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콜로이드 분산계 C ll id i i Colloid Dispersion School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University

콜로이드분산계 Cllidi iColloid Dispersionpds17.egloos.com/pds/200909/23/56/03.pdf · • Definition – Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable pharmaceutical preparation

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Page 1: 콜로이드분산계 Cllidi iColloid Dispersionpds17.egloos.com/pds/200909/23/56/03.pdf · • Definition – Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable pharmaceutical preparation

콜로이드 분산계C ll id i iColloid Dispersion

School of PharmacySungkyunkwan University

Page 2: 콜로이드분산계 Cllidi iColloid Dispersionpds17.egloos.com/pds/200909/23/56/03.pdf · • Definition – Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable pharmaceutical preparation

콜로이드 분산계

• 1 nm에서 0 5 μm 미립자가 기체 또는 액체 중에 응집하• 1 nm에서 0.5 μm 미립자가 기체 또는 액체 중에 응집하

거나 침전하지 않고 분산된 상태 (max : 1μm)

• 콜로이드라는 명칭은 19세기 중엽에 영국의 그레이엄에

의해 처음 사용

– 물에 잘 녹아 물속에 확산하기 쉬운 것(결정질)과 물에 잘 녹지 않

아 확산하기 어려운 것(콜로이드질)

– 결정질도 콜로이드를 이룰 수 있음 (예>BaSO4)

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콜로이드의 분류 (I) – 입자의 구조에 따라

1 분자 콜로이드 (단백질 폴리비닐알코올 등)1. 분자 콜로이드 (단백질, 폴리비닐알코올 등)• 단백질이나 고무와 같은 고분자가 분산질이 되기 때문에, 용액이

지만 분자의 크기가 콜로이드 차원이 되어 있어 콜로이드의 성질을 띠게 되는 것

2. 미셀 콜로이드(會合콜로이드) (계면활성제류)• 비누나 염료(染料) 같은 것에서 볼 수 있는 것같이 용액 중에서

분자 또는 이온이 많이 모여 회합한 상태 (미셀) 로 콜로이드의성질을 나타내는 것성질을 나타내는 것

3. 입자 콜로이드 (우유, 마요네즈, 흙탕물 등)• 단순히 고체 미립자가 콜로이드 차원이 되어 분산하고 있는 것• 단순히 고체 미립자가 콜로이드 차원이 되어 분산하고 있는 것

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콜로이드의 분류 (II) - 입자와 매질의 관계에 따라

1. 친수(親水) 콜로이드

• 분산질이 녹말 ·단백질처럼 물에 대해 친화성(親和性)인 것

• 분산매가 물 이외의 액체로서 그 액체에 대해 친화성이 있으면 친액(親液)콜로이드라

고 함함

• 친수 콜로이드에서는 입자가 물의 얇은 막으로 덮여 있기 때문에 소량의 전해질을 가

하면 전해질이 물 분자를 끌어들이므로 콜로이드 입자에 덮인 수막(水膜)이 소실하여

침전되며 이 현상을 염석(鹽析)이라 함침전되며 이 현상을 염석(鹽析)이라고 함

2. 소수(疎水) 콜로이드 (도료, 마요네즈 등)

• 분산질이 금속 가루와 같이 물에 대해 친화성을 갖지 않는 것• 분산질이 금속 가루와 같이 물에 대해 친화성을 갖지 않는 것

• 분산매가 물 이외의 액체로서 이에 대해 친화성을 갖지 않으면 소액(疎液)콜로이드라

고 함

• 소수 콜로이드에 친수 콜로이드를 가하면, 일반적으로 응석(coagulation)하기 어렵게

되어 버리며, 이와 같은 작용을 하는 콜로이드를 보호 콜로이드라고 함 (먹물에서는 탄

소입자를 아교질이 보호하는 상태의 콜로이드가 되어 탄소입자를 물속에 분산시킴)소입자를 아교질이 보호하는 상태의 콜로이드가 되어 탄소입자를 물속에 분산시킴)

