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!"!#$%&'# ()µ#*%!+,-, ,./- 011/(%& (& +02& &.3µ4#() &5+&60178, &*9 !"!#$%&') .',+1)() #.7%&1&$ ) :8;7-175!+< 8.7(%<'!=) %78 #(2&*< +#! %/* (855&*9* %78, ) 7.7$# .&'!1#µ40*&! %7* +#2)(8;#(µ,, %)* &*)µ3'/-(), %)* #.0*%)() (& .7!+$1# &'/%<µ#%#, %)* &.&=<5)-() !#%'!+9* ,'/* +#! %)* &.!4&4#$/() %/* .1)'767-'!9* .78 3;78* 1)62&$ #., %7 ;&!'78'5, (Zanchetta & Bernstein 2004, Ilira et al 2015).

> *7()1&8%<- +8+1767'$#- .78 8.7"3;&%#! %7* #(2&*< (%7 ;&!'78'5&$7, µ& %) "!#+'!%!+< .'7(355!(< %78, %)* .'7(&+%!+< .1)'76,')() %78 #(2&*7?-, %)* !+#*7.7$)() %/* #*#5+9* %78 +#! %7* #.#'#$%)%7 (&4#-(µ, (%7 .',(/., %78 +#! %)* +#%0(%#(< %78, (8*&!(63-'&! ()µ#*%!+0 (%)* +#%011)1) .'7&%7!µ#($# %78, +&'"$-@7*%#- %)* &µ.!(%7(?*), %) (8µµ&%7;< +#! %) (8*&'5#($# %78 (Ronald et al 1999, Palese et al 2006, Ilira et al 2015).

A&501) 4#'?%)%# "$*&%#! (%)* :8;7175$# %78 #(2&-*< .78 8.74011&%#! (& +'#*!7%7µ$# «&* &5')5,'(&!», 5!#%$ .'3.&! *# =&.&'0(&! ,(7 &$*#! &6!+%,, %7 05;7- +#! %!- #µ6!471$&- %78, +!*)%7.7!9*%#- %!- :8;!+3- %78 "8-*0µ&!- &6,(7* +#%0 %) "!0'+&!# %)- &.3µ4#()-, #.7%&-17?* %7* +?'!7 47)2, %78 ;&!'78'57?. B%) "!&*3'5&!# %)- +'#*!7%7µ$#- «&* &5')5,'(&!», ) &*)µ3'/() %78 #(2&*< #67'0 +#! (%7 "!+#$/µ0 %78 *# #.76#($(&! 5!# %7 ;&!'78'5&$7 .78 .',+&!%#! *# 8.7(%&$. C (8*7µ!1$# µ#@$ %78 47)20&! (%) #=!71,5)() %)- :8;!+<- %78 +#%0-(%#()- +#! %/* #*%!"'0(&9* %78 +#! (%) "!#.$(%/() %78 4#2µ7? (8*&'5#($#- +#%0 %)* "!0'+&!# %)- &.3µ4#()- (Papageorgiou 2003, Milian et al 2014, Ilira et al 2015). > (8*"8#(µ,- .1)'767'!9* (8µ4011&! (%)* &.!175< %78 (/(%7? .'/%7+,1178 &.3µ4#()- .78 .&'!1#µ40*&!: #) (;3"!7 *7()1&8%!+<- 6'7*%$"#-, 4) &'5#1&$# +#! #*#19-(!µ# +#! 5) &!"!+, &=7.1!(µ, (Milian et al 2014, Ilira et al 2015).

