 position especially in view ofthe otherwise high number ofpottery fragments (100)40

ll 13 KA931l83 I 2 wall

)4 KA93183-37 I 1 wa11 15 I KA931l83-34 I 1 rim

~

I 16 I KA93183-63 I 1 nm J 7 KA93183-66 i 1 nm

31DocrER 1997 sectVII34 tab 18figs 542-543RF DOCTER 39 DOCTER 1997 sect XI2 RE DOCTER in NIEMEYER ET Aw in NIEMBYER ETAmfortbcoming sect XIIA4 cato 5431-545L fortbcoming sect XILA6 cato 5474-5489

38 DOCTER 1997 sect XIl tab 85 figs 455-464 pL 12 RF 40 See MANSEL 1999 K MANSEL in NIEMEYER ET Aw DOCTER inNEMEYsRETAwfortbcorning sectXIlA6 ca 5465-5473 fortbcoming

563

I KA93183 321 Bos Tauros (cattle 2 33 34 35 36 37 Indeterminable 38 A vsvmus regius sE (meagre) 39 Mollusc

Context KA93189 phase 1 () (bone sample of cattle)

This context was excavated in the southem part ofthe East-Street directly on top ofthe virgin soil till a level of739 m below point zero ofthe site A more precise description of the context is

22 KA93183-40 I 1 diagn 1

23 KA931183-41 1 diagn 24 I KA931183-44 1 diagn 25 KA93183-45 1 diagn 26 I KA931183-46 I 1 diagn 27 KA931183-47 I 1 diagn 28 I bull KA93118348 1 diagn

29 KA931183-68 1 base I 30 KA93183-38 1 wall

31 KA931183-1 1 I

--+ Local Red Slip Ware I PIate I Local Red Slip Ware Plate

I Local Red Slip Ware Plate Local Red Slip Ware PIate

I Local Red Slip Ware PIate l Local Red Slip Ware PIate l Local RedSlip Ware Plate Local Red Slip Ware plate or bowl Local Handmade Ware Jar Iron slag41

Inventory no I No Fragment I FabriclWare I i Shap~_~

Bronze43 rod-shaped

1 KA931l89-1 I 1shy1 1

lacking however Another complicating factor is the fact that finds other than animal bones arid a bronze fragment have not been recorderl i~ this context Especially the fact that not a sirlgle piecemiddot ofpottery was recorded is odd the 31bone and mollusc fragments and 1 bronze object wouid clearly suggest a medium sized contextmiddotwith~it least some pottery42 These e1ein~ntsare particularly disturbing since exactly the 14C analysis ofthe bone sample from coacutentext KA93i 189 yielded a more ample - and later - dfite raIacutelge than the other four samples A saUacutesfaacuteCtoiy explanation is still to be looked for thoughit cannot be excluded that already during tbe excavation something has gone wrong in the data and finds collection

I KA93189 NOmiddotI 2 iexcl Bos Taurus (cattle) 12 3 I Equusasinus(donkey) 1 iexcl-~ OvisCapra (sheepgoat) 10 5 I Canis familiaris (dog) 1 6 iexcl Large maromal 4 I

7 I Mediwn maromal 1 I

I 8 Indeterminable 1

-~-

9 Mollusc 1 I

41 The slag wiIl be published by K MANsEL H KOENS in NmMEYERETALlIforthcoming cat 6575

42 Exactly animal bones and metal objects are finds which already in fue field are separated from me pottery so before

Context KA93181 phase ll stratum II-d (bone sample of cattle)

The context was excavated in the nortbern part ofthe East-Street at a leve of 673-690 m beloacutew

- ----shy

point zero ofthe site It consists ofilie lower pat of a sequence offilling layers wruch were descri~ed as schwarzIiacutech fettige Auffuacutellungenmit viel Keramik mittelgro6en Kalksteinfragmenten Feldsteinen und Knochen It lies below context

entering fue finds processing laboratory 43 The fragment wiIl be published by K MANsEL H KOENS

in NlBMEYER ETALlI forthcoming caiacute 6542

KA93 stratign

Imayh Apa

mollus(

iacutevory fragmeJ belong (nos1 till mi putfon the Cif

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

44

45

46

ETAIJ 47

564

KA93499 Although KA93181 is assigned class has predominantly been found in layers illa stratigraphically to stratum TI-al material ofphase to IVa (c 700-650 BC)45 A third class ofimported 1 may have been mcludedin the context transport amphorae comes from the Levant (nos

Apart from 116 fragments ofanimal bones and 5~6) and is first found in layer TIa of the 1986shymoJlucs (nos 41-50) as well as one waster of 1991 sample but continues in the 7th and frrst haIf ivoryworking (no 40) no Iess than 188 pottery ofthe 6thcent BC layers of Carthage46 AH Red fragments were fouacuteud in the context Six fragments Slip Fine Ware vesse1s for eating and drinking in

belotig to Nuraghic handmade transport amphorae this context may be attributed to A Pesericos (nds 1-2) which are regu1arly found in phasesI fidt horIacutezonone bowl of her type CsC1 (no till ill (c 760-675 BC)44 A similar datemaybe _ 17) a carinated bow1 oftype CCr2 (no 16) the put forward for the 30 fnigments ofamphorae from plates oftype PI (nos 19-31) and the bases of the Circuito del Estrecho (nos 3-4) although this type B1 (nos 32-34)47

IS

a iexcls ~ - ~entory Nl Frag~ent~~~~J~b~~~are ___ ~~~ Shape I e

1 i KA931181 ----1--1~~gnmiddot __~_~__plusmnNuraghi~W~ Amphoru 2 KA93181 3 wall Nuraghic Ware Amphora I

ld Ild

at ~KA93181 ~ ~1 diagn I Imporled Plain Ware CdE AmEhor~ ~3-i KA931181 28 Import~Jgtl~W~~~ordmdE AmphoraWa1I_~~~~_~=E J~e

e 5 KA93l81 1 diagn - ~_J~van ti~~B~~W~_--~~orn I6 KA93181 5

i

all Levant~e Pla~ Ware __--_~~ora

ge f--~~ KA93181-3 ~_-~L-L flm Levantme Plam Ware ~ Juglet 31

l

8 KA93181-2 2 i rim Local Plain Ware Juglet48 9 KA931181-14 1 _ rim I Local Plain Ware i Basin

ry it le ~~r- KA931181-17 1 I handle ~_+~_-OCal Plain Ware ~ Closed vessel ta 11 KA931181-~~ 1 I rim LocalPlain~-V~~__~-----+-F1ate

12 KA93181-5 I 1 I rim LocalPlain Ware __--tyearth I

j 13 JltAj318 2 i diagn I LocalPlain Ware ~ Ampbora -iexcl ~ 14 KA931181 19-~lJt-~-~__~-~---==t=-_~9~~al Pla~y~e _~iT--I_~~Jgt~oa ~-151 KA93181-4--1__1 _~arinati~_ I SmoothedlocalPlailiWare -L2penvesseLJr 16 KA93181-25 I 1 I diagn iexcl RedSlipWare Carinatedbowil I 17 KA93181-37 --i 1 I diagn Red Slip Ware BowI_

18 I KA93181-39 1 diagn Red Slip War~_______ Cupiexcl11 191 KA931181 11 diagn Red Slip Ware Plate J

I 20 I KA93181-23 _- diagn~ Red Slip Ware ~--=t Plate~_~ rt 21 KA93181-24 iexcl 1 diagn Red Slip Ware I Plate_i

w 22 I KA93181-26 1 ~-~~diagn Red Slip Ware I Plate )f 23 iexcl KA931181-28 1 ~-iexcl---diagn Red Slip Ware I PIate d r 24 iexcl KA9318l-29 l~~agn Red Sl~p Ware ~ PIate1 ~ 25 ~ KA931181-33 1 dla~~~__~__~-L_Red Shp Ware ~_Plate ___---- 1 - - KA93118l-34 1 diagn Red Slip Ware I PIate ltt

44 On this c1ass see above at context KA931183 5) these vessels have been discussed already in the section on 4S On this class see above at context KA93I83 context KA93183 (see above)

~ iexcl DOCTER 1997 sect VI-4 tab 6 RF DOCTER in NlEMEYER 48This fragment will be published byB BECHTOLD in ETAwforthcomiacuteng sect XIIA3 cato 5414-5427 NlEMEYER ET ALrr forthcoming cato 4701

