NOTIZIARIO Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone - Issue 15 n.2, 2010

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Editorial NewsSpain has already a Synchrotron Light Source: Alba…………… 2S. Ferrer

Scientific ReviewsMicrostructural characterization and residual strain mapping of twoancient Japanese swords…………… 4F. Grazzi, L. Bartoli, F. Civita, A.M. Paradowska, A. Scherillo, M. Zoppi

Coded-apertures take x-ray phase contrast imaging outof the synchrotrons and into real world applications……………11A. Olivo

High power terahertz radiation from high brightness electron beam at SPARC……………20S. Lupi

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News2nd General Assembly of the Neutron and Muon consortium NMI3…………… 27A. Claver

School and Meeting ReportsItaly-UK workshop on imaging and life sciences applications of new lightsources……………30L. Palumbo

Call for Proposals……………33

Calendar……………35

Facilities……………43

Vol. 15 n. 2 Luglio 2010Aut. Trib. Roma n. 124/96 del 22-03-96

EDITOR

C. Andreani

CORRESPONDENTS

L. Avaldi, L.E. Bove, C. Blasetti,L. Bibi Palatini, A. Claver, A.E. Ekkebus,T. Guidi, S. Imberti, L. Palumbo

ON LINE VERSION

V. Buttaro

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE

S. Ferrer, F. Grazzi, S. Lupi, A. Olivo

EDITORIAL INFORMATION AND SUBSCRIPTIONS

A. MinellaE-mail: [email protected]

GRAPHIC AND PRINT

omgrafica srlVia Fabrizio Luscino, 7300174 Rome - ItalyE-mail: [email protected]

Finito di stampare nel mese di Luglio 2010

published by CNR(Publishing and Promotion of Scientific Information)in collaboration with the Physics Department of theUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

Scientific Reviews

Research Infrastructures

M & N & SR News

School and Meeting Reports

SUMMARY

Cover photo.Picture of two ancient Japanese blades accordingto the traditional display arrangement and drawingsof the INES and ENGIN-X diffractometers at ISISused to analyse them.

www.cnr.it/neutronielucedisincrotrone

Editorial News

2Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone - Vol. 15 n. 2

S. FerrerAlba Synchrotron Light SourceCerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

Spain has alreadya Synchrotron Light Source: Alba

on the left: Mr. Zapatero during the inaugurationceremony.

on the right: External view of the building.

The new light source is located in Cerdanyola del Valles near Barcelona. LastMarch the official inauguration ceremony was celebrated and it was chaired bythe presidents of the Spanish and Catalonia Governments highlighting not onlyits scientific relevance but also the societal impact.ALBA is a third generation source of 3 GeV equipped with state of the arttechnology. It is similar to Soleil and Diamond although the perimeter (ca 269m) is smaller It is foreseen to run in top up mode at relatively early stages andit has been designed for a maximum operating current of 400 mA.Seven beamlines are presently being assembled. They were chosen out ofthirteen proposals presented by groups of Spanish synchrotron users. Theycover the fields of Material Science, Biology and Condensed Matter Physics. Inthe area of Material Sciences, two hard X ray beamlines devoted to absorptionand emission spectroscopy, and high resolution powder diffraction including astation for diffraction at elevated pressures will be available. The powderdiffraction beamline will be fed by a 20 kW superconducting wiggler whereasa conventional wiggler will be used for absorption spectroscopy. Emphasis willbe made in real-time catalytic reactions with industrial catalysts. Aphotoemission beamline with variable polarization soft X rays will feed a stateof the art photoemission microscope (PEEM) and a near ambient pressurephotoemission set up that will operate in a wide pressure range going fromultrahigh vacuum to several mbar. A second helical undulator will provideradiation to the circular magnetic dichroism beamline which will have an endstation equipped with a 7 T cryomagnet. Also, at the same beamline an UHVchamber designed for soft X ray scattering experiments will be installed.Biological applications will be covered by a state of the art macromolecularcrystallography beamline including an automatic sample changer and by a noncrystalline diffraction beamline with a fast 2D detector for time resolvedexperiments. Both beamlines have been optimized for ca 1 Angstrom wavelengthgenerated by in vacuum undulators. Also, a soft X ray cryo-microscope operating

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone - Vol. 15 n. 2

Editorial News

3

from the top to the bottom

View of the booster synchrotron (left) and storage ring(right). Two RF cavities are visible behind the sextupoleand quadrupole magnets.

Photoemission beamline. The vacuum vessel at leftcontains the grating monochromator. The beam canbe directed to the PEEM or to the near ambientpressure photoemission stations with a mirror.

in the water window specialized in cellular tomography will be available in abending magnet beamline. The responsibility for the construction, equipmentand exploitation of ALBA belongs to CELLS (Consorcio para la Construcción,Equipamiento y Explotación del Laboratorio de Luz Sincrotrón), an entity co-owned by the Spanish and the Catalan Governments. The total cost investmentsof the ALBA project are 201 M€ whereas the annual running cost needed for fulloperation is 22 M€. A maximum of about 32 beamlines could be accommodatedaround the storage ring lattice. The first tests of the Booster and the Linacaccelerators were performed last January obtaining very promising results. TheStorage Ring commissioning is coming next to pave the way to the beamlinecommissioning and the future users. It is planned to accept the first users in thefall of 2011. There is a huge expectation among the Spanish scientific communityfor using ALBA that will also be open to the scientific community of the rest ofthe world in order to promote the scientific exchange at international level. ALBAis expected to act as an attracting pole for the Spanish scientific community. Inaddition to the scientific aspects ALBA is also stimulating Spanish companies onleading technologies and instrumentation which is a beneficial additional effect.In summary ALBA will be one of the latest third generation synchrotron lightsources coming into operation with an expected performance among the topranking synchrotron radiation facilities and consequently it will havesignificant impact in the scientific development of Spain whilst becoming areference worldwide.


Scientific Reviews

ABSTRACT

Two Japanese long swords (katanas) belonging to the Koto Age (X-XVI century A.D.) were

measured through time of flight neutron diffraction to analyze the phases, and the stress and

strain distribution, in selected parts of the blades. The swords are representative of two different

forging schools (Aoe and Kanesada) and one of the main aims of the measurements was to

evidence possible similarities and differences. Two independent experiments were carried out at

the ISIS pulsed neutron source using the INES and ENGIN-X diffractometers. The former was

employed to map the average phase distribution on two selected cross sections, of each blade,

distinguishing among the ridge, the core, and the edge of the blades. In this way, we were able

to quantify the coarse distribution of the carbon content and, moreover, we could evidence the

presence of martensite. These data were then complemented measuring detailed stress and

strain distribution maps on ENGIN-X. As far as the ridge and the core are concerned, the tang

data were taken as a reference. These measurements significantly improve the knowledge and

understanding of the technology used to produce Japanese swords belonging to the Koto Age.

INTRODUCTION

Historical metallurgy is one of the most interesting topics in archaeometry.In particular, a great interest is dedicated to the steel making techniques and tothe forging methods by which steel weapons were produced since the mostadvanced skills have been always applied to this category of tools. These wereusually handmade by the most skilled craftsmen and by using the best availablematerials. In this context, Japanese ancient and historical swords are one of thebest examples and, therefore, represent one of the most interesting classes ofartifacts to be studied for increasing our knowledge on the historical evolutionof metallurgy. It should be pointed out that, in spite of their great cultural andhistorical interest, Japanese swords have not been investigated to a great extent.In fact, in order to obtain a good characterization of metal artifacts by thetraditional analytical methods, a somehow destructive approach is usually

Microstructural characterization and residualstrain mapping of two ancient Japanese swords

F. GrazziConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto Sistemi Complessi, Italy [email protected]

L. BartoliConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto Fisica Applicata, Italy [email protected]

F. CivitaStibbert Museum, Firenze, [email protected]

A.M. ParadowskaScience and Technology Facility CouncilISIS Neutron Scattering Facility, United [email protected]

A. ScherilloConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto Sistemi Complessi, Italy [email protected]

M. ZoppiConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto Sistemi Complessi, Italy [email protected]

Figure 1. Timeline of thesword forging history in Japan(left) and the five forgingtraditions of Koto Age (right)

5 Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone - Vol. 15 n. 2

Scientific Reviews

necessary. This procedure, even though acceptable in a large class ofcircumstances, is generally banned in the case of precious historical orarchaeological objects. The most ancient artifacts are scarce and, moreover, themost interesting ones are in excellent condition, therefore the traditionalanalytical methods (always invasive) are not applicable. In addition, Japaneseswords are characterized by a peculiar inner structure resulting from theparticular manufacturing process.[1,2]. Besides, we remind that the finalquenching of the sword affects the phase distribution, in terms of hardenedphases concentration, along the blade. This process has been refined along theyears, by each sword-smiting school, in order to provide the best mechanicalcharacteristics for every part of the blade according to its function [3,4]. The fewavailable scientific analyses of Japanese blades, which have been performedthrough metallographic microscopy [3], revealed the microstructure originatedby the forging and quenching processes, but no systematic study relating thecross section appearance to the forging schools or the traditions, has beenperformed yet. Finally, some theoretical studies have been carried out tosimulate the strains induced by the quenching along the blade [5], and suggestthat they are partially responsible for the curved shape of the swords. In thiscontext, we have proposed to use neutron diffraction analysis to obtainquantitative and systematic information, thus radically changing the approachto the study of Japanese blades. To this aim, as a part of an extensiveinvestigation plan of Japanese blade weapons, we have selected two blades of theKoto (ancient sword) age corresponding to the time interval spanning betweenthe 10th and the 16th century of European Age. These swords have beenidentified, through stylistic analysis, as pertaining to two different schools, eachone included among the five forging traditions, which virtually include thetotality of the blade production of that historical period in Japan [1]. In Fig. 1we report the timeline of the sword forging history in Japan and the names ofthe five forging traditions of Koto Age together with the bonds linking theirbirth and evolution. The selected blades pertain to the Yamashiro and Minotraditions, the two most different ones in terms of bonds. The forging traditionsoriginated either in political power centres or close to iron ore rich areas or both.In order to clarify this aspect we report in Fig. 2 two maps of Japan in which theorigin provinces of the five traditions and the main iron ores deposits are shown.

KEYWORDS

Archaeometry, neutron diffraction, strain

mapping, quantitative multiphase analysis.

Figure 2. Maps showing the origin provincesof the five traditions and the main iron ores deposits.


Scientific Reviews

The former imperial capitals (Nara and Kyoto) are located exactly where theYamato and Yamashiro traditions started and the shogunal capital (Edo) islocated where the Soshu tradition was born. The first selected sword, althoughnot signed, is attributed to the Kanesada School of the Koto Mino Tradition, inthe Mino province, basing to its features, shape, temper line, and surface grain-pattern. Accordingly, it was dated in the second half of 16th century. The presentcondition of this blade is less than optimal, as it has been submitted to a non-traditional polishing process, using an acid substance to evidence the ridge ofthe temper line. Contrary to the many correct polishing procedures, previouslycarried out in the past, the last one caused the loss of one of the most importantcharacteristic of that School: the extreme sharpness known as “o-wazamono”.

On the other hand, various characteristics point out that the blade was usedwith assiduity. Moreover, it appears that the blade has not been shortened andmaintains its original length. The second selected blade is older than theKanesada one. It is not signed either, but from its characteristics can be safelyassigned to the Sue-Aoe School of the late Yamashiro Tradition. We have reasonsto believe that this blade was made in Bitchu province (the modern Okayamaprefecture) during the end of the 15thcentury. This blade was deeply shortened,from its original length, due to the changed methods of warfare of that period.However, it still contains a wealth of important characteristics that make italmost a dictionary of various features used in blade manufacturing of thatPeriod (Koto). Similarly to the other sample, this blade was extensively polishedtoo. The two swords are shown in Fig. 3.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Two diffraction experiments have been carried out at ISIS, the pulsed neutronsource in the UK, using different instruments in order to obtain a complete setof information. As for previously performed metal characterizationmeasurements [6], the INES diffractometer [7,8] was used to quantitativelydetermine the phase distribution in several parts of the blades, while anotherdiffraction instrument (ENGIN-X [9]) was employed to measure the strain mapof the samples in order to obtain information on the forging methods and thethermal treatments [10]. Thanks to the large size of the INES sample tank aphase distribution analysis has been performed on a large area of the two blades.In addition a set of jaws on the incident beam allowed a precise selection of the

Figure 3. Picture of the two measured blades: the AoeYamashiro tachi (top) and the Kanesada Mino katana(bottom) according to the Japanese traditional displayarrangement.

Xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx


Scientific Reviews

gauge volume. Both average and local measurements along the blade crosssection were therefore performed. Three cross section scans, in three differentpoints (edge, core and ridge), have been performed with a gauge volume of10x8x40 mm3. In this way, a reliable determination of the phase distribution wasobtained. Concerning the measurements on ENGIN-X, both samples weremounted on a specifically designed aluminum frame (see Fig. 4 where themeasured volumes and the three strain directions are shown). This set-upallowed the placement of the fiducial points, necessary for sample alignmentthrough the SSCANSS software [11], on the aluminum frame. For thisexperiment, the selected gauge volumes were 2x2x2 mm3 for horizontalpositions (axial and normal directions) and 2x2x10 mm3 for the vertical

positions (transversal and normal directions). To fully characterize the sampleswe chose to perform short measurements on a large number of points on theblades. The selected sections are shown in Fig. 4. The tang, where themechanical working and thermal stresses are assumed to be minimal, wasmeasured in two different points in order to use these measurements as areference for strain data analysis. It is important to state that, while the Kanesadablade has not been reduced (the tang is the original one and the relative data arepeculiar of this part), the Aoe blade has been strongly shortened so that itbecomes important to select the part of the tang very close to the end, in orderto obtain a measure representative of the tang gauge volume. Concerning theshortening of the Aoe blade, we measured the phase distribution in the boshi (thetip, red circle in the figure) to check if also the tip was shortened. Should theaverage carbon content turn out to be fairly similar to the one in the monouchi(upper part of the blade, usually used to take slashing hits) it would be likelythat the boshi was not the original one, because the boshi is characterized,typically, by a much higher carbon content for sustaining piercing strikes.

