化学化工专业英语

主 编:范东生暋姚如富

内 容 简 介

本书用英语介绍了一般科技论文的写法,包括标题、摘要、文献等。同时介绍了从

事化学工作的基础知识,如实验室工作的注意事项、安全要求、反应的跟踪、产物分离

和表征等,还介绍了无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学、环境化学和生物化学等

专业知识。通过对本书的学习,可基本掌握化学专业英语的语音和一些构词规律,可

熟记约3000个专业英语词汇,理解一些语法概念,从而为撰写专业英语稿件和进行国

际学术交流打下坚实的基础。

本书可供化学、化工和材料类专业的学生使用,也可作为研究生、教师及相关领域

研究人员的学习参考书。

暋图书在版编目(CIP)数据

暋化学化工专业英语/范东生,姚如富主编.—合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2011.8暋ISBN978灢7灢312灢02854灢0

暋栺.化… 暋栻.栙范…暋栚姚…暋栿.栙化学—英语—高等学校—教材暋栚化学工

业—英语—高等学校—教材暋桇.H31

暋中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2011)第172985号

出版发行暋中国科学技术大学出版社

安徽省合肥市金寨路96号,230026网址:http://press.ustc.edu.cn

印暋暋刷暋安徽省瑞隆印务有限公司

经暋暋销暋全国新华书店

开暋暋本暋710mm暳960mm暋1/16印暋暋张暋13.25字暋暋数暋250千

版暋暋次暋2011年8月第1版

印暋暋次暋2011年8月第1次印刷

定暋暋价暋25.00元

前暋暋言

在21世纪开始的第一个十年,中国融入世界经济发展一体化的程度超过

了以往任何一个时期。我国科学技术的发展与世界接轨已经是非常现实的事

情。大学里的公共英语教育正在向专业英语教育发展转变。采用英语进行专

业教学正日益成为广大师生的实践要求。为了适应这一要求,我们编写了这本

《化学化工专业英语》教材,参加编写的人员有英语和化学专业的资深教授、博

士和讲师等。教材设计的指导思想是,要使学生通过学习本教材,既掌握化学专业的基

础知识和化学专业领域的最新发展成果,又提高英语的专业阅读能力和翻译能

力,以及用英语进行口头交流的能力。学生在掌握了一定的专业术语和翻译、口语表达方面的能力之后,未来能够轻松应对各种国际交流,阅读各种国际期

刊或专著,并进行英文学术论文写作等。打开教材,可以发现它具有这样一些特点:1.教材内容具有基础性、前沿性和趣味性。所选课文既反映化学基础知识

概念,如“什么是化学暠,“分子结构暠等,又有介绍21世纪化学专业的最新发展

的内容,如在“什么是液体暠中,介绍离子液体的研究进展;在“化学和材料暠中介

绍了最新的陶瓷材料;在“化学和电暠中,从电化学的发展历程到最新的若干种

电池的研究都有介绍。这些课文都体现了专业内容的快速更新。部分课文还

介绍了一些有趣的化学物质名称。课文内容准确,具有一定概括性,文字流畅,难度适中,能体现现代专业英语的篇章结构特点和词汇特点,使学生在学完本

教材之后能顺利进入更加专业的化学学习与研究中。2.课文编排符合学生认知的习惯。教材设计上体现了学生作为学习主体

的地位,每个单元都以一段汉语的导语来引进本单元的专业内容。各单元安排

的专业课文由易到难,各项专业学习活动的前后都设计了学生互动的练习。教

学设计突出任务型、互动型特点,避免教师进行按部就班、照本宣科式的教学。同时,每个单元的第3篇阅读课文还提供了汉语译文。

3.课文的组织实现了化学专业知识和英语语言学习的完美结合。本教材

在实现专业课文和英语语言的知识与能力项目循序渐进、逐步展开的同时,注

意了专业与语言学习的互相融合。在各单元的专业内容理解练习中渗透英语

语言的知识训练,在英语词汇和语法的学习训练中,也紧密联系课文中的相关

专业内容。本教材在教学方式上,给出以下的建议:1.以互动形式的热身(WarmingUp)开展每一项内容的教学。互动与合作

是当前教学思想的主要亮点。学生对新内容的短小互动学习,既有利于渐进深

入知识内容,又使得学生保持良好的精神状态,为后续活动做好准备。2.根据认知科学的一般原理,学生对相关的背景了解越多,就越容易理解

和掌握新的知识。因此,老师们在各篇课文备课时,可以根据需要自行补充必

要的背景材料,在教学中也要充分调动学生已有的相关知识和经验。3.为便于学生学习和巩固基本英语语法知识,本教材设置了词汇与翻译等

语言练习。需要指出的是,这些练习的答案并非是绝对的、唯一的。在介绍练

习和练习讲评时,要引导学生认识语境对于词汇选择和翻译处理的重要意义。限于编者水平,本教材若有不足之处,欢迎使用本教材的广大师生多提宝

贵意见,以便进一步修订完善。

编暋者

2011年6月

栻 化学化工专业英语

Contents

前言 栺………………………………………………………………………………

Unit1暋WhatisChemistry? 1……………………………………………………

Text1暋ThePeriodicTableandPeriodicProperties 2……………………

Text2暋BoratesinIndustrialUse 8…………………………………………

Text3暋WhatisChemistry? 11………………………………………………

Translation 16……………………………………………………………………

Unit2暋MolecularStructure 20…………………………………………………

Text1暋ChemicalBondingandMolecularStructure 21……………………

Text2暋DrawingLewisStructures 26………………………………………

Text3暋TheDiscovererofX灢ray 29…………………………………………

