KHOA HQC C d N O N G H l

OAC TINH NONG SINH HOC CAC GIONG BO [Persea americana Miils.] CHON LOC TAI TAY NGUYEN

Hoang Manh Cudng, Lfe Nggc Biu1, D6 Ning Vjnh2

t 6m t At

Nghidn cuu dac tinh nong sinh hpc cac giong bo la rit quan trpng nham tao lap ca sa khoa hpc trong cong tac chpn tao giong ba moi n&ng suit cao va chit lupng tot. Thong qua phin tich dac diem hinh thai va chit lupng c6 thi di dang phin bi£t dupe cac giong khac nhau, tinh uu vi£t cua timg giong thi hi n dupe kha nang thich ung tot vdi diiu ki£n khi hau va dlt dai cua cac tinh Tay Nguyen. Tir nam 2002, Vi n Khoa hpc Ky thuat Nong Lim nghidp Tay Nguyen da chpn lpc va nhap npi dupe 38 giong ba tai cac vung sinh thai khac nhau, trong do co 26 giong thu thap tai cac tinh Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Gia Lai, Lam Dong va 12 giong ba thuang mai nhap npi tir Uc va My. Nhin chung cic giong ba co kha nang sinh truong, phat triin tot, cho nang suit kha va chit luong tot, ngoai 4 giong dupe Cue Trong trot - Bo NN & PTNT cong nhan cho san xuit thu nam 2011 la TAI, TA3, TA5 va Booth 7 di tai tiip tuc xac dinh dupe thdm 8 giong TA21, TA31,TA36, TA40, TA44, TA54, Reed va GA co nang suit, chit lupng tot nhit, dat tieu chuan chpn lpc di ra va h£ so chpn lpc 18,42%. Day la nhung giong ba triin vpng co thi cung clp nguon vat li£u tot phuc vu san xuit va cac nghiftn cuu ki tiip.

Tir khoi: Chon Iq c giong, gidng ba trong nu&c, gidng ba nhip ndi, v$t Ii$u gidng.

1 . b At v a n b £

Tay Nguyen vai cao do trfen 500 m, cay ba sinh truong tot, nang suat kha, mot so cay chat luong ngon dupe xem la cay die san cua vung va thu nhap tir bin qua ba co thi lfen din 10 trifeu dong/cay/vu. Tuy vay, din nay cay ba vin chua co vi tri xung dang trong nln kinh te cua cac tinh thuoc khu vuc Tay Nguyfen. Ngoai nhung tra ngai nhu chua co bo giong thich hop, thilu kiln thuc v l ky thuat cham soc, cong nghfe sau thu hoach lam cho nang suat thap, chat lugng kem thi tinh trang cho thu hoach qua tap trung gay g ii thap trong thoi gian thu hoach chinh vu dugc coi la mot tra ngai chinh. Day la dilm can dugc thao ga bing nhilu giai phap, trong do co thu thap, bao ton, chgn lgc giong, nhan giong moi, ky thuat canh tac, cong nghfe thu hoach va sau thu hoach, phat triln thi truong,... Tir nam 2002, Vifen Khoa hoc Ky thuat Nong Lam nghifep Tay Nguyfen da tiln hanh thu thap va binh tuyln duoc tong cong 26 giong ba tai 4 tinh Dak Lak, Gia Lai, Dak N6ng, Lam Dong va 12 giong nhap noi. C£c giong trfen da dugc trong trong vucm tap doan va cac thi nghifem so sanh giong tai cac tinh Tay Nguyfen.

2 . VAT L il l VA PHUONG PHAP NGHEN CUU

2.1. vat lifeu va thdi gian nghifen cuu

'Vi?n Khoa hpc Ky thu|t Nong Lam nghidp Tay nguyen2Vi£n Di truyen Nong nghi£p

- 26 giong bo da dugc thu thap nam 2002 va dang dugc trong trong vuon tap doan va cac mo hinh trong thu nghifem tai Dak Lak, Gia Lai va Lam Dong.

-12 giong bo nhap noi tir My va Uc nam 2002.

- Thoi gian nghifen cuu: Tu nam 2006 din 2012.

2.2. Phuong phap nghifen cuu

- Mo ta, danh gia cac giong ba theo phuong phap cua Vifen Tai nguyfen Di truyln Thuc vat Quoc tl (IPGPI, 1995). Do dim, quan trac cac chi tifeu v l duong kinh, chilu cao cay, nang suat,...