RESULTS

The complementary results obtained from the INES and ENGIN-X measurementsallow us to give a clear picture of many factors concerning the samples.

a) Information on the iron production methods can be inferred from themultiphase analysis through the detection of phases that are usually presentin slag inclusions.

b)The carburization and quenching conditions are revealed by the quantification

Figure 4. Picture of the two blades the Kanesadakatana (top) and the Aoe tachi (bottom) mounted onthe frame for the ENGIN-X measurements. Thedifferent curvature and thickness of the two blades isclearly evident. This implies that the two blades wereforged for a different use, namely foot and horse-mounted combat. The presence of a large number ofholes in the Aoe blade tang means that this blade hasbeen shortened more than once. The coulored marksrepresent the selected areas for the measurements,whereas the lines are drawn to indicate themeasurement plan along the blades.


Scientific Reviews

of the ferrite, cementite, and martensite phases, and by their spatial distribution.c) The conservation status is also inferred from to the quantitative analysis.

The typical corrosion products, and the apparent anomalies in what would beexpected from the ideal Fe-C phase spatial distribution, give information onthe conservation status in terms of environmental factors and polishing.

d)The forging methods and the thermal and mechanical treatments are very wellevidenced by the stress and strain analysis mapped all over the samples.

In the following, we will present the results, starting from the data obtained onINES, which allows us to describe the requested data from a to c. To perform themultiphase analysis, the following phases were included in the Rietveldrefinement [12]: ferrite, cementite, martensite, goethite, wuestite, magnetite,hematite, fayalite, iron phosphate, troilite. The first three phases are the metallicand intermetallic phases characterizing the steel and the thermal treatmentsapplied. Goethite is the first corrosion product that can evolve in magnetite andhematite. Wuestite is an intermediate phase originating from smelting usingiron oxide (magnetite or, more often, hematite) as starting ore. Fayalite and ironphosphate are products coming also from smelting and their abundance is aclear index of the quality of the smelted metal (the higher they are the lower isthe metal quality). Troilite is originated in reducing atmosphere, when iron andsulfur come in contact at very high temperature and, in this case, are indicativeof a strong carburization. Table 1 displays the phase distribution for somemeasured points, and includes the weight percentage of each phase, the weightdistribution for metallic and intermetallic phases only, and the carbon contentof the steel. The material used for the different parts of the blades comes fromdifferent smelting procedures: this results both from the distribution of typicalphases peculiar of the slag inclusions which are largely different from the edgeto the ridge of the blades and from the cementite relative weight. In fact, thehistorical traditional Japanese smelting furnace (the tatara) produces steel witha carbon content slightly changing from bottom to top. Thus, only the highcarbon smelted steel becomes liquid and can expel the slag inclusions. From themeasurements, it appears that the single components of the blades are made ofsteel coming from different heights in the tatara. In addition, we find that atleast four different types of steel were used to forge the Aoe blade, while three,at least, were used for the Kanesada. Troilite is present in all the parts made ofhigh-carbon steel. This indicates the use of some sulfur rich charcoal to diffuse

sample position detailsPhase distribution (wt%) Steel phases (wt%)

ferr cem mart goeth hem fayal troil ferr cem mart C

Aoe boshi average 93.6 4.3 0.8 nil nil nil 1.2 94.8 4.4 0.8 0.29

Aoe monouchi average 95.8 2.8 0.3 0.4 nil 0.5 0.2 96.9 2.8 0.3 0.19

Aoe monouchi edge 89.5 7.3 1.2 nil nil nil 2.0 91.3 7.4 1.2 0.50

Aoe monouchi core 93.0 4.5 0.8 0.5 nil nil 1.2 94.6 4.6 0.8 0.31

Aoe monouchi ridge 96.3 2.3 0.5 0.4 nil 0.5 nil 97.2 2.3 0.5 0.16

Aoe nakago average 95.8 1.5 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 98.2 1.5 0.3 0.10

Kanesada monouchi edge 88.6 7.1 2.2 nil nil nil 2.1 90.5 7.3 2.2 0.49

Kanesada monouchi ridge 93.2 4.4 0.8 nil 0.3 nil 1.3 94.7 4.5 0.8 0.30

Kanesada ½ blade average 93.7 4.7 nil nil nil nil 1.6 95.2 4.8 nil 0.32

Kanesada ½ blade core 91.6 6.5 nil nil nil nil 1.9 93.4 6.6 nil 0.44

Kanesada nakago average 91.4 5.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.9 93.7 5.8 0.4 0.39

Table 1. weight percentage of the phase distributionin the blades. The phases composing the metal partare also reported, scaled up to obtain their startingratio. The average carbon content for each measuredpoint is also calculated.

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Scientific Reviews

carbon inside the metal, above the low level observed in the other parts of theblades. The martensite distribution is changing along the height of the blades,as well as in terms of position from edge to ridge, in agreement with thetraditional quenching method of Japanese blades. The different parts of theblades are found in a different conservation status, both for what concerns thecementite and martensite removal (due to overpolishing) and the formation ofrust in some peculiar position. For example, the martensite layer, in the edge of

the Kanesada blade, has almost disappeared in several parts. The boshi of theAoe blade appears to be the original one, since the average carbon content is50% higher than the average found in the monouchi. The high carbon contentsteel appears of very high quality, since the corrosion and slag inclusion contentsare impressively low. On the tang the carbon content is close to the amount inthe ridge and the core, so that it is meaningful to use these data, as referencepoints for the stress and strain measurements.As regards the stress and strain data, the following properties have been analyzed:a) the strain level for axial, transversal and normal directions, using the lattice

parameter value measured in the tang as a reference;b)the full width at half maximum of the 211 Bragg peak for axial, transversal and

normal directions;c) the ratio between the Lorentzian and Gaussian components of the 211 peak.A full map of all these properties has been compiled for both the blades.In Fig. 5 we report only the results for the strain measurements of the Aoe bladein the four measured cross sections (see Fig. 4). A modulation in the straindistribution related to a different forging method and quenching applied to thedifferent sections of the blade is clearly visible. In particular, an abrupt variationin the strain profile at 3/8 of the length, i.e. in correspondence of the change ofcurvature in the blade, is discernible. A high strain value both in axial andnormal directions close to the edge is evident in the monouchi, indicating abending of the tip towards the rear direction. This is exactly what the finalquenching is supposed to do (i.e. to increase the curvature of the blade). In Fig.6 the comparison between the Aoe and the Kanesada strain maps at 3/8 length

Figure 5. Strain profile along axial (left), transversal(centre) and normal (right) directions of the Aoeblade in four different cross sections taken atselected heights, labelled as in Fig. 4 and Table 1(dimensions are in mm). The profile of the crosssections and the false colour relative scale are shownin the right bottom corner, where the scale is linearand each colour step corresponds to 100 µstrain.


Scientific Reviews

is displayed. The differences in forging between different traditions is hereevident. Even if the monouchi is typically the most representative part, theoverpolishing of the blades can not guarantee a reliable comparison in that area.The peak shape along the cross section changes dramatically from the edge tothe ridge. In particular, the Lorentzian component is almost negligible on theridge and becomes more and more visible going towards the edge. Theincreasing of the Lorentzian component can be due both to the presence ofmartensite and to the stress induced by quenching. The peculiar quenchingmethod of Japanese blades relied on the application of clay layers of differentthickness on specific parts of the blade to obtain a differentiation in the coolingrate. Since there is a correlation among the cooling rate, the induced stress andthe Lorentzian component of the Bragg peaks, it would be possible, in principle,to compile a cooling rate map of the blades.

CONCLUSIONS

The phase and stress and strain maps of two Koto age Japanese blades havebeen accomplished. A comparison of the results of the two blades appearsextremely interesting as it can be correlated with the different techniquespertaining to two different schools of different forging traditions. We observethat the starting carbon content and the phase distribution appear to besubstantially different from one blade to the other, as it is for the stress andstrain mapping. We can therefore safely assume that the starting material andthe forging and quenching methods were different in the two cases. This resultrepresents a very important starting point in order to fully characterize thepeculiarities of the various forging schools and traditions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Cooperation Agreement Grant No. 06/20018 between CNR and STFCconcerning the collaboration in scientific research at the spallation neutronsource ISIS (UK) is gratefully acknowledged. The authors wish to thank Dr.Alan Williams for the important discussions and Dr. Ubaldo Bafile for the helpin the strain maps drawings.

REFERENCES

[1] K. Nagayama, The Connoisseurs Book ofJapanese Swords, Kodansha International(1997).

[2] L. Kapp, The Craft of the Japanese Sword,Kodansha International (1998).

[3] M. Chkashige, Oriental Alchemy, Samuel Weiserpress (1974).

[4] M.R. Notis, Mat. Char. Vol. 45 (2000), p. 253.[5] T. Inoue, Mat. Sci. Res. Int. Vol. 3 (1997),

p. 193.[6] F. Grazzi, L. Bartoli, F. Civita and M. Zoppi,

Anal. Bioanal. Chem., in press (2009).[7] F. Grazzi, M. Celli, S. Siano and M. Zoppi, Nuovo

Cimento C Vol. 30 (2006), p. 59.[8] L. Bartoli, M. Celli, F. Grazzi, S. Imberti,

S. Siano and M. Zoppi, La metallurgia italianaSept. (2008), p. 33.

[9] J.A. Dann, M.R. Daymond, L. Edwards,J. James and J.R. Santisteban, Physica BVol. 350 (2004), p. 511.

[10] L. Bartoli, S. Siano, W. Kockelmann,J. Santisteban, M. Miccio and G. De Marinis,Il Nuovo Cimento C Vol.30 (2007), p. 21.

[11] J.A. James, J.R. Santisteban, M.R. Daymondand L. Edwards, Proc. NOBUGS (2002),NIST, Gaithsburg.

[12] A. C. Larson, R. B. Von Dreele, GeneralStructure Analysis System (GSAS), os Alamos National Laboratory ReportLAUR86-748 2004).

Figure 6. Comparison between Aoe and Kanesada blade at 3/8 blade length (corresponding to the lightblue mark in Fig. 4) along axial (left), tranversal (center) and normal (right) directions. It is evident thatdifferent forging traditions give rise to different strain maps. The false color scale is the same as in Fig.5.

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Scientific Reviews

ABSTRACT

X-ray phase contrast imaging has been the “Holy Grail” of research in x-ray imaging, and

of diagnostic radiology in particular, over the last 15 years or so. In the mid-nineties, a series

of experiments demonstrated that, by exploiting interference instead of absorption effects, the

visibility of all details in an x-ray image can be dramatically enhanced, and features

classically considered to be undetectable become visible. The potential of the method in a

wide range of application was immediately understood, and extremely interesting and

successful research ensued, primarily conducted at synchrotron radiation facilities. 15 years

on, phase contrast imaging remains a powerful research method, but is still restricted to

synchrotrons or other highly specialized research laboratories. The goal of translating it into

real-world applications failed primarily because of the stringent limitations that the

technique imposes on the radiation source, especially in terms of spatial coherence. This

paper reviews a new method, based on coded apertures, recently developed at UCL.

This was shown to provide high-quality, synchrotron-like phase contrast images with source

focal spots of up to 100 µm, compatible for example with state-of-the-art clinical

mammography. Previously, phase contrast imaging with conventional sources was only

possible through intense collimation/aperturing of the source, which suppresses its output

thus leading to long exposure times. The method described here does not require anything of

that sort, thus leading to exposure times compatible with real-world applications.

INTRODUCTION

X-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCi) creates image contrast by exploiting thephase variations that the x-ray wavefronts undergo when crossing an object,which translate into potentially detectable interference/refraction effects,instead of x-ray absorption. As a consequence, it increases the visibility of alldetails in an x-ray image, typically by means of sharp positive and negativepeaks running along the edges of all features (“edge-enhancement”). In themid-nineties, XPCi was the buzzword among the x-ray imaging community,after work by Ingal and Beliaevskaya [1], Takeda et al [2], Davis et al [3],Snigirev et al [4] was published in the same year (1995). As it can be easilyimagined, fundamental research, from the development of the x-rayinterferometer [5] to the early attempts by Ando et al [6], had already beenongoing for years, but 1995 can probably be identified as the year in whichXPCi became a subject of wide interest. With the notable exception of the workcarried out by the CSIRO-based group in Australia [3,7], which, however,required exposure times as long as a few hours, most XPCi experiments weresynchrotron-based. This is due to the strong requirements that XPCi imposeson the radiation source, especially in terms of spatial coherence. Temporalcoherence is a matter of lesser concern, as it can already be understood fromthe early work of Wilkins et al [7], which effectively employed polychromaticmicrofocal x-ray sources, and was later more formally discussed by Olivo andSpeller [8]. Spatial coherence, on the other hand, plays a much bigger role: the

Coded-apertures take x-ray phase contrastimaging out of the synchrotrons and into real world applications

A. OlivoDepartment of Medical Physics and Bioengineering,UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK

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Scientific Reviews


use of a large source size degrades the XPCi signal to the extent of making itundetectable in most XPCi approaches.

FREE SPACE PROPAGATION

Most early implementations of XPCi [4,7], as well as early attempts at medicalapplications [9], were based on the free space propagation (FSP) approach. Inthis case, phase distortions are converted into intensity differences by detectingthe interference patterns that arise from the interaction between differentlyperturbed wavefronts (e.g. by a detail inside an object and its surroundingbackground). This is done simply by optimizing the sample-to-detectordistance, and it does not require any optical element between sample anddetector. This simplicity of implementation makes it a strong candidate forstraightforward implementations into clinical practice, and in fact the only invivo medical application of synchrotron radiation (SR) XPCi to date, i.e. themammography program underway at ELETTRA, Trieste, is based on thisconcept [10]. However, the concept only holds if the source has a high degreeof spatial coherence. The acquired pattern is in fact the convolution betweenthe “ideal” pattern, that would be generated by a point source, and a re-scaledversion of the source distribution, obtained by multiplying the sourcedistribution itself times the ratio between sample-to-detector and source-to-sample distance [8,11]. If the source size is too large, or not seen form asufficiently large distance, the effect of the above convolution is that ofsmearing out the interference signal almost completely, leading to negligibleimprovement over conventional absorption-based x-ray imaging. This is whathappens when source sizes compatible with clinical practice are used [12], andexplains why the only attempt at commercializing this approach [13] failed atachieving any real market penetration. The only alternative to SR is thereforethe use of microfocal sources, but, as mentioned before, their low emittedpower results in exposure times of the order of hours [7].