Translation 30……………………………………………………………………

Unit3暋AnalysisinChemistry 32………………………………………………

Text1暋CommonAnalyticalProblems 32……………………………………

Text2暋AnalyticalChemistryandProblemsinSociety 37…………………

Text3暋QualitativeOrganicAnalysis 40……………………………………

Translation 43……………………………………………………………………

Unit4暋TheMechanismofChemicalReactions 45…………………………

Text1暋ChemicalEquilibriumandKinetics 45………………………………

Text2暋WhatisaReversibleReaction? 51…………………………………

Text3暋ActivationEnergy 54…………………………………………………

Translation 58……………………………………………………………………

Unit5暋WhatisLiquid? 61………………………………………………………

Text1暋WhatisaLiquid? 62…………………………………………………

Text2暋IonicLiquids 68………………………………………………………

Text3暋Solution 72……………………………………………………………

Translation 76……………………………………………………………………

Unit6暋TheNameofChemicalSubstances 80………………………………

Text1暋NamingChemicalSubstances 81……………………………………

Text2暋NomenclatureofAcyclicHydrocarbons 85…………………………

Text3暋MoleculeswithSillyorUnusual(orSuggestive)Names 93…………

Translation 96……………………………………………………………………

Unit7暋TitrimetricMethodsofAnalysis 99…………………………………

Text1暋PreparingSolutions 99………………………………………………

Text2暋VolumetricAnalysis 104………………………………………………

Text3暋TitrimetricMethodsofAnalysis 107………………………………

Translation 112…………………………………………………………………

Unit8暋HeatTransferinChemicalIndustry 116……………………………

Text1暋HeatTransfer 116……………………………………………………

Text2暋HeatExchanger 119…………………………………………………

Text3暋ChemicalEngineering 122……………………………………………

Translation 125…………………………………………………………………

Unit9暋ChemistryandElectricity 127…………………………………………

Text1暋ChemistryandElectricity 128………………………………………

Text2暋Battery 132……………………………………………………………

Text3暋ElectricalDouble灢layer 135…………………………………………

Translation 139…………………………………………………………………

Unit10暋ChemistryandMaterials 143…………………………………………

Text1暋TheChemistryofMaterials 143……………………………………

Text2暋DevelopmentofaCeramicsofaCeramicsIndustry 147…………

Text3暋TheValueofTransistors 150………………………………………

Translation 152…………………………………………………………………

Unit11暋ChemicalSpectrum 154…………………………………………………

Text1暋MolecularFluorescenceandPhosphorescenceSpectra 154………

桇 化学化工专业英语

Text2暋NuclearMagneticResonance 160……………………………………

Text3暋InfraredSpectroscopy 163……………………………………………

Translation 166…………………………………………………………………

Unit12暋CoordinationChemistry 168…………………………………………

Text1暋IntroductiontoCoordinationChemistry 169………………………

Text2暋TheChemistryofTransitionMetals 171…………………………

Text3暋SynthesisandPropertyabouttheHeterocylicLigands 175…………

Translation 177…………………………………………………………………

Key 178…………………………………………………………………………………

参考书目 202…………………………………………………………………………

桋Contents

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Unit1暋WhatisChemistry?