47 Apart from typ~ CsC1 (PESERICO 2002 28-36 fig 5 pI

565

KA93181 No I

- Bos Taurus ( cattle) 29 42 Equus cabalus (horse) 3 43 OvisCapra (sheepgoat) 28 I 44 Sus domesticus (domestic pig) 1

45 Canis familiaris (dog) iexcl 1 I

46 Large mammal 30 I 47 Medium mammal 11 J

49 Epinephelus sp 2 5

Context KA93499 phase n stratum TI-bl (bone sample of cattle)

I

I

The context was excavated in the northem part of the East-Street at a level of 660-673 m below point zero ofthe site It consists ofthe upper part of a sequence of filling layers which were described as schwarzlich fettige AuffuumlIlungen mit viel

48 Indeterminable 6

I50 MoIluscs

e r iexcl 27 KA931181-35 1 diagn

28 KA931181-36 I 1 diagn 29 KA931181-38 I 1 diagn 30 KA931181-40 1 diagn 31 1 KA93181-45 1 diagn 32 KA931181-27 1 base 33 KA931181-30 1 base 34 KA931181-31 1 base 35 KA93181-87 4 wall-handle 36 KA931181-8 1 wall 37 KA93181-9 1 wall

i 38 KA93181-10 2 wall-handle 39 KA931181-12 1 wall 40 KA931181-7 1 sawn off tusk

I Red Slip Ware i Plate

Red Slip Ware Plate I

Red Slip Ware Plate Red Slip Ware Plate i

Red Slip Ware Plate Red Slip Ware Plate Red Slip Ware Plate

Red Slip Ware Plate Local Handmade Ware Amphora49 I Local Handmade Ware Jar i Local Handmade Ware Jar Local Handmade Ware JarSdeg

Local Handmade Ware Jar I Ivory (loxodonta africana) Wasters1

l

Inventory 1~9 Fragment FabricWare Shape iexcl no

1 KA93499-168 1 iexcl diagn Nuraghic Ware Amphora

Keramik mittelgroBen Kalksteinfragmenteacuteiacutei Feldsteinen und Knochen 1t liacutees aboye coritext KA93181 (see aboye) and below KA93498 (graue Erde) from which it is separated by a layer of small cobbles (street pavement) c

The context contained 114 fragments ofaacuteIliiIacuteiiacuteil bones and molluscs (nos 29-40) and 112 fragrIacuteleacuterifs ofpottery The Red Slip Ware plates in the context are exclusively ofPesericos earlytype PI (nos12shy21)52 A Red Slip Ware carinated plate haspeacuteen attributed to Pesericos type CCr4 (no 11) whieacuteh starts in phases 1 - TI (c second halfofthe 8th cerit BC) but is mainly found in layers lVb-c (c 645shy550 BC)53 The imported Nuraghic (nos 1-2) ~d CdE 1 (no 3) transport amphorae can be gent3aacutelly attributed to the second halfofthe 8th and first halfof the 7th ceniacute Be (see aboye KA931183) A daacutet~ for the context in the second halfor last quarter oftheacute8th centuryBC seems plausible also inview ofthe numbeacuter ofHandmade Ware fragments (nos 22-28)

49 This fragment has already been diacutescussed in DOCfER

1997 sect Xl3 fig 441 tab 77 see also RF DOCTER in NlEMEYER ET ALlIforthcoming cat 536l

lO This fragment will be published by K MANsEL in HG NJEMEYER ET Am forthcoming caiacute 2756

51 VAN WDNGAAlmEN-BAKKER ETAllI 2003 p 37 LH VAN

WDNGAAlmEN-BKKER PI Nuxoop in RG NIEMEYER ET Am forthcoming caiacute 7351 This waster is the earliest hard evidence for ivory working in Carthage

52 On this type see above at context KA931l83 S3 PESERICO 2002 pp 40 44-46 fig 8 pIs 8 12 second

horizon

2 1 i 3 1

]4 ]5

iexcl 6 1 )

1~8 i 9

10 11 I

~ 13

15

~ 16

18 19 20

~ 22

~ 124 p-t ~

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

566

54

n

2 KA93499 =3_12 wall___ Nuraghlc W-ar-e- -L ~ehO]bullriquest ~_KA93499 ~ ~ Y~L ImjJorted Pla~ Ware ~_~~lIJ12fa 4 KA9349~ l 2 wall Imported Plam Ware I t 5 KA93499-~2-+ 1 ~aL_ 1 __ ~()ElIPlain War~~___

6 KA93499 i 8 dlagn Lo~IPlain Ware I_iexcl-KA93499 I 35 wall _~ LocalPlain Ware ~__~__ 8KA93499-91 I 2 rim _ I LocalPlain Ware

l _if I 9 KA93499-98 1 wan-h andle Local Plain W~e_~_ 10 IKA93499-93 I 1 rim 11 KA93499-79 1 _diagn

E-i-KA93499 I 1 r-Iacutefl1 13 KA93499-80 I 1 diagn

d~t-~KA93099-8 lplusmnI--~r-diagn 15

I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23

KA93499-82 1 diagn KA937499-83- I 1 diagn KA93499-84 1 diagn KA93499-85 I 1 diagn KA93499-87 1 diagn KA93499-88 1 diagn KA93499-89 i l __diagn

1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall

t26 KA93499-12 1 handle 27 tiKA93499-45 _~ase11]1 _ 28 KA93499-46 1 rim ___ __ _____-

L ~349~-29 Bos TatJUs (cattle) 30 E uus asinus (donkey) 31 OvisCa ra (sheepgoat)

LocalPIainWare 1_ Local Red Slip Wareshy

_ I L()cal Red_Slip Ware I Local Red Slip Ware

Local Red Slip Ware

AmpE5ra Amphor~ Amphor~J Amphora I Jug-----=1 Jug Trefuilmouthjug ~ordmarinate~ plate PIate~~_ Plate

plate _~ Local Red Slip Wl=e~Plate

Local Red Slip Ware~- 1- 11iexcljo------l

- Local Red Slip ~are Rlate Local Red Slip Ware Plate LocaCRed Slip Ware ----piaie-shy

Local Red Slip Vare-Local Red Slip Ware

Loca Handmade ware ~LOCalHandmadeWate_

Local HandmadeWare-shy -Local Handmade Ware

Local Handmade Ware Local Handmade Ware

Local Handmade Ware I

Plate_~_-i

Tabouna Jar JarlbowI54 Jarlbow-middotl----iexcl J~ Jar Jar ______---l

Context KA93220 phase n stratum II-5b2 (bone sample of cattle)

iexclNo The context was excavated in the higher northshyI 24 westem part ofthe site at a level of 538-555 m I 3 below point zero lt was described as a braunliche

~20 Unterpackung mit vielen Lehmziegeln und 32 Sus domesticus (dOmestfc pig) 2 Kalksteinfragmenten The sequence of layers in

which the context was found c1early places it in a ~ I ~~=f~(dog)__- -~2 house interior to be precisely Room J ofHouse 5

135 Medium maroma 13 The small context contains 12 fragments of 36 Indetenninable 14

---------1--shy animal bones (nos 11-15) and 13 fragments of 37 Epinephelus sp 2 pottery The imports of Nuraghic handmade 38 Argyrosomus regius (meagre) 3 transportamphorae (nos 1-2) and CdE 1 amphorae 39 I Sparidae (seabream) __~_1_ (nos 3-4) among these and the relatively large

iexcl~ ~O~ Molluscs I 5 proportion ofHandmade Ware vessels (nos 7-10) b (frl iexcl Thi pi wilI b pl~b by K MAgto~ in HG NIEMEYER ET AllI forthcoming cato 2760

I 567

~

I I Inventory No Fragment no

1 KA93220-27 1 diagn 2 KA93220 3 wall 3 KA9322O 1 wall 4 KA9322O 2 wall 5 KA93220-10 1 wall 6 KA931220-26 1 rim 7 KA93220-1 1 wall

8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

Nuraghic Ware Amphora Nuraghic Ware Amphora Imported Red Slip Ware CdE Amphora Imported Plain Ware CdE Amphora I

Local Plain Ware Amphora I

Local Plain Ware Closed vessel I Local Handmade Ware Jar

Local Handmade Ware I Jar I Local Handmade Ware Jar Local Handmade Ware IJif

I KA93220 No Bos Tauros (cattle) 5Rtshy12 OvisCapra (sheepgoat) 1

113 Large mammal 2 14 Medium mammal 1 i

[15 Argyrosomus regius (meagre) 3 I

are suggestive ofa rather early date still within the second halfor last quarter ofthe 8th century BC55

