8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

1/12

Community Health NursingVocabulary Chapters 110

Chapter 1: Community-Oriented Nursing and Community-Based Nursing

Aggregate A population group

AssessmentSystematic data collection about a population; includingmonitoring populations health status and providinginformation about the health of the community

AssuranceThe public health role of making sure that essentialcommunity oriented health services are available

CommunityPeople and relationships that emerge among them as theydevelop and use in common some agencies and institutions

and share a physical environment

Community-basedOccurs outside an institution; services are provided toindividuals and families in a community

Community-based nursingProvision of acute care and care for chronic health

problems to individuals and families in the community

Community health nursingNursing practice in the community with the primary focuson the healthcare of individuals, families and groups in acommunity; preserve, protect, promote or maintain health

Community-oriented nursingNursing in which the primary focus is the care of thecommunity or a population of individuals, families and

groups

Community-oriented practice

Broader scope than community-based practice; the nurseprovides healthcare after doing a community diagnosis todetermine what conditions need to be altered so thatindividuals, families and groups in the community to stay

healthy

Policy developmentProviding leadership in developing policies that support thehealth of the population

PopulationA collection of people who share one or more personal orenvironmental characteristics

Population-focusedEmphasizes populations who live in a community

8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

2/12

Population-focused practiceThe core of public health, a practice that emphasizes health

protection, health promotion and disease prevention of a

population

Primary health care servicesBoth primary care and public health services that aredesigned to meet the basic needs of people in communities

at an affordable cost

Public health

Community efforts designed to prevent disease and

promote health; it can be what members of society docollectively to ensure conditions that support health

Public health core functionsThese include assessment, policy development andassurance

Public health nursingSpecialty of nursing that synthesizes nursing, social and

public health sciences to provide care to populations

Secondary health servicesServices designed to detect and treat disease in the early

acute stage

Subpopulations Subsets of population who share similar characteristics

Tertiary health care servicesServices designed to limit the progression of disease or

disability

Chapter 2: The History of Public and Community Health and Nursing

American Association of Colleges of Nursing Baccalaureate and higher degree nursing educationprograms that join together to serve as a national voice

American Nurses AssociationNational association for registered nurses in the UnitedStates

American Public Health AssociationNational organization facilitates interdisciplinary efforts

and promotes public health

American Red Cross

National organization that seeks to reduce human sufferingthrough health, safety and disaster-relief programs in

affiliation with the International Committee of the Red

Cross

District nursingSystem in public health nursing in which a nurse wasassigned to a geographic district in a town to provide a

variety of health services for its residents

Frontier Nursing ServiceMary Breckinridge, outpost centers throughout themountain areas in Kentucky to provide midwifery andnursing, medical and dental care

Instructive district nursingEarly term for visiting nursing; began in Boston

8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

3/12

National League for Nursing

National nursing organization established nurse trainingstandards and promoted collegial relations among nurses

Official health agenciesAgencies operated by state or local governments to providea wide range of public health services, includingcommunity and public health nursing services

Settlement houses Neighborhood centers providing social and health services

Shattuck ReportFirst attempt to describe a model approach to the

organization of public health

Social Security Act of 1935Enacted to protect the health of people and included funds

for education and enjoyment of public health services

Visiting nurse association Agencies staffed by nurses who provide care for patientsand families most often in the home

Visiting nursesNurses who provide care wherever the client may behome, work or school

Lillian WaldFirst public health nurse in the United States; founder of the

Henry Street Settlement

Chapter 3: The U.S. Health and Public Health Care Systems

Advanced-practice nursingNurses who hold a graduate preparation in a nursingspecialty area

Community participationInvolvement of members of the community in decisionmaking and planning for meeting their needs

Declaration of Alma-AtaSupport primary healthcare for all by 2000

Disease prevention

Activities that have as their goal the protection of people

from becoming ill because of actual or potential healththreats

Electronic medical recordClient safety-oriented system in which patient informationis digital, privacy protected and interchangeable

