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ÌÈÈÈÚ‰ ÔÎÂ˙
Ë ¯·„ Á˙Ù
1 Ô¯Á‡‰ ·Ï˘‰ :˙„ÈÒÁ‰
23 ¯Ó‡Ó‰ ÈÏ¢· ˙¯ډ – ‰È„Ù ‰·È·Á
˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙È˘‡¯Â Ë"˘Ú·‰
41 Ì˘ ÏÚ· Ì„‡ '¯ – ۯˆ ÏÈ˘Ú‰ '¯ ȇ˙·˘‰ ‡È·‰
46 Ì˘ ÏÚ· Ì„‡ '¯ ÏÚ „ÂÚ
:ÌÈÁÙÒ
48 ۯˆ‰ ¯ÙÒ È˜È˙ÚÓ ˙Ó„˜‰ .‡
:ۯˆ‰ ¯ÙÒ ˙ÂÈÏ‚¯Ó ÔÓÏÊ Ìȯه '¯· ‰˘ÚÓ .·
52 ϯ٠ÛÒÂÈ ÈÊ‚Ó ‰ÓÈ˘¯
56 (‡) ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – Ò·ÈÏ ‰„Â‰È .‚
60 (·) ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„ .„
64 Ë"˘Ú·‰Â ÌÈ„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙¯·Á ÏÚ ˙¢‡¯‰ ˙ÂÈ„ډ È˙˘
:ÌÈÁÙÒ
82 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„
86 ÔÓ¯·ÈÏ ÌÈÈÁÏ ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚Ó ·˙ÎÓ .‡
87 ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚Ï ÒÈÈ ÛÒÂÈÓ ·˙ÎÓ .·
89 ÔÓÏ‰Ó Ï‡¯˘ÈÏ ÔÓ¯·ÈÏ ÌÈÈÁÓ ·˙ÎÓ .‚
91 ÚÓ„‰ „Ê ¯ÙÒ· ‰È‚ȉÓ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ÏÚ ÒÂÓÏÂÙ‰
102 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„
106 ·ÂË Ì˘ ÏÚ· χ¯˘È '¯ Ï˘ ˙ȯÂËÒȉ‰ Â˙ÂÓ„
:ÌÈÁÙÒ
139 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„ .‡
144 ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚Ï Òү χÂÓ˘Ó ·˙ÎÓ .·
146 ?·ÂË Ì˘ ÏÚ· χ¯˘È '¯ ÏÚ ˙Ó‡
148 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„
149 „"Θ˙–Í"˜˙ ˙Â˘Ó Ï‡¯˘È ı¯‡Ó ˙¯‚ȇ È˙˘
162 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„
164 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ „‚ ÂÒÂÓÏÂÙ ϷÈÈÏ Ï‡¯˘È '¯ ÔÈÈÚÏ
175 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„
177 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ÏÚ ‡·Â„ ‰ÓÏ˘ '¯ Ï˘ Â˙„Ú
180 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„
:˙ÂÈÁÈ˘ÓÏ ˙˜·„ ÔÈ·
˙„ÈÒÁ· ÌÈÈËÒÈÓ ÌÈÈÂÈÚ¯ ÌÈ˷ȉ
185 ˙„ÈÒÁ·Â ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰˜ÈËÒÈÓ· ˜È„ˆ‰ ‚˘ÂÓ ˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰
226 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – τȇ ‰˘Ó
230 ˙„ÈÒÁ· Ï‚ς‰
˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙È˘‡¯· Ìȉχ ÌÚ "˙ÈÓÈËȇ ˙¯˘˜˙‰" ‡ "˙˜·„"
237 (‰˘ÚÓ ‰Îω)
259 ÁÙÒ – τȇ ‰˘Ó
268 ˙È„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙¯ÙÒ· "Ï΢‰ ˙ÂÓ„˜" ‚˘ÂÓ ڄÂÓ È˙Ï·‰
277 Ï΢‰ ˙ÂÓ„˜Â ÈÏÂȉ‰ ,ÂÓÈ˘¯‰ – Ò·ÈÏ ¯˙Ò‡
280 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙È˘‡¯· ÈÁÈ˘Ó‰ „ÂÒȉ ϯË
:ÌÈÁÙÒ
306 ˙„ÈÒÁ· ÈÁÈ˘Ó‰ ÔÂÈÚ¯‰ – Ò·ÈÏ ¯˙Ò‡ .‡
313 ÒÈÈÂ ÛÒÂÈ ÏÚ – Ò·ÈÏ ¯˙Ò‡ .·
316 χ¯˘È ˙¯ÂÒÓ· Ìȯ˙Ò ÌȘȄˆ Â"Ï
321 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„
ÌȯÙÂÒ ÌȯÙÒ ÏÚ
325 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ‰„˘· ¯·Â· ÔÈË¯Ó Ï˘ Â˙ÏÂÚÙ ÏÚ
330 ˙„ÈÒÁÏ ¯·Â· ÔÈË¯Ó Ï˘ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ
348 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ ‰¯Â‡È˙Ï ˙¯ډ ‰ÓÎ – ¯·Â· ÔÈ˯Ó