Comments How do we explain the apparent difference

between the conventionaI dating ofthe earliest two phases in the Carthaginian stratigraphy (c 760-700 BC) and the 14C dates of all but one sample pertaining to the 9th century Be Unless there are inconsistencies ( or consistent errors) and unforeseen tecfulical problems in the 14C method involved which seems hard to believe one is left with only two possible explanations for the gap of 40 to 100 years

1 the conventional date ranges of the Greek Late Geometric pottery series found in these contexts are incorrect or

2 the bone material sampled for 14C analysis is residual in the contexts con cerned

From a methodological point ofview the frrst

jj On the different classes see aboye context KA93183 56 Any serious challenge of the Greek Geometric dating

scheme would effectively constitute something in the order of a change ofparadigm

57 The forthcoming publication of the University of

568

option cannot be seriously discussed in the context ofthe present contribution Not oply is the number ofsamples too small and the only direct association in sample KA931187 with a Greek Eubo~an skyphos problematic (see below) but also would this demand a study ofamiddotmuch wider scope notthe least because ofthe unforeseeable implications oacutef such a re-dating56

Theoretical1y the second option seems not improbable in the light of the high level of residuality in almost all Carthaginian contex~57 However it would be extremely strange ifonly fue cerarnic material would date to the second half oacutef the 8th century BC and exactIy the animal bones used in the i4C analyses to the 9th century BC and that in all five contexts

But is there no alternative explanation Let us start with the only problematic samplt

(problematic from a 14C point of view) the bone from context KA931189 which has been datedto 2540 1 30 BP and re-dated to 2510 1 3 O ~p calibrated 800-540510 Be As outlined inthe discussion ofthe context which has been attributed to phase l it is not unlikely that something has g~ne wrong in the fie1d or in the finds processipg laboratory The pottery which we may suppose 10

have found in i~ is not registered precise notes and a field description of the context are lacking too

Amsterdam excavationson fue Bir Massouda site (2000 and 2001) is particularly focussing upon fuese residuality problems DOCTER forthcoming sect 311 (RE DOC1ER) sect 312-7 (B BECHTOW) sect 31amp (J NACEF L FERSI)

apart ofth toco chrO]

1 to pI ofth conb and whic the ~ rath the( the asse ofp orp witl con trig con con datlt cor hetl exc de~ anc wh (so ap Str Oc roc aS gu

th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai

apart from the brief mention of its position on top ofthe virgin soil 1t is therefore perhaps best not

I to consider this context and sampIe in the following iexcl chronological discussions t The other sample from a street context attributed ~ to phase I again on the basis of its position on top

bullbullofthe virgin soil is KA93183 AcIoser Iook on its iexcl contents vouId suggest fuat it is nqt as homogeneous j and early as initially thought it includes material iexclfmiddot which is more regulaacuterly found in later phases At

the same time Handmade Ware vessels which are -rather typical for early contexts form only 1 of the ceramic assemblage Ifone would not have had fue stratigraphical information on the context this

assemblage would have been compared to contexts1bull of phase ID or layer IVa that is to say the frrst half or perhaps first quarter of the 7th cent BC aIbeit

w with a fair amount ofresidual material It is in this context that the base of the Euboean skyphos with

trlglyph motif in the handle zone was found dated conventionally between c 750 and 715 BC Before confronting any conventionaI date with the new J4C date for this cO1text (late 9th cent BC) we should consider how to explain the relatively heterogeneous composition of the contexto Upon excavation it seemed to have been a rather well deposited context partly on top of1he virgin soil and partIy even sealed with a cobble pavement which clearly belonged to fue fust usage ofthe street (so phase I)The answer may perhaps be sought in a phenomenon found also higher up in the EastshyStreet At times of heavy rainfall especially in October and November water fell down from the roofs ofthe houses borderingthe streets and formed a strong current in the streets at times carising deep gullies on its way downhill58bull 1t is natto be excluded that also in this case we see the effects of such a gully created eg during phase mand filled in soon thereafter with garbage Since all street layers are more or less similar in composition and moreover

f discoloured black to greenish by the influenceacute of f faeces it is possible that the Part ofthe context that 1shyff 1

58 Similar effects of such heavy rainfall could be seen oniexcli the 13ir MassOUliasite in the last week ofSeptember 2003 these rams carne extremely early in the year and were extremely heavy~ iexcl 59 It seems to be excluded that phase III can be re-dated

1 f

f

had not been covered by cobbles upon excavation is in fact an in-fill of later date Two contexts excavated as one would explain the rather heterogeneous composition of KA931183 At frrst sight tbis down-dating of part of the context only worsens the chronological problem since the gap with the 14C date ofthe contextis now widened to no less than 100-150 years We return upon this after discussing the other contexts

The other three contexts attributed to layers ITa (KA93181) and lIb (KA93220 and KA93499) have 14C dates which in absolute terros would correspond to the late 9th century till C 790 BC (in the case of KA931220 from layer IIb) Their compositions are rather homogeneous and would seem to the present knowledge - to be very well in acc9rdance with a date in the second halfofthe 8th century BC No direct associations with Greek Geometric pottery were available in these contexts however This brings us perhaps nearer to an explanation for the apparent gap between the conventional dates and the 14C dates

The three contexts orIacutely indirectly associated with Greek Late Geometric pottery (see aboye) Also our notion of the date ranges of the Phoenician Carthaginian Levantine andNuraghicpottery contained in fuese contexts is ultimately based only on the same indirectassociation with GreekLate Geometric pottery What would be the consequences if this pottery had actua1ly been produced in the late 9th century BC as the associated 14C samples would suggest

In the frrst place these types would then have had longer date ranges starting already by the late 9th century BC continuing at least till the end of the 8th century BC In view of the conservative character ofmost ofthe Phoenician Levantine and Carthaginian (and al so Nuraghic) pottery this would not seem impossible

In the second place this would imply that phase IT covers the whole 8th century BC which seems less likely in view ofthe relatively thin sediments of layers ITa and IIb59 Moreover how would we

upwards to the 8th cent BC since it is associated with a Corinthian kotyle of probably Middle Protocorinthian 1 type (685-665 BC) DOCTER 2000 p 66 fig 1 RF DOCTER in NlEMEYERETAUIforthcoming cato 4144

569

then explain the other contexts of phasen not discussed here that do have direct assoejations with Greek Geometric pottery (see the table above) And how would we explain the direct association of KA93183 (phase 1 but probably disturbed in phase III) with an Euboean Late Geometric skyphos in conneetion withthe bone-sample dated by the 14C

method to the 9th century BC It seems inevitable that we have to consider

again the possibility ofresidual material The three contexts KA931181 KA93499 and KA93220 would then be composed of mainly early material dated to the late 9th century BC which had been re-deposited in the second half or last quarter of the 8th cent BC at the time this part ofthe eastern Byrsa hill became urbanised Similar stratigraphical sequences are not uncommon in Archaic Carthage Sorne 140 m farther to the south the new excavations of Ghent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine (TunisCarthage) have attested 8th century BC contexts re-deposited in the middle ofthe 7th eentury BC on top ofthe virgin soil (extra muros)60 And the exeavations of the University ofAmsterdarn in 2000 and 2001 some 90 m south of the Hamburg site yielded homogeneous 8th and 7th century Be contexts on top of 5th century BC levels61 In the excavations ofthe University ofHamburg one should probably consider the contexts containing also Greek Late Geometric pottery as eg KA931183 to be composed of oIder (bone sample) and younger material (LG skyphos) alike If this reasoning is correet such contexts should probably also contain younger bone material Only by having more bone fragments fromcontexts in direet association with Greek Late Geometric pottery analysed by the 14C method can this reconstruction of the sites fonnation processes be substantiated

The final question to be adduced in this connection is from where this residual material had been taken The most likely option is that it carne from an earlier settlement higher up the Byrsa hilI In the light ofthe almost exelusiveIy Carthaginian

60 DocTER CHELBI TELMINr 2003 esp 48 CHELm TELMlNI DOCTER forthcoming_

6 DOCTER forthcoming sect 218 (E GROENEWOUD RF

570

character of the pottery contained in the contexts wh (with 100188112 and 13 fragments respectively) Pr it is highly unlike1y that these eeramics and by staJ consequence the bone material in the contexts is e should stem from an indigenous population living in the area before the foundation of Phoenician con Carthage Ho

If new 14C dates prove to be eorrect and fmd con confinnation in samples that will be analysed in oft the near future we shall onIy be gIad to overcome bot our initial reservations and to conclude that alS(