HealthState of complete physical, mental and social well-being;not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Health promotionActivities that have as their goal the development of human

attitudes and behaviors that maintain or enhance well-being

Managed care

Integrated system for providing health care services in

which consumers must abide by certain rules designed toachieve cost savings

Root-cause analysis Technique for identifying prevention of error strategies and

8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

4/12

developing a culture of safety

National Health Service CorpsCommissioned corps of health personnel who provide carein designated underserved areas

Primary care

Providing of integrated, accessible healthcare services byclinicians who are accountable for addressing a largemajority of personal health care needs, developing asustained partnership with patients and practicing in the

context of family and community

Primary health care

Combination of primary care and public healthcare made

universally accessible to individuals and families in acommunity, with their full participation and provided at acost that the community and country can afford

Public healthOrganized community efforts designed to prevent diseaseand promote health; links disciplines, builds on the scienceof epidemiology and focuses on the community

U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesFederal agency most heavily involved with health and

welfare

Chapter 4: Ethics in Community-Oriented Nursing Practice

Advocacy

Act of pleading for or supporting a course of action on

behalf of a person, group or community

Beneficence do good

BioethicsBranch of ethics that applies to ethical problems inhealthcare

Code of ethicsMoral standards that specify a professions values, goalsand obligations

Communitarianism

Maintains that abstract, universal principles are not an

adequate basis for moral decision making; history, traditionand concrete moral communities should be the basis

Consequentialism

Approach whereby the right action is the one that produces

the greatest amount of good or the least amount of evil in agiven situation

DeontologyBases moral obligation on duty and claims that actions areobligatory irrespective of the good or bad consequencesthat they produce; never treat someone as only a means

Distributive justice

Fair distribution of the benefits and burdens in society

based on the needs and contributions of its members;society must determine a minimal level of goods andservices to be available to its members

Ethical decision makingMaking decisions within an orderly framework thatconsiders context, ethical approaches and client values and

professional obligations

Ethical dilemmas

Puzzling moral problems in which a person, group or

community can envision morally justified reasons for bothtaking and not taking a certain course of action

Ethical issues Moral challenges

Ethics

Branch of philosophy that includes a body of knowledge

and a process of reflection for determining what persons

8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

5/12

ought to do or be, regarding this life; speaks to the moralityof life

Ethics of careBelief in morality of responsibility in relationships thatemphasize connection and caring

Feminist ethics

Critique of classical ethical theories developed by men andwomen about the social, cultural, political, economic,

environmental and professional contexts that oppresswomen as individuals

FeministWomen and men that hold a worldview of advocatingeconomic, social and political status of women as equal tothat of men

Moral distressUncomfortable state of self when one is unable to actethically

MoralityShared and generational societal norms about what

constitutes right and wrong

Nonmaleficence do no harm

PrinciplismProblem solving using the principles of respect forautonomy, beneficence, nomaleficence, justice as the basisfor organization and analysis

Respect for autonomyBased on human dignity and respect for individuals thatallows them to choose the actions and goals that fulfill theirlife plans unless they result in harm to another

Utilitarianism

Ethical theory based on weighing of morally significantoutcomes or consequences regarding the overallmaximizing of good and minimizing of harm for the

greatest number of people

Values

Beliefs about the shared worth or importance of what is

desired or esteemed in a society

Virtue ethics What kind of person should I be?