- Tifeu chuan chgn lgc: Dugc xay dung trfen ca sa tham khao tong hop tifeu chuan v l thi truong, thuang mai UNECE STANDARD FFV-42 va Codex standard for Avocado - Codex standard 197-1995. Giong can dat cac tifeu chuan chinh nhu sau: V l cay, sinh truong khoe, khong nhifem mot so bfenh nghifem trgng va nang suat dat tu 10 din 30 kg/cay/nam (vao nam trong thu 7 tra di). V l qua, khoi lugng trung binh tir > 300 g, qua tron din bau due d l dong goi. Vo day >1 mm, dfe boc. Ham luong chat kho > 19%, ty lfe thjt > 65%, mau vang kem din vang dam, it hoac khong co xa, ham lugng chat beo > 10%. Hat ddng khit vao thit qua nhung vo hat khong dinh chat vao thit qua, dfe tach hat khoi thit qua khi chin.

- Cac thi nghifem dugc bo tri trfen vudn tap doan giong goc trong nam 2002, moi giong 10 cay, khong

NONG NGHlfP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG TH6N - KY 2 - THANG 1/2014 33

KHOA HOC C6NG N G H l

nhac lai, khoang cach trong 7 m x 7 m, mat do 210 cay/ha, vuon dime cham soc theo quy tnnh ky thuat cua Vidn Khoa hoc Ky thuat Nong Lam nghidp Tay Nguyen xay dung nam 2002.

8. KET QUA NGHEN CUU VA THAO LUAN

3.1. Ngudn g6c, phan loai thuc v$t hpc

La cay hai la mam, cay ba co ten khoa hpc Persea americana Mills, thuoc ho Lauraceae (Long nao) nguon goc vung nhiet doi Trung My. Tu trung tam khoi nguydn nay cay ba phat tan toi phia Nam nuoc My, quan dao Antilles va nhidu quoc gia khac nhu Colombia, Venezuela,... so nhidm sac the 2n = 24. Tuy vay, giua nhung vat lieu quan sat cua loai Persea americana van phat hidn ra dang tam boi (3n = 36) va tu boi (4n = 48). Co 3 dang thuc vat duoc nhan bidt do la 3 chung sinh thai (ecological races) Mexican, Guatemalan va West Indian. Nhung vat lieu giong trong trot cua cay ba thuong phan bidt khi dua vao su thich ung voi didu kien khi hau va nguon goc khoi nguydn:

- Chung Mexican: Co nguon goc tir cao nguydn Mexico va co kha nang chju lanh, la co miii anise (cua cay hoi). Tuy nhidn, nhuoc diem cua chung nay la qua nho, da mem va hat tuong doi Ion. Con lai duoc chpn lpc tu nhung chung nay la nhung giong co gia tri, thi du giong Fuerte va gidng Zutano.

- Chung Guatemalan: Cac giong cua chung nay nhu Hayes, Hopkins va Hass, bat nguon tir vung cao nguydn, tuy vay chiing it chiu lanh hon so vdi chung Mexican. Cac gidng cua chung nay thuong co qua ldn, da day, caiu true vo thd rap, mau vo thay doi tir xanh luc den den khi qua trudng thanh. Hat nho va dupe giu chat trong qua.

- Chung West Indian (Antillean): Chung nay thich hpp dr nhung vung ndng co cao do thap va am. Nhung giong cua chung nay khong cd kha nang chiu

lanh, qua ldn cd vo dai, mau ma dep va khong day nhu qua cua chung Guatemalan. Nhung giong dupe trong pho bidn cua chung nay nhu Pollock, Booth 7 va Simmonds.

32. DSc di£m khi h*u va dit dai tai cac dja ban nghidn cuu

3.2.1. Vi khi hauBang 1. M^t s6 cac di£m khi h4u chinh

Dja di£mNhidt dO

trung binh (°C)

DO &n K K

tn in g

binh (%)

Lupng mua

c i nam (mm)

TP BMT - Dak Lak 23,8 82,0 2083,6

Bao Loc - Lam Dong 22,3 89,1 3400,0

TP Pleiku - Gia Lai 22,5 83,7 2026,2Ghi chu: So lieu trung binh trong 3 nim 2005-