> *7()1&8%<- +8+1767'$#- &$*#! 7 #.71?%/- #'µ,-"!7- 5!# %7 (8*%7*!(µ, +#! %7* +#27'!(µ, %/* &*&'5&!-9* +02& µ3178- %)- ;&!'78'5!+<- 7µ0"#-, 5!D #8%, +#! 7 ',17- %78 &$*#! ()µ#*%!+,-. E$*#! 8.&?28*7- 5!# %)* %<')() %/* +#*,*/* 0().%)- %&;*!+<- #., %# µ31) %)- ;&!'78'5!+<- 7µ0"#-, +#29- +#! 5!# %) (8*&;< &.!+7!-*/*$# +#! &.#6< µ& %7* #(2&*<. E=#(6#1$@&! %)* %<')-() )(8;$#- (%) ;&!'78'5!+< #$278(# 5*/'$@7*%#- ./- 7 7.7!7("<.7%& #.',41&.%7- 2,'847- µ.7'&$ *# .'7-+#13(&! "!35&'() %/* 68(!7175!+9* (8(%)µ0%/* %78 #*2'9.78 +#! µ&!/µ3*) #.,"7() %/* !+#*7%<%/* %78 (Ronald et al 1999, Palese et al 2006). F#%0 %) "!0'+&!# %)- &.3µ4#()-, ,%#* ) &.!+7!*/*$# µ& %7* #(2&*< &$*#! &6!+%<, ) (8µ.#'0(%#() +#! ) :8;7175!+< &*$(;8(< %78 #., ,1) %) ;&!'78'5!+< 7µ0"# &$*#! !"!#$%&'# ()µ#*%!+<. C &.!+7!*/*$# .137* %)- 7µ0"#- 5$*&%#! ;#µ)1,6/*# +#! +/"!+7.7!)µ3*# .'7- #.7685<* ")µ!78'5$#- 05;78- (%7* #(2&*< (Ronald et al 1999, Palese et al 2006). > *7-()1&8%<- &'5#1&!7"7($#- .'3.&! *# .#'#+71782&$ #*&1-

1!.9- %7 ;&!'78'5, +#! *# (8*%7*$@&%#! µ& %!- &*3'5&!3- %78 (Papageorgiou 2003).

G*%&*"&$=&!- &6#'µ75<- %)- +'#*!7%7µ$#- µ& %7* #(2&*< (& &5'<57'() #.7%&17?*: %# .#!"!0 < 7! )1!+!-/µ3*7! 0*2'/.7!, 1,5/ +#+<- (8*&'5#($#-, .!2#*< (8*#!(2)µ#%!+< #(%02&!# %/* #(2&*9*, +#%#(%0(&!- *7)%!+<- 8(%3')()-, +#29- &.$()- +#! ) #"8*#µ$# &.!-+7!*/*$#- %78 #(2&*7?- µ& %7 *&8'7;&!'78'5,, +#%0 %) 60() %)- &.3µ4#()-, &$%& 1,5/ .'7&5;&!')%!+7? &11&$µ-µ#%7- 7µ!1$#-, &$%& 1,5/ .'76#*7?- 311&!:)- 5*9()- %)- 519((#- (Saito et al 2015, Fekete et al 2015, Dziedzic & Bernstein 2014, Santini et al 2012).

B8*71!+0, +1#(!+< 3*"&!=) %)- &6#'µ75<- %)- +'#-*!7%7µ$#- µ& %7* #(2&*< (& &5'<57'() #.7%&17?* &=&'-5#($&- .78 &"'0@7*%#! (& .&'!7;3- %78 &5+&60178 #.#-'#$%)%&- 5!# %7 1,57. H# .1&7*&+%<µ#%# &$*#! #'+&%0 +#! .&'!1#µ40*78*: %) "8*#%,%)%# 5!# 1&!%78'5!+< ;#'%7-5'06)() %78 &5+&60178, &!"!+0 5!# %# +3*%'# %78 1,578, %)* #.7685< 5&*!+<- #*#!(2)($#- 5!# %7* #(2&*< +#! 5&-*!+,%&'# %7 µ&!/µ3*7 #'!2µ, &.!.17+9* µ& %)* #.768-5< ;'<()- #*#!(2)(!7175!+9* (8(+&89* µ& %) "8*#µ!-+< %78 #8=)µ3*78 +!*"?*78 17$µ/=)-. >! #(2&*&$- &$*#! (& &5'<57'() (%7 %317- %)- &.3µ4#()- +#! "&* #.#!%&$%#! *7()1&$# %78- (%) A7*0"# E*%#%!+<- I&'#.&$#-. E.!.13-7* 7 ;',*7- %)- µ&%&5;&!')%!+<- %78- *7()1&$#- µ&!9*&-%#! ()µ#*%!+0 (Kuchcinski et al 2014, Racine et al 2015, Zanchetta & Bernstein 2004, Saito et al 2015, Fekete et al 2015, Dziedzic & Bernstein 2014, Bulsara et al 2005).