Phoenician Carthage had indeed been founded in con the late 9th eentury BC Ral

chr ll TheRadiocarbon dates (J vANDERPurnr) in (

eur Radiocarbon or Carbon-14 (l4C) is a naturall) wolt

occurring isotope ofilie element Carbono lt is noUumli by shystable fonn of carbon but radioaetive anddeeays IntI with a haIf-life of 5730 years This half-lifeistht Hol time needed for half ofthe radioactive isotopeslaacute deeay Radiocarbon is eon~nuou~l~ produee~ lll~e 1 is d upper atmosphere by cosmlC radlation A statiacuteoIiacutealy i tran state ofproduction distribution (between the gl6bal f caL carbon reservoirs) and decay results iIl~ iexcl CUf1

coneentration of ca 10-10 in living organisffi~ as laquo

(people animals and pIants) The earbon exehahg~ I in a with the environment eeases after deathof -fue iexcl COl organism whereupon only the decay Of14C oceuts

1 iexcl

cali Thus the age (more precisely the moment ofdeaili) t for can be determined by measuring the amount of l1C left in the sample62bull bull -5

Radiocarbon ages are reported as so~ca1leacutedmiddot ~ ame conventional ages This is a practiee meanmgth~t 1 Eac the 14C concentration for a sample is meaacutesUFe~ ~ trea reIative to a standard aetivity (correspondingWilli f dan the year 1950 AD) is correeted for isotopi~efIacute~6fs eoll oceurring in nature and laboratory and is ca1ul~t~~ dev using an oId value for the haIf-life (in order tocl(e t mat consistent with dates publisheacuted in the beacuteginDlrlg ~ vah years of Radiocarbon dating) For more teehnieacute~l t nan details we refer to the literature63ljC f in p

Radiocarbon ages are expressed in the unitJ3P

DOCTER) sect 3_11 (RF DOCTER)

62 ArrKEN 1990 63 Cf MooK WATERBOLK 1985

which originally meant Befare Present with Presenf being 1950 AD (because ofthe chosen

standard) Today this term seems unfortunate and is confusing

It was assumed oriacuteginally that the natural 14C concentratiacuteon was a constant throughout the ages However iacutet was soon realised that this 14C cOnceutraacutetion varies64

it depends on the strength ofthe geomagnetic field artd on solar activity which both determine the cosmic radiation flux and thuS

also the 14C production rate Both factors are not ponstant but vary in time65

bull This means that a Radiocarbon chronology is not a calendar chronology Radiocarbon dates have to ~e calibrated in order to obtain historical dates A calibration ~urve has been consiacuteructed by dating samples of wood absolutely dated by dendrochronology also by the 14C method This calibration curve called Intcal98 covers practically the complete Holocene66bull

Surnmarizing the Radiocarbon times cale (BP) is defined and 14C dates expressed in BP need to be

~translated into calendar ages (noted as calBC or calAD) by means of calibration The calibration curve is not regular but shows fluctuations known as wiggles A simple 14C date can therefore result

in a complicated calibrated age range distribution Computer programs exist to perform such calibrations67An example concemingthe 14C dates for Carthage wil1 be discussed below

Organic material s suitable for 14C dating are arrloacuteng others charco al wood peat shells and bOlle Each material has to undergo chemical and physiCal treatmentto remove contaminants and to extractthe datable fraction68For bone tbe datable fraction is collagen which is extracted following a procedure

developed by Longin69bull Quality checks for sample material are tbe carbon content (C) and the 138 value The latter is a measure ofthe content of the natural stable carbon isotope 13C and is expressed in permil (0) deviation from a standard F or bone

64 DE VRIES 1958 6$ SUESS 1970 66 STUlVER VAN DER PLlcm 1998 67 BROllaquo RAMsEY 1998 VAN DER Pucm 1993

tbe carbon content should be in the range 40 to 50 and the 138 value should be in the range -18 to shy21 0 Deviations frorp these nuacutembers may be an indication for contamination for example soiacutel humic infiltrations (138- 25 0) which could not be completely removed bytbe pre-treatmentprocedure

Short-lived samples are of key importance Charcoal is usually multi-year bones are shortshy

lived and for thatreason ofkey importance in 14C dating70

This is in particular true when the bone is clearly associated witb the prehistoric event to be dated7l bull

The results of the 14C dates for Carthage are shown in TAE B AH dates were obtained for bones (determined as cattle) The collagen produced for these bones was of good quality their 138 values and carboacuten contents are within normal range The 14C dates are reported in BP (as explainedabove) the errors quoted are lCiacute The results were older than original1y expected based on the conventional chronology ofthe Greek Late Geometric pottery except GrN26092which seems too young Therefore we repeated this measurement the

results being the same (GrN-26479) so the young age is confirmed for KA93-189 However this Carthage context is no longer relevant due to doubts regarding the documentation during excavation (see aboye)

The results calibrated to historical ages are shown in TAB e (aH dates) and in Tav 1 (one example GrN-26093) The radiocarbon ages obtained for the 4 reliable samples comply with tbe archaeological relative sequence presented aboye by Docter and Niemeyer Ka93-183 is the only sample pertaining to Phase 1 and is also the oldest sample in radiocarbon age (2710 +- 30 BP) Howeverthe excavators oftbe bone samples Docter and Niemeyer consider at present that tbe 4 reliable samples are all secondary making it possible to combine the 4 radiocarbon ages oftbe earliest levels at Cartbage This results in a mean age of2670 +shy20 BP and a calibrated age of 835-800 Be with a

68 MOOK STREURMAN 1983 69 LoNGIN 1970 7fJ BRUlNs VAN DER PUCHT 2001 11 VAN STRJIDONCK El Aw 1999

571

Sample lab llf 14C age error 138 Carbon Ka93shy GrN (BP) (lcr) (0) ()

181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B

Sample 1cr Ka93- 2cr

181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr

14C dates and quality parameters (13amp C) forthe 5 Cartago samples

--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795

TAB C caIibrated results forthe Carthago 14C dates The two miasurements (TAB A) for sample no 189 (GrN-26092 and 26479) are averaged Numbers are rounded to the nearest 5

95 or 2cr probability (Tav 2) Tav 1 shows the relevant part ofthe calibration

curve for the 14C date 2640 plusmn 50 BP The calibration curve is a smoothed curve fitted through the calibration datapoints a decadal dataset measured with high precision for dendrochronologically dated wood72

bull The so-caBed probability distribution for the Radiocarbon date 2640 plusmn 50 BP is plotted along the vertical axis The calibrated age probability

distribution is plotted along the horizontal (=historical) axis This distribution is ca1culated by

72 STUIVER VAN DER PLlcm 1998

computer programs developed for thispurpose73

and is irregular because ofthe wigg1y shapeofthe calibration curve The calibrated probability distribution is further analysed numericalIy in terms of calibrated age ranges at both 1 cr and 2cr levek For GrN-26093 (Ka93-220) the 1cr range corresponds with 890-770 calBe (see Tav land TAB C) The 1cr and 2cr levels are rounded tothe nearest 5 Note that the wiggles can produce multiple ranges (where the calibrated probabiJity distribution has several peaks) Illustrative examples

73 VAN DER PLIcm 1993 BRONK RAMsEy 1998

for ti derP for Betw curv~

sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull

for the calibration procedures can be found in van der Plicht and Mook74 F or this analysis the 2 dates for Ka93-189 are averaged to 2525 plusmn 25 BP Between ca 800 BC and 400 BC fue 14C calibration curve features a plateau which is caused by an sudden and temporary increase in 14C production starting at 850 BC due to a solar excursion This plaacuteteau is caUed fue Hallstatt-plateau75 bull

Unfortunately the application of 14C dating during the period 800 to 400 BC is severely

limited a 14C date of say 2500 BP may result in a calibrated age range ofapproximately 4 centuries independent of the accuracy of the 14C measurement itself This is true for fue Ka93-189 where a very accurate result (fue average for 2 dates has an error of 25 BP) does not result in an accurate historical age AH other samples are older and yield accurate calibrated age ranges which pertain with a 95 probability to the late 9th

century BC (Tav 2)16

RrFERIMENTI BIBLIOGRAFICI

ArlKEN 1990 MJ AmcEN Science based dating in Arr-haeology London-NewYork

BELOCH 1894 JC BELOCH Die Phoniker am Aacutegiiischen Meer in Rheinisches Museum (Neue Folge) 49 pp 111-131