2007Nhin chung, nhiet do va am do khdng khi tai 3

dia diem thi nghiem ddu khong anh hudng dang k<? ddn sinh trudng va phat tridn cua cay ba. Ydu td cd anh hudng ro net nhat den sinh trudng va phat tri&i cua cay ba la luong mua. Tai Pleiku va Buon Ma Thuot, trong cac thang tir thang 12 ddn thang 4 nam sau hau nhu khong cd mua, nhu vay doi vdi nhung vudn bo trong mdi day la giai doan cay rat dd bj chdt do kho han. Do vay, can chu y den cac bien phap gitir am. Doi vdi cac vudn ba kinh doanh, day la giai doan ra hoa dau qua, ndn thdi tiet kho han cung anh hudng dang ke ddn ty le dau qua cua cay bo. Dieu kien nhiet do tai 3 dia diem thi nghiem nam trong khoang tir 22°C den 23°C rat thuan loi cho viec hinh thanh mam hoa va dac biet la do am khong khi tai 3 dia diem nam trong khoang tu 82% ddn 89% lam tang hidu qua thu phan cua cac giong.

3.2.2. Ve dat dai

Bang 2.' 'hinh phin dinh duOng dit tai 3 dia di£m nghidn cuu

Dia di£m thi nghidm p H kci

Tong s6 (%) D£ tidu(mg/lOOgd)

Trao doiOdl/lOOgd)

HC N P2O5 K jO P 2O s K jO Ca2* Mg**Dak Lak 4,50 4,28 0,17 0,49 0,05 5,69 19,67 3,37 1,68Gia Lai 4,15 5,25 0,20 0,57 0,07 1,76 8,58 0,30 0,12

Lam Dong 4,64 4,35 0,17 0,33 0,09 1,35 6,06 1,51 0,26Dat la yem td dac biet quan trong co anh huong dac diem chung cua dat bazan vimg doi, nui. Ham

ldn dem kha nang sinh trudng va phat trien cua cay lupng huu co va lan tong so phan tich dupe a miictrong. Ke qua phan tich cho thay: Hau he* dat tai cac giau; dam va kali tong so a muc trung binh. Trongdia diem nghidn cuu co do chua a muc vira va pHKQ khi dd, ham lupng lan va kali dd tidu trong dit chi abidn thidn tir 4,15 dem 4,64. Day cung dong thdi la muc trung binh ddn ngheo. Lupng canxi va magid

34 N 6NG NGHlfP VA PHAT TRIEN N 6N G TH6N - KY 2 - THANG 1/2014

KHOA HOC COWQ N O H l

trao ddi trong dat co su khac nhau dang k£ giua cac canh, hinh dang va kich thuoc tan,... la nhung tinhdja di<?m, 6 muc thap d£n trung binh doi vdi Gia Lai, Lam Dong va cao doi voi Dak Lak.

3.3. D$c tinh ndng sinh hpc cua cic gidng Dac didm vi hinh thai cua giong bao gom: kich

thuoc, sd lupng gan, mau sac la non, kha nang phan

trang co ban co the dinh luong, the hien r6 dac diem di truyen cua timg gidng. Trong chon tao gidng, nhi<ki tac gia thuong mo ta kha ky luong va chi tiet nham phan biet su khac nhau vi loeu hinh cua timg gidng.

TT Gidng Dang 1Mau sic la

Mdp phi£n liNon Banh t£

1 TAI Trai xoan Xanh vang Xanh Phing2 TA2 Trung nguoc Xanh vang Xanh Phing3 TA3 Thuon Nau dd Xanh dam Phing4 TA4 Mui mac Xanh vang Xanh dam Phing5 TA5 Mui mac Xanh vang Xanh Phang6 TA6 Hinh thuon Xanh vang Xanh Gpn sdng nhi£u7 TA7 Mui mac -thuon Nau dd Xanh dam Phing8 TA8 Mui mac -thuon Xanh vang Xanh dam Phing9 TA9 Mui mic Xanh vang Xanh dam Phing10 TA16 Trai xoan Xanh vang Xanh dam Phing11 TA17 Trai xoan Xanh vang Xanh Gpn sdng it12 TA19 Mui mac-thuon Xanh vang Xanh Phing13 TA20 Mui mac Xanh vang Xanh dam Phing14 TA21 Mui mac Nau dd Xanh dam Gpn sdng it15 TA26 Mui mac Xanh vang Xanh Gpn sdng it16 TA31 Mui mac Xanh vang Xanh dam Gpn sdng it17 TA36 Mui mac Xanh vang Xanh Phing18 TA37 Trai xoan Nau dd Xanh Gpn sdng it19 TA39 Mui mac Xanh vang Xanh Phing20 TA40 Trung nguoc Nau dd Xanh dam Phing21 TA44 Mui mac Xanh vang Xanh Phing22 TA45 Trai xoan Xanh vang Xanh Gpn sdng it23 TA47 Mui mac Nau dd Xanh Phing24 TA48 Trai xoan Xanh vang Xanh Phing25 TA50 Mui mac Xanh vang Xanh dam Phing26 TA54 Mui mac Nau dd Xanh dam Phing27 Sd 5 Trai xoan Nau dd Xanh dam Phing28 Booth 7 Tron Nau dd Xanh dam Gpn sdng it29 Hass Trai xoan Nau dd Xanh dam Phing30 Tiger Mui mac -thuon Nau dd Xanh Phing31 Ardith Mui mac Nau dd Xanh Phing32 Reed Trdn Nau dd Xanh dam Phing33 Edtinger Trdn NSu dd Xanh Phing34 Fuerte Trdn Nau dd Xanh dam Gpn sdng nhi£u35 Sharwill Mui mac Xanh vang Xanh dam Gpn sdng nhi^u36 GA Mui mac Xanh vang Xanh Gpn sdng it37 GB Mui mac Nau dd Xanh Phing38 GC Mui mac Nau dd Xanh Gpn sdng it