B+7.,- %)- .#'7?(#- µ&13%)- <%#* ) µ&13%) .&'!-(%#%!+9* µ& 517!9µ#%# &5+36#178 (%) '710*"&!7 .&'!7-;< +#! (%# +3*%'# 1,578, ) "!&'&?*)() %)- .'7&5;&!')-%!+<- +#! µ&%&5;&!')%!+<- *&8'7175!+<- +#%0(%#()- %/* #(2&*9* +#29- +#! ) µ&%&5;&!')%!+< #=!71,5)() %)- +1!*!+<- &!+,*#- %/* #(2&*9*.

!"#$%$&$'() J',+&!%#! 5!# µ$# .&'!5'#6!+< µ&13%), %7* .1)28(µ,

%)- 7.7$#- #.7%31&(#* 43 #(2&*&$-, 21 0*"'&- +#! 22 58*#$+&-, %)- K&8'7;&!'78'5!+<- F1!*!+<- %78 LKG «L. L&**)µ#%0-» µ& 517!9µ#%# (%)* .&'!7;< +$*)()- +#! 1,578 .78 #*%!µ&%/.$(%)+#* ;&!'78'5!+0 µ3(# (& "!0-(%)µ# %&((0'/* &%9*.

M5!*& .'7- +#! µ&%&5;&!')%!+< %#=!*,µ)() %/* #(2&-*9* (& %3((&'!- 7µ0"&-, µ& 40() %)* &=3%#() %)- µ8N+<- !(;?7- +#! "?7 8.77µ0"&- µ& 40() "!#%#'#;3- < ,;! %78 1,578. C .'7&5;&!')%!+< +#! µ&%&5;&!')%!+< %#=!*,µ)() µ& 40() %)* &=3%#() %)- µ8N+<- !(;?7- +#! %78 1,578, 35!*& (& %3((&'!- 7µ0"&-: I-;/'$- &(%!#+, 311&!µµ#, II-<.!7 +!*)%!+, 311&!µµ# – µ8N+< !(;?- 4/5 < +#! .&'!(-(,%&'7, III-µ3%'!7 +!*)%!+, 311&!µµ# – µ8N+< !(;?- 2/5 < +#! .&'!((,%&'7, IV-4#'? +!*)%!+, 311&!µµ# – µ8N+< !(;?- 1!5,%&'7 #., 2/5 +#! %317- "?7 8.77µ0"&- ,(7* #67'0 %) 1&+%!+< &.!+7!*/*$#: G) ;/'$- "!#%#'#;3- &+-

!"#"$ 10 - !%&'"$ 1 [31]

!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

!"#$%/&'(')*+,+% -*."/ &'0 1) µ2 30'('#'45% 2&!"#$% 26(2 &'(')*+,+% -*."/. 7' ,+µ208926, *:8% 3264)20 &'0 (" ;#$!+µ' 1 & 2, *(0 + µ2(2.420#+(0&< '=0"-*.+,+ (8) ',92)>) :0,(":"0<9+&2 µ2 ?$,+ (+) &-0)0&< 2=5(',+ (+) 6+ µ2(2.420#+(0&< +µ5#'.

@-"0 "0 ',92)26% /:"?-<9+&') ,2 µ'.)+(0&< ("µ"-.#'!6' 2.&2!$-"/ *:"/ &'0 ':20&")6,(+&2 + 48#"&'-('&(+(0&< 2=2#.',6' 2.&2!$-"/ – ABB, *:8% !'6)2('0 ,(+) B0&*)' 3. B:6,+%, 5.0)2 4#<,+ (+% ')'0,9+,0"-"-.0&<% :#'&(0&<% asleep – awake – asleep. C+-'3< + 420#"/#.0&< 2:5µ?',+ 5.0)2 ,2 (#6' ,($30': &#')0"("µ6' µ2 (") ',92)< /:* &'(',("-< - '!'6#2,+ ("/ *.&"/ µ2

(") ',92)< ,2 2.#<."#,+ – 420#"/#.0&< ,D.&-0,+ µ2 (") ',92)< /:* &'(',("-<.