354 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰Â ¯·Â· ÔÈÈÚÏ ‰¯Ú‰ „ÂÚ
356 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰Â ¯·Â· ˙ÈÈ‚ÂÒÏ „ÂÚ
ÏÚ ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ :‰ÏÈÏ˘Ï ˙¯Â˜È·Ó – È·ˆ¯ ÌÂÏ˘
358 ¯·Â· Ï˘ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙ÒÈÙ˙
...‰Ú„È ˙„‰È‰˘ ‰Â¯Á‡‰ ‰Ï„‚‰ ˙ÈÊÂÈ‚Èϯ‰ ˙ˆ¯Ù˙‰‰
370 (·Â·Â„ ÔÂÚÓ˘ Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ ÏÚ ˙¯Â˜È·)
?Ë"˘Ú·‰Ó ÌÈÈ¯Â˜Ó ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ
374 (ÍÂÏ· ÌÈÈÁ Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ ÏÚ ˙¯Â˜È·)
377 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„
„"·Á ‰∆˘Ó
380 (ÔÈ· ˜ÁˆÈ ÌÈÈÁ Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ ÏÚ ˙¯Â˜È·)
383 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„
384 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰Â Ò˜¯Ó Ô¯‰‡
393 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„
˙ÂÁ˙ÙÓ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·
395 ÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÌÈÂȈ ÌȯӇӉ Ï˘ Ô¢‡¯‰ ÌÓÂү٠̘Ó
398 ÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·‰ ÌȯˆȘ‰ Á˙ÙÓ
403 ˙ÂÓ˘ Á˙ÙÓ
411 ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó Á˙ÙÓ
413 Ìȯ·ÈÁ Á˙ÙÓ
416 ÌÈÈÈÚ Á˙ÙÓ
¯·„ Á˙Ù
Ìȯ˜ÂÁ‰ ÈÏ„‚Ó Ìȯ˘Ú‰ ‰‡Ó· ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ˙·¯˙‰ Ï˘ Á¯‰ ȘÚÓ ,ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚˙Ȅ‰ȉ „ÂÒ‰ ˙¯Â˙ ‰˜ÈËÒÈÓ‰ ,˙‡˙·˘‰ ,‰Ï·˜‰ Ï˘Â ÏÏη ˙„‰È‰ ÈÚ„Ó Ï˘˘ÓÁ Ìȯ˘Ú – "¯Ó‡ ÚÈ·È ¯Â„Ï ¯Â„" .1982 ˙˘· ÂÓÏÂÚ ˙È·Ï Íω ,˯ٷÌÈ¢ ÌÈÓÂÁ˙· Â˙¯ÈˆÈ Ï˘ ÒÂÓÚ‰ ÌȯÙÒ‰ Û„Ó ÁΠ,Â˙¯ÈËÙ ¯Á‡Ï ‰˘˙ÈÚ„Ó‰ Â˙˘¯ÂÓ ÒÂÈη ˘È ÌÚË ‰Ó :‰Ï‡˘Ï ‰ÚÓ ˘˜·˙Ó ,Ê‡Ó ¯Â‡ ‡¯˘Ïη ‰Ï ˘È „ÁÂÈÓ Ï˜˘Ó ÂÊ ‰Ï‡˘ ?ÂÈÈÁ ÈÓÈ· ÒÙ„ ¯·Î ‰·Â¯˘ ,‰¯ÂÊÙ‰‡Ï‡ ,Âȯ˜ÁÓ ˙ÈÊÁ· „ÓÚ ‡Ï˘ ˜¯ ‡Ï ‰Ï‡ .ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ȯ˜ÁÓÏ ¯Â˘˜‰ÌÁȯ ¯Ó ,‰¯Â‡ÎÏ ,Ì‰Ó ÌÈ·¯ ,̯·ÁÓ ˜Ï˙Ò‰ Ê‡Ó ÂÙÏÁ˘ ¯Â„‰ ˙¢ Íωӷ˘Ï˘· ̇ ,‰ÈÙ ÏÚ ‰¯Ú˜‰ ˙‡ ÂÎÙ‰˘ ÌÈ˘„Á ÌȇˆÓÓ Ï˘· ̇ – ÌÓÚË ÏËÈÂ
?ÌÓ‡‰ .·˘Â‰˘ ˙·¢˙ Âχ˘˘ ˙Âχ˘ ,˙¢„Á ˙Âȯ˜ÁÓ ˙ÂÈ¢¯Ù‰ÓÓ ;"Ô¯Á‡‰ ·Ï˘‰ – ˙„ÈÒÁ‰" Â˙‡ˆ¯‰ ˙‡ ÌÂÏ˘ ‡˘ 1938 ˙˘·˘¯„Ó‰ ˙È·· ÂÈ˙‡ˆ¯‰ ˙¯„Ò· Ô¯Á‡‰ ˜¯Ù‰ ‰Ê ‰È‰ .¯ÙÒÏ ˙¯˙ÂΉ ˙‡ ÂÏËMajor Trends ¯ÙÒ· ,1941 ˙˘· ‰Â˘‡¯Ï ÂÒÂ΢ ,˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ· ÌÈÓ¯ÂÙ¯ ÌÈ·¯ÏÌ‚¯Â˙˘ ,‰Ê ¯ÙÒ .(˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰˜ÈËÒÈÓ· ÌÈȯ˜ÈÚ ÌÈÓ¯Ê) in Jewish Mysticism˙¯Â˙ ˙·‰ ÏÚ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈÚÈÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÓ Â„ÂÚ ‰È‰ ,(˙ȯ·ÚÏ ‡Ï ͇) ˙·¯ ˙ÂÙ˘Ï"Ô¯Á‡" – "Ô¯Á‡ ·Ï˘"Î ÌÂÏ˘ ÈÈÚ· ʇ ‰˙Ó„ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ .˙Ȅ‰ȉ „ÂÒ‰Ï˘ Â˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰ ˙¯˘Ù‡ .ÌÂÈÒ ÛÂÒ Ï˘ Ô·ÂÓ· Ì‚ ÊÓ¯ӷ ,ÈÁΉ Ï˘ Ô·ÂÓ·,¯Ó‡Ó‰ Ï˘ ÌÂÈÒ‰ ˙Â¯Â˘· ˙ÈÓÈÒÙ ‰Èȉ˙· ‰Â„ ˙„‰È· ÛÒÂ È¯Â˜Ó ÈËÒÈÓ Ì¯Ê"„·Ï· Ìȇȷ"Ï ˙ˆ¯Á‰ ‰ÚÈ·˜‰ ˙‡ ¯È˙‰ ,˙ȘÙÒ ‰ˆÈ¯˜ ÔÈÚÓ· ,ÌÂÏ˘ ÈÎ Û‡