N6NG NGHlfP VA PHAT TRlfrl NdNG TH6N - KY 2 - THANG 1/2014 35

KHOA HPC C6NO NGHfc

Cac giong co dang la bien dong tu hinh thuon dai den tron, trong do chu yeu la hinh mui mac, day cung la dac diem chung cua cac giong ba, mac du giua cac giong co su khac nhau vd hinh dang la nhung khong dang k£. Mau sac la non cua cac giong bien dong tu xanh den nau do va mau trung gian xanh vang chiem uu thd d hau hdt cac giong. Mau sac cua la trudng thanh thuang co mau xanh dem xanh dam. Mep phidn la cung la mot trong nhung dac trung cua tung giong, thuang thi cac giong co mep la tu gon song nhidu den phang. Cac chi tieu sinh trucmg, phat trien cua cac giong ba nhu chieu cao than, duong krnh goc, duong kinh tan, sd luong canh cap I, II thuong co moi tuong quan vdi nhau. Bo khung tan cua ba chu ydu duoc tao bdi canh cap I va cap II.

Bang 4. Dang tan, dd day va dudng kmh tin cua cAcgiong

TT Giong

fi

ll

Q

Hinh dang tan, d6 day tan

1 TAI 5,00Tan trung binh, tron dep, cay ydu

2TA2 5,80 Tan thua, hinh tru, cay ydu

3 TA3 5,40 Tan thua, tron dep, cay ydu[4 TA4 6,50

Tan trung binh, tron det, cay (hoe

5TA5 8,00 Tan day, hinh tru, cay khoe

6 TA6 9,00 Tan thua, hinh chop, cay khoe7 TA7 5,50 Tan trung binh, tron det8 TA8 7,30 Tan thua, tron det, cay khoe9 TA9 4,00 Tan day, hinh chop, khoe10 TA16 5,50 Tan thua, hinh tru, cay ydu11 TAI 7 7,30 Tan day, tron det12 TA19 6,20 Tan trung binh, hinh chop, khoe13 TA20 8,00 Tan day, hinh chop, cay khoe14 TA21 8,00 Tan thua, hinh chop, cay yeu15 TA26 6,30 Tan day, tron dep, cay ydu

16 TA31 5,90Tan trung binh, tron det, cay choe

17 TA36 7,30 Tan thua, tron dep, cay ydu18 TA37 6,70 Tan thua, tron dep, cay yeu19 TA39 6,50 Tan day, hinh chop, cay khoe20 TA40 6,40 Tan thua, hinh chop, cay ydu21 TA44 5,00 Tan day, tron det, cay khoe22 TA45 6,30 Tan thua, tron dep, cay ydu