导语 暋自从有了人类,化学便与人类结下不解之缘。钻木取火、用火烧煮食

物、烧制陶器、冶炼青铜器和铁器,等等,正是这些化学技术的应用极大地促进了当时

社会生产力的发展,成为人类进步的标志。今天,化学作为一门基础学科,在科学技

术和社会生活的方方面面正起着越来越大的作用。本单元介绍化学的发展历程。

WarmingUpIn1869,RussianchemistDimitriMendeleevstartedthedevelopmentofthe

elements,arrangingchemicalelementsbyatomic mass.Hepredictedthediscoveryofotherelements,andleftspacesopeninhisperiodictableforthem.

“Aslongaschemistryisstudied,therewillbeaperiodictable.Andevenifsomedaywecommunicatewithanotherpart

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oftheuniverse,wecanbesurethatonethingthatbothcultureswillhaveincommonisanorderedsystemoftheelementsthatwillbeinstantlyrecognizablebybothintelligentlifeforms.暠

J.Emsley,TheElementsOralwork1.Discussingroupsoffourandthenshareinthewholeclass:howcantheperiodic

tablehelpusquicklydetermineelectronconfigurationsandquantumnumbers?2.Tellyourfriendsatleastoneexampleofusingtheperiodictableto

predictcertaincharacteristicsofelements.

Text1暋ThePeriodicTableandPeriodicProperties

TheAnatomyofthePeriodicTable

Asyouareprobablywellaware,intheperiodictable(Fig.1.1),elementsarearrangedinorderofincreasingatomicnumber.The18verticalcolumnsofthetablearecalledgroupsorfamilies,whilethesevenhorizontalrowsarecalledperiodsandcorrespondtothesevenprincipalquantumenergylevels,n=1throughn=7.

Ontherightsideoftheperiodictableisadividinglineresemblingastaircase.Totheleftofthestaircaseliethemetals,andtotherightofthestaircaseliethenonmetals.Manyoftheelementsthattouchthestaircasearecalledmetalloids,andtheseexhibitarebothmetallicandnonmetallicproperties.

Fig.1.1

·2· 化学化工专业英语

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Nowthatyou狆refamiliarwiththedifferentgroupingsoftheperiodictable,it狆stimetotalkaboutthewayswecanusetheperiodictabletopredictcertaincharacteristicsofelements.

AtomicRadius

Sinceinanatomthereisnoclearboundarybeyondwhichtheelectronneverstrays,thewayatomicradiusismeasuredbycalculatingthedistancebetweenthetwonucleiofatomswhentheyareinvolvedinachemicalbond.Ifthetwobondedatomsareofthesameelement,youcandividethedistanceby2togettheatom狆sradius.Atomicradiidecreasemovingacrossaperiodfromlefttoright.Butwhy?Itseemsasthoughthemoreprotonsyouadd,themorespacetheatomshouldtakeup.Butthisisnotthecase.Thereasonforthisliesinthebasicconceptthatoppositechargesattracteachotherandlikechargesrepeleachother.Asyouincreasethenumberofprotonsinthenucleusoftheatom,youincreasetheeffectivenuclearchargeoftheatom(Zeff),andthenucleuspullsmorestronglyontheentireelectroncloud.Thismakestheatomicradiusdecreaseinsize.Thesecondthingyou狆llneedtoknowisthatatomicradiiincreasemovingdownagrouporfamily.ThisiseasiertounderstandifyourefertotheBohrmodel.Asyoumovedownthetable,thevalueofnincreasesasweaddanothershell.Rememberthattheprincipalquantumnumber,n,determinesthesizeoftheatom.Aswemovedownafamily,theattractiveforceofthenucleusdissipatesastheelectronsspendmoretimefartherfromthenucleus.

IonizationEnergy(IE)

Theionizationenergyofanatomistheenergyrequiredtoremoveanelectronfromtheatominthegasphase.Althoughremovingthefirstelectronfromanatomrequiresenergy,theremovalofeachsubsequentelectronrequiresevenmoreenergy.ThismeansthatthesecondIEisusuallygreaterthanthefirstone,thethirdIEisgreaterthanthesecondone,andsoforth.Thereasonwhyitbecomesmoredifficulttoremoveadditionalelectronsisthatthey狆reclosertothenucleusandthusheldmorestronglybythepositivechargeoftheprotons.

