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All About Blueberries
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Functional foods
Has a function beyond basic nutrition
Functional foods are "foods and beverages withclaimed health benefits based on scientific
evidence" Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
Health Claims on food products
Currently there are 18 approved structure/function claimsin the US
Green Tea & Cancer
Antioxidant Vitamins & Cancer
Walnuts & Heart Disease
In the U.S., functional foods are not defined by law
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Chronic diseases
Mortality from chronic diseases has surpassedmortality from infectious diseases.
Heart disease, cancer, aging - free radicals,
such as superoxide, singlet oxygen, andhydroxyl radicals.
Obesity - chronic inflammation.
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Chronic diseases
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death
Cancer is second, 35% of all cancers are dietrelated
Multifactorial Long induction phase
Diet is very important
Diabetes
Obesity
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Phytochemicals
Biologically active chemical compounds.
Cell wall support materials, induced under stress
Bright and vivid colors
Found in fruits, vegetables, beans, grains, andother plants
Antioxidant or hormone-like action
1000s Some of the more commonly known
phytochemicals include beta carotene, ascorbic acid(vitamin C), folic acid, and vitamin E
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Functional Ingredients With Influence
Phytochemical In
Organosulfur,
glucosinolates
Cruciferous vegetables:broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage,dark leafy greens
Anthocyanins:
Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Malvidin,Pelargonidin, Peonidin, Petunidin,
Grapes, strawberries, blueberries,cranberries, blackberries,raspberries, nuts
Flavonols: Quercetin, Kaempferol,Myricetin, Isorhamnetin ,Naringin, Nobiletin, Rutin
Tea, apples, grapes, citrus fruits,
Isoflavones: Daidzein, Genistein,Glycitein, saponins
Soy foods
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Functional Ingredients With Influence
Phytochemical In
Carotenes: Lycopene Tomatoes and watermelons
Allium compounds Onions, garlic, scallions, chives
Monoterpenes: Limonene,Hesperetin, Naringenin, Eriodictyol
Citrus fruits
Phenolic acids: Ellagic acid Honey
Other Phenols: curcumin,capsaicin, xylenol
Turmeric, chili peppers,
Catechins: Catechin, Epicatechin,
Epigallocatechin Epicatechin gallate,Epigallocatechin gallate
Camellia Sinensis, Green tea
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Organosulfur, glucosinolates
Cruciferous vegetables:broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, dark leafy greens
Modulates enzyme activities
Decreased cancer risk Decreased heart disease risk
Decreased cerebrovascular disease
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Anthocyanins: Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Malvidin,Pelargonidin, Peonidin, Petunidin
Grapes, strawberries, blueberries, cranberries,blackberries, raspberries, blue corn, nuts and beans
Cancer (antioxidant, anti-angiogenic)
Diabetes Infections (antibacterial)
Reduces light induced photo damage to eyes and
vision loss, stimulate regeneration of rhodopsin Dermal health
Decrease inflammatory response
Cognitive functionLila 2004
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Flavonols: Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin,Isorhamnetin , Rutin, Luteolin
Found in onions, tea, apples, grapes, citrus fruits
Metal chelators and free radical scavengers
Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective,
antiallergic, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic,antiviral, and anticarcinogenic activities
Significantly affect the function of variousmammalian cellular systems
Inhibit platelet aggregation by blocking eicosanoidproduction
Kaempferol suppress the growth of cancer cells
Hakkinen 2000
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Isoflavones: Daidzein, Genistein, Glycitein,Saponins
Soy foods
Mimic the female hormone estrogen preventingbone absorption and protecting bone health.
Reduce visceral fat, reducing risk for metabolicsyndrome etc.
Reduced cholesterol levels, reduced risk forischemic heart disease
Exhibit angiogenesis inhibiting action therebyrestricting the growth of cancer cells and preventingmetastasis.