.‰ÂÓÎ ÌȯÂÒÙ¯ÙÏ ‡Ï‰˜ÈËÒÈÓ‰ ˙„ÏÂ˙ ˙‡ ˙Ó˙ÂÁ˘ ÈÓÎ ÌÂÏ˘ ÈÈÚ· ‰ÒÙ˙ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰˘ „ÂÚ· ͇˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ È˙¯Â˜È·‰ ‰¯˜ÁÓ ,‰Ï˘ ÌÂÈÒ‰ ˜¯Ù· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰ÓˆÚ ‡È‰Â ˙Ȅ‰ȉ‰Óˆ‰ ˙ÈÚ„Ó‰ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·‰ ÍÎ ÏÚ „ÈÚ˙ .ÂÈÏÂ˙ÈÁ· ÔÈÈ„Ú ˜ÙÒ ÈÏ· ‰È‰ÏÚ ˙Âίډ‰Â ˙ÂÚ„‰ ÂÈ‰È 1.‰Ê ˜¯ÙÏ ÁÙÈÒ ‰˙‡˘Â ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ Â˙¢¯Ï ‰„ÓÚ˘Ôȇ ,ÂÈ‰È ¯˘‡ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰Â ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰˜ÈËÒÈÓ‰ ‰„˘· ʇ ÈÓ ÂÏÁ˘ ˙ÂÈÂÁ˙Ù˙‰‰
1ÌÈÂÎ„Ú ÌÂÏ˘ ۯȈ ,‰ˆÂÙ‰ ‡È‰˘ ,1954 ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ˙¯Â„‰ÓÏ ,˙·¯ ˙¯„‰Ó· ÒÙ„ ¯ÙÒ‰ÌÂ˘Ó Ô‰ ,Â˙¯Â„‰ÓÓ ‰ËӢ‰ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ÏÚ ˜¯ÙÏ Û¯Èˆ˘ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·‰ .ÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·
.‰Ï ˜Â˜Ê ȯ·Ú‰ ‡¯Â˜‰ Ôȇ ˙˘ÂÈÓ ‡È‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó Ô‰ ‰ÓˆÚ ‰‡ˆ¯‰Ï ˙Ú‚Â ‰È‡ ‡È‰˘
,(ͯÂÚ) ÔÈË˘È·Â¯ ̉¯·‡ :˜¯Ù‰ Ï˘ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ Ì‚¯˙‰ ˙ÒÙ„‰· ‰ÈÂˆÓ ‡È‰ ,ÌÈÙ ÏÎ ÏÚ.52–51 'ÓÚ ,Á"Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ,‰È˙„ÏÂ˙·Â ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙¯Â˙· ÌȘ¯Ù
ȯ·„ Á˙Ù
,‰ÓÂˆÚ ‰ÎÙ‰Ó ¯·Ú ÌȯÁ‡‰ ˙¯„‰ È˘· ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ¯˜ÁÓ˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ Ôȯ¯ÂÚ˙¢ È‰Ï˘· Ì˙‡ ˙ÂÊÁÏ ‰È‰ Ô˙È ‡Ï˘ ÌÈ„ÓÓ· ·Á¯˙‰Â ,˙È˙ÂÓΠ˙È˙ÂÎȇÂÓˆÚ ÌÂÏ˘ ,¯˙ȉ ÔÈ· ,Ìȇ¯Á‡ ÂÊ ‰ÎÙ‰ÓÏ .˙ӄ˜‰ ‰‡Ó‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ˘ÂÏ˘‰
.ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙-È„ÈÓÏ˙ ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ÔΠ,Áȉ˘ ˙„ÂÒÈ‰Â‰Ê ÌÈÁˆÓ ÌÈÓÎÁ È„ÈÓÏ˙˘ Ì˘Î ,‡· ¯Â„ Íω ¯Â„˘ ‡Â‰ ÌÏÂÚ Ï˘ ÂÚ·Ë,ÂÈ‰È˘ ÏÎÎ ÌÈ„·Î ,Ìȯ˜ÂÁ Ï˘ ̉Ȃ˘È‰ ‰„Ó˙‰· ÌÈÁ· ÔÎ ‰Îω· ‰Ê ˙‡Ì˙ˆ˜Ó ‰‡Ï‰ Ìȯ·ÚÂÓ ÌȯÓ˙˘Ó Ì˙ˆ˜Ó – "‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ÔÈ„"Ï ÌÈ„ÓÂÚ Ì‰Â̘ÏÁ· ‰ÏÚ ÂÈÓ· „ÁÂÈÓ Ï¯Â‚ ,‰‰Â .ÌÈÁÎ˙˘Ó˘ ÌÙÂÒ ˙ÈÂÂÊ Ô¯˜Ï ÌÈÁ„ÌȇˆÓÓ‰ Û‡ ÏÚ ÛÏÁ˘ ÔÓʉ ˙¯ÓÏ .‰˙·È·Ò·Â ˙„ÈÒÁ· ÌÂÏ˘ ȯ˜ÁÓ Ï˘,ÔÈÈ„Ú Â¯˙ ÂÈ¯Ó‡Ó – ÂÈ˙ÂÁ‰Ó ‰ÓÎ Ï˘ ÔÙ˜Â˙ ÏÚ ¯ÂÚ¯ÚÏ Â‡È·‰˘ ÌÈ˘„Á‰Ì˙Ú˘· ·˘Á˘ Ìȯ˜ÁÓ .¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙„ÏÂ˙· ͯ„ ¯Â¯Ó˙ ‰ÈÙ Ô·‡ ,Âȉ˘ Ì˘Î,‰‡¯Â‰· ‡ ¯˜ÁÓ· ˘˜·Ó „ÂÚ Ì‰Ï Ôȇ ÌÈ„„ˆ È≈„ƒ· ÏÂÎÈ·Î ÌÈÏËÂÓ ÌÈÈ˙ÙÂÓÌÂȉ „Ú ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ȯ˜ÂÁ ,¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙‡ ‰„Ó˙‰· ÔÈÊ‰Ï ÌÂÏ˘ ȯ˜ÁÓ ÂÎÊ „‚ÓÂÂÎÙ‰ Íη .˙˜ÂÏÁÓ ÁÂÎÈ ÍÂ˙Ó Ì‡ ‰·Á¯‰Â ‰ÓÎÒ‰ ÍÂ˙Ó Ì‡ ,̉Èχ ÌÈ·˘ËÏ· ‰Ê ¯˘˜‰· .ÂÓˆÚÏ˘Î ¯Â˜Ó ˙ÈÁ·· ,ÌÈ˙ÚÏ ,˙ÂÈ‰Ï ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ Âȯ˜ÁÓ˙˘· ‰Â˘‡¯Ï ¯Â‡ ‰‡¯˘ ,"Ë"˘Ú·‰ Ï˘ ˙ȯÂËÒȉ‰ Â˙ÂÓ„" Â¯Ó‡Ó „ÁÂÈÓ·Ï·ÂÈ .Ë"˘Ú·‰ ÏÚ Â˙Ú˘· ڄȉ ·ˆÓ Ú˜¯ ÏÚ Í¯„ ı¯ÂÙ ¯Ó‡ÓÏ ‰È‰Â ,1960ÈÎ Ú·˜Ï ¯˘Ù‡ ,Ë"˘Ú·‰ ¯˜ÁÓ· ÈËÓ¯„‰ ÈÂÈ˘‰ Û‡ ÏÚ ,ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï ÌÈ˘