23 TA47 5,50 Tan dav, hinh chop, cay khoe24 TA48 | 5,60 Tan dav, hinh chop, cay khoe25 TA50 7,10 Tan dav, tron det, cav khoe26 TA54 5,90 Tan dav, tron dep, cay khoe27 Sd 5 5,50 Tan thua, hinh chop, cay ydu28 Booth 7 8,00 Tan trung binh, hinh tru29 Hass 6,00 Tan day, tron dep. cay ydu30 Tiger 9,00 Tan day, hinh chop, cay khoe31 Ardith 6,20 Tan thua, hinh chop, cay ydu32 Reed 5,50 Tan thua, hinh tru, cay khoe33 Edtinger 6,30 Tan thua, hinh tru, cay khoe34 Fuerte 6,00 Tan thua, hinh tru, cay ydu35 Shanvill 6,30 Tan day, trdn det, cay khoe36 GA 4,20 Tan thua, hinh tru, cay ydu37 GB 5,20 Tan thua, hinh chop, cay khoe38 GC 5,60 Tan day, det, cay khoeTrung binh 6,31

Min 4,00Max 9,00SD 1,16

CV(%) 18,44

Cac giong co dudng kinh tan trung binh 6,31 m, giong TA9 co duong kinh tan nho nhat va 6 giong co dudng kinh tan ldn nhat la TA5, TA6, TA20, TA21, Booth 7 va Tiger. Nhin chung, cac giong ba co hinh dang, do day, thua cua tan la rat khac nhau, hd so bidn dong tren 18% la rat cao da chung mrnh su khac bidt nay. Phan ldn cac giong co bo tan thua, cay ydu va dieu nay phu thuoc vao so luong canh nhieu hay it the hien dupe kha nang sinh trudng khoe hay ydu cua tung giong. Dang tan la mot dac diem kha dac trung cua cac giong, cung co the? dua vao cau true bo tan ma ngudi ta co the phan biet duoc su khac nhau cua cac giong. Hau hdt cac giong co bo tan thua va rat it giong co bo tan trung binh.

iang 5. Kha nang sinh trudng v i phat tridn

TT GidngDudng kinh

gdc (m)

Chidu cao cdy

(m)

Nhdmhoa

1 TAI 0,29 5,80 A

2 TA2 0,24 5,50 B

3 TA3 0,20 4,50 A

4 TA4 0,27 4,70 A

5 TA5 0,36 7,20 B6 TA6 0,34 5,50 B7 TA7 0,25 4,00 A 1

36 N 6NG NGHI? P VA PHAT TRIEN NONG T H d N -K Y 2 -T H A N G 1/2014

KHOA HQC C d N O N C H l

8 TA8 0,39 5,70 B

9 TA9 0,29 4,80 A

10 TA16 0,23 5,30 A

11 TA17 0,27 6,40 A

12 TA19 0,28 5,60 A

13 TA20 0,32 6,20 B

14 TA21 0,33 5,80 B

15 TA26 0,33 5,10 B

16 TA31 0,39 5,90 A

17 TA36 0,27 5,70 B

18 TA37 0,30 6,00 B

19 TA39 0,25 4,60 A

20 TA40 0,24 5,80 B

21 TA44 0,20 5,50 A

22 TA45 0,38 5,60 A

23 TA47 0,23 4,40 A

24 TA48 0,34 6,00 A

25 TA50 0,28 6,54 B

26 TA54 0,25 6,78 B

27 Sd 5 0,24 5,10 B

28 Booth 7 0,30 6,20 B

29 Hass 0,28 5,80 A

30 Tiger 0,40 5,80 B

31 Ardith 0,26 6,00 A

32 Reed 0,33 6,00 A

33 Ettinger 0,29 5,60 B

34 Fuerte 0,25 5,70 B

35 Sharwill 0,30 4,00 B

36 GA 0,38 4,60 A

37 GB 0,33 4,00 B

38 GC 0,24 3,40 A

Trung binh 0,29 5,45

Min 0,20 3,40

Max 0,40 7,20

SD 0,05 0,83

CV(%) 18,44 15,25

Cac giong co duong kinh trung binh dat 0,29 m, cay co duong kinh goc Ion nhat dat 0,40 m va nho nhat dat 0,20 m. H£ so bien dong 18% la cao, chung to co su khac nhau rat ldm vd muc do tang trudmg dudng kinh va khong ddng deu. Tuong tu, kha nang phat trien vd chieu cao cay cung cho thay cd su khac bidt rat ldm giua cac gidng trong vudn vdi do bidn dong kha ldn khoang 15%. Gidng cd chidu cao ldm nhat dat 7,20 m va gidng thap nhat 3,40 m. Nhdm hoa dSc bidt rat quan trpng trong chpn gidng boi chung li£n quan ddn kha nang thu phan va hinh thanh nang suat cua cac gidng khac nhau. Theo doi cho thay cd 19 gidng mang nhdm hoa A va 19 gidng mang nhdm hoa B.