VirtuesAcquired traits of character that dispose humans to act in

accord with their natural good

Chapter 5: Cultural Influences in Nursing in Community Health

Cultural awarenessAppreciation of and sensitivity to a clients values, beliefs,

practices, lifestyle and problem-solving strategies

Cultural blindnessWhen differences between cultures are ignored and personsact as though these differences do not exist

Cultural brokering

Advocating, mediating, negotiating and intervening

between the clients culture and the biomedical healthcareculture on behalf of your client

Cultural competenceInterplay of factors that motivates a person to developknowledge, skill and the ability to care for others

Cultural conflict

Perceived threat that may arise from a misunderstanding of

expectations between clients and nurses when neither is

8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

6/12

aware of their cultural differences

Cultural desire Intrinsic motivation to provide culturally competent care

Cultural encounter Interaction with client related to all aspects of life

Cultural imposition Process of imposing ones values on others

Cultural knowledgeInformation necessary to provide nurses with anunderstanding of organizational elements of cultures and to

provide effective nursing care

Cultural nursing assessment

A systematic way to identify the beliefs, values, meaningsand behaviors of people while considering their history, lifeexperiences and the social and physical environments inwhich they live

Cultural preservationUse by clients of those aspects of their culture that promotehealthy behaviors

Cultural shock

Feeling of helplessness, discomfort and disorientationexperienced by an individual attempting to understand oreffectively adapt to another cultural group that differs in

practices, values, and beliefs

Cultural skillEffective integration of cultural knowledge and awarenessto meet the needs of the client

CultureThe learned ways of behaving that are communicated byone group to another to provide tested solutions to vital

problems

Environmental controlAbility of individuals to control nature and to influencefactors in the environment that affect them

Ethnicity Shared feeling of peoplehood among a group of individuals

Ethnocentrism Ones own group or culture is superior to others

Immigrants People who come into a new country in order to settle there

Nonverbal communicationUse of body language or gestures to convey informationthat cannot or may not be indicated verbally

PrejudiceEmotional manifestation of deeply held feelings about othergroups

RaceBiological designation whereby group members sharedistinguishing features

RacismForm of prejudice that refers to the belief that persons whoare born into certain groups are inferior in intelligence,

morals, beauty and self-worth

Social organizationThe way in which a cultural group structures itself aroundthe family to carry out role functions

SpacePhysical distance between individuals during an interaction

8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

7/12

StereotypingBasis for ascribing certain beliefs and behaviors about agroup to an individual without giving adequate attention to

individual differences

TimeRefers to past, present, and future times as well as durationof and period between events

Verbal communicationUse of language in the form of words within a grammatical

structure to express ideas and feelings to describe objects

Chapter 6: Environmental Health

AgentCausative factor invading a susceptible host through anenvironment favorable to produce disease

Compliance Process for ensuring that permitting requirements are met

Consumer confidence report (CCR)Provision that required all community water systemsdeliver a brief annual water report to their consumers

EnforcementOccurs when formal actions are taken to controlenvironmental damage

Environment

All factors internal and external to the client that constitutethe context in which the client lives and that influence and

are influenced by agent-host interactions; all conditionsaffecting life

Environmental epidemiologyStudy of effect on human health of physical, chemical and

biological factors in the external environment

Environmental justiceEqual protection from environmental hazards forindividuals, groups or communities

Environmental standardsNorms that impose limits on the amount of pollutants or

emissions produced

Epidemiologic triangle Infectious agenthostenvironment

EpidemiologyScience that explains the strength of human association

between exposures and health effects in human populations

HostA living human or animal organism in which an infectionsagent can exist under natural conditions

Indoor air quality Measure of breathable air inside a habitable structure

Methyl mercury Organic form of mercury that is highly toxic to humans

MonitoringPeriodic or continuous surveillance or testing to determinelevel of compliance with statutory requirements and/or

pollutant levels

Diffuse pollution source, without a single point of origin

8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

8/12

Nonpoint source

Permitting First step in the process of controlling pollution

Persistent bioaccumulative toxinsHighly toxic, long lasting substances that can build up inthe food chain to levels that are harmful to human health

and cause environmental harm

Persistent organic pollutants

Toxic substances composed of organic chemical

compounds and mixtures, bi-products of industrialprocesses

Point-sourceStationary location or fixed facility from which pollutantsare discharged