Ionizationenergiesdiffersignificantly,dependingontheshellfromwhichtheelectronistaken.Forinstance,ittakeslessenergytoremoveapelectronthananselectron,evenlessenergytoextractadelectron,andtheleast

·3·Unit1暋WhatisChemistry?

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energytoextractanfelectron.Asyoucanprobablyguess,thisisbecauseselectronsareheldclosertothenucleus,whilefelectronsarefarfromthenucleusandlesstightlyheld.You狆llneedtoremembertwoimportantfactsaboutionizationenergyforthetest.Thefirstisthationizationenergyincreasesaswemoveacrossaperiod.

Thereasonforthisasisthecasewithperiodictrendsinatomicradii,isthatasthenucleusbecomesmorepositive,theeffectivenuclearchargeincreasesitspullontheelectronsanditbecomesmoredifficulttoremoveanelectron.

Thesecondthingyou狆llneedtorememberisthationizationenergydecreasesasyoumovedownagrouporafamily.Theincreaseddistancebetweenelectronsandthenucleusandincreasedshieldingbyafullprincipalenergylevelmeansthatitrequireslessenergytoremoveanelectron.Shieldingoccurswhentheinnerelectronsinanatomshieldtheouterelectronsfromthefullchargeofthenucleus.Herearethevaluesforthefirstionizationenergiesforsomeelements(Fig.1.2).

Fig.1.2

ElectronAffinity

Anatom狆selectronaffinityistheamountofenergyreleased whenanelectronisaddedtotheatominitsgaseousstate—whenanelectronisaddedtoanatom,theatomformsanegativeion.Mostoften,energyisreleasedasan

·4· 化学化工专业英语

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electronisaddedtoanatom,andthegreatertheattractionbetweentheatomandtheelectronadded,themorenegativetheatom狆selectronaffinity.

Electronegativity

Electronegativityisameasurementoftheattractionanatomhasforelectronswhenitisinvolvedinachemicalbond.Elementsthathavehighionizationenergyandhighelectronaffinitywillalsohavehighelectronegativitysincetheirnucleistronglyattractelectrons.Electronegativityincreasesfromlefttorightaswemoveacrossaperiodanddecreasesaswemovedownanygrouporfamily(Fig.1.3).

Bynow,thesetrendsshouldmakesense.Youknowthationizationenergiestendtodecreasewithincreasingatomicnumberinagroup,althoughthereisn狆tasignificantchangeinelectronaffinitysoitmakessensethatatoms狆attractionforelectronsinabondwouldalsoincreaseastheirZeffincreased.Wewilldiscusstheconceptofelectronegativityfurtherinthenextsection,whenwediscusschemicalbonding.Here狆sasummaryofthetrendswediscussedinthissection.

Fig.1.3

Vocabulary

transitionmetals暋过渡元素

rareearthelements暋稀土元素

alkalimetals暋碱金属

alkalineearthmetals暋碱土金属

atomicradius暋原子半径

effectivenuclearcharge暋有效核电荷

cation/榪k昖tai〖n/暋阳离子

anion/榪昖nai〖n/暋阴离子

ionizationenergy(IE)暋电离能

shielding/榪±i÷ldi∏/暋电子屏蔽

·5·Unit1暋WhatisChemistry?

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electronaffinity暋电子亲和力

electronegativity/i榽lektr〖∥榪neg〖榪tiviti/暋电负性

quantum/榪kw】nt〖m/暋量子

energylevels暋能级

proton/榪pr〖ut】n/暋质子

effectivenuclearcharge暋有效核电荷(Zeff)

BohrModel暋玻尔模型

Understanding

Makeadistinctionortrytoanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whichionislarger,F- orO2- ?

2.Whichofthefollowingelementshasthehighestionizationenergy:K,Ca,Ga,AsorSe?

3.Whydoelectronaffinitiesnotchangeverymuchasyougodownagroup?

4.Theconceptthatoppositechargesattractseachotherandlikechargesrepelseachotheristrueinchemistry,butisitstilltrueinreallife? Discusswithyourpartners,

providingthereasonsandexamples.

VocabularyLearning

栺.WordDerivation:choosingtherightformofthewordsinthebracketstofillintheblanks.

1.Afterfinishingthiscourse,studentsshouldhaveagoodunderstandingofhuman暋暋暋暋暋(anatomy)aswellastheproportionsandmechanicsoflivingthings.