Bing 6. Thdi gian ra hoa cua die gidng bq (thang)T12 T l T2 T3 T4 Cac gidng

TA2, TA45, TA50, TA54, Fuerte, Sharwill, GCTAI, TA3, TA6, TA7, TA19, TA21, Ardith, Booth 7, GA Hass, Tiger, Sd 5TA31, Ettinger, GBTA4, TA9, TA17, TA47, TA48TA16, TA20, TA37, TA39, TA40, TA44TA5, TA8, TA26, TA36, Reed

Qua trinh quan trae cho thay; hau het cac gidng ba ra hoa tap trung vao cac thang 1,2, 3, 4 va keo dai khoang tir 2 ddn 3 thang. Cu the, cd 7 gidng ra hoa vao thang 12, thang 1 va thang 2. Cd 12 gidng ra hoa vao thang 1, 2 va 3. Cd 3 gidng ra hoa vao thang 2, 3 va thang 4. Cd 5 gidng ra hoa vao thang 1 va 2. Cd 6 gidng ra hoa vao thang 2 va thang 4. Cd 5 gidng ra hoa muon nhat la vao thang 3 va thang 4. Cay bo rat nhay cam vdi dilu kidn mdi trucmg, dac bidt la thdi ky phat due cua chung, trong dd cd 3 ydu td chinh la do am khdng khi, nhiet do va anh sang. Vi vay, thdi

gian ra hoa cua cac gidng ba thuomg bidn dong theo nam.

Trong didu kien Dak Lak, thuomg thi cay ba cd 3 thdi diem thu hoach chinh la scrm vao khoang tir thang 1 den thang 4, nhung rat hidm khi cd nhung gidng nay; thdi diem thu chinh vu la chu ydu, vdi sd luong ldm nam trong khoang tir thang 5 ddn thang 8 va thdi diem thu muon vao khoang tir thang 9 den thang 12. Didu kidn thi nghiem cho thay: hau het cac gidng cd thdi didm chin chinh vu vao khoang tir thang 5 ddn thang 9 vdi 35 gidng, chiem 92%; co rat it

N6NG NGHl|P VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 1/2014 37

KHOA HQC CONG NGH$

cac giong chin muon tu thang 10 den thang 12 vcri 3 giong, chiem 8%.

Bang 7. Thdi di&n thu hoach cua cAc gidng bq (thAng)T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T i l T12 Cac gidng

TA6, TA26, TA45TA7, TA17, TA19, TA21TAI, TA4, TA8, TA20, Ardith, Ettinger, Fuerte, Hass, Sharwill, tiger, GC, So 5TA9, TA16, TA48TA2, TA47TA3, TA37, TA40TA5, TA31, TA36, TA39, TA44Booth 7, GA, Reed

l&ng 8. Kh6i lupng qui vA nang suit aia die gi6ng bo

TT GidngKhdi lupng qui (kg)

Nang su£t (kg/cAy)

1 TAI 0,40 60,052 TA2 0,61 66,563 TA3 0,46 27,354 TA4 0,51 41,115 TA5 0,41 78,266 TA6 0,57 5,687 TA7 0,33 18,128 TA8 0,28 9,779 TA9 0,46 47,5710 TA16 0,24 6,0111 TA17 0,41 16,2812 TA19 0,35 16,6113 TA20 0,51 16,7814 TA21 0,31 37,1315 TA26 0,44 17,6616 TA31 0,39 23,1817 TA36 0,41 15,5518 TA37 0,36 44,1919 TA39 0,42 42,2620 TA40 0,31 6,1821 TA44 0,53 16,3822 TA45 0,76 30,4423 TA47 0,39 60,2824 TA48 0,50 29,8125 TA50 0,44 25,9726 TA54 0,71 67,0027 So 5 - -

28 Booth 7 0,42 87,5329 Hass 0,15 11,8630 Tiger 0,23 5,7531 Ardith 0,32 43,52

32 Reed 0,36 66,8833 Ettinger 0,22 12,4434 Fuerte 0,33 34,1335 Sharwill 0,19 2,8236 GA 0,37 28,1237 GB 0,37 40,0438 GC - -