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콜로이드의 특징

• 브라운 운동• 틴들현상• 틴들현상• 일반적으로 전하를 띠고 있음• 한외현미경 내지 전자현미경으로 관찰가능하나 광학현미경으로 관찰 불가함• 여과지를 통과하나 반투막은 통과하지 못함

– 투석에 의한 정제 가능

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유제 (Emulsion)

School of PharmacySungkyunkwan University

Page 7: 콜로이드분산계 Cllidi iColloid Dispersionpds17.egloos.com/pds/200909/23/56/03.pdf · • Definition – Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable pharmaceutical preparation

EmulsionEmulsion

• Definition• Definition

– Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable pharmaceutical

preparation consisting of at least two immiscible liquids (phases).

– Due to the lack of mutual solubility, one liquid is dispersed as

tiny droplets (globules) in the other liquid to form an emulsion.

Therefore, emulsions belong to the group of preparations known , g g p p p

as disperse systems

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Determination of emulsion typeDetermination of emulsion type

1 Miscibility or Dilution Test1. Miscibility or Dilution Test

– This method is based on the fact that an emulsion can be diluted

freely with a liquid of the same kind as its external phase.

– Typically, a small amount of the emulsion is added to a relatively

large volume of water and the mixture is stirred.

– If the emulsion disperses in water it is considered to be an O/WIf the emulsion disperses in water, it is considered to be an O/W

type emulsion. If, however, the emulsion remains undispersed, it

is a W/O type emulsionis a W/O type emulsion.

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Determination of emulsion typeDetermination of emulsion type

2 Staining or Dye Test2. Staining or Dye Test

– This test is based on the fact that if a dye is added to an

emulsion and the dye is soluble only in the internal phase, the

emulsion contains colored droplets dispersed in the colorless

external phase.

– An example of such a dye is scarlet red, which is an oil soluble p y ,

dye. When added to an O/W type emulsion, followed by

observation under the microscope bright red colored oil drops inobservation under the microscope, bright red colored oil drops in

an aqueous phase can be seen clearly.

il l bl d (S d III) W t l bl d ( th l bl )– oil soluble dye (Sudan III); Water soluble dye (methylene blue)

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Determination of emulsion typeDetermination of emulsion type

3 Electrical Conductivity Test3. Electrical Conductivity Test

– This test is based on the fact that only the aqueous phase can

conduct electrical current.

– when a voltage is applied across a liquid, a significant amount of

electrical current will flow only when the path of the current is

through a continuous aqueous phase. g q p

– Since oil is a non-conductor of electricity, when tested for

conductivity a W/O type emulsion will show insignificant currentconductivity, a W/O type emulsion will show insignificant current

flow.

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Pharmaceutical ApplicationsPharmaceutical Applications

• To disguise the taste or smell of oils or oil soluble drugs.g g

– These emulsions are normally O/W types with the aqueous phase containing

sweeteners and flavoring agents to mask the poor taste of oils.

– An O/W type of emulsion also makes it easy to rinse off the residual dose from

the mouth and does not leave an oily taste. Ex) Mineral oil, cod liver oil

• To improve the absorption of poorly soluble drugs.

– Oil soluble drugs may not be soluble enough to be absorbed efficiently. An

example of such a drug is cyclosporin A, which is dispensed as a microemulsion.

• To deliver nutrients and vitamins by intravenous injection.

• To serve as a vehicle for the topical administration of a variety of

drugs.drugs.