.ÂÊ ‰È‚ÂÒ· ÔÈÈÚÏ ˘˜·Ó˘ ÈÓ ÏÎÏ ˙ÈÁ¯Î‰ ‡ˆÂÓ ˙„˜ ÔÈÈ„Ú ‡Â‰ ‰Ê ¯˜ÁÓÏ˘ ·Á¯ ¯˘˜‰· ÍÈ¯Ú‰Ï ‡ÂÙ‡ ˘È ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ Ï˘ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ȯ˜ÁÓ ˙‡ÈÒÁȉ ËÂÚÈÓ‰ Û‡ ÏÚ .·ˆÈÚ ÏÚ ÂÓˆÚ ÌÂÏ˘ ˙ÚÙ˘‰Â ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ¯˜ÁÓ ˙„ÏÂ˙·˘ ÌÂÁ˙ Ïη ËÚÓÎ ‰¯˜˘ ÂÓÎ – ÌÂÏ˘ ÁÈψ‰ ˙„ÈÒÁ· ȯ˜ÁÓ‰ ˜ÂÒÈÚ Ï˘˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ¯˜ÁÓ ÏÚ Ì˙ÚÙ˘‰˘ ,ÌÂÁ˙‰ Ï˘ „ÂÒȉ È‚˘ÂÓÓ ‰ÓÎ ÔÂÎÏ – Ú‚˙‡ ÔÈʉÏ ˙ÂÎÙÏ ÌÈÎÈ˘ÓÓ Ì‰ ‡Ï‡ ,¯„· ˜¯ ‡Ï ̉È˙Â˙‡ Â˙ ‰˙‡¯Â‰Â¯˘‡Î Ì‚Â ,ÂÈ˙˜ÒÓÓ ˙ˆ˜Ó ¯گÚ˙ ¯˘‡Î Ì‚ .ÌÂȉ „Ú ¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙ÂÈÈÚÓÂÈ˙·Â˙ ȯ‰ ,˙¯Á‡ ‡ ÂÊ ‰È‚ÂÒÏ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ· ‰ÚË ÈÎ ÌÈ·¯ Ìȯ˜ÂÁ ÏÚ ÌÎÒÂÓ·Á¯ ÒÈÒ· ̉ ,ÌÂÁ˙‰ ˙‡¯Â‰Ï ¯˜ÁÓÏ ÂÏÁ‰ ڷˢ ÌÈ‚˘ÂӉ ˙Âȯ˜Ӊ˘Â„ÈÁÎ ˙˜·„‰ ˙ÒÈÙ˙ ˙‡ ¯ÈÎÊ ÂÏω „ÂÒȉ È‚˘ÂÓ ÔÈ·Ó .˙¯Â˜È· ‡ ‰ÓÎÒ‰Ï˙‡ ,˙„ÈÒÁ· ÈÁÈ˘Ó‰ ÔÂÈÚ¯‰ Ï˘ ÂÏÂ¯Ë ˙‡ ,˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ Ô‚¯‡Ó Ô¯˜ÈÚÎÂÁÂÎȉ ˙‡Â ,Ë"˘Ú·‰ Ï˘ ˙ȯÂËÒȉ‰ Â˙ÂÓ„· ÈËÓÊȯÎ-È‚‡Ó‰ „ÂÒȉ ˙˘‚„‰
.˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ ‰˙Â‰Ó ÏÚ ¯·Â· ÔÈË¯Ó ÌÚ Ï‰È˘ ȯ˜Ú‰˙ÂÎȯˆ Ôȇ˘ ˙ÂÓÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰ ÔÓ ‡È‰ ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ¯Â„ ÏÚ ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ ‰·¯‰ Â˙ÚÙ˘‰,„ÂÒ‰ ˙¯Â˙ ‰Ï·˜‰ ȯ˜ÂÁÏ Ô¢‡¯Â ˘‡¯Î ,¯Ú¯ÂÚÓ È˙Ï·‰ „ÓÚÓ 2.‰È‡¯Ì‚ ,ÂÈ˙˜ÒÓ ˙‡ ÂÏ·È˜Â Â¯Â‡Ï ÏÏΠͯ„· ÂÎω ÌÈ·¯‰ ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙˘ ÍÎÏ ‡È·‰
2,¯·Â· ÏÚ ¯·„Ï ÂÈÙ ˙‡ ÌÂÏ˘ Á˙Ù˘Î ˙Á‡ ÌÚÙ" :ÂÊ ‰˘ÂÁ˙ ÌÈ‚ˆÈÈÓ Ìȇ·‰ Ìȯ·„‰Ìȯ˜ÂÁ‰ ,ÂÏ Ô˙È ‰Ê· ‡ˆÂÈÎ .'¯·Â· Ï˘ ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙Ó ÂÁ‡ ȯ‰ ÂÏÂÎ ÂÁ‡' :¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰
ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙Ó ÂÁ‡ ȯ‰ ÂÏÂÎ ÂÁ‡' :ÌÂÏ˘ ÏÚ ÌÂÈÎ ¯ÓÂÏ ,ÌÈÈÈ·‰ ¯Â„ Ï˘ ˙„‰È‰ ÈÚ„Ó·
¯·„ Á˙Ù‡È
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:˙¯Â˜È·Ï ‰ˆ¯Ú‰ ÔÈ· ‰Ú˘ ,ÂÊ ˙ÏËÂËÓÏ ÌÈÈÈÈÙ‡ 1953 ˙˘· ÒÈÈÂ