BRONKRAMsEY 1998 C BRONKRAMsEY Probability and dating in Radiocarbon 40 pp 61-474

BRUINS VAN DER PLICHT 2001 HJ BRUINS J VAN

DER PuCRT Radiocarbon dating in Near-Eastem contexts confusion and quality control in Radiocarbon 43 pp 1155-1166

CHELBI ETAwforthcoming F CHELEacutelI BM TELMINI RE DocTER Deacutecouverte dune neacutecropole du huitieme siecle av J-C a Carthage Bir Massouda Rapport preacuteliminaire sur les fouilles de 1 Institut National du Patrimoine (Iunis) et lUniversiteacute de Gand in CEDAC Bulletin Centre deacutetudes et de documentation archeacuteologique de la conservation de Carthage 21 (2003)

COLDSTREAM 1968 JN COLDSTREAM Greek Geometric Pottery A survey often local styles and their chronology London

DE VRIES 1958 H DE VRIES Variation in concentration of radiacuteocarbonwith time and location on earth in Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Proceedings series B(61) pp 1-9

DOCTER 1997 RF DoCTER Archaische Amphoren aus Karthago und ToscanosFundspektrum und F ormentwicklung Ein Beitrag zur phi5nizischen

bmiddot

~1 iexcl I

74 V llN DER PLlCHr MooK 1987 7S VAN GEEL ETAUJ 1998

Wirtschaftsgeschichte Amsterdam DOCTER 1998 RF DOCTER Die sogenannten ZitAshy

Amphoren nuraghisch und zentralitalisch (19091997) in R ROLLE K SCHMIDT RF DOCTER (Edd) Atchiiacuteologische Stuacutedien in Kontaktzonen der antiken Welt(Veroffentlichung der Joachim Jungius-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Hamburg 87 Festschtift RG Niemeyer) GOttingentilde pp 359-373

DOCTER 2QOO RF DOCTER East Greek fine wares and transport amphorae 01the 8th-5th century B Cfrom Carthage and Toscanos in P CABRERA

BONET M SANTOS RETOLAZA (Edd) Ceramiques jonies depoca arcaica Centres de produccioacute 1 comercialitzacioacute al Mediterrani occidental (Actes Taula Rodona Empuacuteries 1999) Barcelona pp 63-88

DOCTER forthcoming RF DOCTER (Ed) Carthage The excavations at the Bir Massouda site 2 vol 1 (ARGU Archaeological Reports Ghent University) Ghent

DOCTER ET ALlI 2003 RE DOCTER F CHELBI BM TELMINI Carthage Bir Massouda Preliminary report on thefirst bilateral excavations ofGhent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine (2002-2003) in Bulletin Antieke Beschaving Annual Papers on Mediterranean Archaeology 78 pp 43-70

DOCTER NIEMEYER 1994 RF DOCTER HG NIEMEYER Pithekoussai the Cartaginian

76 The calibrated probability distribution was analysed as explained by VAN DER PLICHT MoOlc 1989

f 573

Connection On the archaeologieal evidence 01 Euboeo-Phoenician partnership in the 8th and 7th centuries B e in B DAGOSTINo D RrooWAY

(Edd) APOlKIA 1 piu antiehi insediamenti greci in occidente funzioni e modi dellorganizzazione politica e sociale Scritti in onore di Giorgio Buchner (Annali Istituto Orientale Napoli Areheologia e Storia Antiea n s 1) Napoli [1995] pp 101-115

LoNGIN 1970 R LoNGIN Extraetiacuteon du eollagene des osfossiles pour leur datation par la meacutethode du carbone 14 (Thesis University ofLyon)

MANSEL 1999 K MANsEL Handgemaehte Keramik der Siedlungssehiehten des 8 und 7 Jahrhunderts v Chr aus Karthago Ein

Vorbericht in E RAKOB (Ed) Die Deutschen Ausgrabungen in Karthago (Karthago llJ) Mainz aR pp 220-238

MOOK STREURMAN 1983 WG MOOK HJ

S1REURMAN Physieal and ehemical aspects 01 radiocarbon dating in PACT Publications 8 pp 31-55

MOOK WATERBOLK 1985 WG MOOK HT

WATERBOLK Handbookfor Archaeologists no 3 Radiocarbon Dating Strasbourg pp 1-65

NEEFT 1987 CW NEEFT Protocorinthian Subgeometric Aryballoi Amst~rdam

NIEMEYER 1989 HGNIEMEYERDasjruumlheKarthago unddiephOnizischeExpansion imMittelmeerraum AIs offentlieher Vortrag der Joachim JungiusshyGesellschqftder Wissenschaften-gehalten am 31 Mai 1988 in Hamburg (Veroffentlichung der JoachimJungius-Gesellschqft der WlSsenschqften Hamburg 60) Gottingen

NIEMEYER DOCTER ET ALII Ho NIEMEYER RE DOCTER ET ALII Die Grabung unter dem Decumanus Maximus von Karthago Vorbericht uumlber die Kampagnen 1986-91 in Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen lnstitut Romische Abteilung 100 pp 201-244

NIEMEYERETAw 1995 Bo NIEMEYER RFDoCTER

A RINDELAUB Die Grabung unter dem Decumanus Maximus von Karthago Zweiter Vorbericht in Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologisehen lnstitut Romische Abteilung 102 pp 475-502

NIEMEYERETALlIforthcoming Ho NJEMEYER RE

DOCTER K SCHMIDT B BECHTOLD ET ALIJ Karthago Die Ergebnisse der Hamburger Grabung unter dem Decumanus Maximus (Hamburger Forsehungen zur Archaologie 2)

NDBOERET ALII 199912000 AJ NDBOERAM BIETTI Vi SESTIERI A DE SANTIS J VAN DER PLICHT A high chronology for the Early lron Age in Central

ltaly in Palaeohistoria 4142 pp 163-176 NIJBOER 2002 B NIJBOER Een debat over

chronologieen in TMA Tijdschrift voor Mediterrane Archeologie 26 pp 23-32

OGGIANO 2000 1 OGGIANO Lp ceramica fenicia di Sant Imbenia (Alghero - SS) in P BARTOLONI

L CAMPANELLA (Edd) La ceramicafenicia di Sardegna Dati problemiacute confrontiacute (Atti Primo

Congresso Sulcitano SantAntioco 1997) Roma pp 235-258

PESERICO 2002 A PESERICO Die offenen Formen derRedSlip Ware aus Karthago Untersuchungen zur phonizischen Keramik im westlichen Mittelmeerraum (Hamburger Werkstattreihe zur Archaologie 5) MUumlllster-Hamburg-London

RrooWAY 2004 D RIDGWAY Euboeans and others along the Tyrrhenian seaboard in the 8th century BC in K LOMAS (Ed) Greek ldentity in the Western Mediterranean Papers in Honour 01 Brian Shefton Leiden-Boston pp 15-33

STUIVER VAN DER PLICHT 1998 M STUIVER J VAN

DER PLICHT (Edd) INTCAL98 Calibratiacuteon Issue in Radiocarbon 40 pp 1041-1164

SUESS 1970 RE SUESS The threecauses ofsecular I4C fluctuations their amplitudes and time constants in 1U OLSSON (Ed) 12th Nobel Symposium Stqckholm pp 595605

VAN DER PLICHT 1993 J VAN DER PUCRT The Groningen radiacuteocarbon calibratiacuteon program in Radiocarbon 35 pp 231-237

VANDERPLICHT MOOK 1987 J VAN DERPLICHT Wo

MOOK Automatiacutec radiocarbon calibration illustrative examples in Palaeohistoria 29 pp 173-182

VANDERPUCRT MOOK 1989 J vANDERPLICHT WG

MOOK Calibration of Radiocarbon Ages by Computer in Radiocarbon 31 pp 805-816

VAN GEEL ET Aw 1998 B VAN GEEL J VAN DER

PUCHT MR KILIAN ER KLAVER JHM

KOUWENBERG H RENSSEN 1 REYNAUD-FARRERA

574

I I

HT WATERBOLK The sharp rise ofiquestjI4Cca 800 cal BC possible causes related climatic connections and the impact on human environments in Radiocarbon 40 pp 535-550

VAN STRIJDONCK ET Aw 1999 M VAN STRIJDONCK

DE NELSON P COMBRE C BRONK RAMSEY

EM SCOTT J VAN DER PLICHT REM

HEDGES Whats in a I4C date in Third conference on J4C and Archaeology Lyon pp 433-440