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Components of formulationComponents of formulation

1. Drugg2. Oil Phase3 Aqueous Phase3. Aqueous Phase4. Thickening Agent5. Sweetener6. Preservative7. Flavor8 Color8. Color9. Antioxidant10.Emulsifier

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유화제유화제

* 고형미립자가 유화시키는 사례1. Silica (물에 wetting 용이) → O/W 유제에 적합함(물에 g 용이) 유제에 적합함2. Carbon Black (oil에 wetting 용이) → W/O 유제에 적합함3. Sodium dodecanoate로 표면처리한 황산바륨(θ= 90°) → O/W 유제에 적합함4. SDS로 표면처리한 황산바륨(θ=120°) →W/O 유제에 적합함

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유화 방법 (p55)

1) Agent-in-water method (수중유화제법): 유화제를 수상에 가한다음 유상을 서서히 가하면서 유제를 만듬→ o/w가 생성되지만 유상 이 많으면 w/o로 phase inverse 됨

2) Agent-in-oil method (유중유화제법; 대륙법)2) Agent in oil method (유중유화제법; 대륙법): 유화제를 유상에 혼합한 후 이를 수상에 가하면 o/w형 유제가 생성됨→ 반대시에는 w/o형 유제 생성

3) Nascent soap method (비누 형성법): 지방산을 유상에 용해시키고 알칼리 부분을 수상에 용해하고 이를 혼합하면 계면에 o/w 또는 w/o 유제 → 콜드크림, 비누..면 계면에 / 는 / 유제 콜 림, 비누

4) Alternate addition method (교호첨가법; 영국법): 유화제에 수상과 유상을 번갈아 조금씩 섞어 만듬

→ 유화제를 두배 중량의 물과 연화함→ 이에 소량의 유상을 가해서 점조액이 될 때까지 연화함 (초유제; primary emulsion)

→ 나머지 첨가물을 가하여 번갈아 가하면서 완성함

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Emulsifying device

Homogenizer

Emulsifying device

Homogenizer

Colloid mill

Ultrasonic homgenizer

Microfluidizer

SPG membrane

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Physical Stability of Emulsiony y(potential energy, Diffusion,Brownian motion, DLVO)

(attractive force)

(gravitational Stokes' law)

vi. Ostwald ripening

v. Phase Inversion

vi. Ostwald ripening

(solubility of dispersed phase)

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Physical Stability of Emulsiony y

Creaming

Coalescence

Primary l i

Coalescence separation

emulsion(o+w+계면활성제) Creaming

Fl l ti C l S ti

흔들면원상태로 감

X X

Flocculation Coalescence Separation

Breaking

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Creaming (sedimentation)Creaming (sedimentation)

<Stoke’s Law>

Particle sizeDensity differencey- Since ρ2(droplet density)<ρ1(external dednsity), for most oil phases in

o/w type, then sedimentation will be negative, the oil droplets will rise

forming a creamy white layer.

The gravitational constant, g

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Creaming (sedimentation)Creaming (sedimentation)

Viscosity• Increase the concentration of the internal phase

• Increase the viscosity of the internal phase by adding waxes or waxy solids

to the oil phase.

• Increase the viscosity of the external phase by adding a viscosity building

agent.

Creaming does not usually occur in a semi-solid emulsion.

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Flocculation and coalescence of emulsion

• Flocculation두 개의 d l t가 서로 접해있지만 얇은 fil 으로 분리된 상태임– 두 개의 droplet가 서로 접해있지만 얇은 film으로 분리된 상태임

– 더 많은 droplet가 첨가되면 aggregate가 형성되어 덩어리를 이룸• Coalescence

– 두 개의 droplet 사이의 얇은 액체 film이 사라지고 큰 droplet로서 결합된다. → 점점 더 큰 droplet가 됨

– coalescing emulsion의 특징: droplet size 다양성, cluster는 발견되지 않음

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Flocculation and coalescence of emulsion

VT = VR + VA

R : electrostatic energy

VT VR VA

R : electrostatic energy of repulsion

A : van der Waals energy of attractionattraction

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Phase inversion

• 유화제에 따라

올레인산나트륨이 함유된 유제에 Ca+2, Mg+2등의 금속이

온을 가한 경우

• 온도에따라

고온에서 제조된 w/o 유제가 냉각시에 유화제의 수화 정

도가 높아지면서 o/w로 변화되는 경우

• 상용적비에 따라: 상용적비에 따라

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Ostwald ripeningp g

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유제의 물리적 안정화에 영향을 주는 인자유제의 물리적 안정화에 영향을 주는 인자

1) 계면 장력을 저하시킨다.) 계면 장력을 저하시킨다

2) 계면 막을 형성시킨다.