2.There狆slittle暋暋暋暋暋(resemble)betweenthetwins.3.His暋暋暋暋暋(familiar)withChineselanguageandculturesurprisedme.4.Whentheelectronsflyawayfromthehydrogen暋暋暋暋暋(nucleus),theyare

attractedtowardstheoxygenatoms.5.Inmanysenses,nuclearenergyisclean.Itdoesnotproduce暋暋暋暋暋(gas)

emissionssuchasgreenhousegases,whichareharmfuleithertothepopulationandtotheenvironment.

栻.WordChoice:usingthewordsinthefollowingboxtofillintheblanks,changingtheformofthewordsifnecessary.

暋stray暋involvein暋takeup暋effective暋referto暋dissipate暋affinity暋makesense暋correspondto暋boundary暋familiar暋predict

1.“Ifweleavethemaloneanddonotholdanycelebration,theirmindsmight暋暋暋暋暋andbetakeninbydoomsdaysoothsayersandY2Knuts.暠

·6· 化学化工专业英语

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2.Sincethey狆vegottopayhisbill.Theydecidedto暋暋暋暋暋 acollectionandholdabakesale.

3.Peopleoften暋暋暋暋暋thesignsandtotheinfluencetheyaresupposedtohaveonsomebody狆spersonalityandfate.

4.Thegovernmenthastaken暋暋暋暋暋 measurestokeeppricesdown.5.Shefeltan暋暋暋暋暋 withallwhosuffered;theirpainswereherpains.

栿.SentenceCompletion:studythefollowingmodelsandusethemtomakenewsentences.

ExampleA暋Themoreshecalledherhusbandawimp,...Themoreshecalledherhusbandawimp,themoretimidhebecame.1.Themoredetailedtheimpression,...2.Themoreconservativeyourfieldis,...3.Buttogetalongwithchildren,themorestrictyouare,...4.Themoreyourich,...5.Thesooneryoustart,...ExampleB暋Youareacollegestudent;youshouldlearntobeindependentof

yourparents狆help.Nowthatyouareacollegestudent,youshouldlearntobeindependentofyour

parents狆help.1.I狆vepaidthetaxdemandandthechildren狆sschoolfees.I狆llbehead灢over灢heelsin

debtforthenextsixmonths.2.ShehasajobinFrance.ShecangratifyherdesiretoseeEurope.3.Pricesarerisingsofast.Allmymoneyisdrainingaway.4.Iamfree.Icanenjoymusicforawhile.5.Sheismuchmoremobile.Shehasacar.

桇.Prefix Learning:“electro暠asausefulprefix,means “involvingelectricity暠.Forexample“electromotive暠电动的;“electoculture暠电气栽培.Nowtalkingwithyourpartnersandtryingtofindthemeaningofthefollowingwords.

1.electrochemistry暋暋暋暋暋暋2.electromagnet(ic)

3.electroplate 4.electrode5.electron 6.electrolysis

·7·Unit1暋WhatisChemistry?

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Text2暋BoratesinIndustrialUse

Boronfindsuseinawiderangeofindustrialapplications,thevastmajorityofwhichinvolveboron灢oxygencompounds.Thisclassexhibitsarichstructuralchemistry,featuringbothcrystallineandnon灢crystallinesolidsofindustrialimportance,andcomplexsolutionchemistry.Thefullextentoftheroleofboronasanessentialelementinfundamentallifeprocesseshasonlybecomeclearduringthepastdecade.Theemergingbiologicalrolesofboronarerelevanttoboththecommercialandenvironmentalaspectsofboronscience.Althoughboron灢oxygenchemistryisdiverseandcomplex,itisultimatelybasedontheelectrophiliccharacteroftrivalentboron.Thisreview exploresthechemistryofboronasitrelatestoitslarge灢scaletechnologicalroles.