C02.420#+(0&$ 2!'#µ*,(+&2 )2/#"!/,0"-".0&< :'-#'&"-"D9+,+, ("/ 2.&2!$-"/ &'0 (8) )2/#"-".0&>) -20("/#.0>) ,2 ,+µ')(0&5% -20("/#.0&5% :2#0"45%. E.0)2 302.420#+(0&< 4'#(".#$!+,+ ("/ 2.&2!'-0&"D !-"0"D µ2 ,/)24< &'('.#'!< (8) :#"&-+(>) &0)+(0&>) 3/)'-µ0&>) (MEPs) &'0 &'(")"µ',6' ')(0&20µ5)8), '#69µ+,+ &'0 2:')$-+F+ :#"($,28) ':* (") ',92)<. G2 (+ ?"-<920' (+% )2/#":-"<.+,+%, (+% (#0,30$,('(+% ':20&*-)0,+% (+% ')'("µ6'% ("/ 2.&2!$-"/ 302.420#+(0&$, 5.0)2 ')'("µ0&< ('=0)*µ+,+ (8) .-"08µ$(8). B:0:-5") 2:2-

),-./µ0 2: 12030,0456 728/32793/306 :,;- 702 µ<3<=4<2,/327-

),-./µ0 1: '>3;?;=27@ 30A289µ/>/ 3B8 =?;2Bµ-3B8

[32] !""#$%&' (!)%'*%&' +#, $',#"!-+%&#, !(%,+#.#,

!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

!"#$%& '() )*!+,+-)'. !(/)01µ&*& !20 1-'20 *#µ320( µ" !&0 +µ+)1µ+43& !(/)01µ&*& !20 1-'20 !+5 '"0!4)'+# 0"54)'+# *5*!.µ(!+6.

7) (*%"0"86 9+5 59+:,.%&'(0 *" '4(0)+!+µ8( «"0 "-4&-14*")» 9(4+5*8(*(0 );)(8!"4"6 (9()!.*")6, 1*+0 (3+4< *!& µ"!"-$")4&!)'. 0+*&,"5!)'. !+56 34+0!8;(. =!(0 591 *50"$. µ"!"-$")4&!)'. 9(4('+,+#%&*& '(!< !&0 <µ"*& µ"!"-$")4&!)'. 9"48+;+ µ" *'+91 !&0 <µ"*& (0(-0>4)*& '() (0!)µ"!>9)*& "9)9,+'>0, 1926 "9),&-9!)'?6 '48*")6 '() "-'"3(,)'< ()µ(!>µ(!(, !& $+4.-&*& (0(,-&!)'>0 – (0('+#3)*& (91 !+0 910+, !&0 !($"8( ')-0&!+9+8&*& 94+6 (9+35-. 1@)µ20 "9)9,+'>0, !& ,.@& !20 "0;";")-µ?020 µ?!420 (*&@8(6 94+6 (9+35-. µ"!"-$")4&!)'>0 ,+)µ>/"20 '() !&0 94>)µ& (0(-0>4)-*& (5!>0, !& *50"$. @5$+,+-)'. 59+*!.4)/&, !1*+ !20 (*%"0>0. 1*+ '() !20 *5--"0>0 !+56 µ" *'+91 !&0

94+"!+)µ(*8( !20 (*%"0>0, µ" !&0 9(4+$. '(!<,,&-,20 +;&-)>0, -)( !&0 ?/+;1 !+56 (91 !+ A+*+'+µ"8+.

!"µ#$# %&'($')'*+#,B!&0 9(4+#*( µ",?!& !&4.%&'(0 +) (4$?6 ;)('.45-

/&6 !+5 C,*80') 9+5 ;)?9+50 !&0 :)+D(!4)'. ?4"50(. E)( !& *5,,+-. !20 ;";+µ?020 '() !& ;)"/(-2-. !&6 ?4"50(6 "/(*3(,8*!&'" & (9()!+#µ"0& <;")( (91 !+ "9)*!&µ+0)'1 *5µ:+#,)+ !+5 0+*&,"5!)'+# );4#µ(!+6, !+ +9+8+ -02-µ+;1!&*" :<*") '(!"5%50!&4820 !&6 C%0)'.6 C9)!4+9.6 F)+&%)'.6 '() G"+0!+,+-8(6. F(*)'. 94+H91%"*& -)( !&0 ;)"/(-2-. !&6 ?4"50(6 (9+!?,"*" & ;?*µ"5*& !20 "4"50&!>0 -)( !&0 (0('+802*& !20 (9+!","*µ<!20 *!& ;)+8'&*& !+5 0+*+'+µ"8+5, '(%>6 '() -)( !&0 (0205µ8(, !&0 "$"µ#%")( '() !&0 "µ9)*!"5!)'1!&!( !20 ;";+µ?020.