3) 내상의 농도를 조절한다 (상용적비 조절)3) 내상의 농도를 조절한다. (상용적비 조절)

4) 유제의 점도를 조절한다.

5) 유제의 분산 입적를 미소화한다.

6) 내/외상간 계면에 전하를 발생시켜 입자간 상호 반발을 유

발한다.

7) 유제의 pH를 조절한다7) 유제의 pH를 조절한다.

8) 내/외상간 비중차를 최소화한다.

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Multiple Emulsion

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마이크로에멀젼i l iMicromulsion

School of PharmacySungkyunkwan University

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Microemulsion의 정의

• 마이크로에멀젼은 계면활성제와 분자량이 크지 않은 알코올류 (short마이크로에멀젼은 계면활성제와 분자량이 크지 않은 알코올류 (short chain alcohol), 아민류 및 약한 양쪽성 분자 (weak amphiphilic molecule)와 같은 보조 계면활성제와 연계하여 열역학적으로 안정화)와 같은 계면활성제와 연계하여 열역학적 안정화

된 유상과 수상을 갖는 계 (system)이다. - Aboofazeli et al. Int. J. Pharm. 111, 63-72 (1994)

• SMEDDS (Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System)– 유상, 계면활성제, 보조계면활성제로 구성되는 상온에서 액체 또는 고체

상태의 균질한 혼합물로서 위장관 운동같은 약한 힘만으로도 수상과 만나서 섞이면 순식간에 유화되는 약물 운반체를 말한다나서 섞이면 순식간에 유화되는 약물 운반체를 말한다.

– 약물의 용해도를 증가시키며 생체이용률을 증가시킨다.

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Structure of Microemulsion

Water

Oil

Surfactant (S)

Cosurfactant (CoS)

10~200 nm

Cosurfactant (CoS)

S: Forms the interfacial filmCoS: Reduces the interfacial tension, therefore reduces the droplet size

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Microemulsion의 특징

• Thermodynamic stabilityThermodynamic stability• Low interfacial tension (γo/w ≤ 0.01 dynes/cm)• Spontaneous formation (no mechanical energy required)• Spontaneous formation (no mechanical energy required)• High solubilizing power• Microemulsions are well tolerated• Transparency: very small particle size (10 to 200 nm)• Newtonian fluid• Low viscosityy• Isotropy

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Benefits of Microemulsion

• Spontaneous formation at room temperature:Spontaneous formation at room temperature: − easy process− reduces manufacturing costseduces a u ac u g cos s− incorporation of thermosensitive components at any step during

manufacturing process

• Thermodynamic stability:− no phase separation over time

− returns to initial structure, even after freezing or heating− high solubilizing properties− surface area increased− absorption enhancement of active ingredients

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Emulsion과 Microemulsion

• Emulsion과 Microemulsion의 중요한 차이 : droplet의 크기– Microemulsion

• 0.15㎛이하• 외관은 투명

• 열역학적으로 안정 (γo/w ≤ 0.01 dynes/cm)• 제조 중 즉시 형성되어야 함 (안정제의 비와 성질이 중요) • 계면활성제의 양이 많다 (전체 무게의 6-8%)

– Emulsion• 수 ㎛의 크기• 외관은 불투명 (계면활성제의 양은 2-3%)• 열역학적으로 불안정

• Co-surfactant – micellar solution을 microemulsion으로 변화시키기 위해 첨가– micellar solution을 microemulsion으로 변화시키기 위해 첨가– 보통 alcohol을 사용함– hydrocarbon이 중앙에 있는 microemulsion droplet를 만들 수 있음– 반대로 water soluble substance를 w/o microemulsion 내에 용해가능

Page 32: 콜로이드분산계 Cllidi iColloid Dispersionpds17.egloos.com/pds/200909/23/56/03.pdf · • Definition – Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable pharmaceutical preparation