‰ÎÊ ‡Ï ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙ÁÈÓˆ ˙È˘‡¯ ÏÚ È¯Ó‡Ó˘ ÏÚ ·¯ ¯Úˆ È˙¯Úˈ‰˙‡ ¯˘‡ ÌȘ Í¯Â‡Ï È‡ ÚÚÂ˙Ó ÈÎ È˙·˘Á ÈÓe˙Ï .È„‡ ψ‡ ‰ÓÎÒ‰Ï‡Ï ÒÙ˙ È¯Ó‡Ó ÈΠȇ ÚÓ¢ ̇˙Ù ,È„‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙Â„Â·Ú ÂÂ˙‰ ÌÂÂÈ·χ È˙‡· ‡Ï ȯ‰Â .̉ÈÏÚ ˜ÂÏÁÏ ‡·Î ‡Ï‡ ·¯ ȯ·„ ÏÚ ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï ‡·ÎÌÈÏη ˘Ó˙˘Ó È˙‡ˆÓ ,È„‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙Â„Â·Ú ˙ÂÁ‰Ó ˙˜ÒÓ ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï˙Ï·‚ÂÓ ‰„ÈÓ· ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏÂȈÂÒ ÌÈÏη „Â‡Ó ˙Ï·‚ÂÓ ‰„ÈÓ· ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏÂÎÈÒÙÈ„‡Ï ‰„ÂÓ È‡ !È˘¯„ ˜Úˆ ‰È‰ ¯ÓÂÁ‰˘ ˙ÂÓ˜ӷ ˜¯ ˙Ó‡·Â ,Î"‚,˙ÈÏÈÏ˘‰ Ï"¯ ,˙ÈÏÏΉ Â˙„ÓÚ ˙‡ ·˙ÎÓ· ÈÏ ¯È·Ò‰Ï Á¯Ë˘ Â˙Á¯Ë ÏÚ...È˙È·˘ ÔÈÈ·‰ ˙Òȯ‰Ï ˙Â˯ÂÙÓ ˙ÂÈ˯٠˙ÂÁÎÂ‰Ï È‡ ‰ÙˆÓ Ô·ÂÓÎÂ
3...‰Ó‚٠‰È‡˘ ÔÈÎÒ· ËÁ¢ ,ÂËÁ˘· ÈÎ È„‡ ÏÚ ¯Ó‡ ¯·ÎÂ
,ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ Ï˘ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙ÒÈÙ˙ ˙‡ Û˜˘Ï ˘˜·Ó ÂÈÙÏ˘ ÌȯӇӉ ı·Â˜-ÏÚ·˘ Ìȯ·„·Â ‰‡¯Â‰· Ì‚ ‡Ï‡ ÌÈÒÙ„ÂÓ‰ Âȯ˜ÁÓ· ˜¯ ‡Ï ‡ËÈ· ‰˙‡˘Ï˘ ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏÂÏÈÙ ÌÈÁÂ˙È ÍÂ˙Ó ,ÌÈ˘ ˙¯˘Ú ͢ӷ ‰˘·‚˙‰ ÂÊ ‰ÒÈÙ˙ .‰ÙÌÚ ,ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ÌÈ˙ÈÓÚ ÌÚ ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ ÍÂ˙Ó ,ÌÈÈ„ÈÒÁ ˙¯˜Ó ˙ÂȯÂËÒȉ ˙„ÂÚ˙.ÂÓˆÚ È„ÈÒÁ‰ ‰ÁÓ‰ È· ÌÈ„ÓÂÏÓ ÌÚ Û‡Â ˙„ÈÒÁ ‰Ï·˜ ȯ˜ÂÁ ,ÌÈÂȯÂËÒÈ‰Ï˘ ‰˙ˆÈ¯ÙÏ Â‡È·‰˘ ÌÈ¢‡¯‰ ÌÈÎωӉ ژ¯‰ ÌÂÏ˘Ï Â¯¯·Â‰Â ·Ï˙‰ ÍÎ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ÏÏÂÁÓ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÓ„ ,È„ÈÒÁ‰ „ÒÓÓ‰ ˙¯Âˆ ,‰ÚÂ˙Î ‰˙¢·‚˙‰Â ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ÏÚ ˙ÈÏ·˜‰ ˙‚‰‰ Ûˆ¯· ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ ‰˙¯Â˙ ÈÙ‚ ÔΠ,‰· ÌÈËÏ· ÌÈ˘È‡ÂÂȯ˜ÁÓ· .‡ÒÈ‚ Í„È‡Ó ˙ȇ˙·˘‰ ‰ÚÂ˙Ï ‰·Â‚˙Π,‡ÒÈ‚ „ÁÓ È"¯‡‰ ˙Ï·˜ Ú˜¯˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ ‰ÓÏÂÚ ˙‡Â ‰ÈÈÙ‡ ˙‡ ·ˆÈÚ˘ ÌÈȯ˜ÈÚ‰ Ìȇ˘Â· ÌÂÏ˘ Ú‚˙ÂÓ„Ï ÒÁÈ·Â ‰Ï˘ ÌÈίډ ÌÏÂÒ· ˙˜·„‰ Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÈÊÎ¯Ó :˙ÈËÒÈÓ ‰ÚÂ˙ÎÈ‚ÂÏÂÎÈÒÙ‰ ˘Â¯Èى ˙¯ÈÙÒ‰ Ï˘ Ô„ÓÚÓ ,ÈÁÈ˘Ó‰ Á˙Ó‰ Ï˘ ÂϘ˘Ó ,˜È„ˆ‰
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3ÈÓ‡ω ÌȯÙÒ‰ ˙È··˘ ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ ÔÂÈί‡· ¯ÂÓ˘ ,1953 ¯‡Â¯·Ù· 8-Ó ,·˙ÎӉͯ„‰ Ï˘ ‰˙ÁÈÓˆ ˙È˘‡¯" ÒÈÈÂ Ï˘ ¯ӇÓÏ ‡È‰ ‰ÂÂΉ .(ARC 4˚ 1599) ȇËÈÒ¯·È‡‰Â
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.‰Ê ¯ÙÒ· ¯·Â„È ,ÌȯÁ‡ ÌÈ·¯ ÏÚ ,‰Ï‡ ÏÎ ÏÚ .Â˙‚˘‰ ÈÙ.ÈÚ„Ó‰ ÂÏÚÙÓ Ï˘ ÍÏÓ‰ ͯ„ ˙‡ ˙„ÈÒÁ· ȯ˜ÁÓ‰ ˜ÂÒÈÚ· ‰‡¯ ‡Ï ÌÂÏ˘˙‡ ÂÈÙÏ˘ ͯη ÏÂÏÎÏ ÂÁψ‰ ÔÎ ÏÚ ,ÌÈ·¯ Ìȇ ‰Ê ÌÂÁ˙· Â˙„Â·Ú ˙¯Ù˙‡ ,˙ȯ·Ú· ‰Â˘‡¯Ï ,ԇΠ‡·‰ ,˙‡Ê Û‡ ˙‡Ê ‡Ï 4.˙ÂÒÙ„‰ ÂÈ˙Â„Â·Ú ÏÎ‰Ê ¯Ó‡Ó .˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙È˘‡¯· ÌÈÈÁÈ˘Ó‰ ˙„ÂÒȉ ÏÂ¯Ë ÏÚ ÌÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰ ¯ӇÓ