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Carotenes: Lycopene
Tomato products, watermelon
Complex cocktail of chemicals, as well as thepotentiating interactions with other foods (such as
oils) in the diet that are actually responsible for thehealth-protective benefits
Suppresses expression of proteins in tumorprogression
Strong antioxidant
Eliminates singlet oxygen
Lila, MA
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Allium compounds
Garlic, onions, leeks, and chives
CANCER
Stomach
Colorectal Breast
Modulate the activity of several metabolizingenzymes
Protects DNA
Antiproliferative
Apoptosis
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Monoterpenes:Limonene, Hesperetin,Naringenin, Eriodictyol
Eucalyptus, citrus fruits, lavender, cherries,peppermint, dill
Prevent carcinogenesis of initiation and promotion/
progression stage Cancers of breast, skin, liver, stomach
Inhibit cholesterol synthesis
Consumption of fruits has also been associated withinhibition of the growth of Helicobacter pylorii
Antibacterial
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Phenolic acids: Ellagic acid, Caffeic acid,Chicoric acid, etc
Phenolic acids, namely caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic,gallic and ellagic acid, are found in blackberry,raspberry, strawberry
Potential antioxidant, antimutagenic,anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral withimmunostimulating properties
Inhibits HIV integrase
Diabetes prevention
Vision enhancement
Neuroprotection
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Other phenols: curcumin, capsaicin
Turmeric - curcumin Prevents AD by inhibiting oxidative stress of lipids in the
brain
Anti bacterial - Inhibits bacterial growth
Anti-inflammatory
Cancer preventive
Chili peppers - capsaicin
Pain
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Catechins
Green tea, 20 times more potent antioxidant thanvitamin C
Cardiovascular diseases
Obesity and weight loss beneficial for the suppression of diet-induced obesity
Diabetes
Cancer effective in inhibiting cancer growth
Microbial diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases
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EGCGWeight Loss Effects
Reduces body weight Reduced fat absorption
Inhibit lipases
Decreasing lipogenesis
Decreasing FAS
ACC1
Increasing hepatic lipidoxidation
Inhibiting adipocytegrowth
Increased fecal fatexcretion
Increasing UCP2
Decreasing SCD1 enzyme
Decreasing MA enzyme
Decreasing GK
Klaus, et al. IJO, 2005; Wolfram, et al. Ann Nutr Metab 49:54, 2005
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Regulating body weight
Caffeine
SalicinYohimbine
Forskolin
Yerba Mate Capsicum
Hydroxycitric acid
Resistant starch Calcium
Gum guggul
Corosolic acid Glucomannan
Chromium picolinate
Thermogenic vs non-thermogenic mechanism
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Prevention of chronic diseases
Unsaturated vegetable fats, whole grains, vegetableproteins
Colorful fruits and vegetables, berries
Spices, herbs Calorie restriction with adequate nutrients
Lila, M.A. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1114: 372380 (2007).
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And back to Blueberries
5 and 10% blueberry powder
Mice were fed control or blueberry diet for 8 weeks
Tumor volume was significantly smaller in the 5%
and 10% BB supplemented groups than those onthe control diet
BB ingestion (anthocyanins) mediated keyprocesses of inflammation, signaling, cell migration
BB modulated 100s of genes involved ininflammation, cell-to-cell interaction and cancer
Adams et al. J. Nutr 141:1805, 2011
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Warningsupplementation might notwork
NIH-FUNDED STUDY SHOWS INCREASED PROSTATECANCER RISK FROM VITAMIN E SUPPLEMENTS
Men who took 400 international units (I.U.) of vitamin E daily
had more prostate cancers compared to men who took a
placebo, according to an updated review of data from theSelenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).
The findings showed that, per 1,000 men, there were 76
prostate cancers in men who took only vitamin E
supplements, vs. 65 in men on placebo over a seven-year
period, or 11 more cases of prostate cancer per 1,000 men.
This represents a 17 percent increase in prostate cancers
relative to those who took a placebo.
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Warningsupplementation mightnot work Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center The results of the Beta-Carotene And Retinol Efficacy Trial
(CARET) suggest that high-dose supplementation of vitamin
A and beta-carotene should be avoided in people at high
risk of lung cancer. About 9,000 people (smokers andpeople with asbestos exposure) were assigned a daily
regimen of 25,000 IU of retinol and 30 milligrams of beta-
carotene, while a similar number of people were assigned
a placebo. After four years of follow-up, the incidence of lungcancer was 28% higher in the supplemented group
compared to the placebo group.
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Conclusions
It is not a single component in plant-derived foods,but rather complex mixtures of interactingnatural chemicals, that produce such powerful
health-protective effects. These naturalcomponents accumulate simultaneously together ina plant, and provide a multifaceted defensivestrategy for both the plant, and the human
consumer. Bioactive food constituents used to combat disease
progression can be more comprehensive andbroad-spectrumthan the effects of any single-
component synthetic drugs.
Lila, M.A. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1114: 372380 (2007).
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Thank You