INTERFEROMETRIC METHODS

Another class of XPCi methods is based on x-ray interferometers. Theinterferometer generates an interferogram, which is then perturbed by theintroduction of a sample. Recording these perturbations allows reconstructing aphase image of the object that created them. Early attempts were based on crystal-based (Bonse-Hart) interferometers [14], while, more recently, the possible use ofgrating-based (Talbot or Talbot-Lau) interferometers has been investigated indetail [15,16]. In terms of real-world implementation, the common problem ofinterferometric methods is that, in order to create detectable interference patterns,interferometers must be illuminated with both spatially and temporally coherentradiation, e.g. parallel and monochromatic beams like those readily available atSR facilities. Temporal coherence requirements seem to be a more substantialissue for crystal-based than for grating-based interferometers, for which there areclaims of more relaxed chromatic tolerances [17], although still far form the widechromatic acceptance of FSP XPCi [8]. The requirements on spatial coherence,however, are even more stringent than those of FSP XPCi, as an excessivereduction in the peak modulation in the interferogram makes the methodpractically unusable. This notwithstanding, hope that this method could be

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transferred into real-world applications was recently raised after some XPCiimages obtained with an extended source were presented [17]. However, theseimages were obtained only at the price of artificially increasing the source spatialcoherence by strongly aperturing its output through a third grating, placed incontact with the source itself. This approach is well known in optics, andcorresponds to switching form a Talbot to a Talbot-Lau configuration.Theproblem in x-ray imaging applications is that, by doing this, one suppresses thesource output, leading to exposure times. In fact, an equivalent approach isobtained by switching back to the Talbot configuration (i.e. eliminating thesource grating) and using a microfocal source, as discussed in [18].

RELAXED COHERENCE CONDITIONS: REFRACTION-BASED METHODS

The common reason why the above methods cannot currently be transferredinto real-world applications is that they are both based on detecting and/orgenerating interference patterns. This requires the source to be spatiallycoherent, and there does not exist at the moment a source simultaneouslyfeaturing a sufficiently small focal spot and high emitted power to allow theacquisition of XPCi images within reasonable timescales. An alternativeapproach relies on the small angular deviations that x-rays undergo whencrossing an object as a consequence of phase distortions, i.e. on x-rayrefraction. This is described by the simplified ray-optics model, in which thedirection of the photon (seen as a ray) is locally orthogonal to the wavefront(e.g. a plane wavefront corresponds to parallel x-rays all travelling in the samedirection). Crossing a non-homogeneous object corresponds to imprintingdifferent shifts to different parts of the wavefront, thus distorting it. Thesedistortions translate into local deviations from the original photon direction.It is important to note that this is not a different phenomenon from thosedescribed previously, which can only be rigorously described by wave-optics:this is a simplified description, that holds under relaxed coherence conditions.The main message here is that phenomena that can be described with thismodel still exist under relaxed coherence conditions. Therefore, unlike fineinterference fringes, it will still be possible to detect them while using aradiation source with much less coherence. For a discussion of the conditions

Figure 1. Pixel edge illumination concept (see text.).

under which the ray-optics model can be used as a valid replacement for thewave-optics approach, see [19]. The exploitation of x-ray deviations togenerate image contrast dates back practically to the origins of XPCi, and wasinitially performed by means of perfect crystals introduced between the sampleand the detector [1,3]. The narrow reflectivity curve of the crystal is used to“analyse” the x-ray direction, by converting angular deviations into differentdiffracted intensities reaching the detector. This method was demonstrated toproduce astonishing image quality, possibly the best among XPCi methods (e.g.the method sensitivity can be enhanced by exploiting secondary diffractionorders featuring narrower reflectivity curves, see for example [20]). However,also this method is hardly transferable to real world applications, as using aperfect crystal intrinsically requires the beam to be parallel and monochromatic.Extracting parallel and monochromatic beams from conventional sources ispossible, but at the cost of reducing the flux by several orders of magnitude,and therefore again leading to long exposure times [3,21].

A REFRACTION-BASED PHASE CONTRAST IMAGING

METHOD NOT REQUIRING CRYSTALS

All methods presented so far fail whentransferred into real-world applications, butbecause of different reasons. Methods based onthe detection (§ 1.1) or on the generation (§ 1.2)of interference patterns fail because the spatialcoherence requirements they impose cancurrently only be achieved by using microfocalsources, the limited emitted power of whichleads to excessive exposure times. Crystal-based

methods fail because the use of a crystal requires a monochromatic and parallelbeam, not readily available outside SR sources. It should be noted, however,that this restriction is due to the use of a crystal, and not to the method ofrefraction detection in itself. Hence effort was directed towards devising amethod with similar characteristics, i.e. the capability of detecting fine angulardeviations in the x-ray direction, but not requiring the use of a crystal.

THE EDGE ILLUMINATION CONCEPT

The basic idea originated from a SR experiment carried out at the SYRMEPbeamline at Elettra, Trieste [22]. A detector consisting of a single row of pixelwas illuminated by a laminar beam with a cross section as wide as the detectorarray in the horizontal direction, but thinner in the vertical one. Fig. 1 shows aschematic side view: both the detector array and the beam cross section extendin the direction entering the plane of the drawing. The two-dimensional imagesare obtained by scanning the sample through the stationary beam-detectorarrangement. This is frequently done in 2D acquisitions with laminar beams,but the main difference here is that the beam is made thinner than the pixel, andaligned with one of the pixel edges instead of centred on it. This combinationtranslates into a high sensitivity to small deviations in the x-ray direction.Imagine a sample is scanned downwards through the beam, as shown in Fig. 1.When a detail inside an object grazes the upper part of the beam, this can cause

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Figure 2. Scheme of the coded-aperture phase contrast imaging method (not to scale).

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some photons to deviate form their original direction (top drawing in Fig. 1).As a consequence of this, photons that would normally miss the detector activesurface are now deviated inside it, therefore increasing the number of counts i.e.creating a positive peak in the image profile. In a similar manner, when the topof the detail grazes the bottom part of the beam (bottom drawing in Fig. 1),photon that would normally hit the detector pixels can be deviated outside it.This reduces the number of counts, therefore generating a negative peak in theimage profile. The positive/negative peak profile obtained in this way resemblesclosely the differential XPCi profiles obtained using analyser crystals: the reasonbehind this is that a very similar effect, i.e. a fine angular selection on the photondirection, is obtained in a different way. However, no crystals or other opticalelements are now present along the beam path, which opens the way to the useof polychromatic and divergent beams – as it will be discussed below. It shouldalso be noted that the thinner the beam cross section in the vertical direction,the smaller the average refraction angle required to change the status of theindividual x-ray from “detected” to “undetected” and vice-versa. This translatesin a higher overall fraction of x-rays “changing status”, i.e. in more intensepositive and negative peaks in the signal profile. Reducing the vertical cross-section of the beam therefore increases the system sensitivity to phase effects.

CODED-APERTURE PHASE CONTRAST IMAGING

It was anticipated above that the ability to discriminate fine deviations in thephoton direction without requiring crystals or other optical elements along thebeam path opens the way to using divergent polychromatic beams. A possibleway to implement this is shown in Fig. 2. A first set of coded-apertures (“samplemask”), placed immediately before the imaged sample, splits the beam in aplurality of beams with a narrow vertical cross-section. A second set of coded-apertures (“detector mask”) is placed in contact with a 2D detector array, and itserves the purpose of creating insensitive regions between adjacent pixel rows.Also in this case beam, detector rows and coded-aperture sets shown in the sideview of Fig. 2 must be imagined to extend into the plane of the drawing, in orderto fully cover an area detector. The two masks are identical apart from a scalingfactor accounting for the beam divergence, and are positioned in such a fashionthat every individual collimated beam hits the edge of an aperture on thedetector mask. In this way, the situation outlined in the previous section (seeFig. 1) is repeated for every row of a 2D detector. For example, the arrowindicated with the letter “A” indicates a photon that, in absence of the sample,would hit one of the absorbing parts of the detector mask, and therefore not bedetected, while refraction caused by the sample converts it into a detectedphoton. Likewise, arrow “B” indicates a photon for which the opposite occurs.As all rows of a 2D detector are illuminated, sample scanning is not required andimages are taken in a single exposure. It should be noted that the typical fillfactor of the aperture masks is 50%, which translates into exploiting half thebeam emitted by the source. It has been demonstrated that the technique doesnot require the masks to be fully absorbing [23], and therefore these can bemade thin enough to prevent any significant beam reduction due to angularfiltration (Fig. 2 is obviously not to scale). Therefore, in principle the techniquerequires an increase in the exposure time of a factor of ~2 over conventional

methods, which has to be compared to the exposure time increase of a feworders of magnitude required by all other XPCi approaches. This will bediscussed in detail in the next section. Finally, it should also be observed that,unlike in crystal or grating-based methods, the beam splitting takes placeupstream of the sample, and therefore unnecessary dose delivery is avoided – avital aspect in medical and biological imaging.

PERFORMANCE OF THE CODED-APERTURE PHASE CONTRAST SYSTEM

A system designed along the lines described in the previous section was builtand evaluated in the Radiation Physics Labs of UCL. The design was based onray-optics simulations calculating x-ray refraction for a number of samples ofinterest, and converting this into image contrast for a series of differentsource/detector/coded-aperture arrangements [23].

ACHIEVED PHASE CONTRAST SIGNAL

A molybdenum anode x-ray source featuring a focal spot of approximately100 µm, i.e. fully compatible with current mammography units, was used,without any aperturing or collimation of the source output. Despite thepractically negligible spatial coherence, this resulted in XPCi signals compatiblewith those achieved with SR. An example is provided in Fig. 3, where a profileextracted form an image of a 300 µm thick polyethylene fibre is shown. Theexperimental profile (diamonds) is superimposed to the simulated one (dashedline), and as it can be seen an excellent agreement is observed. The sample waschosen because of its extremely low absorption, which makes it almost x-raytransparent. The absorption contrast that this object would generate whenilluminated by a 35 kVp mammography spectrum like the one used in this casewould be of approximately 1%, which would make it practically undetectable tomost current x-ray imaging systems. As shown in the figure, the peak-to-peakcontrast obtained with our system is of 27%: therefore, a 27-fold contrastincrease, comparable to the sort of increases obtained with SR, was achieved witha fully divergent and polychromatic incoherent source available off-the shelf.

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Figure 4. Effect of reduced illuminated pixel fractions on the phase contrastsignal (see text).

Figure 3. Simulated (dashed line) vs. experimental (diamonds) profile extracted froman image of a 300 µm thick polyethylene fibre. This object would have an absorptioncontrast of approximately 1%, and therefore a 27-fold increase in the contrast isobtained with the proposed technique.

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SENSITIVITY VS. EXPOSURE TIME TRADEOFF

At the end of § 2.1 it was described how, in a SR pixel-edge illumination set-up, varying the vertical thickness of the beam translates into varying the systemsensitivity to phase effects. A similar effect can be obtained here simply byshifting the relative positions of sample and detector masks. For example, withreference to Fig. 2, moving the sample mask downwards would correspond toreducing the active part of each pixel exposed to the direct beam, thereforeincreasing the system sensitivity. A demonstration is provided in Fig. 4, wherethe signal generated through mask displacements resulting in illuminating 50%(solid line), 25% (dashed line) and 12.5% (dotted line) of the pixel are shown.As it can be seen, the detail contrast rapidly increases as a consequence ofreduced illuminated pixel fractions (the plots in Fig. 4 are simulated, but anexperimental verification can be found in [24]). Of course this comes at a pricein terms of exposure time: halving the pixel fraction exposed to the direct beammeans that the exposure time must be doubled in order to acquire the same x-ray statistics, i.e. reach the same level of image noise. The important aspecthere, however, is that this provides the system with an extra degree offlexibility, which is available also after the system has been designed and built,as it is sufficient to vary the detector mask position to obtain different tradeoffsbetween image contrast and exposure time. In a task-dependent problem likex-ray imaging this can be of primary importance: for example, in many casesthe increased contrast resulting from reduced pixel illumination could lead toachieving the desired signal-to-noise ratio with a much smaller x-ray statistics,therefore resulting in a beneficial tradeoff. In medical and biological imaging,another side effect would be the excessive illumination of non-sensitivedetector regions leading to an increase in the delivered dose. This, however, canbe easily avoided by realizing a pre-sample coded-aperture set consisting of twoseparate masks with independent movement: one would be used to reduce theilluminated pixel fraction, and the other to reduce the beam fraction hittinginsensitive detector regions (i.e. absorbing parts of the detector mask).

SIMULTANEOUS 2D SENSITIVITY TO PHASE EFFECTS

The system outlined up to this point is sensitive to phase effects in onedirection only. As the apertures consist of long slits aligned with the detectorpixel rows, photons deviated in the plane of the drawing (i.e. upwards anddownwards with respect to Fig. 2) do create useful signal, while those deviatedin the orthogonal plane (i.e. towards the left and right directions) do not. Thisis a common problem in XPCi, and practically all XPCi methods but FSP sufferfrom it. However, in the case of coded-aperture XPCi, this can be solved bydesigning individual L-shaped or square-shaped apertures, one per detectorpixel, so that orthogonal edges of each detector pixel can be exploitedsimultaneously. An example is shown in Fig. 5. In the top left corner, a possibledesign for the detector mask is shown (2x2 pixels only): a squarelet having aside slightly smaller than that of the pixel is centred on each detector pixel. Inthis way, insensitive regions are created along all four edges of each detectorpixel. Then one of the two designs below can be used as sample mask: the oneimmediately below the detector mask would result in the simultaneousillumination of two pixel sides, while the one further below would illuminate

Figure 5. Left: coded aperture designs allowing phasesensitivity in two directions simultaneously (see text).Right: example of an image obtained with a2D-sensitive system.

Scientific Reviews


all four sides simultaneously. The former design results in double sensitivity,but also double exposure time, compared to the latter. This concept has beenverified experimentally [25], and one example is shown on the right-hand sideof Fig. 5, showing the image of two fibres like the one discussed previously(§ 3.1) arranged in a cross-shape. The use of the previous design, in whichapertures were shaped like long slits, or of any other XPCi method except FSP,would result in the visualization of either the horizontal or the vertical fibreonly. The use of L-shaped or square-shaped coded-apertures allows the

simultaneous visualization of both. An important application of this would bein medical imaging where in some cases being able to precisely delineate theshape of a tumour might help determining whether this is benign or malignant,i.e. increase the system’s specificity.