Althoughboronhasarelativelylownaturalabundance(ca.0.001%oftheearth狆scrust),itiswidelydispersedintheenvironmentoccurringinrocks,soilsandnaturalwatersatlowbutsignificantlevels.Owingtoboron狆suniqueproperties,itismoresusceptibletofractionationbygeologicalprocessesandcanbecomeconcentratedtoagreaterextentthanotherelementsofsimilarnaturalabundance.Withtheexceptionofafewrarefluorideminerals,boronalwaysoccursontheearthincombinationwithoxygen,eitherincrystallineboratemineralsorinwater,primarilyintheformofnaturallyoccurringboricacid,B(OH)3.Boronisfoundinseawateratanaveragelevelof4.6ppm.Thislevelistoolowtopermiteconomicalextractionofindustrialquantities.Thus,commercialsuppliesofboronarederivedfrom mineraldeposits,whicharefoundasalkalioralkalineearthmetalboratesandborosilicates,withsodiumandcalciumboratesbeingthemostimportant.Althoughboratemineralsarenumerous,largecommerciallyexploitableborateoredepositsarerare.However,whensuchdepositsoccurtheycanbevast.Owingtotherelativelyhighwatersolubilitiesofborateminerals,thesedepositsarealwaysfoundinaridregions.MostboratesareproducedinCaliforniaandTurkey,withtherestcomingfrom Russia,China,andtheAndeanregionsofSouthAmerica.

Anestimated1.25暳106 metrictonsofB2O3iscurrentlyconsumedannuallyintheformofthevariousborateproducts.Fig.1.4showstheapproximateproportionsofboronconsumedbyvariouslargeindustries.Itisnotablethatthe

·8· 化学化工专业英语

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useofboratesinthemanufactureofvarioustypesofvitreousmaterials,particularlyberglass,ceramicglazes,andspecialtyborosilicateglasses,accountsformorethanhalfofallboronusedbyindustry.Theusesofboratesinperoxygenbleachingsystemsforhouseholdlaundrydetergents,micronutrientfertilizers,celluloseinsulation(fireretardant),andcleaningproductsarealsoimportant.Followingtheseapplications,therearehundredsofotherminorusesofborates,asmallselectionofwhicharelistedinTable1.1.

Fig.1.4暋EstimatedtotalborateusebymajorindustrialapplicationsinB2O3equivalentsfortheyear2001

Table1.1暋Examplesofmiscellaneoususesofborates

AdhesivesAutomotivecoolantsBiocidesBoronhydridesBrakefluidsBuffersCement(setretardant)

CleaningproductsCorrosioninhibitorsCosmetics/lotions

CapacitorsFireretardantsFueladditivesIronandsteelproductionLeathertanningLubricantsMetallicglassesMetalrefiningNon灢oxideceramicsNuclearindustry

Nylonproduction(catalysis)

PharmaceuticalsPhotographyMagnetsMetalworkingfluidsSoldersTextilesWaxes/polishesWatertreatmentWiredrawing

Forthe mostpart,otherapplicationsutilizeboronoxides,butasmallfractionofusesinvolvesnon灢oxidematerialssuchasboronhydridesandengineeringceramics.Althoughthesenon灢oxidematerialshavereceivedgreatattentioninacademiccirclesinrecentdecades,theyareyettogainmuchindustrialsignificanceintheoverallschemeoftheborateindustry.

·9·Unit1暋WhatisChemistry?

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Boronhastheelectronconfiguration[He]2s22p1,suggestingthatitmightformunivalentcompounds.BoroninsteadutilizesthreevalenceelectronstocombinewithotherelementstoformtrigonalplanarcompoundsofthetypeBR3 havingcovalentbonds,whereRishydroxyl,alkoxy,aryloxy,alkyl,halogen,etc.OneofthedefiningfeaturesofboronistheverysmallsizetheB3+cation(three灢coordinateboron0.01痄;fourcoordinateboron0.11痄),leadingtoahighionicpotentialandaparticularaffinityforelectronegativeelements.Borondoesnotformioniccompoundsunderanyordinaryconditions.Theelementformsparticularlystrongcovalentbondswithoxygenandformsstrongerbondsonlywithfluorine.

QuestionsforDiscussion

1.Howdoesthestructuralchemistryofboratesdifferfromthesilicatesandaluminates?

2.Whydotheboroncompoundshaveapronouncedtendencytoformcomplexeswithelectrondonors?

3.What狆syourunderstandingoftheword“dispersed暠inthesecondparagraph?

4.PleasefindtheprefixesusedinTextB,andconsultyourdictionarytofindmorewordswiththesameprefixes.

VocabularyLearning

栺.Word Choice:find a wordinthebox below tocompleteeachsentence.Therearemorewordsthanyouneedtofillinallthesentences.Changewordformswhennecessary.