VAN WIJNGAARDEN-BAKKER ET Aw 2003 LH VAN

WDNGAARDEN-BAKKER CH MAllEPAARD RF DOCTER HG NIEMEYER Op jacht in Carthago in Phoenix 491 pp 34-46

575

TAVl

2640 +1- 50 BP GrN-26093 CIO Groningen

Stuiver et al - INTCAL98

2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC

Calibration ofthe HC date 2640 plusmn 5013P (GrN-26093) for one ofthe Carthage bone samples (Ka93-220) The relevant part (1000shy500 BC 2400-2850 BP) ofthe calibration curve Intcal98 (Stuiver and van der Plicht 1998) is shown with the measured (vertical

axis) and calibrated (horizontal axis) probability distributions

576

j

TAV2

a6a ~670 - 20 BP Carthillgo C J ~ O~ nroningen ~ ---iexcl

S-tuivstl at al - lttTCAL98

2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be

bull - O bullbull ~ ~- 0l=) --1

J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be

The radiocarbon ages obtained for the 4 reliable bone samples from the earliest layers at Carthage comply with the archaeological relative sequence presented aboye Ka93-183 is the onIy sample pertaining to Phase 1 and is also the oldest sample in radiocarbon age (2710 +- 30 BP) However the excavators Docter and Niemeyer consider at present that the 4 samples are all secondary thus making it possibleto combine the 4 radiocarbon ages ofthe earliacuteest levels at Carthage This results in a mean age of2670 +- 20

BP and a calibrated age of 835-800 BC with a 95 or 20 probability

CALIBRATION OF 2670 BP +- 20 ANALYSIS OF PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION Combined result of4 radiocarbon ages from the earliest SeattlelGroningen Method

levels at Carthage 1 2 sigma confidence interval analysiacutes The calculations were performed using the following 683 (1 sigma) confidence level yields the following ~1

datafiles ranges i calibration data ccal25datalcal40dta 827 cal BC 809 cal BC 1

I i spline fit data ccal25datalfit40s0spl 954 (2 sigma) confidence level yields the following

which means Stuiver et al - lNTCAL98 ranges integration step size (lyears) 10 833 cal BC 802 cal BC

577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE

ANDREA CARANDINI FRANCESCO RONCALLI Indiriacutezzi di saluto p 7

GILDA BARTOLON FlLIPPO DELPrno Introduzione ai lavori raquo 9

QUADRO GENERALE

RAFFAELE C DE MAruNIs Cronologia relativa cross-dating e datazioniacute cronometriacuteche tra bronzojinale e primoferro raquo 15

RENATO gtERON ALESSANDROVANZETTI Intomo aUa cronologia della prima eta delferro italiana da R Muumlller-Karpe a Ch Pare raquo 53

MARco PACCIARELLI Osservazioni sulla cronologiacutea assoluta del bronzo jinale e della prima eta delferro raquo 81

CRISTIANO lAIA I bronzi laminati del primo ferro italiano come indicatori cronologici a vasto raggio e problemi interpretativi - gt 91

DISCUSSIONE EOOERVENTI Re de Marinis C laia A Guidi A Babbi RC de Marinis M Pacciarelliacute G Bartoloni S Verger AM Bietti Sestieri A Zanini A Babbi F Delpino RC de Marinis A Vanzetti RC de Marinis R Peroni M Pacciarelli RC de Marinis M Pacciarelli C laia oo oo raquo113

ITALIA SETTENTRIONALE E CENTRALE

MIRErLLE DAVID-ELBIALI CYNTIllA DUNNING R quadro cronologico relativo e assoluto nell ambito nord-alpino tra 1000 e 700 a C raquo145

RAFFAELE C DE MAruNIs FlLIPPO M GAMBARI La cultura di Golasecca tra X e VIII secolo a c cronologia relativa e correlazioni con altre aree culturali raquo197

ALBERTO ALBERTI LORENZO DAL fu CATRIN MARzoLI UMBERTO TECCHIATI Evidenze relative alX IX e VIII secolo a C nell ambito dell alto bacino del jiume Adiacutege (cultura diLuco-Meluno) oooo raquo227

ELODIA BIANCFIlN CITTON NICOLETTA MARTINELLI Cronologiacutea relativa e assoluta di alcuniacute contesti veneti della tarda eta del bronzo e degli inizi dell eta delferro Nota preliminare raquo 239

ANNA DORE R ViUanoviano I-III di Bologna problemi diacute cronologiacutea relativa e assoluta raquo255

ANDREA BABBI ALEsSANDRA PIERGROSSI Per una deftnizione della cronologia relativa e assoluta del Villanoviano veiente e tarquiniese raquo293

FRANCESCA BorrAN La ceramiacuteca greco-geometrica di Veiacuteo p 319

MAruAANTONIETTA RIzzo Ceramiacuteca greca e di tipo greco da Qerveteri raquo 333

DISCUSSIONE ElNTERVENTI A Vanzetti M David-Elbiali A Vanzetti U Tecchiati RC de Marinis A Vanzetti M Pacciarelli AM Bietti Sestieri RC de Marinis G Bartoloni R Peroni G Bartoloni E Bianchin Citton A Guidi G Bartoloni A Guidi R Peroniacute e F F erranti P Von Eles G Bagnasco Gianni F De1pino B d Agostino A Dore M Pacciarelli A

Dore F TruccoAM Bietti Sestieri RC de MarinisAM Bietti Sestieri raquo 381

ITALIA CENTRO-MERIDIONALE

GILDA BARTOLONI VALENTINO NJZZo Lazio protostorico e mondo greco bullraquo 409

BRUNO DAGOSTINo Osservazioni suIZa cronologiacutea delZa prima eta del ferro nell Italia meridionale raquo 437

FRANCESCA FERRANTI L orizzonte tardo-geometrico enotrio alla vigilia delle fondazioni coloniali greche raquo 441

ETTORE M DE JULIIS La prima eta delferra in Pugliaraquo 453

DISCUSSIONE E OOERVENTI B d Agostino E Gusberti M Rendeli ML Lazzarini G Colonna M Pacciarelli A Vanzetti AM Bietti Sestieri G Bartoloni AM Bietti

Sestieri G Bartoloni EM De Juliis B dAgostino C raiacutea V Nizzo E Gusberti V Nizzo G Bartoloni AM Bietti Sestieri EM De Juliis raquo 469

MEDITERRANEO

NT~ KOUROU Greek imports in Early IronAge Italy raquo 497

ROSA MARIA ALBANESE PROCELLI Fas e facies della protostoria recente in Sicilia dati e problemi interpretativi - raquo 517

ALBERT J NIJBoER La cronologia assoluta detreta del ferro nel Mediterraneo dibattito sui metodi e sui risultati raquo 527

ROAill F DocTER HANs GEORG NIEMEYER ArBERT J NIJBoER HANs VAN DER PLIeHT Radiocarbon dates ofanimal bones in the earliest levels ofCarthage raquo 557

MAsSIMO BOTTO Per una riconsiderazione della cronologiacutea degli inizi della colonizzazione fenicia nel Mediterraneo centro-occidentale ) 579

DISCUSSIONE ElNTERVENTI N Kourou A Guidi N Kourou A Quidi N Kourou F Cordano C Giardino AM Bietti Sestieri RM Albanese Procelli F Arietti RC de Marinis G Colonna F Delpmo R Peroniacute AJ Nijboer N Kourou AJ Nijboer N Kourou AJ Nijboer N Kourou AJ Nijboer V Nizzo L Nigro M Botto raquo 631

DISCUSSIONE GENERAL E E CONCLUSIONI

A Guidi RC de Marinis C Giardino S Verger F Delpino M Pacciarelli R Peroni eA Vanzetti p 651

BRUNO D AGOSTINo Conclusioni raquo 661

(

1

I t

Radiocarbon drJtes 01 animal bones in the earliest levels 01Carthage

RF DOCTER Ro NIEMEYER AJ~ NIJBOER 1 VAN DER PLICHT

d

This contribution has been added to the proceedings Qf the Incontro di Studio after it became clear that the results of five 14C analyses from Carthage presented in Rome by AJ Nijboer would potentially have great impact on Central Mediterranean absolute chronology1 The analyses coacutencerned five bone samples from the earliest hvo phases ofthe Carthaginian settlement (excavations ofthe University ofHamburg below the decumanus maximus) Four ofthe bone samples yieIded a combined calibrated daacutete of835-800 BC (with 95 probability) In view ofthe association with Greek Late Geometric pottery and the unprecedented proximity of this date to the tradiacutetional foundatiacuteon date of Carthage (81413 Be) it was decided to publish arid interpret 1he results in relation to the archaeological contexts The 14C dates and calibrattd

results forthe five Carthage samples are given first Then Docter and Niemeyer discuss fue contexts

from which fue 5 samples wereretrieved while Van der Plicht closes this contribution by examining the quality ofilie radiocarbon datesthemselves and their calibration