OTHER APPLICATIONS AND EXPOSURE TIME CONSTRAINTS

It was mentioned above that the coded-aperture masks do not need to be fullyabsorbing in order for the method to work. This allows expanding the rangeof usable x-ray energy into hard x-rays, therefore targeting applications likematerial science, industrial inspections, homeland security. Again, this is notreadily accessible to other XPCi methods (apart form FSP), as for examplegratings generating a sufficiently large phase shift at these x-ray energies arehard to manufacture the moment. As an example, we have initially targeted anapplication in the field of homeland security, i.e. improving the performanceof baggage scanners. The problem we targeted was that of identifying thinwires, which might form part of a detonator device, alongside the explosive[26]. Example (simulated) images are shown in Fig. 6, where absorption (a)and coded-aperture XPCi (b,c) images are compared. The simulated objectconsists of a horizontal plastic cylinder with two thin electrical wires (100 µmAl insulated by 500 µm of PVC) superimposed. Increasing the x-ray energytranslates into reducing refraction angles, therefore making it more difficult to

REFERENCES

[1] Ingal V N and Beliaevskaya E A, X-ray planewave topography observation of the phasecontrast from a non-crystalline object. J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 1995: 28, 2314-17

[2] Takeda T., Momose A., Itai Y., Wu J. and HiranoK., Phase-contrast imaging with synchrotron x-rays for detecting cancer lesions. Acad. Radiol.1995: 2, 799-803

[3] Davis T.J., Gao D., Gureyev T.E., Stevenson A.W.and Wilkins S.W., Phase-contrast imaging ofweakly absorbing objects using hard x-rays.Nature 1995: 373, 595-8

[4] Snigirev A., Snigireva I., Kohn V., Kuznetsov A.and Schelokov I., On the possibilities of x-rayphase contrast microimaging by coherent high-energy synchrotron radiation. Rev. Sci. Instrum.1995: 66, 5486-92

[5] Bonse U. and Hart M., An x-ray interferometer.Appl. Phys. Lett. 1965: 6, 155-6

[6] Ando M. and Hosoya S. An attempt at x-rayphase contrast microscopy. In: Shinoda G., KohraK., Ichikawa T., eds. Proceedings of the sixthinternational conference of x-ray optics andmicroanalysis, University of Tokyo Press 1972,63-8

[7] Wilkins S.W., Gureyev T.E., Gao D., Pogany A.and Stevenson A.W., Phase-contrast imagingusing polychromatic hard x-rays. Nature 1996:384, 335-8

[8] Olivo A. and Speller R., Experimental validation ofa simple model capable of predicting the phasecontrast imaging capabilities of any x-ray imagingsystem. Phys. Med. Biol. 2006: 51, 3015-30

[9] Di Michiel M., Olivo A., Tromba G. et al, Phasecontrast imaging in the field of mammography.In: Ando M and Uyama C, eds. MedicalApplications of Synchrotron Radiation, Springer-Verlag Tokyo 1998, 78-82

[10] Castelli E., Arfelli F., Dreossi D. et al, Clinicalmammography at the SYRMEP beam line. Nucl.Instrum. Meth. A 2007: 572, 237-40

[11] Arfelli F., Assante M., Bonvicini V. et al, Low-dose phase contrast x-ray medical imaging. Phys.Med. Biol. 1998: 43, 2845-52

[12] Kotre CJ and Birch I.P. Phase contrastenhancement of x-ray mammography: a designstudy. Phys. Med. Biol. 1999: 44, 2853-66

[13] Tanaka T., Honda C., Matsuo S. et al. The firsttrial of phase contrast imaging for digital full-field mammography using a practicalmolybdenum x-ray tube. Invest. Radiol. 2005:40, 385-96

[14] Momose A., Takeda T., Itai Y. and Hirano K.,Phase-contrast x-ray computed tomography forobserving biological soft tissues. Nat. Med.1996: 2, 473-5

Figure 6. Example of hard x-ray application: security inspections. An object was simulated to represent anexplosive cylinder (positioned horizontally) with two thin PVC-insulated aluminium wires crossing on top of it.a) shows the simulated absorption image, and b) and c) the simulated coded-aperture XPCi images obtainedwith a conventional and a microfocal source, respectively.

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[15] Weitkamp T., Diaz A., David C. et al. X-ray phaseimaging with a grating interferometer. Opt. Exp.2005: 13, 6296-304

[16] Momose A., Yashiro W., Takeda T., Suzuki Y. andHattori T., Phase tomography by x-ray Talbotinterferometry for biological imaging. Jpn. J.Appl. Phys. 2006: 45, 5254-62

[17] Pfeiffer F., Weitkamp T., Bunk O. and David C.,Phase retrieval and differential phase-contrastimaging with low-brilliance x-ray sources. Nat.Phys. 2006: 2, 258-61

[18] Huang Z.F., Kang K.J., Zhang L. et al, Alternativemethod for differential phase-contrast imagingwith weakly coherent hard x rays. Phys. Rev. A2009: 79, 013815

[19] Peterzol A., Olivo A., Rigon L., Pani S.and Dreossi D., The effects of the imagingsystem on the validity limits of the ray-opticalapproach to phase contrast imaging. Med. Phys.2005: 32, 3617-27

[20] Honnicke M.G., Rigon L., Menk R.H. and CusatisC., Quantitative and qualitative studies on high-contrast x-ray radiography with an asymmetricalcrystal set-up at Elettra, J. Synchr. Rad. 2005: 12,701-6

[21] Vine D., Paganin D.M., Pavlov K.M. et al,Analyzer-based phase contrast imaging andphase retrieval using a rotating anode x-raysource. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007: 91, 254110

[22] Olivo A., Arfelli F., Cantatore G. et al, Aninnovative digital imaging set-up allowinga low-dose approach to phase contrastapplications in the medical field. Med. Phys.2001: 28, 1610-9

[23] Olivo A. and Speller R., Modelling of a novel x-ray phase contrast imaging technique based oncoded apertures. Phys. Med. Biol. 2007: 52,6555-73

[24] Olivo A. and Speller R., A coded-apertureapproach allowing x-ray phase contrastimaging with conventional sources.Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007: 91, 074106

[25] Olivo A., Bohndiek S.E., Griffihs J.A.,Konstantinidis A. and Speller R.D.,A non-free-space propagation x-ray phasecontrast imaging method sensitive to phaseeffects in two directions simultaneously. Appl.Phys. Lett. 2009: 94, 044108

[26] Olivo A., Chana D. and Speller R.,A preliminary investigation of the potentialof phase contrast x-ray imaging in the field ofhomeland security. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2008:41, 225503

[27] Olivo A., Ignatyev K., Munro P.R.T. and SpellerR.D., Design and realization of a coded-aperturebased x-ray phase contrast imaging forhomeland security applications. Nucl. Instrum.Meth. A 2009: 610, 604-14

distinguish refracted x-rays from the non-deviated background, and resultingin the necessity of detecting narrower peaks in the image. This could inprinciple pose a threat to the method robustness against increasing focal spots,primarily because of narrow peaks being more prone to degradation due togeometric unsharpness, rather than because of increased spatial coherencerequirements. In order to evaluate this, coded-aperture XPCi images thatwould be obtained using a conventional (Fig. 6b) and a microfocal source(Fig. 6c) were simulated. As it can be seen, clearly the use of a microfocalsource would lead to better image quality, but the use of conventional sourcesstill leads to impressive improvements over conventional absorption-basedmethods. A system was therefore designed [27] and built, and is currentlyproducing images comparable to that shown in Fig. 6b. Current exposuretimes are of the order of 20 s, because, in order to avoid damaging the target,we are running the x-ray source at a current equal to 1 mA. This is alreadymore than an order of magnitude faster than any other non-SR XPCi method.It should be noted, however, that there are x-ray sources currently on themarket that, because of larger target diameters and more sophisticated targetcooling systems, can be operated continuously at currents of up to 40-50mA (e.g. FR-E+ SuperBright, Rigaku, Japan). The implementation of ourtechnique with such a source would therefore result in exposure times of afraction of a second.

CONCLUSIONS

After a brief review of previous XPCi methods and their limitations, a newmethod was discussed, based on the use of two sets of coded-aperture masksplaced either side of the imaged object, which enables the acquisition of SR-like XPCi images with uncollimated, divergent and polychromatic sourcesavailable off the shelf. This method allows for the first time exposure timescompatible with the requirements of real-world applications, and couldtherefore enable the transfer of XPCi into the real world after years ofunsuccessful research in this direction. The method allows tuning thesensitivity by changing the relative displacement between coded-aperture sets,can be made sensitive to phase effects in two directions simultaneously bymeans of appropriate coded-aperture designs, and works at hard x-ray energies,previously inaccessible to other methods. A system targeting securityinspections has been built and successfully tested in our laboratories, and asecond one specifically dedicated to mammography is currently underconstruction. Following the development of these two demonstrator systems,the use of the method will be expanded to other suitable x-ray imaging fieldsand new applications will be investigated.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A. Olivo is supported by a Career Acceleration Fellowship awarded by the UKEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/G004250/1).

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ABSTRACT

In this paper we give an overview of the generation of coherent terahertz (THz) radiation

through the SPARC accelerator at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati of INFN. We present

the first experimental characterization of the figures of merit of the THz source and we

discuss some experiments that could be performed through this radiation.

INTRODUCTION

In the last decade a large amount of experimental effort has been spent inexploring the so-called THz gap. This spectral interval, which is located betweenthe far infrared and the microwave region (0.1-10 THz), has been scarcelyinvestigated so far mainly because of the lack of intense and stable radiationsources. Scientific problems that can be addressed by linear THz spectroscopyand imaging include the ps and sub-ps scale dynamics of collective modes insuperconductors and in exotic electronic materials, the ps rearrangementdynamics of macromolecule, the study of inter-sub-band states insemiconductor hetero-structures, security applications, explosives recognitionand early cancer diagnosis. Moreover the possibility of performing non-linearTHz spectroscopy is still practically unexplored. Here, the main difficulty lies inachieving electric fields from 100 kV/cm to 1 MV/cm, representingapproximately the electric fields at which the THz pulse becomes useful as apump-beam. An effective THz source, hence, should have high peak fields, thecoverage of a spectral range up to a frequency ν=10 THz and a full pulseshaping. All these goals can be achieved at the free electron laser SPARC(Sorgente Pulsata Amplificata di Radiazione Coerente) by exploiting thecoherent radiation emitted from relativistic electrons in a short (i.e. sub-ps)bunch. Indeed, short bunches emit Coherent Radiation up to wavelengths of theorder of the bunch length, i.e. in the Terahertz region. Furthermore, theCoherent Radiation is emitted with a pulse duration of the order of hundreds offs, a time scale where the dynamics of fundamental interactions can be explored,including lattice and carrier dynamic in solid-state materials, fast relaxation inpolar liquids, and rearrangement of conformational states in proteins.

THE SPARC ACCELERATOR

Accelerator based photon sources are continuously extending their range ofapplication by exploiting techniques for the production of radiation that, takingadvantage of the high intensity electron beams, allow generation of very intenseand short photon pulses in a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. In thelast decades, a lot of effort has been put into development of high-brightness X-ray sources, e.g. free electron lasers (FELs). The progress achieved in thegeneration of very high-intensity electron beams, needed for X-ray SASE FEL,readily put the basis for wider uses of their unique features. Among the projectsaimed to the development of the next generation of light sources, SPARC

High power terahertz radiation from highbrightness electron beam at SPARC

S. LupiDipartimento di Fisica e Sez. INFNSapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy

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Figure 1. Layout of the SPARC accelerator.

foresees the realization of a FEL operating (for the fundamental harmonic) at500 nm, driven by a high brightness photo-injector at beam energy of 150-200MeV (Fig.1). SPARC accelerator complex hosted at the Laboratori Nazionali diFrascati of INFN, is managed through a collaboration among the major Italianresearch institutions CNR, ENEA, INFN and the University of Rome “TorVergata”. It is also the test and training facility for the recently approvedVUV/soft X-ray SPARX-FEL [1]. The SPARC accelerator is basically constitutedby a photo-injector followed by a linac. This consists of three acceleratingsections whose first two are encircled by long solenoid magnets providingadditional focalization for the high charge beam during the first stage ofacceleration. At the end of the linac a diagnostic section allows to fullycharacterize the accelerated beam by measuring transverse emittance,longitudinal profile and slice emittance through a radio-frequency (RF)deflector. When SPARC does not operate in the FEL mode, its beam is bent bydipole magnets toward a bypass line where complementary experimentalstations are installed. The first goal of SPARC has been the commissioning of thehigh-brightness photoinjector [2]. Then, the transport of electron beam throughthe vacuum chamber up to the FEL undulators has been optimized and theemittance compensation under velocity bunching regime demonstrated [3], animportant result for generating very short electron bunches. The first SASE FEL

spectra measurement was performed at the beginning of 2009. Operationcontinued in the following months till mid 2009 until the extracted radiationfrom the FEL source was substantially increased. Recently, the research programhas been extended with two additional experiments: a test of amplification andFEL harmonic generation of a seed signal and the characterization of a dedicatedbeamline for the THz radiation source (TERASPARC) driven by sub-ps longbunches produced through the velocity bunching technique.

THE TERASPARC EXPERIMENT

The TERASPARC experiment aims at the development and characterization ofTHz radiation extracted from a Coherent Transition Radiation (CTR) source.

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Scientific Reviews


This radiation is emitted by a relativistic electronic beam when it crosses theboundary between two media with different dielectric constants. The emissionof radiation is coherent at wavelengths of the order, or longer than the bunchlength. As the coherent amplification scales with N[1+N*f(ν)], with f(ν) beingthe Fourier Transform of the charge density in the longitudinal bunch profileand N the number of electron in the bunch [4], the brilliance gain with respectto most existing THz sources can be huge. Moreover, the spectral analysis ofthe THz radiation, based on Fourier transform spectroscopy, can be also usedas longitudinal bunch diagnostics allowing an accurate, except for a phasefactor, longitudinal characterization of the pulse shape. Indeed coherentradiation can be used as on-line beam compression monitor, providing

accelerator physicist with a powerful diagnostic tool. Indeed, since ps electronbunches radiate more coherent millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation thanlonger bunches, the relative electron bunch length is minimized when theintensity of the coherent radiation is maximized: higher intensity of theradiation correspond to shorter bunch. In the TERASPARC experiment, theTHz radiation is generated when the relativistic electronic beam crosses analuminated Si screen placed in the vacuum pipe at 45° with respect to the beampropagation direction (Fig. 2, right). With the help of the velocity bunchingcompression technique short electron bunches, few hundreds of fs long, areproduced and their interaction with the CTR screen generates a broadbandcoherent radiation emission. In the future other schemes of production will betested (magnetic chicane compression) and monochromatic THz radiation willbe also generated through the laser comb technique as well [5, 6]. The THzsource experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 2. The radiation, emitted normallyto the beam direction, is extracted from the vacuum pipe through a z-cut quartzwindow and collected by means of two 90° off-axis parabolic mirrors in orderto be focused onto the THz detector (either Pyroelectric or Golay cell). Theavailable terahertz radiation ranges from 150 GHz to 5 THz. The low frequencycut-off is due to screen finite size and optics acceptance, while the highfrequency one is determined by the quartz window transmission and could be

Figure 2. Picture and drawing of the THz source set-up.