-$#$./$.01 2(3)4/5E)( !& *!(!)*!)'. (/)+,1-&*& !20 (9+!","*µ<!20 !&6

94+"-$")4&!)'.6 '() µ"!"-$")4&!)'.6 9"4)1;+5 '(!(µ"-!4.%&'(0 +) *5$01!&!"6 '<%" '(!&-+48(6, ;&µ)+54->-

0!(6 ?!*) !+0 ,"-1µ"0+ 980('( *5$0+!.!20, '() "0 *50"-$"8( ;&µ)+54-.%&'(0 -4(3)'?6 9(4(*!<*")6, 1926 !+ I+µ"1-4(µµ( ( pie-chart) . !+ J(:;1-4(µµ( (bar-chart). E)( !&0 +µ(;+9+8&*& !20 *50"$>0 ;";+µ?020 ;&µ)+54--.%&'(0 ',<*")6, *50.%26 µ" !+ 8;)+ "#4+6, µ" !&0 :+.-%")( !+5 !#9+5 !+5 Sturges 9+5 µ(6 ;80") 94+*"--)*!)'< !+0 (4)%µ1 ',<*"20 9+5 ?94"9" 0( ;&µ)+54-&%+#0.

26789:9-;282K &,)'8( !20 (*%"0>0 '5µ<0%&'" (91 26 ?26 69 ?!&,

µ" µ?*& !)µ. !( 43,7 ?!&. I+0 9,&%5*µ1 !&6 µ",?!&6 (9+-!?,"*(0 43 (*%"0"86, µ"!(/# !20 +9+820 21 <0;4"6 '() 22 -50(8'"6. B" 14 (*%"0"86 & "/"4-(*8( "0!+98*!&'" *!& 4+,<0;")+ 9"4)+$. '() *" 29 (*%"0"86 & "/"4-(*8( "0!+-98*!&'" *!& 0.*+ !+5 Reil, +) +9+8"6 9"4)+$?6 ;)(3(80+-0!() *!)6 C)'10"6 4 & 5 (Sakkas 2004).

L!*) *" 26 (*%"0"86 !+ -,+82µ( .!(0 $(µ&,.6 '('+.-%")(6 – :(%µ+# II, 6 (*%"0"86 "µ3<0)*(0 -,+82µ( µ?!4)-(6 '('+.%")(6 - :(%µ+# II/III, *!+56 +9+8+56 (*%"0"86 + 1-'+6 "0 µ?4") ;)&%+#*" *!+ 35*)+,+-)'1 9(4?-$5µ( !+5 "-'"3<,+5. B" 7 (*%"0"86 !+ -,+82µ( !(/)0+µ.%&'" *" 5@&,.6 '('+.%")(6 – :(%µ+# III '() *" 4 (*%"0"86 !+ -,+82µ( .!(0 9+,# 5@&,.6 '('+.%")(6 - :(%µ+# IV.

B" 34 (*%"0"86 !( -,+)>µ(!( "8$(0 "';&,2%"8 µ" "9),&9!)'?6 '48*")6, 8 (*%"0"86 94+*.,%(0 µ" <!59( *5µ9!>µ(!( 1926 '"3(,(,-8"6, (;50(µ8(, "µ"!+#6 '() ?0(6 "/ (5!>0 94+*.,%" µ" 9<4"*& '<!2 <'420.