The animal bones dated may be secondafy but the descriptions of the contexts demonstrate that

Proiacute drRoaldEDocterDepartmentafArchaeologyandAncient History Ghent University Blandijnberg 2 B-9000 Ghent Belgium (RoaldDocterUgentbe) Proiacute en1 Dr Hans Georg Niemeyer Eppendorfer Landstrasse 60 D-20249 Hamburg (niemeyerunishyhamburgde)DrAlbertlNifboer GrtmingenInstituteofArchaeology University of Groningen Poststraat 6 9712 ER Groningen The Netherlands (wwwlcmrugnl)(AlNljboerletrugnl) DI ir Hans van derPlicht Centre ofIsotopeAnalysis University ofGroningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands (www

1

theyare recovered from the earliest levels of Carthage excavatedby theUniversity ofHamburg and that the animal bones do not seem to belong to an indig~nous settlement which theoretically might have existed on this locationprior to the Phoenician foundation of Carthage The results 2540+-30 BP and 2510+-30 BP are no longer relevantmiddot due to doubts regarding their archaeological context (KA931189 see the desctiption ofthis context below) The remaining 4 fadiocarbon dates indicate that cattle was slaughtered in the period 835-800 BC with a 95 probability and that their remains were excavated in conteacutexts that pertain to the earliest levels of Phoenician Cartbage so far excavated2

bull The two measurementsmiddotfor sample no 189 (GrN-26092 ariacuted 26479) are)averaged and years are rounded to the nearest 53 (TAB A)

l The archaeological contexts4 (RF DOCTER HGNIEMEYER)

Introduction From 1986 till1993 a team ofthe University of

ciophysn1) (JvanderPlichtphysrugn1) I See for a balanced comment bn the consequences of reshy

dating the Central Mediterranean chronologies RroGWAY 2004 especially 19-22

2 The calibrated probability distribution wasanalysed as explained in VAN DER PLICHT MOOK 1989

3 Seealso Tav 2p 554) ofthepaperbyNijboerprecedingthls contribution which presents the calibrations using the OxcalshyprogranJIDe

557

middot~iIIiii _middotH -iquest~jShl_~WSraquoh~


181 26090 2650 30 la 2a

183 26091 2710 30 la 2a

189 26092 2540 30 la 1 89duplo 26479 2510 30

2a

220 26093 2640 50 la 2a

lt

499 26094 2660 30 la 2a

calBC

















necropoll provided






Ba 8 L

forthcom 9 No

contribui

558












559

=gt







~-
















560



















561







Layerlla

~-

I

e725-700Layerllb















562








le 750-715 e750-715

e750-715

e750-715

e 750-715

e750-715

e750-715

c750-715

e750-715

i









The sam fragmen



Tl I

1 ]

2 1 3 ]

4 1 5 ]

6 ]

7 ]

8 ]

9 J 10 J 11 J 12 J 13 J 14 ]

15 TJ ]16 ]17 J ]

18 19 20 ]

]21

37Doc

inNIEMEYE 38 Doc

DocrERin


shy







)4 KA93183-37 I 1 wa11 15 I KA931l83-34 I 1 rim

~

I 16 I KA93183-63 I 1 nm J 7 KA93183-66 i 1 nm



563




22 KA93183-40 I 1 diagn 1


29 KA931183-68 1 base I 30 KA93183-38 1 wall

31 KA931183-1 1 I





Bronze43 rod-shaped

1 KA931l89-1 I 1shy1 1





-~-

9 Mollusc 1 I





- ----shy




KA93 stratign

Imayh Apa

mollus(


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

44

45

46

ETAIJ 47

564




IS



ld Ild



i



l











565

KA93181 No I






I

I


48 Indeterminable 6

I50 MoIluscs










l











horizon

2 1 i 3 1

]4 ]5

iexcl 6 1 )

1~8 i 9

10 11 I

~ 13

15

~ 16

18 19 20

~ 22

~ 124 p-t ~

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

566

54

n






I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23


1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall





Local Red Slip Ware










Plate_~_-i









I 567

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t


181 26090 2650 30 la 2a

183 26091 2710 30 la 2a

189 26092 2540 30 la 1 89duplo 26479 2510 30

2a

220 26093 2640 50 la 2a

lt

499 26094 2660 30 la 2a

calBC

















necropoll provided






Ba 8 L

forthcom 9 No

contribui

558












559

=gt







~-
















560



















561







Layerlla

~-

I

e725-700Layerllb















562








le 750-715 e750-715

e750-715

e750-715

e 750-715

e750-715

e750-715

c750-715

e750-715

i









The sam fragmen



Tl I

1 ]

2 1 3 ]

4 1 5 ]

6 ]

7 ]

8 ]

9 J 10 J 11 J 12 J 13 J 14 ]

15 TJ ]16 ]17 J ]

18 19 20 ]

]21

37Doc

inNIEMEYE 38 Doc

DocrERin


shy







)4 KA93183-37 I 1 wa11 15 I KA931l83-34 I 1 rim

~

I 16 I KA93183-63 I 1 nm J 7 KA93183-66 i 1 nm



563




22 KA93183-40 I 1 diagn 1


29 KA931183-68 1 base I 30 KA93183-38 1 wall

31 KA931183-1 1 I





Bronze43 rod-shaped

1 KA931l89-1 I 1shy1 1





-~-

9 Mollusc 1 I





- ----shy




KA93 stratign

Imayh Apa

mollus(


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

44

45

46

ETAIJ 47

564




IS



ld Ild



i



l











565

KA93181 No I






I

I


48 Indeterminable 6

I50 MoIluscs










l











horizon

2 1 i 3 1

]4 ]5

iexcl 6 1 )

1~8 i 9

10 11 I

~ 13

15

~ 16

18 19 20

~ 22

~ 124 p-t ~

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

566

54

n






I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23


1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall





Local Red Slip Ware










Plate_~_-i









I 567

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t












559

=gt







~-
















560



















561







Layerlla

~-

I

e725-700Layerllb















562








le 750-715 e750-715

e750-715

e750-715

e 750-715

e750-715

e750-715

c750-715

e750-715

i









The sam fragmen



Tl I

1 ]

2 1 3 ]

4 1 5 ]

6 ]

7 ]

8 ]

9 J 10 J 11 J 12 J 13 J 14 ]

15 TJ ]16 ]17 J ]

18 19 20 ]

]21

37Doc

inNIEMEYE 38 Doc

DocrERin


shy







)4 KA93183-37 I 1 wa11 15 I KA931l83-34 I 1 rim

~

I 16 I KA93183-63 I 1 nm J 7 KA93183-66 i 1 nm



563




22 KA93183-40 I 1 diagn 1


29 KA931183-68 1 base I 30 KA93183-38 1 wall

31 KA931183-1 1 I





Bronze43 rod-shaped

1 KA931l89-1 I 1shy1 1





-~-

9 Mollusc 1 I





- ----shy




KA93 stratign

Imayh Apa

mollus(


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

44

45

46

ETAIJ 47

564




IS



ld Ild



i



l











565

KA93181 No I






I

I


48 Indeterminable 6

I50 MoIluscs










l











horizon

2 1 i 3 1

]4 ]5

iexcl 6 1 )

1~8 i 9

10 11 I

~ 13

15

~ 16

18 19 20

~ 22

~ 124 p-t ~

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

566

54

n






I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23


1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall





Local Red Slip Ware










Plate_~_-i









I 567

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t







~-
















560



















561







Layerlla

~-

I

e725-700Layerllb















562








le 750-715 e750-715

e750-715

e750-715

e 750-715

e750-715

e750-715

c750-715

e750-715

i









The sam fragmen



Tl I

1 ]

2 1 3 ]

4 1 5 ]

6 ]

7 ]

8 ]

9 J 10 J 11 J 12 J 13 J 14 ]

15 TJ ]16 ]17 J ]

18 19 20 ]