Right to know

Right of citizens to have direct access to information aboutissues of environmental concern such as information onquality of drinking water, food additive usage and chemical

use in the workplace and community

Risk assessment

Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to

human health and/or environment by the actual or potential

presence of specific pollutans

Risk communicationExchange of information about health or environmentalrisks among general public, risk assessors, news media andinterest groups

ToxicologyBasic science that studies health effects associated withchemical exposures

Chapter 7: Government, the Law and Policy Activism

Advanced practice nurses

Nurses with advanced education beyond the baccalaureate

degree who are prepared to manage and deliver health careservices to individuals, families, groups and communitiesand populations

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

Division of the USDHHS whose mission is to supportresearch designed to improve the outcomes and quality ofhealthcare, reduce its costs, address patient safety andmedical errors and broaden access to services

American Nurses AssociationNational professional association of registered nurses in theUnited States

Block grants

Predetermined amount of money based on previous

spending and availability of funds that is given to a state bythe federal government for designated purposes

Board of nursingGroup created in each state by legislation known as a statenurse practice act, writing explicit statements regarding

nursing and nursing practice

Categorical programs/funding

Federal, state or local funds used to conduct a specific

program such as a tuberculosis screening, HIV/AIDS homecare or prenatal care; cannot be used for any other funding

Constitutional lawBranch of law dealing with the organization and function ofa government

Devolution

Process of shifting, planning, delivering and financing

responsibility for programs from the federal to the statelevel

8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

9/12

Health policy Public policy that affects health and health services; optionsfrom which individuals and organizations make theirhealth-related choices made within a political context

Judicial lawLaw based on court or jury decisions

LegislationBills introduced by Congress for establishing laws that

direct policy

Legislative staff

Individual or groups of individuals who perform duties

such as research and writing, help legislator move policyideas through the legislative process into law

LicensureLegal sanction to practice a profession after attaining theminimum degree of competence to ensure protection of

public health safety

National Institute of Nursing ResearchOne of the NIH charged with promoting the growth andquality of research in nursing

Nurse practice act State law that governs the practice of nursing

OSHA Federal agency charged with improving worker health andsafety by establishing standards and regulations and byeducating workers

Office of Homeland SecurityOffice of the executive branch designed to protect citizens

from terrorist threats or attacks including bioterrorism

Police powerStates power to act to protect the health, safety and welfareof their citizens

PolicySettled course of action to be followed by a government or

institution to obtain a desired end

PoliticsThe art of influencing others to accept a specific course ofaction

RegulationsSpecific statements of law that relate to and clarifyindividual pieces of legislation

USDHHSRegulatory agency of the executive branch of governmentcharged with overseeing the health and welfare needs of the

U.S. citizens

World Health OrganizationArm of the United Nations that provides worldwide

services to promote health

Chapter 8: Economic Influences

CapitationPayment system whereby one fee is charged the client to

pay for all services received or needed

Covered livesPersons enrolled in a healthcare plan who are eligible forservices under that plan

Diagnosis-related groupsPatient classification scheme that defines 468 illnesscategories and the corresponding healthcare services thatare reimbursable under Medicare

Social science concerned with the problems of using or

8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

10/12

Economics administering scarce resources n the most efficient way to

attain maximum fulfillment of societys unlimited wants

EffectivenessMeasure of an organizations performance as comparedwith its philosophy, goals, and objectives

EfficiencyProcess of meeting goals in a way that minimizes costs andmaximizes benefits

EnablingAct of shielding or preventing the addict from experiencing

the consequences of the addiction

Fee-for-service

List of health care services with monetary or unit values

attached that specifies the amounts third parties must payfor services

Gross domestic productStatistical measure used to compare health care spendingamong countries

Health care rationingMethod to reduce health care costs by controlling the use ofhealth care services and technologies