Emulsion과 Microemulsion

Property Emulsions MicroemulsionParticle diameter

Thermodynamic stability

1000 to 20000 nm

-

< 150 nm

+

Spontaneous formation

Dilution

Hi h i it

-

-

+

+

High viscosity

Surfactant percentage

Optical aspect

+

a few %

Milky opaque

-

from 15 to 70%

Isotropic transparentOptical aspect

Solubilization power

Preservation

Milky, opaque

+

Preservative

Isotropic, transparent

++

PreservativePreservation

Up-scaling

Preservative

-

Preservative

or heat or filtration

+p g

Manufacturing process - +

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Components of Microemulsion

• DrugDrug

• Surfactant (Primary)– Large polar head high HLB ( typically 13 to 14)– Large polar head, high HLB ( typically 13 to 14)

• Co-SurfactantSmall polar head low HLB (typically 4 to 6)– Small polar head, low HLB (typically 4 to 6)

– Alcohols• ethanol• propylene glycol• dimethylisosorbide

i idi h• Lipidic phase

• Hydrophilic phase

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The Phase Diagram : Quaternary system

SSSS

At room temperatureAt room temperature

S / S / CoSCoS

pp

CoSCoS

CoSCoS

WaterWaterCoSCoS

OilOil

Page 35: 콜로이드분산계 Cllidi iColloid Dispersionpds17.egloos.com/pds/200909/23/56/03.pdf · • Definition – Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable pharmaceutical preparation

Preparation of Microemulsion

S+CoS 100%• The ratio S/CoS 100%

must be fixed.

• The temperature must be fixed.

P

Water 100%

Oil phase 100%

% of water phase

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Titration method (I)

S/CoS and temperature fixedS+CoS 100%100%

A

A = 60% of Oil phase40% f S+C SWater 100%Oil 40% of S+CoSWater

100%100%Oil phase

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Titration method (II)

S/CoS and temperature fixedS+CoS 100%

A = 60% of Oil phase40% of S+CoS

B = 20% of Water

100%

B 20% of Water80% of “Mixture A”

AB

A

80%

Water 100%Oil

A-BWater 100%

100%Oil phase B

Page 38: 콜로이드분산계 Cllidi iColloid Dispersionpds17.egloos.com/pds/200909/23/56/03.pdf · • Definition – Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable pharmaceutical preparation

Titration method (III)

S/CoS and temperature fixedS+CoS 100%

A = 60% of Oil phase40% of S+CoS

B = 20% of Water

100%

C = 50% of Water50% of “Mixture A”

B = 20% of Water80% of “Mixture A”

50% of Mixture AAA

BBBB

CCB

Water 100%Oil

B

CWater 100%

100%Oil phase

Page 39: 콜로이드분산계 Cllidi iColloid Dispersionpds17.egloos.com/pds/200909/23/56/03.pdf · • Definition – Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable pharmaceutical preparation

Titration method (IV)

• The same experiment is S+CoS 100%

S/CoS and temperature fixedp

conducted many times on various primary mixtures

100%

A2

A1

mixtures

• (Oil + S + CoS)

S/C S dA3

A2

A

•S/CoS and temperature fixed

A4

A5

Water 100%OilWater 100%

100%Oil phase

Page 40: 콜로이드분산계 Cllidi iColloid Dispersionpds17.egloos.com/pds/200909/23/56/03.pdf · • Definition – Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable pharmaceutical preparation

Titration method (V)

S/CoS and temperature fixedS+CoS 100%100%

Microemulsionexistence field

Water 100%OilWater 100%

100%Oil phase

Page 41: 콜로이드분산계 Cllidi iColloid Dispersionpds17.egloos.com/pds/200909/23/56/03.pdf · • Definition – Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable pharmaceutical preparation

Characterization of Microemulsion

• Transparency : to the naked eye• Transparency : to the naked eye

• Isotropy : under a polarized light microscope

• Newtonian behaviour : with a rheometer

• Thermodynamic stability : aging test centrifugationThermodynamic stability : aging test, centrifugation

• Particle size : laser spectroscopy