Trung binh 0,40 32,20Min 0,15 2,82Max 0,76 87,53SD 0,13 22,61

CV(%) 32,82 70,22

Qua trinh theo doi, danh gia cac giong vo tinh trong vuon tap doan cho thay hau heft cac giong co khoi luong qua vira phai, trung binh khoang 0,40 kg. Co nhung giong co qua rat Ion, dat khoang 0,76 kg, song cQng co nhung giong cho qua nho chi dat 0,15 kg. So sanh v£ khoi lugng qua giua cac giong cho thay co su khac biet Ion, voi he so bi£n dong xap xi 33%, the hien su khong dong d£u v4 khoi luong qua giua cac giong bo trong vuon tap doan. Thong ke cho thay, nang suat cua cac giong chi dat binh quan 32,20 kg/cay. Giong co nang suat cao nhat dat gan gap bon lan so voi nang suat binh quan 87,53 kg/cay va giong co nang suat thap nhat chi dat 2,82 kg/cay.

Nang suat la mot trong y£u to th£ hien dac di&n di truydn so luong cua giong, nhung giong cho nang suat cao, on dinh th£ hi€n uu the vupt troi v£ kha nang cho qua trong di£u kidn khi hau Dak Lak. Phan tich thong ke cho he so bien dpng rat cao, tren 70% chung to co su khac nhau rat Ion ve kha nang cho qua cua cac giong, day la dilm thuan lpi trong chpn giong vi chung cho phep nha chpn giong de Hang chpn dupe nhung giong co nang suat cao.

38 NONG NGHIfP VA PHAT TRIEN N6NG TH6N - KY 2 - THANG 1/2014

KHOA HQC CONG NGHfe

Bing 9. Dac di£m hinh thii vs thjt qua cua mdt sd gidng ba

TT GidngHinh dang

quiMiu vd qui chin

D3c diem thit qui

1 TAI Thoi Tim den Vang dam, rat deo, beo, it xa2 TA2 Elip Tim Vang nhat, khong deo, khong beo, it xa3 TA3 Cau cao Tim Vang dam, it deo, beo, it xa4 TA4 Elip Tim do Vang dam, it deo, beo, khong xa, ngot5 TA5 Elip Xanh nau Vang nhat, deo, beo tham, khong xa6 TA6 Cau Xanh vang Vang nhat, deo, beo, khong xa7 TA7 Cau Xanh vang Vang, deo, beo, khong xa, hai dang8 TA8 Elip Tim den Vang, it deo, it beo, khong xa9 TA9 Cau cao Vang xanh Mau nga, khong deo, khong beo, xa10 TA16 Cau Xanh vang Vang, deo, beo, khong xa, hai ding11 TA17 Cau cao Xanh vang Vang nhat, deo, beo, khong xa12 TA19 Elip Tim do Mau vang nhat, it deo, beo, khong xa13 TA20 Cau det Vang nau Vang nhat, deo beo, tham, khong xa14 TA21 Cau det Vang nau Vang nhat, deo beo, thorn, khong xa15 TA26 Elip Tim Vang nhat, khong deo, khong beo, it xa16 TA31 Chuy dui Xanh vang Vang nhat, it deo, it beo, it xa17 TA36 Thoi Tim Vang, deo, beo tham, khong xa18 TA37 Qua le Tim Vang nhat, it deo, it beo, khong xa19 TA39 Trung nguoc Xanh Vang nhat, khong deo, khong beo20 TA40 Qua le Tim Vang dam, rat deo, beo, tham, khong xa21 TA44 Trung nguoc Vang nau Vang dam, deo, beo, khong xa, vi dang22 TA45 Cau Xanh vang Vang nhat, it deo, khong xa, nhat23 TA47 Elip Tim do Vang nhat, it deo, it beo, khong xa, nhat24 TA48 Trung nguoc Vang nau Vang dam, deo, beo, khong xa, vi dang25 TA50 Cau Xanh vang Vang nhat, it deo, khong xa, nhat26 TA54 Trung nguoc Vang nau Vang dam, rat deo, beo, khong xa27 So 5 Trung nguoc Xanh nau -

28 Booth 7 Cau Xanh vang Vang dam, deo, beo, khong xa, tham29 Hass Elip Tim den Mau nga, rat deo, beo, khong xa, vi man30 Tiger Qua le Xanh nau -

31 Ardith Cau Xanh nau Mau vang, deo, beo, khong xa32 Reed Cau Xanh vang Mau vang, deo, beo, khong xa33 Ettinger Elip Xanh nau Mau nga, it deo, it beo, khong xa, nhat34 Fuerte Qua le Xanh nau Mau nga, deo, beo, khong xa, co vi man35 Sharwill Trung nguoc Tim den Mau nga, rat deo, beo, khong xa, vi man36 GA Cau cao Xanh nau Mau nga, it deo, it beo, khong xa37 GB Thoi Tim den Mau nga, deo, beo, khong xa, vi man38 GC - - -