Health economics

Branch of economics concerned with the problems of

producing and distributing the health care resources of thenation in a way that provides maximum benefit to the mostpeople

Human capitalMeasure of macroeconomic theory that involves improvinghuman qualities such as health and is a focus for developingand spending money on goods and services

InflationA sustained upward trend in the prices of goods andservices

IntensityThe use of technologies, supplies, and health care services

by or for the client

Managed careMethod of organizing a number of different health careservices together along a continuum of care,

Means testingMethod used to assess whether a clients income levelqualifies him or her for Medicare and/or Medicaid

Medicaid

Jointly sponsored state and federal program that pays for

medical services for the aged, poor, blind, disabled andfamilies with dependent children

Medical technologyThe set of techniques, drugs, equipment and proceduresused by health care professions in the delivery of medicalcare to individuals

MedicareFederally funded health insurance program for the elderly

and disabled and persons with end-stage renal disease

Public health economicsFocuses on producing, distributing and consuming of goodsand services as related to public health

Method of payment to an agency based on units of services

8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

11/12

Retrospective reimbursement delivered

Return on investmentImproved health outcomes as a result of the resources

provided for a program or intervention

Safety net providersThose community providers that offer services to theuninsured and underinsured

Third-party payersReimbursement made to healthcare providers by an agency

other than the client

Chapter 9: Epidemiologic Applications

Prevalence proportion Measure of existing disease in a population at a given time

Primary preventionType of intervention that seeks to promote health and

prevent disease from the beginning

ProportionType of ratio in which the denominator includes thenumerator

Proportionate mortality ratio Proportion of all deaths due to a specific cause

RateMeasure of frequency of a health event in a defined

population during a specified period

Reliability

Precision, stability, agreement or replicability of a

measuring instrument when repeatedly used; indication ofconsistency

ScreeningApplication of a test to people who are as yet asymptomaticfor the purpose of classfying them with respect to their

likelihood of developing a particular disease

Secondary prevention

Intervention that seeks to detect disease early in itsprogression before clinical signs and symptoms becomeapparent in order to make an early diagnosis and begin

treatment

Secular trends Long-term patterns of morbidity or mortality

SensitivityThe extent to which a test identifies those individuals who

have the condition being examined

SpecificityExtent to which a test identifies those individuals who donot have the disease or condition being examined

SurveillanceSystematic and ongoing observation and collection of dataconcerning disease occurrence in order to describe

phenomena and detect changes in frequency or distribution

Tertiary prevention

Intervention that begins once the disease is obvious; aim is

to interrupt the course of the disease, reduce the amount ofdisability that might occur and begin rehabilitation

ValidityAccuracy of a test or measurement, how closely it measures

what it claims to measure

Complex interrelations of factors interacting with each

8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)

12/12

Web of casuality other to influence the risk for or distribution of healthoutcomes

Chapter 10: Evidence-Based Practice

Evidence-based medicineBeing aware of the evidence on which ones practice is

based, the soundness of the evidence and the strength ofinference the evidence permits

Evidence-based nursingIntegration of the best evidence available, nursing expertiseand the values and preferences of the individuals, familiesand communities who are served

Evidence-based practice

Includes the best available evidence from a variety of thesources, including research studies, evidence from nursing

experience and expertise and evidence from the communityleaders

Evidence-based public healthInformed, explicit and judicious use of evidence that has

been derived from any variety of science and social scienceresearch and evaluation methods

Grading the strength of evidenceDetermining the quality, quantity and consistency ofresearch studies in order to make recommendations for

practice

Meta-analysis

Specific method of statistical synthesis used in some

systematic reviews in which the results from several studiesare quantitatively combined and summarized

Randomized controlled trialGenerally ranks as the highest level of evidence followed

by other randomized-controlled trials

Research utilizationThe process of transforming research knowledge into

practice and the use of research to guide clinical practice

Systematic reviewSummary of research evidence that relates to a specificquestion and to the effects of an intervention