23

Scientific Reviews


extended towards higher frequency by using a CVD diamond window. Threeremotely controlled linear stages can adjust the position of the detector alongthe x, y and z axes, thus allowing mapping of the detector area (x, y) andoptimization of the position (z) with respect to the focal plane.

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE THZ SOURCE

In order to fully characterize the THz spectrum at SPARC several band-passfilters (0.38 – 1.5 – 2.5 – 3.4 – 4.3 – 4.8 THz) have been inserted between theTHz source and the detector. Three different longitudinal beam compressions,providing RMS beam length of 2 ps, 500 fs and 260 fs respectively, have beenused to investigate performance of the source. The beam energy was about 100

MeV and a charge/bunch of nearly 500 pC. Readout signals from detector (botha pyroelectric and the Golay cell) allowed us to estimate, for the three differentbunch lengths, the main figures of merit for the THz source: i.e. theenergy/pulse, the fluence/pulse and the peak power. These data are representedin the cartoons of Fig.3 (black dots) superimposed to shapes corresponding tovalues predicted by simulations. The same figures of merit for the existing THzsources are also reported [7]. The energy/pulse and the fluence/pulse figures ofmerit of the THz CTR emission at SPARC (and also at the planned SPARX andFERMI machines) are calculated through a modified Ginzburg-Frank formula[8] and plotted in comparison to those of many others THz sources. Thepresent SPARC THz source shows a gain both in the energy/pulse(fluence/pulse) and peak power with respect to many other THz sources. Forinstance the coherent synchrotron radiation emitted at the 3rd generation lightsources like Elettra and Bessy-II, as well as the THz radiation emitted atdedicated FELs and energy recovery linac. Also remarkable is the gain withrespect to laser based table-top emitters.The curves plotted in Fig.4 underline the importance of the beam longitudinalcompression for the average power of THz radiation generated by CTR. A gainof about a factor 25 in the average THz power measured by a Golay cell, isobtained when a beam 2 ps long is compressed down to 500 fs. In order to

Figure 3. Figures of merit data measured at the THzsource of SPARC in comparison with the sameparameters for existing sources. Simulation forstandard operational modes are also reported forSPARC, SPARX and FERMI sources.

24

Scientific Reviews


extend towards high frequency (ν> 5 THz) the spectral range of the THz sourceat SPARC, we plan to replace at the optical port of the CTR vacuum chamber thequartz window (which is transparent until 5 THz) with a CVD diamondwindow. It would allow extending up to 10 THz the TERASPARC achievablefrequency range, paving the way to a wide panorama of applications. Theprevious experimental results confirm the very good performances of theTERASPARC source as compared to worldwide existing sources. In particularboth the energy/pulse (fluence/pulse) and the peak power measured valuessuggest the possibility of performing pump-probe THz spectroscopy. Indeed,from those values, one can estimate an electric field (magnetic field) associatedto each pulse to be about 100 kV/cm (0.3 T), high enough to trigger non-linearphenomena in most of inorganic and organic systems.

SCIENTIFIC CASES

The THz radiation source at SPARC opens the possibility to performexperiments in different fields of Science [8].In the following we cite some examples of applications:1)Radiation with a spectral coverage until several THz can be useful used for

linear spectroscopic investigation of new classes of superconductors.Through THz radiation, indeed, the superconducting gap can be measured[10, 11] as well as the London penetration depth can be determined. If theTHz electric field is larger than the critical electric field it can break downthe superconducting state. A second THz pulse with a variable delay withrespect to the former can be used to probe the return to the equilibrium ofthe system and the restoring of the superconducting Cooper pairs.

2)In general, one can explore the possibility that the THz electric fieldovercomes a threshold value. For electric fields above this value the sampleresponse is modified by the THz pulse itself (ultra-fast quasi-dc fieldswitching). Examples are the impurity level ionization in semiconductors,insulator-to-metal transitions in correlated oxides, and induced structuralphase transitions in solids. This allows one to study the effect of the electricfield with a contact-less probe, on a time scale where heating or current flowscannot take place.

3)THz pulses at SPARC are intense (peak power of about 100 kW) and shortenough (down to hundreds of fs) to perform THz-pump THz-probexperiments. The non-equilibrium dynamics in the THz range could then baddressed by exciting only the low energy states of interest with negligiblheating effects. On this regards one can induce unfolding an conformationalchanges in proteins and enzymes [12] and force the elastic response obiopolymers like DNA and lipids.

4)THz imaging is considered as a unique tool to image dry and partially humiddielectric objects composed of light elements, which are hard to probe withX-rays. Unlike X-rays, THz radiation is non-ionizing and probing intra-molecular vibrations may also furnish spectroscopic information. IntenseTHz radiation has been already used for near-field THz imaging, obtainingspatial resolution of 200 micron at a wavelength of 3 mm [13]. Moreover anexciting issue concerns the possibility to perform time-resolved coherentimaging associated with spectroscopic information.

25

Scientific Reviews


CONCLUSION

A high intensity THz source has been realized at the Free-Electron LaserSPARC taking advantage of its high brightness electron beams. This source,which covers the spectral range from 100 GHz to 5 THz, shows a gain bothin the energy/pulse and in peak power with respect to many other world wideexisting THz sources. Therefore the THz project at SPARC, which opens thepossibility to perform THz-pump THz-probe experiments in different fieldsof Science, may play a major role in the growth of a mature Italian andEuropean THz community.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The development of THz source at SPARC is a joint activity of the TERASPARCexperiment, funded by the Committee for R&D and Interdisciplinary activitiesof INFN (CSN5), and the SPARC Collaboration. I gratefully acknowledge mycolleagues of the TERASPARC and the SPARC groups for their contributionduring design, implementation and characterization of the THz source and Ishare with them the successful start-up of the THz source at SPARC.

REFERENCES

[1] L. Palumbo, “The light of SPARX FEL”,NOTIZIARIO Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone– Vol. 14 n.1, Jan. 2009.

[2] M. Ferrario et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99,34801 (2007).

[3] M. Ferrario et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104,054801 (2010).

[4] M. Abo-Bakr et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90,094801 (2003).

[5] M. Boscolo et al., NIM A 577, 409 (2007) [6] M. Ferrario et al., “Laser comb with velocity

bunching: preliminary results at SPARC",NIM A in press (2010).

[7] www.elettra.trieste.it/beamlines/SISSI/[8] S. Casalbuoni et al, Phys. Rev. ST Accel.

Beams 12, 030705 (2009) [9] Sherwin et al, Eds., “Opportunities in THz

Science,” Report of DOE-NSF-NIH Workshop,

Feb. 2004[10] M. Ortolani et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97,

097002 (2006).[11] A. Perucchi et al, Phys. Rev. B 81,

092509 (2010)[12] A. G. Markelz et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72,

2229 (1998).[13] U. Schade et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84,

1422 (2004).

Figure 4. CTR average power measured at SPARC for a long (2 ps RMS) and a short (500 fs RMS)electronic bunch.


Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

Although Spain currently holds the European presidency, this was not the onlyreason why the NMI3 board did choose Barcelona for the 2nd GeneralAssembly. Actually NMI3 aims at giving large Neutron user communitieswithout national source the opportunity to host the consortiums’ annual event. José Luis García-Munoz, from the Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona,himself a neutron, muon and synchrotron user kindly took care of this years’local organization. Thanks to him NMI3 was hosted by the University ofBarcelona in the ancient hospital Building “Casa Convalescencia”.The meeting started with separate sessions of the six joint research activities onMay 10th and 11th in which the progress of the previous 14 months werediscussed. In the General Assembly on May 12th, two senior neutron users, Advan Well and Roberto Triolo from The Netherlands and Italy respectively,presented their results obtained via NMI3 European funding. Ad van Well fromthe TU Delft presented the “Goos-Hänchen shift observation”. The scientificofficer from the European Commission, Christian Kurrer, indicates that althoughthis looks like very fundamental physics, it may find application in futureindustrial development. Roberto Triolo from the University of Palermo, culturalheritage expert spoke about the importance of neutron tomography in that field.Four very talented young researchers showed the relevance of NeutronScattering and Muon Spectroscopy in the fields of Health & Life Science,Environmental and Material Science: Hemke Maeter from TU Dresden andAhmad Moradi from the Environmental Research Center Leipzig, Martin Weikfrom the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble and Maria Klacsova fromthe Comenius University Bratislava together with Monica Bulacu.Other NMI3 supported activities have been discussed, in particular Schoolsand Foresight studies (e.g. Food & Neutrons), the set-up of the brand newEducation Corner as the future e-learning tool on the Neutron Portal(http://neutron.neutron-eu.net/) were presented.

2nd General Assembly of the Neutronand Muon consortium NMI3

M. FörsterILL - France manager of the NMI3 project

from left to right

Roberto Triolo, from the University of Palermo.

Ahmad Moradi, from the Environmental ResearchCenter Leipzig.

3rd Announcement ILL 2020 Vision“Future directions in neutron science”

We invite you to register for the ILL 2020 Vision User Meeting, to be held in Grenoble from 15-17 September 2010,to discuss and refine plans for our future and ensure we provide the best possible support for science to 2020 andwell beyond. Registration is now open until 31 May through the meeting web-site, www.ILL2020-vision.euhttp://www.ILL2020-vision.eu. Numbers are limited for the parallel scientific sessions so please specify which youwish to attend. We will cover essential local expenses for all delegates though there is a modest registration fee.Central to the meeting will be a presentation of plans for new instruments and infrastructure, and an opportunityto discuss the scientific opportunities they will provide. Initial, outline proposals are already available on theMeeting website at www.ILL2020-vision.eu http://www.ILL2020-vision.eu and you are encouraged to contact theproposers to express your support and work with them to improve them.We are very keen to receive new proposals, using the guidelines provided on the website. The meeting will alsohighlight recent scientific achievements at ILL with an emphasis on those made possible by the MillenniumProgramme. You will find details of the speakers together with an outline programme on the website. We encouragestudents to attend the meeting and participate. To this end we will be offering a number of bursaries to supporttravel, as well as arranging a poster session, with a prize for the best ones. We eagerly anticipate a very stimulatingmeeting and look forward to seeing you in Grenoble to work with you to shape our future. Richard Wagner DirectorAndrew Harrison Associate Director Jose-Luis Martinez Associate Director. If you do not wish to receive this type ofemail from the ILL in the future: 1) if you are a member of the Visitors Club please login to the Visitors Club(http://club.ill.fr/cv/) and untick the box for the subscription to our mailing list in your personal data page; 2) if youare not a member please write to us at [email protected] and we will unsubscribe you.

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone - Vol. 15 n. 2 28

The international presence among the observers and the scientific advisorycommittee was highly appreciated. ANSTO and SNS representatives gavevaluable feedback to the management board and highly encouraged the NMI3consortium to proceed on a common European strategy. Even though Spaindoes not have a Neutron Source, the Catalane Region did recently inauguratethe ALBA Synchrotron. NMI3 delegates were able to visit the ring in order tosee the progress on the new instruments. The next meeting (3rd GeneralAssembly) will be held in October/November 2011 in Italy. Details will beavailable next year under http://neutron.neutron-eu.net/n_nmi3fp7/meetings.

from left to right

José García-Muñoz, from the Institut de Ciènciade Materials de Barcelona and Miriam Förster,manager of the NMI3 project.

Visiting the ALBA Synchrotron: Regine Willumeit,access coordinator GKSS, Maria Klacsova, from theComenius University of Bratislava, and Miriam Förster.



The emergence of new, free electron laser, based light sources is promising majorimpact on imaging and biological sciences. With free electron lasers underconstruction in Italy and operating in Germany and the USA it was seen as timelyto reflect upon opportunities in this scientific area. Therefore a bilateral meetingbetween Italian and UK scientists was organised in the spring of 2010 to examinethe best way to use the scientific strengths in these two countries to buildeffective collaborative programmes. This followed from a meeting held at theBritish Ambassadors Residence in Rome in March of last year.The meeting took place at the Italian Cultural Institute in Belgravia, one ofLondon’s most prestigious neighbourhoods. Around 50 scientists gathered atthis very agreeable venue and took part in wide ranging discussions and anexchange of ideas on the topic of imaging and life sciences applications of newlight sources. Participants were drawn from a range of academic institutionsand national laboratories in Italy and the UK along with representatives fromthe Italian embassy and from industry. The meeting was begun in fine style by a keynote address by Gerhard Materlik(Director of the Diamond Light Source) on “Visions for future light sourcescience” that reviewed the new capabilities that are emerging from the FELfacilities that are built, under construction and planned. This was followed bya session chaired by Luigi Palumbo (INFN, Italy) that included further reviewsof two FEL facilities; the Fermi@Elettra project presented by Fulvio Parmigiani(INFN, Italy) and the future high repetition rate seeded FEL in the UK (NLS)by Richard Walker (Diamond). Having established the capabilities of the newlight sources through these presentations and the accompanying discussionsthe focus then shifted to applications to biosciences. Silvia Morante (Universityof Rome Tor Vergata) highlighted the Bio-science case for the SPARX projectand David Klug (Imperial College) discussed the application of far-IR frommulti-colour THz beams to the 2D spectroscopic measurement of proteins.Anton Barty (CFEL/DESY) then presented a talk on recent progress in X-rayimaging with FELs that conveyed the excitement and promise in that fastemerging area. Following a pleasant and discussion filled lunch we resumed inthe afternoon in a session chaired by Andrea Aparo (Finmeccanica) whichfocussed on medical applications. Cristina Messa (University of MilanoBicocca) explained the current state of the art in X-ray dagnostic molecularmedicine and Ralf Menk (Elettra, Trieste) discussed the new R&D imagingtechniques available to cancer research. Guido Cavaletti (University of MilanoBicocca) gave the final talk on nanomedicine in biomedical sciences. Having had this series of fascinating and informative talks the meeting wasthen completed by an extended round table discussion chaired by Dame LouiseJohnson (Oxford) with panellists Andrea Aparo, Luca Federici, David Klug,Gerhard Materlik and Richard Walker. This tackled the issue of futureprospective in Italian/UK collaboration with light sources. A productive

Italy-UK workshop on imagingand life sciences applications of new light sources

J. MarangosImperial College, London, UK

L. PalumboSapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy

30

on the top:R. Walker, L. Palumbo and R. Amendolia

on the bottom:J. Marangos

discussion took place that reaffirmed the need to continue effectiveengagement at the broad level as well as to encourage individual collaborativeprojects. Hopefully UK users will be in the fore once the Fermi@Elletra laserbecomes available to users in the near future. It is clear that there isconsiderable scope for lasting and highly effective collaborations betweenscientists in these two countries. On a related note a recent meeting of the UKFEL community (Royal Society, April 26th) concluded with the setting up ofthe “UK Forum for FEL Science”. This Forum will be an independent body thatwill strive to foster the growing activities of FEL science and technology withinthe UK. It will also serve to facilitate scientists become users of the nowoperating international facilities. It will no doubt serve to continue to nurtureItaly-UK links in this emerging area.