M*+0 (3+4< *!&0 ',)0)'. "/?!(*& µ5D'.6 )*$#+6, 23 (*%"0"86 ;"0 9(4+5*8(*(0 '(0?0( "*!)('1 ')0&!)'1 ?,,")µµ( 94+"-$")4&!)'<, ?0(0!) 14 µ"!"-$")4&!)'<. 13 (*%"0"86 9(4+5*8(*(0 .9)+ ')0&!)'1 ?,,")µµ( 94+"--$")4&!)'<, ?0(0!) 19 µ"!"-$")4&!)'<. A( *&µ")2%"8 ";> 1!) 26 ')0&!)'1 ?,,")µµ( +48*!&'" & "µ3<0)*& µ5)'.6 (;50(µ8(6 *" µ8( "' !20 '"0!4+µ",)'>0 +µ<;20 !20 <'420 !+5,<$)*!+0. B50"9>6 !+ .9)+ ')0&!)'1 ?,,")µµ( (0!)*!+)$"8 *" µ5D'. )*$# 9"48 !( 4/5 . '() 9"4)**1!"4+. 7 (*%"0"86 9(4+5*8(*(0 µ?!4)+ ')0&!)'1 ?,,")µµ( 94+"--$")4&!)'<, µ" !&0 µ5D'. )*$# 0( 59+,+-8N"!() 9"48 !( 4/5

!,-./0 3: 102/34,-5 46µ6270890 .:6; 809/<40, 3 =>?=3 </46:,@µA/3 @43/ -,/34,-5 :<7,6B5 46; C<D,6E 3µ,@80,796;.

!"#$%& '$("&#$)"&("*)+,- +.)/)+,- – 012")+3- 45+$.&- 167$/&8-

!,-./0 4: "6>?/C<,6F G<7,6B5 (Sakkas 2004)

!,-./0 5: $5@6F 46; Reil (Sakkas 2004)

!"#"$ 10 - !%&'"$ 1 [33]

!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

! "#$ %&'$(()*&'+, ,-#-*$ 4 µ&*&./&$'0*$"1. 2,3+4 5#'6 "$-0*$") ,33&$µµ# µ& µ78"! $(/6 3$.)*&'+ #%) *# 2/5 9&- %#'+7(:#(& "#-&:4 #(;&-&:4 %'+&./&$'0*$"1 ,-#-*$ 6 µ&*&./&$'0*$"1 *+ +%+:+ +':<&*#$ =4 µ&*&./&$'0*$"! &%$-%3+"!.

>$# *0 3&"*$"! &%$"+$-=-:# µ&*1 *0- "3$-$"! &?,*#(0 #?:<&$ -# (0µ&$=;&: )*$ 29 #%) *# 43 %&'$(*#*$"1 #-$/-&6-*0"#- %'+&./&$'0*$"1 µ& /='+"#*#"*0*$"! &?&'.#(:# (& .&$*-:#(0 µ& ",-*'# 3).+7. 2+ -&7'+3+.$") ,33&$µµ# #@+'+6(& 9$#*#'#/! (*0- &"@+'1 "#$ "#*#-)0(0 *+7 3).+7. A03#9! *0- &µ@1-$(0 µ&'$"!4 ! +3$"!4 #@#(:#4 ,

0 +%+:# #@+'+6(& &:*& *0- &"%+µ%! 3).+7, &:*& *0- %')-(30B0 3).+7 ! "#$ *# 96+. C*($ #%) *+74 29 #(;&-&:4 %'+&./&$'0*$"1 25 9$#.-D(*0"#- /=':4 9$#*#'#/,4 (*0- &"@+'1 ! "#*#-)0(0 3).+7, ,-#-*$ 16 µ&*&./&$'0*$"1 µ& 9$#*#'#/,4 (*0- &"@+'1 3).+7. E%$%3,+- 4 #(;&-&:4 9$#-.-D(*0"#- µ& 9$#*#'#/,4 3).+7 %'+&./&$'0*$"1, #-#@&-')µ&-&4 (*0- &"@+'1 *+7 3).+7 ,-#-*$ 13 µ&*&./&$'0*$-"1, )%=4 @#:-&*#$ "#$ (*+ >'1@0µ# 3, #-#@&')µ&-&4 "#$ =4 µ&*&./&$'0*$",4 &%$%3+",4.

F&*#?6 *=- #(;&-D- %+7 7%+53!;0"#- (& "'#-$&-"*+µ!, %3!'04 #@#:'&(0 &%$*&6/;0"& (& 36 #(;&-&:4

),-./µ0 3: 12030,0456 789:;

),-./µ0 4: <=3=94=2,/32>? =2>8@0 3A@ 0BC=@D@

[34] !""#$%&' (!)%'*%&' +#, $',#"!-+%&#, !(%,+#.#,

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