.ȯ·Ú‰ ‡¯Â˜Ï ÔÈÓÊ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ‰Î „Ú ˙ÈÏ‚‡· ¯˜ӷ ·˙ΉÒÙ„‰ ˙ÂÈÂÚË .˘„ÁÓ ÂÒل‰ ‰‚‰ ,˜„· ‰Ê ¯ÙÒ· ÂÒÂ΢ ÌȯӇӉ ÏÎÌÈÈÂ¯Ê Âȉ˘ ÔÂ˘Ï È˘˜ÚÓ·Â ÌÈ˘Â·È˘· ÔÈ„‰ ‡Â‰Â ,˜Â˙ ¯Â˜Ó· ÂÏÙ˘ ˙·¯Í‡ ,ÌÂȉ ÌȂ‰‰ ‰·È˙Ή ÈÏÏÎÏ ÂÓ‡˙‰ ˜˙‰ ÌȯӇӉ ÏÎ .Ì˘ ȇ ‰Ù ȇÌȯ˜Ó ‰Óη .ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ „ÁÂÈÓ‰ ‚ÒÏ ˙ȯ˜Ӊ ‰·È˙ÎÏ ¯˜È „·ΠÍÂ˙Ó‡¯˘ ÂȯӇÓÓ ¯Ó˘˘ ÌÈÒÈÙ„˙ ÈÏ¢· ÂÓˆÚ ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯˘ ÌȘÈ˙‰ ÂÈÙÏ Â„ÓÚ‡ˆÓ ̉·˘ Ìȯ˜Ó· .Ì¯Â˜Ó ÔÂȈ ÍÂ˙ ˙¯ډÏ ÌȯӇÓÏ Âٯˆ ‰Ï‡Â ,¯Â‡Â٘‰ ,¯Ó‡Ó‰ Ï˘ ÂÓÂÒ¯Ù Ê‡Ó ˘„Á˙‰˘ ,ÈÎ„Ú ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· Ú„ÈÓ ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï ÔÂÎϯÙÒ·˘ ÌȯӇӉ ÏÎ ËÚÓÎ .< > ÌÈ˙ÂeÊÓ ÌÈȯ‚ÂÒ· ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÈ˙„˜ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙¯˘˜‰‰Â Ú˜¯‰ ˙‡ ÚȈ‰Ï :˙¯ËÓ È˙˘Ï ÔÂÂÎÓ ‡Â‰ ¯˜ÈÚ·˘ ,„ÁÂÈÓ ÁÙÒÏ ÂÎÊÂ˙ÚÙ˘‰Â Â˙ÂÏ·˜˙‰ ˙‡ ,Ô˙È˘ ÏÎÎ ,¯‡˙Ï ÌÈÂÒÓ‰ ¯Ó‡Ó‰ Ï˘ ÈÙ¯‚ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰‰Ó ÏÎ ÏÚ ,Ô΄ÂÚÓ Â‡ ÌÈÏ˘Ó ,ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· Ú„ÈÓ ˜ÙÒÏ ;¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙„ÏÂ˙ ÏÚ
4ȯÙÒ ÏÚ ÌÂÏ˘ ¯·ÈÁ˘ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·‰ ˙‡ ԇΠÏÂÏÎÏ ÌÚË Â‡ˆÓ ‡Ï ˙·ÂÓ ˙·ÈÒÓ
ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ȯÙÒ ·ÏÒ¯·Ó Ï"Ê Ô"¯‰ÂÓ È¯ÙÒ :˙ÂÓ˘ ‰Ï‡ ү˘ ,ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ :·ÏÒ¯·ÂÓÂÏ˘ È˘‡Ó ÂÏ·ÂÈ ‚ÁÏ ¯·Â· ÔÈ˯ÓÏ ‰˙Ó") Á"Ù¯˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ,...ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ È„ÈÓÏ˙Â
¯ÂÓ˘ ÌÂÏ˘ ˙ÈȯÙÒ· .˙È·YÛχ ÈÙ ÏÚ Ìȯ„ÂÒÓ ÌÈËȯ٠156 ̉ Âχ .("Â"˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È·
‰‡¯ ÔÎ ÂÓÎ .„È ·˙η ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ÌÈ·¯ ÌȘÈ˙ · ,(R 245.1˘) ÂÏ˘ ˙‰‚‰‰ ˜˙ÂÚ ¯ÙÒ ˙ȯ˜ ,"(ÌȘ˙ ˙ÂÙÒ‰) ·ÏÒ¯· È„ÈÒÁ ˙¯ÙÒ Ï˘ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·Ï" ,ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚
‰‡¯ ‰Ê ÂÏÚÙÓ ÏÚ .(ÌÈËȯ٠Ìȯ˘Ú Ï˘ ‰ÙÒ‰ ÌȘÈ˙) 570–565 'ÓÚ ,(ı"¯˙–Ë"Ù¯˙).121 ,(471 'ÒÓ) 119 ,È–Ë 'ÓÚ ,Ò"˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ,˙¯ÚÂÓ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· :·ÏÒ¯· ,ÛÒ‡ „„
Max) ¯‰Ï Ò˜Ó Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ ÏÚ ÌÂÏ˘ ÌÒ¯Ù˘ „Â‡Ó ‰¯ˆ˜ ˙È˙¯Â˜È· ‰¯Ú‰ Ì‚ ÂËÓ˘‰
Lohr, Beitrage zur Geschichte des Chassidismus, I: Begriff und Wessen des Chassidismus,
.32 'ÓÚ ,(‰"Ù¯˙) · ¯ÙÒ ˙ȯ˜· ‰ÒÙ„ ÂÊ ‰¯Ú‰ .(Leipzig 1925
¯·„ Á˙Ù‚È
¯ËÂÚ ÌÈÁÙÒ‰ ˙ˆ˜Ó .ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ ¯˜ÁÓ ÒÙ„ Ê‡Ó ÌÈÂÒÓ‰ ‡˘Â· ˘„Á˙‰˘˙·‰· ÌÈ¯Â˘˜‰ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ÈÙÂÏÈÁ ‡ ÌÈÈ¢‡¯ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó Ô‚Π,˙ˆÂÁ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙·