31

on the top:J. Marangos, C. Andreani, R. Amendolia andG. Materlik

on the left:F. Parmigiani, J. Marangos, R. Walker, G. Materlik,L. Palumbo, R. Amendolia and S. Morante

LECTURERS: M. Adams STFC Chilton (UK), F. Aliotta CNRIPCF Messina (I),I. Anderson Spallation Neutron Source Oak Ridge (USA),C. Andreani Univ. Roma Tor Vergata (I), R. Bedogni INFNLNFFrascati (I), R. Caciuffo Institute for TransuraniumElements Karlsruhe (D), D. Colognesi CNRISC Firenze (I),A. Orecchini Univ. Perugia (I), G. Festa Univ. Roma Tor Vergata (I),G. Gorini Univ. Milano Bicocca (I), J. Mayers STFC Chilton (UK),R. McGreevy STFCChilton (UK), F. Mezei Los Alamos NationalLaboratory (USA), J. Morrone Columbia University (USA),F. Natali ILL Grenoble (F), A. Paciaroni Univ. Perugia (I),E. Perelli Univ. Milano Bicocca (I), A. Pietropaolo CNISMRomaTor Vergata (I), R. Ponterio CNRIPCF Messina (I), R. Pynn Univ.Indiana Bloomington (USA), G. Reiter Univ. Houston (USA),G. Salvato CNRIPCF Messina (I), M. Russina HelmoltzCentrum Berlin (D), E. Schooneveld STFCChilton (UK),M. Tardocchi CNRIFP Milano (I), D. Tresoldi CNRIPCFMessina (I), A. Triolo CNRISM Roma (I)

X SCHOOL OF NEUTRON SCATTERINGFRANCESCO PAOLO RICCI:

ELECTRONVOLT NEUTRON SPECTROSCOPY OF MATERIALS:MICROSCOPIC DYNAMICS AND ENABLING TECHNIQUES

Villa Mondragone, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome - Italy, www.villamondragone.it

The school, established in 1994, is primarily addressed tograduate students or postdoctoral with an interest inNeutron Scattering. The School will comprise lectures,tutorials and handson data analysis sessions, coveringdiverse aspects of Neutron Scattering, with an emphasison techniques and instrumentation designed to study theelectronvolt neutron spectroscopy of materials andrelated techniques. The School will commence onSeptember 25th 2010, with a series of introductorylectures covering the fundamental aspects of neutronscattering and neutron instrumentation. During the nextfew days, a series of lectures will follow to provide thebasis to understand shortscale microscopic dynamics,momentum distributions, thermal and high energyneutron imaging and diagnostics. Each of these topics willbe expanded in a series of tutorials, which will also

include handson data analysis sessions. The combinationof introductory lectures, scientific sessions and training inscattering techniques will provide participants with aunique opportunity to become familiar with neutronscattering methods and their applications to currentresearch topics.There are 25 places available for students attending theschool. Those who have preregistered will be offeredplaces preferentially in the event that the School isoversubscribed. Applicants will be notified if they havebeen accepted for the School by 10 July 2010. Bursaries,provided from the sponsors, will be available for thepurpose of increasing the participation of internationaland national research scientists. These may be used tocover attendant's expenses such as hotel, travel, etc. Totaltravel and subsistence expenses are usually not provided.

CONTACTS:WEBSITE: http://web129.its.me.cnr.it/school_fpricci/index.htmSECRETARY: [email protected]

DIRECTORSDR. CIRINO VASIC.N.R.– Istituto Per I Processi Chimico FisiciViale Ferdinando Stagno D'alcontres, N. 3798158 Messina, ItalyTel.: +39 090 39762240 EMail: [email protected]

DR. ROBERTO SENESIUniversità Degli Studi Di Roma Tor Vergata Dip. Di Fisica Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133 Roma, ItalyTel:+39 06 72594549 EMail: [email protected]

September 25th – October 4th 2010

Call for Proposal


Neutron Sourceshttp://pathfinder.neutron-eu.net/idb/access

Call for Proposal [Deadlines for proposal submission]

Synchrotron Radiation Sourceswww.lightsources.org

BNChttp://www.bnc.hu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=39

BENSChttp://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/userservice/neutrons/user-info/call-for-proposals_en.html#c63361

GeNF - Geesthacht Neutron Facilitywww.gkss.de/index_e_js.html

HFIRhttp://neutrons.ornl.gov/

ILLwww.ill.eu/users/experimental-programme/

ISIShttp://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/index.html

JCNS FZ-Jülichwww.jcns.info/jcns_proposals/

LLB - Laboratoire Léon Brillouinhttp://pathfinder.neutron-eu.net/idb/access

NPL - Neutron Physics Laboratoryhttp://pathfinder.neutron-eu.net/idb/access

SINQ – Swiss Spallation Neutron Sourcehttp://pathfinder.neutron-eu.net/idb/access

SNShttp://neutrons.ornl.gov/users/user_news.shtml

May 15 and October 15

1 March and 1 September annually

At any time during 2010

September 1st, 2010

1 March and 1 September

16 October 2010(for beamtime from February/March 2011)

To be announced, 2010

November 1st, 2010

September 15, 2010


September 1st, 2010

AS - Australian Synchrotronhttp://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000128

BESSYhttp://www.bessy.de/boat/www/

BSRF - Beijing Synchrotron radiation Facilitywww.ihep.ac.cn/bsrf/english/userinfo/beamtime.htm

CFN - Center for Functional Nanomaterialswww.bnl.gov/cfn/user/proposal.asp

CHESS - Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Sourcewww.chess.cornell.edu/prposals/index.htm


September 1st, 2010

Proposals are evaluated twice a year

September 30, 2010

October 30, 2010


CLS – Canadian Light Sourcehttp://www.lightsource.ca/uso/call_proposals.php

CNM – Center for Nanoscale Materialshttp://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000336

DIAMOND - Diamond Light Sourcewww.diamond.ac.uk/ForUsers/Welcome

ELETTRAhttps://vuo.elettra.trieste.it/pls/vuo/guest.startup

FELIX - Free Electron Laser for Infrared experimentswww.rijnh.nl/research/guthz/felix_felice/

FOUNDRY - The Molecular Foundryhttps://isswprod.lbl.gov/TMF/login.aspx

HASYLAB - Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor at DESYhttp://hasylab.desy.de/user_info/write_a_proposal/2_deadlines/index_eng.html

ISAhttp://www.isa.au.dk/

LCLS - The Linac Coherent Light Sourcehttps://pass.nsls.bnl.gov/deadlines.asp

LNLS - Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotronhttps://www.lnls.br/lnls/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?UserActiveTemplate=lnls_2007_english&tpl=home

MAX-labhttp://www2.maxlab.lu.se/members/proposal/index.jsp

NSLS - National Synchrotron Light Sourcehttps://pass.nsls.bnl.gov/deadlines.asp

NSRRC - National Synchrotron radiation Research Centerwww.nsrrc.org.tw/

PF – Photon Factorywww.nsrrc.org.tw/

SLS - Swiss Light Sourcehttp://sls.web.psi.ch/view.php/users/experiments/proposals/opencalls/index.html

SOLEILhttp://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/

SPRING-8http://www.spring8.or.jp/en/users/proposals/

SRC - Synchrotron Radiation Centerwww.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000336

SSRL - Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratorywww.ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/users/user_admin/deadlines.html


October 30, 2010


September 15, 2010

December 1st, 2010

January 14, 2011

October 1st, 2010 (Flash)September 1st, 2010 (Doris III)

December 31, 2010

January 1st, 2011

September 30, 2010 (D04A-SXS, D04B-XAFS1,D05A-TGM, D06A-DXAS, D08A-SGM, D09B-XRF, D10A XRD2,

D10B-XPD, D11A-SAXS1, D12A-XRD1 - beamtime TBD)October 29, 2010 (D03B-MX1 - beamtime TBD)

To be announced in late fall 2010

September 30, 2010

September 30, 2010

To be announced

September 15, 2010 (All other beamlines)October 15, 2010 (PX beamline)

September 15, 2010

Twice a year

August 1st, 2010

September 1st, 2010(Xray/VUV proposals for beam time February 2010-February 2012)

December 1st, 2010(Xray/VUV proposals for beam time May 2010-May 2012)

December 1st, 2010(New Crystallography Proposals March 2010-February 2012)

35

Calendar

Calendar


July 4-8, 2010 Karlsruhe, GermanyFirst International Conference on Materials for Energyhttp://events.dechema.de/enmat2010

July 4-9, 2010 Zürich, Switzerland ISMANAM 2010: 17th International Symposium on Metastable,Amorphous and Nanostructured Materialshttp://www.ismanam2010.ethz.ch/home

July 4-9, 2010 Kyoto, JapanInternational Conference on Science and Technology of SyntheticMetals 2010http://www.icsm2010.com/

July 4-9, 2010 Sorrento, ItalyIZC16 and IMMS7: 6th International Zeolite Conference and 7th

International Mesostructured Materials Symposium. Engineeringof New Micro- and Meso-Structured Materialshttp://www.izc-imms2010.org/index.php

July 5-8, 2010 Delft, The Netherlands PNCMI 2010: 8th International Workshop on Polarised Neutronsin Condensed Matter Investigationshttp://www.tnw.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=3f2f14d1-c18b-4276-aa94-90d5d52fc337&lang=en

July 5-8, 2010 Montpellier, FranceMOLMAT2010: IVth International Conference on Molecular Materials http://www.molmat2010.fr/

July 5-10, 2010 Les Diablerets, Switzerland LEES 2010: Low Energy Electrodynamics in Solidshttp://www.lees2010.ch/ 2

July 6-9, 2010 San Francisco, CA, USAOrganic Microelectronics and Optoelectronics Workshop VI http://acswebcontent.acs.org/organicmicroelectronic/

July 7-10, 2010 Strasbourg, FranceAFC 2010: Colloque de l'Association Française de Cristallographie http://www.afc2010.unistra.fr/

July 9-13, 2010 Boston, MA, USA18th Annual International Conference on Intelligent Systems forMolecular Biologyhttp://www.iscb.org/ismb2010

July 10-18, 2010 Sofia, Bulgaria 8th International Conference on the Occurrence, Properties,and Utilization of Natural Zeoliteshttp://www.zeolite2010.org/


Calendar

July 11-13, 2010 Munich-Ismaning, GermanyModern Trends on Production and Applications of Polarized 3Hehttp://www.jcns.info/Workshop_3He/

July 11-14, 2010 Oxford, England SRMS 2010: 7th International Conference on Synchrotron Radiationin Materials Sciencehttp://www.srmsmedsi2010.org/srmsmedsi/SRMS.html

July 11-14, 2010 Oxford, EnglandMEDSI 2010: 6th International Conference on Mechanical EngineeringDesign of Synchrotron Radiation Equipment and Instrumentationhttp://www.srmsmedsi2010.org/srmsmedsi/MEDSI.html

July 11-16, 2010 Suzhou, China Advances in Nonvolatile Memory Materials and Deviceshttp://www.engconfintl.org/10ae.html

July 11-16, 2010 South Hadley, MA, USAElectron Distribution and Chemical Bondinghttp://www.grc.org/programs.aspx?year=2010&program=elecdist

July 11-16, 2010 Krakow, Poland ILCC2010: 23rd International Liquid Crystal Conferencehttp://www.ilcc2010.uj.edu.pl/index.php

July 11-16, 2010 Tilton, NH, USA Gordon Research Conference on Ion Channelshttp://www.grc.org/programs.aspx?year=2010&program=ionchan

July 11-16, 2010 Rome, Italy Gordon Research Conference on Ion Channelshttp://www.grc.org/programs.aspx?year=2010&program=ionchan

July 11-16, 2010 Glasgow, UK MACRO2010: 43rd IUPAC World Polymer Congress: Polymer Sciencein the Service of Societyhttp://www.rsc.org/ConferencesAndEvents/RSCConferences/Macro2010/

July 11-16, 2010 Vancouver, BC (Canada)VUVX201037th International conference on Vacuum Ultraviolet and X-ray Physicshttp://www.vuvx2010.ca/

July 12-16, 2010 Jaca (Huesca), SpainThe Power of Neutron Techniques in Nano and Bioscienceshttp://spins.unizar.es/eventos/JACA2010/index.php

July 12-16, 2010 Chicago, IL, USA Inter/Micro 2010 Microscopy Symposiumhttp://www.mcri.org/home/section/101-523/inter-micro-2010

37

Calendar


July 13-17, 2010 Nortwestern University, IL, USA Eleventh International Conference on Surface X-ray and NeutronScatteringhttp://www.sxns11.northwestern.edu/

July 14-17, 2010 Evanston, IL (USA)The Eleventh International Conference on Surface X-ray and Neutron Scatteringhttp://www.sxns11.northwestern.edu/