4 . KET LUAN

Dac di(?m sinh vat hpc cua cic giong bo duoc th£ hi^n ro net 6 tinh trang ki£u hinh nhu hinh thai, dac di£m ra hoa, dau qua, nang suat va chat lugng. Phan Ion giong d£u cho nang suat kha tren 32 kg/cay va chat lugng tot Ngoai 4 giong dugc Cue Trong trgt -

Bo NN & PTNT cong nhan cho san xuat thu nam 2011 la TAI, TA3, TA5 va Booth 7, de tai tiep tuc xac dinh duoc them 8 giong trien vpng TA21, TA31, TA36, TA40, TA44, TA54, Reed va GA co nang suat va chat luong tot nhat, dat tieu chuan chon lpc da de ra va he so chpn lpc 18,42%. Day la nhung giong ba

N6NG NGHlfP VA PHAT TRI^N NONG TH6N - KY 2 - THANG 1/2014 39

KHOA HQC CONO MQHl

trien vong co th<? cung cap nguon vat lieu tot phuc vu cho san xuat cung nhu cac nghidn cuu ke tiep.

TAJ LEU THAM KHAO

1. Nguyen Minh Chau, Vo The* Truydn (1995, 1997 va 1998). Chuovg trinh phat trien cay ba a Viet Nam. Vien Nghidn cuu Cay in qua Mien Nam.

2. Phan Quoc Sung (1986). Dieu tra, nghien cuu cay ba a D&k Lik de cd ca sa khoa hoc, ky thuat nham phuc vu cho ke hoach m&rong, phat trien cay ba dua vao ca cau bua in gop phan giai quyet nhu cau thuc pham va xuat khau. Bao cao KH&CN d£ tai cap tinh Dak Lak.

3. A. W. Whiley., B. Schaffer & B. N. Wosltenholme (2002). The avocado- Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing 2002.

4. R. W. Scora, B. N. Wolstenholme and I Lavi (2002). The Avocado: Taxonomy and Botany. CAB international 2002, pp 15-33.

5. U. Lavi, D. Sa’ada, L Reger and E. lahav (2003). Avocado genetics and breeding - Present and future. Presented at world avocado congress V malaga. Spain 19 -24 october, 2003. Abstract A -42, pp 9-22.

6. Codex standard for Avocado - Codex stan 197 -1995, pp 1 - 6.

7. Descriptors Avocado (Persea Spp) (1995). Characterization, pp 31-39.

8. UNECE STANDARD FFV-42. Concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of Avocados. Based on document TRADE/WP.7/GE.1/2003/26/Add.6. It includes the changes adopted at the 59th session of the Working Party, pp 1-5.

BOTANY CHARACTERISTIC OF AVOCADO VARIETY {PERSEA AMERICANA MILLS.,) SELECTION IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS

Hoang Manh Cuong, Le Ngoc Bau1, Do Nang Vinh2

Summary

The study botany characteristic of avocado varieties is very importance. Basic of scientific will be establish for study avocado varieties breeding with high yield and quality. To collection and analyse document about morphology and quality will be difference between avocado varieties. Preeminent variety had show high adapt oneself to weather conditions and soil of central highlands. From 2002 to now, the Western Highlands Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute had selected and newly introduced 38 avocado varieties in other ecological region. In there 26 varieties were collected in Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Gia Lai and Lam Dong provinces and 12 commerce varieties of Australia and America. These varieties are vigorous growth, high yield and good quality. These are 4 avocado varieties admitted by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development named TAI, TA3, TA5 and Booth 7. There are 8 promising avocado varieties named TA21, TA31, TA36, TA40, TA44, TA54, Reed and GA This varieties have high yield, good quality, to meet selection criteria and selection factor 18.42%. These elite avocado ortets and varieties will be a valuable material source for produce and future studies.

Key words: Selection, avocado varieties of domestic, introduced promising varieties, botany characteristic.

Ngudi phan bi£n: GS.TSKH. Trin Th£ TUc

Ngiy nhan bii: 21/10/2013

Ngiy thdng qua phin bi£n: 21/11/2013

Ngiy duy£t ding: 28/11/2013

40 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N 6N G THON - KY 2 - THANG 1/2014