.Â˙ÂÏ·˜˙‰·Â ¯Ó‡Ó‰Ì˘¯‚˘ ÌÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰ ÌȯÙÒ‰ ÛÒ‡ ,"ÌÂÏ˘ ˙ÈȯÙÒ"· ‰ÏÂÎ ‰˙˘Ú ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙·ÏÓÈÓ‡ω ÌȯÙÒ‰ ˙È·Ï Â˙ÂÓÏ˘· Â˙¯ÈËÙ ¯Á‡Ï ¯·Ú‰˘Â ÂÈÈÁ ÏÎ ÁÙÈË ÌÂÏ˘.‰Ï·˜‰Â ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ȯ˜ÂÁ ˙¢¯Ï ÌÂȉ „ÓÂÚ ‡Â‰ Ì˘Â ,ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ȇËÈÒ¯·È‡‰Â˜ÙÒ Ôȇ ,ÏÏÂΉ ÈÚ„Ó‰ ÂÏÚÙÓ· ¯˜ÈÚ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ ‰¯˜ÁÓ Ì‡ ̂ȯÙÒ ˜¯ ‡Ï ÍÎ ÏÚ Â„ÈÚÈ .„Â‡Ó „Ú ÂÏ ‰¯˜È ·ÏÏ ‰·Â¯˜ ‰˙ȉ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰˘Ï„‚ ̯ÙÒÓ˘ ,¯˜ÁÓ È¯ÙÒ Ô‰ ¯Â˜Ó ȯÙÒ Ô‰ ,ÂȯÙÒ ÛÒ‡·˘ ÌÈ·¯‰ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰Ì˘¯˘ ˙¯ډ‰ ÈÙχ Ì‚ ‡Ï‡ 5,Â˙ÈȯÙÒ·˘ ˙¯Á‡‰ ˙ÂÈ˙¯ÙÒ‰ ˙·ÈËÁ‰ ÏÎÓÂÏ ˜ÈډϠÌȯÙÒ· ÔÈÈÚÓ˘ ÈÓ ÏÎ ÔÈÊ‰Ï ˙ÂÎÈ˘ÓÓ˘ ˙¯ډ ,ÌÙ‚ ÌȯÙÒ·
.‰‡¯˘‰:¯ÙÒ‰ ˙·ÏÓ· Á¯Ë˘ ÈÓ ÏÎÏ ˙„‰Ï ÂÊ ˙Âӄʉ ÏˆÏ ÌÈ˘˜·Ó ‡¯Â‡ ‡¯˘ ÌÂÏ˘ È¯Ó‡Ó ˙‡ ˘„ÁÓ ¯È„‰‰Ï ÂÏ Â¯˘Ù‡˘ ÌȯÙÒ‰ ˙‡ˆÂ‰,ÌÏÈ≈ÁÓ ÂÓ¯˙ Â˙˘˜·Ï Ôˆ¯· ÂÚ˘ ÌÈÁÙÒ‰ ȯ·ÁÓ ,Ô‰È˙ÂÈÒ·· ‰Â˘‡¯Ï,ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ȇËÈÒ¯·È‡‰Â ÈÓ‡ω ÌȯÙÒ‰ ˙È·· ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ ˙ÈȯÙÒ È„·ÂÚ‚¯·Ê¯ „ÚÈ·‡ ¯Ó ,˙‰‚‰·Â ‰„Ϙ‰· ,‰Îȯڷ ÂÚÈÈÒ Â˙È˘‡¯Ó ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÂÈÏ˘ÂÈ„·ÂÚ ˙ˆ ,Ò‚‡Ó ˙‡ˆÂ‰ Ï‰Ó ¯·ˆ ÈÁ ¯Ó ,˙ÂÁ˙ÙÓ‰ ˙Ή ÏÚ „˜˘˘˜ÂÙȇ· ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙‡ ÔȘ˙‰˘ È˙Ó‡-Ô· ̉¯·‡ ¯ÓÏ ÔΠ,‚¯·„Ï‚ ̯ ¯Ó „ÁÂÈÓ·ÂÚÈÈÒ˘ ,·È·‡-Ï˙ ˙ËÈÒ¯·È‡· ˙„‰È‰ ÈÚ„ÓÏ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·Ï ‰„Â˙ .˘˜·˙Ó‰
.‰·È„ ‰Ó¯˙· ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙‡ˆÂ‰Ï
Ò·ÈÏ ¯˙҇ ÛÒ‡ „„
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„ȯ·„ Á˙Ù
ÌÈÁÙÒ‰ ȯ·ÁÓ
ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ȯ·Ú‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·È‡‰ ,χ¯˘È ˙·˘ÁÓÏ ‚ÂÁ‰ ,τȇ ‰˘Ó ¯ÂÒÙ¯Ù
·È·‡-Ï˙ ˙ËÈÒ¯·È‡ ,χ¯˘È ÌÚ Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰Ï ‚ÂÁ‰ ,ÛÒ‡ „„ ¯ÂÒÙ¯Ù
ȇËÈÒ¯·È‡‰Â ÈÓ‡ω ÌȯÙÒ‰ ˙È· ,ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ ˙ÈȯÙÒ ,Ò·ÈÏ ¯˙Ò‡ ¯"„
,χ¯˘È ˙·˘ÁÓÏ ‚ÂÁ‰ ,ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ ˘"Ú ‰¯„˙˜‰ ,Ò·ÈÏ ‰„Â‰È ¯ÂÒÙ¯ÙÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ȯ·Ú‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·È‡‰
ÔÂȯ‚-Ô· ˙ËÈÒ¯·È‡ ,χ¯˘È ÌÚ Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰Ï ‰˜ÏÁÓ‰ ,‰È„Ù ‰·È·Á ¯ÂÒÙ¯ٷ‚·
·È·‡-Ï˙ ˙ËÈÒ¯·È‡ ,χ¯˘È ÌÚ Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰Ï ‚ÂÁ‰ ,È·ˆ¯ ÌÂÏ˘ ¯ÂÒÙ¯Ù
Contents
Preface ix
Hasidism: The Latest Phase 1Haviva Pedaya, Some Notes on “The Latest Phase” 23
The Besht and the Emergence of Hasidism
The Sabbatean Prophet Heshel Tsoref – Adam Ba’al Shem 41
More on Adam Ba’al Shem 46Appendicesa. The Preface of the Copyists of Sefer ha-Tsoref 48b. Rabbi Ephraim Zalman Margulies and Sefer ha-Tsoref:
A document from Joseph Perl’s Archive 52c. Yehuda Liebes, Bibliographic Appendix (A) 56d. David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix (B) 60