July 17-19, 2010 SLAC LCLS, Menlo Park, CA, (USA)Ultrafast VUV and X-ray Science (Satellite Meeting to VUVX 2010) http://www.vuvx2010.ca/showcontent.aspx?MenuID=672

July 18-23, 2010 Lewiston, ME, USA Diffraction Methods In Structural Biologyhttp://www.gordonconferences.org/programs.aspx?year=2010&program=diffrac

July 19-23 2010 Novosibirsk, Russia SR-2010: 18th International Synchrotron Radiation Conferencehttp://ssrc.inp.nsk.su/SR2010/index.html

July 20-23, 2010 SLAC SSRL, Menlo Park, CA, (USA)2010 SSRL SMB Xray Absorption Spectroscopy Workshop http://www.slac.stanford.edu/

July 24-29, 2010 Chicago, IL (USA)2010 Annual Meeting of the American Crystallographic Associationhttp://meeting2010.amercrystalassn.org/

July 25-29, 2010 Uppsala, Sweden EHPRG Conference 2010: 48th European High Pressure ResearchGroup Conferencehttp://ehprg2010.fysik.uu.se/

July 25-30, 2010 Seoul, Korea 30th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductorshttp://www.icps2010.org/

August 1-4, 2010 Jilin, China HPSP14: 14th International Conference on High PressureSemiconductor Physicshttp://hpsp14.0431cn.com/

August 1-6, 2010 Cairns, Australia PRICM - 07: 7th Pacific Rim International Conference on AdvancedMaterials and Processing http://www.materialsaustralia.com.au/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=MA/ccms.r?pageid=19070

August 1-7, 2010 Dalian, China ISSCG-14: International Summer School on Crystal Growthhttp://www.isscg14.org.cn/


Calendar

August 2-6, 2010 Denver, CO, USA59th Annual Denver X-ray Conferencehttp://www.dxcicdd.com/

August 2-6, 2010 Santa Barbara, CA, USA EX-ray Science in the 21st Centuryhttp://www.aps.org/meetings/meeting.cfm?name=XRS10

August 5-13, 2010 Los Alamos, NM, USA 2010 LANSCE Neutron School: Structural Materialshttp://lansce.lanl.gov/neutronschool/

August 7-15, 2010 Zuoz, Switzerland 9th PSI Summer School on Condensed Matter Physics:Magnetic Phenomenahttp://school.web.psi.ch/html/index.shtml

August 7-13, 2010 Zuoz, Switzerland 9th PSI Summer School on Condensed Matter Physics:Magnetic Phenomenahttp://school.web.psi.ch/html/index.shtml

August 8-12, 2010 Beijing, China 3rd K.H. Kuo Summer School of Electron Microscopy and Crystallography.International Workshop of 3D Molecular Imaging by Cryo- ElectronMicroscopyhttp://emworkshop2010.ibp.ac.cn/index.html

August 8-13, 2010 Beijing, China ICCG-16: International Conference on Crystal Growthhttp://iccg16.tipc.cn/

August 15-19, 2010 Cancun, Mexico IMRC XIX: International Materials Research Congresshttp://www.mrs-mexico.org.mx/imrc2010/index.html

August 15-19, 2010 Cancun, Mexico IMRC XIX: Symposium on Domain Engineering in Ferroic Systemshttp://www.mrs-mexico.org.mx/imrc2010/htmls/chairpersons.html?view=17

August 15-20, 2010 Sydney, Australia ANSTO Dynamics and Kinetics Neutron School 2010http://www.ansto.gov.au/research/bragg_institute/current_research/conferences_and_workshops/dynamics_and_kinetics_neutron_school_2010

August 15-20, 2010 Argonne, IL, USA XRM2010: 10th International Conference on X-ray Microscopyhttp://xrm2010.aps.anl.gov/

August 15-20, 2010 New London, NH, USA Gordon Research Conference on Solid State Studies in Ceramics.Fundamental Phenomena in Energy Applicationshttp://www.grc.org/programs.aspx?year=2010&program=ceramics

39

Calendar

August 15-20, 2010 Chicago, IL (USA) XRM2010The 10th International Conference on X-ray Microscopyhttp://xrm2010.aps.anl.gov/

August 17-20, 2010 Fribourg, Switzerland XXth International Symposium on the Jahn-Teller Effecthttp://www.unifr.ch/jt2010/

August 21-27, 2010 Budapest, Hungary IMA2010: Advances in Neutron Techniques in Earth and EnvironmentalScienceshttp://www.ima2010.hu/

August 22-26, 2010 Boston, MA, USA ACS Fall 2010 National Meeting and Expositionhttp://portal.acs.org:80/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_MEEINGS&node_id=86&use_sec=false&__uuid=7d0aee6d-adf6-4849-94da-7f5ff27578d4

August 22-26, 2010 Villars-sur-Ollon, Switzerland, USA CUSO Villars Summer School in Materials: From Structure to Functionin Nanomaterialshttp://www.chem.unifr.ch/kf/villars%20copy/index.html

August 22-27, 2010 Seoul, Korea International Union of Materials Research Societies - InternationalConference on Electronic Materials 2010http://www.iumrs-icem2010.org/

August 23-27, 2010 Troyes, France JMC 12: Journees de la Matiere Condenseehttp://jmc12.utt.fr/index.php

August 23-27, 2010 Malmö (Sweden) 32nd International Free Electron Laser Conferencehttp://www.maxlab.lu.se/maxlab/conference/fel2010/index.html

August 25-29, 2010 Budapest, Hungary MECC2010: 5th Mid-European Clay Conferencehttp://mecc2010.org/

August 27-29, 2010 Darmstadt, Germany MaThCryst Satellite Conference of ECM26http://www.crystallography.fr/mathcryst/darmstadt2010.php

August 27-30, 2010 Darmstadt, Germany EPDIC12: 12th European Powder Diffraction Conferencehttp://www.epdic12.org/

September 5-7, 2010 Manchester, UK BACG 2010: British Association for Crystal Growthhttp://www.bacg2010.org/



Calendar

September 5-9, 2010 Budapest, Hungary Diamond 2010: 21st European Conference on Diamond, Diamond-LikeMaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, and Nitrides http://www.diamond-conference.elsevier.com/

September 5-10, 2010 Oxford, UK BCA/CCP4 Summer School XVhttp://crystallography.org.uk/bca-ccp4-summer-school-2010

September 6-10, 2010 Herceg Novi, Montenegro Twelfth Annual YUCOMAT Conferencehttp://www.mrs-serbia.org.rs/

September 6-17, 2010 Jülich/Garching - Germany 14th Laboratory Course Neutron Scatteringhttp://www.jcns.info/wns_lab_now

September 12-14, 2010 Biarritz, France 7th International Conference on Inorganic Materialshttp://www.im-conference.elsevier.com/

September 12-16, 2010 Dublin, Ireland ICCBM13: 13th International Conference on the Crystallizationof Biological Macromoleculeshttp://www.iccbm13.ie/

September 12-17, 2010 Tsukuba, Japan LINAC10: XXV Linear Accelerator Conferencehttp://linac10.j-parc.jp/

September 13-16, 2010 Karlsruhe, Germany Metamaterials 2010: Fourth International Congress on AdvancedElectromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Opticshttp://congress2010.metamorphose-vi.org/

September 13-17, 2010 Warsaw, Poland E-MRS 2010 Fall Meetinghttp://www.emrs-strasbourg.com/

September 15-17, 2010 Grenoble, France ILL 2020 Vision: Future directions in neutron sciencehttp://www.ill2020-vision.eu/

September 15-17, 2010 Grenoble, France 3rd ILL MILLENNIUM SYMPOSIUM AND EUROPEAN USER MEETINGhttp://www.ill.eu/about/future-planning/ills-modernisation-programme/

September 17, 2010 Geneva, Switzerland SGK/SSCr Annual Meeting 2010http://indico.psi.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=22

41

Calendar

September 19-22, 2010 Münster, Germany 88th Annual Meeting of the German Mineralogical Society:From Dust to Dusthttp://www.conventus.de/dmg2010/

September 19-23, 2010 Gatlinburg, TN, USA Structure Under Extreme Conditions of Pressure and Temperaturehttp://neutrons.ornl.gov/conf/IUCr2010/

September 19-24, 2010 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil IMC17: International Microscopy Congresshttp://www.imc-17.com/

September 19-24, 2010 Tampa, FL, USA IWN2010: International Workshop on Nitride Semiconductorshttp://www.iwn2010.org/

September 20-23, 2010 Warwick, UK XTOP 2010: 10th Biennial Conference on High Resolution X-RayDiffraction and Imaginghttp://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/condensedmatt/ferroelectrics/xtop2010

September 21-24, 2010 Argonne, IL (USA)SRI2010The Sixteenth Pan-American Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation(SRI) Conference http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000068

September 25 - October 4 Rome, ItalyX School of Neutron Scattering Francesco Paolo Ricci: ElectronvoltNeutron Spectroscopy of Materials: Microscopic Dynamics and EnablingTechniqueshttp://web129.its.me.cnr.it/school_fpricci/index.htm

September 26-29, 2010 Bonn, Germany Neutrons for Global Energy Solutionshttp://sinq.web.psi.ch/sinq/links.html

September 26 - October 2, 2010 Carqueiranne, France International School on Aperiodic Crystalshttp://www-xray.fzu.cz/sgip/isac2010/isac2010.html

September 27- October 1st, 2010 San Sebastián - SpainPassion for Electrons/ Passion for Interfaces/Passionfor Soft Matter/Passion for Photonshttp://www.dipc10.eu/en/workshops/introduction

September 28-29, 2010 Cambridge, UK 2010 Annual Meeting of the Mineralogical Society. Nuclear WasteManagement: Research Challenges for the Futurehttp://www.minersoc.org/pages/meetings/nuclear/nuclear.html



Calendar

October 3-8, 2010 Kwa Maritane, South Africa 9th World Conference on Neutron Radiography (WCNR-9)http://www.wcnr-9.co.za/

October 8-9, 2010 Madison, WI (USA) SRC Users' Meeting http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000068

October 11-14, 2010 Grenoble, France IXS2010: 7th International Conference on Inelastic X-ray Scatteringhttp://www.esrf.eu/events/conferences/ixs2010

October 18-21, 2010 Menlo Park, CA (USA) LCLS/SSRL Annual Users' Conference and Workshopshttp://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/ssrl-lcls/2009/2010.asp

October 18-22, 2010 Nantes, FranceMateriaux 2010http://www.materiaux2010.net/

October 21-23, 2010 Grenoble, France Superconductivity Explored by Neutron Scattering Experimentshttp://www.ill.eu/news-events/events/sense2010/

October 23-24, 2010 Rourkela, India ICSAXS - 2010: International Conference on Applications of Small AngleX-Ray Scattering in the Field of Nanoscience and Nano Technology http://www.nitrkl.ac.in/conference/conference_welcome.asp?cid=26

October 25-26, 2010 Grenoble, France Neutron Reflectometry: the next generation and beyondhttp://www.ill.eu/news-events/events/superadam/

October 25 - November 1, 2010 EMBL Hamburg, Germany EMBO practical course on Solution Scattering from BiologicalMacromoleculeshttp://www.embl-hamburg.de/training/courses_conferences/course/2010/SAXS/

October 31- November 3rd, 2010 Sydney, AustraliaNeutrons and Food workshophttp://www.nbi.ansto.gov.au/neutronsandfood/

November 15-20, 2010 Grenoble, France Application of Neutron and Synchrotron Radiation to Magnetism Previous events: Application of Neutron and Synchrotron Radiation to Magnetism 2009

November 29 - December 3, 2010 Boston, MA (USA) 2010 MRS Fall Meeting - Materials Research Society Fall Meetinghttp://www.mrs.org/s_mrs/sec.asp?CID=16777&DID=216967

November 29-December 4, 2010 Montevideo, Uruguay International Schools on Mathematical Crystallographyhttp://www.crystallography.fr/mathcryst/montevideo2010.php

Neutron ScatteringWWW SERVERS IN THE WORLDhttp://idb.neutron-eu.net/facilities.php

Facilities

43

Facilities


BNC - Budapest Research reactorType: Swimming pool reactor, 10 MWPhone: +36/1/392-2222Phone e fax: +36/1/395-9162Email: [email protected]://www.kfki.hu/brr/indexen.htm

BENSC - Berlin Neutron Scattering CenterPhone: +49-30 / 80 62 - 0Fax: +49-30 / 80 62 - 21 81Email: [email protected]://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/

FLNP - Frank Laboratory of Neutron PhysicsPhone: (7-49621) 65-657Fax: (7-49621) 65-085E-mail: [email protected]://flnp.jinr.ru/25/

FRG-1Type: Swimming Pool Cold Neutron SourcePhone: +49 (0)4152 87-0Fax: +49 (0)41 52 87-1403Email: [email protected]://www.gkss.de/about_us/contact/research_reactor/index.htm

FRJ-2Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHType: DIDO(heavy water), 23 MWhttp://www.fz-juelich.de/iff/wns/

FRM IIType: Compact 20 MW reactorPhone: +49 (0) 89 289 14965Fax: +49 (0) 89 289 14995Email: [email protected]://www.frm2.tum.de/en/index.html

HFIRORNL, Oak Ridge, USAPhone: (865)574-5231Fax: (865)576-7747Email: [email protected]://neutrons.ornl.gov

HIFARPhone e phone Numbers:ANSTO Switchboard: + 61 2 9717 3111ANSTO Facsimile: + 61 2 9543 5097Email: [email protected]://www.ansto.gov.au

ILLType: 58MW High Flux Reactor Phone: + 33 (0)4 76 20 71 11Fax: + 33 (0)4 76 48 39 06Phone: +33 4 7620 7179Fax: +33 4 76483906Email: [email protected] and [email protected]://www.ill.eu

IPNS - Intense Pulsed Neutron at ArgonnePhone: 630/252-7820Fax: 630/252-7722for proposal submission by e-mail send to [email protected] mail/fax to IPNS Scientific Secretary, Building 360http://www.pns.anl.gov/

ISIS DidcotType: Pulsed Spallation SourcePhone: +44 (0) 1235 445592Fax: +44 (0) 1235 445103Email: [email protected]://www.isis.rl.ac.uk

JCNSJuelich Centre for Neutron Science Forschungszentrum Juelich,D-52425 Juelich, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]://www.jcns.info