]21

37Doc

inNIEMEYE 38 Doc

DocrERin


shy







)4 KA93183-37 I 1 wa11 15 I KA931l83-34 I 1 rim

~

I 16 I KA93183-63 I 1 nm J 7 KA93183-66 i 1 nm



563




22 KA93183-40 I 1 diagn 1


29 KA931183-68 1 base I 30 KA93183-38 1 wall

31 KA931183-1 1 I





Bronze43 rod-shaped

1 KA931l89-1 I 1shy1 1





-~-

9 Mollusc 1 I





- ----shy




KA93 stratign

Imayh Apa

mollus(


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

44

45

46

ETAIJ 47

564




IS



ld Ild



i



l











565

KA93181 No I






I

I


48 Indeterminable 6

I50 MoIluscs










l











horizon

2 1 i 3 1

]4 ]5

iexcl 6 1 )

1~8 i 9

10 11 I

~ 13

15

~ 16

18 19 20

~ 22

~ 124 p-t ~

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

566

54

n






I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23


1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall





Local Red Slip Ware










Plate_~_-i









I 567

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t



















561







Layerlla

~-

I

e725-700Layerllb















562








le 750-715 e750-715

e750-715

e750-715

e 750-715

e750-715

e750-715

c750-715

e750-715

i









The sam fragmen



Tl I

1 ]

2 1 3 ]

4 1 5 ]

6 ]

7 ]

8 ]

9 J 10 J 11 J 12 J 13 J 14 ]

15 TJ ]16 ]17 J ]

18 19 20 ]

]21

37Doc

inNIEMEYE 38 Doc

DocrERin


shy







)4 KA93183-37 I 1 wa11 15 I KA931l83-34 I 1 rim

~

I 16 I KA93183-63 I 1 nm J 7 KA93183-66 i 1 nm



563




22 KA93183-40 I 1 diagn 1


29 KA931183-68 1 base I 30 KA93183-38 1 wall

31 KA931183-1 1 I





Bronze43 rod-shaped

1 KA931l89-1 I 1shy1 1





-~-

9 Mollusc 1 I





- ----shy




KA93 stratign

Imayh Apa

mollus(


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

44

45

46

ETAIJ 47

564




IS



ld Ild



i



l











565

KA93181 No I






I

I


48 Indeterminable 6

I50 MoIluscs










l











horizon

2 1 i 3 1

]4 ]5

iexcl 6 1 )

1~8 i 9

10 11 I

~ 13

15

~ 16

18 19 20

~ 22

~ 124 p-t ~

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

566

54

n






I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23


1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall





Local Red Slip Ware










Plate_~_-i









I 567

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t







Layerlla

~-

I

e725-700Layerllb















562








le 750-715 e750-715

e750-715

e750-715

e 750-715

e750-715

e750-715

c750-715

e750-715

i









The sam fragmen



Tl I

1 ]

2 1 3 ]

4 1 5 ]

6 ]

7 ]

8 ]

9 J 10 J 11 J 12 J 13 J 14 ]

15 TJ ]16 ]17 J ]

18 19 20 ]

]21

37Doc

inNIEMEYE 38 Doc

DocrERin


shy







)4 KA93183-37 I 1 wa11 15 I KA931l83-34 I 1 rim

~

I 16 I KA93183-63 I 1 nm J 7 KA93183-66 i 1 nm



563




22 KA93183-40 I 1 diagn 1


29 KA931183-68 1 base I 30 KA93183-38 1 wall

31 KA931183-1 1 I





Bronze43 rod-shaped

1 KA931l89-1 I 1shy1 1





-~-

9 Mollusc 1 I





- ----shy




KA93 stratign

Imayh Apa

mollus(


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

44

45

46

ETAIJ 47

564




IS



ld Ild



i



l











565

KA93181 No I






I

I


48 Indeterminable 6

I50 MoIluscs










l











horizon

2 1 i 3 1

]4 ]5

iexcl 6 1 )

1~8 i 9

10 11 I

~ 13

15

~ 16

18 19 20

~ 22

~ 124 p-t ~

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

566

54

n






I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23


1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall





Local Red Slip Ware










Plate_~_-i









I 567

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t


shy







)4 KA93183-37 I 1 wa11 15 I KA931l83-34 I 1 rim

~

I 16 I KA93183-63 I 1 nm J 7 KA93183-66 i 1 nm



563




22 KA93183-40 I 1 diagn 1


29 KA931183-68 1 base I 30 KA93183-38 1 wall

31 KA931183-1 1 I





Bronze43 rod-shaped

1 KA931l89-1 I 1shy1 1





-~-

9 Mollusc 1 I





- ----shy




KA93 stratign

Imayh Apa

mollus(


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

44

45

46

ETAIJ 47

564




IS



ld Ild



i



l











565

KA93181 No I






I

I


48 Indeterminable 6

I50 MoIluscs










l











horizon

2 1 i 3 1

]4 ]5

iexcl 6 1 )

1~8 i 9

10 11 I

~ 13

15

~ 16

18 19 20

~ 22

~ 124 p-t ~

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

566

54

n






I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23


1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall





Local Red Slip Ware










Plate_~_-i









I 567

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t




22 KA93183-40 I 1 diagn 1


29 KA931183-68 1 base I 30 KA93183-38 1 wall

31 KA931183-1 1 I





Bronze43 rod-shaped

1 KA931l89-1 I 1shy1 1





-~-

9 Mollusc 1 I





- ----shy




KA93 stratign

Imayh Apa

mollus(


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

44

45

46

ETAIJ 47

564




IS



ld Ild



i



l











565

KA93181 No I






I

I


48 Indeterminable 6

I50 MoIluscs










l











horizon

2 1 i 3 1

]4 ]5

iexcl 6 1 )

1~8 i 9

10 11 I

~ 13

15

~ 16

18 19 20

~ 22

~ 124 p-t ~

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

566

54

n






I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23


1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall





Local Red Slip Ware










Plate_~_-i









I 567

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t




IS



ld Ild



i



l











565

KA93181 No I






I

I


48 Indeterminable 6

I50 MoIluscs










l











horizon

2 1 i 3 1

]4 ]5

iexcl 6 1 )

1~8 i 9

10 11 I

~ 13

15

~ 16

18 19 20

~ 22

~ 124 p-t ~

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

566

54

n






I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23


1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall





Local Red Slip Ware










Plate_~_-i









I 567

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t

KA93181 No I






I

I


48 Indeterminable 6

I50 MoIluscs










l











horizon

2 1 i 3 1

]4 ]5

iexcl 6 1 )

1~8 i 9

10 11 I

~ 13

15

~ 16

18 19 20

~ 22

~ 124 p-t ~

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

566

54

n






I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23


1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall





Local Red Slip Ware










Plate_~_-i









I 567

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t

n






I 16 17

I 18 T9 20

t 21

22 1 23


1 1KA93499-23 waU KA93499-7 1 base

24 KA93499-10 3 rim 25 I KA93499-43 3 wall





Local Red Slip Ware










Plate_~_-i









I 567

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t

~



8 KA93220-13 1 base 9 I KA93220-l5 1 wall

1 10 1 KA93220 1 wall -

I FabricWare Shape

















568









th gu th( ID(

di fao

th~

rai










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t










1 f

f







569







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t







570









1 iexcl


























571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t





















571


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t


181 26090 2650 30 -2040 459

183 26091 2710 30 -2036 474

189 26092 2540 30 -2027 438 189dupl0 26479 2510 30 -2054 479

220 26093 2640 50 -2100 477

499 26094 2660 30 -2022 417

TAB B


181 1cr 2cr

183 1cr 2cr

189 1cr 2cr

220 1cr 2cr

499 1cr 2cr


--_ --__------shycalBC

825-800 890-880 835-795 895-825 905-805 790-760 680-665 630-595 575-560 795-755 685-545 890-770 905-760 680-670 610-595 825-805 895-875835-795











sudd starti phite

1 durIacutel

ArrK A

BEU Aacute F

BRO a

BRUl D

e t

CHE F iexcl

1

(j

l COI

(

(

DE (

1

~

Do(

572

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t

bull















bmiddot

~1 iexcl I










f 573




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t




































574

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t

I I








575

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t

TAVl



2800

2700

BP 2600

2500

2400 10OacuteO 900 800 700 600 500

cal BC



576

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t

j

TAV2



2140

2120

2100

3680

BP 2660

2640

2620

2600

2580 00 aso

ciill Be


J K 0000 +--~900 ~- aoo eal Be








577

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t

r f

1 I

fJ

t ~ ~ l

INDICE



QUADRO GENERALE
























MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t










MEDITERRANEO










(

1

I t

Documents

Niemeyer - Radiocarbon Datos of Animal Bones in the Earliest Levels of Carthage