The First Two Testimonies on Hasidic Groups and the Besht 64AppendicesDavid Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 82a. A Letter from Gershom Scholem to Haim Liberman 86b. A Letter from Joseph Weiss to Gershom Scholem 87c. A Letter from Haim Liberman to Israel Mehlman 89
The Polemic against Hasidism and Its Leadersin the Book Nezed ha-Dema 91
David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 102
The Historical Image of Rabbi Israel Ba’al Shem Tov 106
Appendicesa. David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 139b. A Letter from Shmuel Werses to Gershom Scholem 144
A Fact about Rabbi Israel Ba’al Shem Tov? 146David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 148
Two Epistles from Palestine, 1760, 1764 149David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 162
On Israel Lobel and his Anti-Hasidic Polemics 164David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 175
Shlomo Dubno’s Testimony about Hasidism 177David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 180
From Devekut to MessianismIdeological and Mystical Aspects of Hasidism
The Development of the Concept of the Zaddikin Jewish Mysticism and Hasidism 185
Moshe Idel, Bibliographic Appendix 226
Gilgul in Hasidism 230
Devekut or Communion with God in Early Hasidism 237Moshe Idel, Bibliographic Appendix 259
The Sub-conscious and the Concept of Kadmut ha-Sekhelin Hasidic Literature 268
Esther Liebes, Reshimu, Hyle and Kadmut ha-Sekhel 277
The Neutralization of the Messianic Element in Early Hasidism 280Appendicesa. Esther Liebes, The Messianic Idea in Hasidism 306b. Esther Liebes, On Joseph Weiss 313
The Thirty-Six Hidden Righteous Men in Jewish Tradition 316
David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 321
On Books and Authors
On Martin Buber’s Work in the Field of Hasidism 325
Martin Buber’s Interpretation of Hasidism 330Martin Buber, Some Notes on the Descriptionof Hasidism 348
Another Note on Buber and Hasidism 354
More on Buber and Hasidism 356Shalom Ratzabi, From Criticism to Denial:Gershom Scholem on Buber’s Hasidism 358
A Review of Simon Dubnow’s Geschichte des Chassidismus 370
Original Epistles of the Besht? 374David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 377
A Review of Haim Yitzhak Bunin’s Mishneh Habad 380David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 383
Ahron Marcus and Hasidism 384David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 393
Bibliography and Indexes
Bibliographic Listings of the First Publication of the Articles 395
Works Cited 398
Indexes of Names, Places, Books and Subjects 403