JRR-3MFax: +81 292 82 59227Phoneex: JAERIJ24596Email: [email protected]://www.jaea.go.jp/jaeri/english/index.html

Facilities


JEEP-II ReactorType: D2O moderated 3.5% enriched UO2 fuelPhone: +47 63 806000, 806275Fax: +47 63 816356Email: [email protected]://www.ife.no/index_html-en?set_language=en&cl=en

KENSInstitute of Materials Structure ScienceHigh Energy Accelerator research Organisation1-1 Oho, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken,?305-0801, JAPANEmail: [email protected]://neutron-www.kek.jp/index_e.html

KUR - Kyoto University Research Reactor InstituteKumatori-cho Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494,JapanPhone: +81-72-451-2300Fax: +81-72-451-2600http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/

LANSCEPhoneephone: 505-665-1010Fax: 505-667-8830Email: lansce_users@lanlEmail: [email protected]://lansce.lanl.gov/

LLBType: ReactorFlux: 3.0 x 1014 n/cm2/sSecrétariat Europe:Phone: 0169085417Fax: 0169088261Email: [email protected]://www-llb.cea.fr

NFL - Studsvik Neutron Research LaboratoryUppsala University - Studsvik Nuclear AB, Stockholm, SwedenType: swimming pool type reactor, 50 MW, with additionalreactor 1 MWhttp://cordis.europa.eu/data/PROJ_FP5/ACTIONeqDndSESSIONeq112302005919ndDOCeq4269ndTBLeqEN_PROJ.htm

NCNR - NIST Center for Neutron ResearchPhone: (301) 975-6210Fax: (301) 869-4770Email: [email protected]://rrdjazz.nist.gov

NPL - NRIType: 10 MW research reactorPhone: +420 2 20941177 / 66173428Fax: +420 2 20941155Email: [email protected] and [email protected]://neutron.ujf.cas.cz/

NRU - Chalk River LaboratoriesPhone: 613-584-8293Fax: 613-584-4040http://neutron.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/home_e.html

RID - Reactor Institute Delft (NL)Type: 2MW light water swimming poolPhone: +31 15 27 87774Fax: +31 15 27 82655E-mail: [email protected]://www.rid.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=b15d7df9-7928-441e-b45d-6ecce78d6b0e&lang=en

SINQType: Steady spallation sourcePhone: +41 56 310 4666Fax: +41 56 3103294Email: [email protected]://sinq.web.psi.ch

SNS - Spallation Neutron SourcePhone: 865.574.1301Fax: (865) 241-5177Email: [email protected]://neutrons.ornl.gov

Facilities

45

SynchrotronRadiation SourcesWWW SERVERS IN THE WORLDwww.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000098


ALBA - Synchrotron Light FacilityPhone: +34 93 592 43 00Fax: +34 93 592 43 01http://www.cells.es/

ALS - Advanced Light SourcePhone: 510.486.7745Fax: 510.486.4773Email: [email protected]://www-als.lbl.gov/als

ANKAPhone: +49 (0)7247 / 82-6188Fax: +49-(0)7247 / 82-8677Email: [email protected]://ankaweb.fzk.de/

APS - Advanced Photon SourcePhone: (630) 252-2000Fax: +1 708 252 3222Email: [email protected]://www.aps.anl.gov/

AS - Australian SynchrotronPhone: +61 3 9655 3315Fax: +61 3 9655 8666Email: [email protected]://www.synchrotron.vic.gov.au/content.asp?Document_ID=1

BESSY - Berliner ElektronenspeicherringGessellschaft.für SynchrotronstrahlungPhone: +49 (0)30 6392-2999Fax: +49 (0)30 6392-2990Email: [email protected]://www.bessy.de/

BSRF - Beijing Synchrotron Radiation FacilityPhone: +86-10-68235125Fax: +86-10-68222013Email: [email protected]://www.ihep.ac.cn/bsrf/english/main/main.htm

CAMD - Center Advanced Microstructures & DevicesPhone: +1 (225) 578-8887Fax: +1 (225) 578-6954Email: [email protected]://www.camd.lsu.edu/

CANDLE - Center for the Advancementof Natural Discoveries using Light Emission MODIFIC.Phone/Fax: +374-1-629806Email: [email protected]://www.candle.am/index.html

CESLAB - Central European Synchrotron LaboratoryPhone: +420-541517500Email: [email protected]://www.synchrotron.cz/synchrotron/Central_Europeanl_Synchrotron_Laboratory_EN.html

CFN - Center for Functional NanomaterialsPhone: +1 (631) 344-6266Fax: +1 (631) 344-3093Email: [email protected]://www.bnl.gov/cfn/

CHESS - Cornell High Energy Synchrotron SourcePhone: 607-255-7163Fax: 607-255-9001http://www.chess.cornell.edu/

CLIO - Centre Laser Infrarouge d’OrsayEmail: [email protected]://clio.lcp.u-psud.fr/clio_eng/clio_eng.htm

CLS - Canadian Light SourcePhone: (306) 657-3500Fax: (306) 657-3535Email: [email protected]://www.lightsource.ca/

CNM - Center for Nanoscale MaterialsPhone: 630.252.6952Fax: 630.252.5739http://nano.anl.gov/facilities/index.html

CTST - UCSB Center for Terahertz Science andTechnologyUniversity of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), USAhttp://sbfel3.ucsb.edu/

Facilities


DAFNE LightINFN-LNFPhone: +39 06 94031Fax: +39 06 9403 2582http://www.lnf.infn.it/

DELSY - Dubna ELectron SYnchrotronPhone: + 7 09621 65 059Fax: + 7 09621 65 891Email: [email protected]://www.jinr.ru/delsy/

DELTA - Dortmund Electron Test AcceleratorFELICITA I (FEL)Fax: +49-(0)231-755-5383http://www.delta.uni-dortmund.de/index.php?id=2&L=1

DFELL - Duke Free Electron Laser LaboratoryPhone: 1 (919) 660-2666Fax: +1 (919) 660-2671Email: [email protected]://www.fel.duke.edu/

Diamond Light SourcePhone: +44 (0)1235 778000Fax: +44 (0)1235 778499Email: [email protected]://www.diamond.ac.uk/default.htm

ELETTRA - Synchrotron Light LaboratorPhone: +39 40 37581Fax: +39 (040) 938-0902http://www.elettra.trieste.it/

ELSA - Electron Stretcher AcceleratorPhone: +49-228-735926Fax: +49-228-733620Email: [email protected]://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/elsa-facility_en.html

ESRF - European Synchrotron Radiation Lab.Phone: +33 (0)4 7688 2000Fax: +33 (0)4 7688 2020Email: [email protected]://www.esrf.eu/

FELBE - Free-Electron Lasers at the ELBE radiationsource at the FZR/DresdenPhone: +49 351 260 - 0Fax: +49 351 269 - 0461E-Mail: [email protected]://www.fzd.de

FELIX - Free Electron Laser for Infrared experimentsPhone: +31-30-6096999Fax: +31-30-6031204Email: [email protected]://www.rijnh.nl/felix/

FOUNDRY - The Molecular Foundry1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720, USAhttp://foundry.lbl.gov/index.html

HASYLAB - Hamburger SynchrotronstrahlungslaborDORIS III, PETRA II / III, FLASHPhone: +49 40 / 8998-2304Fax: +49 40 / 8998-2020Email: [email protected]://hasylab.desy.de/

HSRC - Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center HISORPhone: +81 82 424 6293Fax: +81 82 424 6294http://www.hsrc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/english/index-e.htm

IfelPhone: +81-(0)72-897-6410http://www.fel.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/english/index_e.htmlhttp://www.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/index.html

INDUS -1 / INDUS -2Phone: +91-731-248-8003Fax: 91-731-248-8000Email: [email protected]://www.cat.ernet.in/technology/accel/indus/index.htmlhttp://www.cat.ernet.in/technology/accel/atdhome.html

IR FEL Research Center - FEL-SUTPhone: +81 4-7121-4290Fax: +81 4-7121-4298Email: [email protected]://www.rs.noda.sut.ac.jp/~felsut/english/index.htm

ISA - Institute for Storage Ring Facilities - ASTRID-1Phone: +45 8942 3778Fax: +45 8612 0740Email: [email protected]://www.isa.au.dk/

ISI-800Phone: +(380) 44 424-1005Fax: +(380) 44 424-2561Email: [email protected]

Jlab - Jefferson Lab FELPhone: (757) 269-7100Fax: (757) 269-7848http://www.jlab.org/FEL

Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology – PulseStretcher/Synchrotron RadiationPhone: +38 (057) 335-35-30Fax: +38 (057) 335-16-88http://www.kipt.kharkov.ua/.indexe.html

Facilities


KSR - Nuclear Science Research Facility - AcceleratorLaboratoryFax: +81-774-38-3289http://wwwal.kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp/www/index-e.htmlx

KSRS - Kurchatov Synchrotron Radiation SourceSiberia-1 / Siberia-2Phone: 8-499-196-96-45http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000152http://www.kiae.ru/ (in Russian)

LCLS - Linac Coherent Light SourcePhone: +1 (650) 926-3191Fax: +1 (650) 926-3600Email: [email protected]://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls/

LNLS - Laboratorio Nacional de Luz SincrotronPhone: +55 (0) 19 3512-1010Fax: +55 (0)19 3512-1004Email: [email protected]://www.lnls.br/lnls/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?UserActiveTemplate=lnls%5F2007%5Fenglish&tpl=home

MAX-LabPhone: +46-222 9872Fax: +46-222 4710http://www.maxlab.lu.se/

Medical Synchrotron Radiation FacilityPhone: +81-(0)43-251-2111http://www.nirs.go.jp/ENG/index.html

MLS - Metrology Light SourcePhysikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltPhone: +49 30 3481 7312Fax: +49 30 3481 7550Email: [email protected]://www.ptb.de/mls/

NSLS - National Synchrotron Light SourcePhone: +1 (631) 344-7976Fax: +1 (631) 344-7206Email: [email protected]://www.nsls.bnl.gov/

NSRL - National Synchrotron Radiation LaboratoryPhone: +86-551-3601989Fax: +86-551-5141078Email: [email protected]://www.nsrl.ustc.edu.cn/en/

NSRRC - National Synchrotron RadiationResearch CenterPhone: +886-3-578-0281Fax: +886-3-578-9816Email: [email protected]://www.nsrrc.org.tw/

NSSR - Nagoya University Small SynchrotronRadiation FacilityPhone: +81-(0)43-251-2111http://www.nagoya-u.ac.jp/en/

PAL - Pohang Accelerator LaboratorySan-31 Hyoja-dong Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784, KoreaEmail: [email protected]://pal.postech.ac.kr/eng/index.html

PF - Photon FactoryPhone: +81 (0)-29-879-6009Fax: +81 (0)-29-864-4402Email: [email protected]://pfwww.kek.jp/

PSLS - Polish Synchrotron Light SourcePhone: +48 (12) 663 58 20Email: [email protected]://www.if.uj.edu.pl/Synchro/

RitS Ritsumeikan University SR CenterPhone: +81 (0)77 561-2806Fax: +81 (0)77 561-2859Email: [email protected]://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/se/re/SLLS/newpage13.htm

SAGA-LS - Saga Light SourcePhone: +81-942-83-5017Fax: +81-942-83-5196http://www.saga-ls.jp/?page=173

SESAME - Synchrotron-light for ExperimentalScience and Applications in the Middle EastEmail: [email protected]://www.sesame.org.jo/index.aspx

SLS - Swiss Light SourcePhone: +41 56 310 4666Fax: +41 56 310 3294Email: [email protected]://sls.web.psi.ch/view.php/about/index.html

SOLEILPhone: +33 1 6935 9652Fax: +33 1 6935 9456Email: [email protected]://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/portal/page/portal/Accueil

SPL - Siam Photon LaboratoryPhone: +66-44-21-7040Fax: +66-44-21-7047, +66-44-21-7040 ext 211http://www.slri.or.th/new_eng/

SPring-8Phone: +81-(0) 791-58-0961Fax: +81-(0) 791-58-0965Email: [email protected]://www.spring8.or.jp/en/

INFORMATIONon Conference Announcements and Advertising

for Europe and US, rates and inserts can be found at:

www.cnr.it/neutronielucedisincrotrone

Anna Minella E-mail: [email protected]

Facilities


SRC - Synchrotron Radiation CenterPhone: +1 (608) 877-2000Fax: +1 (608) 877-2001http://www.src.wisc.edu/

SSLS - Singapore Synchrotron Light Source - Helios IIPhone: (65) 6874-6568Fax: (65) 6773-6734http://ssls.nus.edu.sg/index.html

SSRC - Siberian Synchrotron Research CentreVEPP3/VEPP4Phone: +7(3832)39-44-98Fax: +7(3832)34-21-63Email: [email protected]://ssrc.inp.nsk.su/english/load.pl?right=general.html

SSRF - Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facilityhttp://ssrf.sinap.ac.cn/english/

SSRL - Stanford Synchrotron Radiation LaboratoryPhone: +1 650-926-3191Fax: +1 650-926-3600Email: [email protected]://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/users/user_admin/ura_staff_new.html

SuperSOR - SuperSOR Synchrotron Radiation FacilityPhone: +81 (0471) 36-3405Fax: +81(0471) 34-6041Email: [email protected]://www.issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/labs/sor/project/MENU.html

SURF - Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation FacilityPhone: +1 (301) 975-4200http://physics.nist.gov/MajResFac/SURF/SURF/index.html

TNK - F.V. Lukin InstitutePhone: +7(095) 531-1306 / +7(095) 531-1603Fax: +7(095) 531-4656Email: [email protected]://www.niifp.ru/index_e.html

TSRF - Tohoku Synchrotron Radiation FacilityLaboratory of Nuclear ScientePhone: +81 (022)-743-3400Fax: +81 (022)-743-3401Email: [email protected]://www.lns.tohoku.ac.jp/index.php

UVSOR - Ultraviolet Synchrotron Orbital RadiationFacilityPhone: +81-564-55-7418 (Receptionist's office)Fax: +81-564-54-2254Email: [email protected]://www.uvsor.ims.ac.jp/defaultE.html

VU FEL - W.M. Keck Vanderbilt Free-electron LaserCenterEmail: [email protected]://www.vanderbilt.edu/fel/

www.cnr.it/neutronielucedisincrotroneConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

Documents

NOTIZIARIO Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone - Issue 15 n.2, 2010