暋combine暋emerge暋diverse暋besusceptibleto暋暋solubility暋annual暋derive

1.ThewildlifeinAfricaisextremely暋暋暋暋暋.2.Thecollegeissupportedbya暋暋暋暋暋 ofincomefromendowmentsandfee

fromstudents.3.Thatmoviestarisgoingthroughhisthirddivorce.Whydocelebritiesseemtomore

暋暋暋暋暋irreconcilablemaritalproblems?

4.Anyonewithan暋暋暋暋暋incomeofunder5000maybeeligibletoapply.5.Amanwhoiscarefulinchoosingfriendswillcertainly暋暋暋暋暋them.

·01· 化学化工专业英语

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暋暋栻.WordMatch:trytofindwordsorphrasesinthetextwhich,inthecontext,aresimilarinmeaningtothewordsandphraseslisted.Thenumberoftheparagraphin whichthetargetwordorphrasesappearshasbeenofferedattheendofeachgivenwordorphrase.

1.Thequalityofbeingsolubleandeasilydissolvedinliquid(para.2).暋暋暋暋暋2.Beinginlargequantity(para.2). 暋暋暋暋暋3.Different(para.1). 暋暋暋暋暋4.Closerelationship;similarity(para.5). 暋暋暋暋暋5.Makesomethingwhiteorpaleincolourwiththeuseofchemicals(para.3).

暋暋暋暋暋

Text3暋WhatisChemistry?

DefinitionofChemistry

Chemistryisthescienceofmatter(thatis,ofallphysicalsubstancesincludinggasesandliquidsaswellassolids)andthechangesthatoccurbetweendifferentkindsofmatter—especiallychemicalchanges(called“reactions暠)whentypesofmatterarere灢arrangedintoothertypesofmatter,e.g.,watersplittingintothegaseshydrogenandoxygen.

Thatis,chemistryisaphysicalscienceconcerned withthecomposition,structure,behaviour,andpropertiesofmatterandwiththechangesitundergoesduring,andasaresultof,chemicalreactions.Itinvolvesstudyofsubstancesinallofthethestatesofmatter(solid,liquidandgas)andknowledgeandunderstandingofthevariousstructuresofmatter(including.e.g.,atoms,molecules,crystalsandotheraggregates)whetherinisolationorincombinationwithothers.

MajorBranchesofChemistry

Chemistryisahugesubjectwithinwhichthereareseveral“branches暠,i.e.,topicsorareasofstudythataredistinctive,recognized,partsoftheoverallsubjectofchemistry.ItisnotpossibletoanswerthequestionwhatisChemistry?Withoutreferencetoparticulartypesofchemistry.

Examplesoftopicsincludedineachoftheseareasarelistedbelow(Tables1.2 1.4).

·11·Unit1暋WhatisChemistry?

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PhysicalChemistry:Table1.2

Physicalpropertiesofsubstancesonseveralscales,including:

Manytypesofphysicalpropertiesofchemical(withmechanismsandexplanations),inclu灢ding.e.g:

MacroscopicMicroscopicAtomic

ì

î

í

ïï

ïïSub灢atomic

StaticElectricityGasLawsX灢RayDiffractionSolutionsandSolubilityLawsofThermodynamicsRadioactivit

ì

î

í

ïïïï

ïïïï y

暋暋InorganicChemistry:Table1.3

ElementsandtheircompoundsasdescribedbyPeriodicTable:

Groups栺 and 栻 (AlkaliMetalsandAlkalineEarthMetals)

Group栿TransitionMetalsGroup桇Group桋Group桍Group桏 (Halogens)

Group0(NobleGasses)

Typesof(Inorganic)ReactionsInorganicCompoundsGeochemistryExtraction/MiningofInorganicChemicalsBioinorganicChemistrySyntheticInorganicChemistryIndustrialInorganicChemistry

暋暋OrganicChemistry:Table1.4

TypesofChemicalFormulaeUsedinOrganicChemistry:

HomologousSeries(&namingoforganiccompounds)

FunctionalGroupsIsomerismPurificationandSeparationofOrganicCompoundsIdentificationofOrganicCompoundsOrganicReactionMechanisms

AlcoholsEstersEthersAldehydesKetonesCarboxylicAcidsAmines(namingamines)

·21· 化学化工专业英语

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(Continued)

StrengthsofOrganicAcidsandBasesAlkenesHalogenoalkanes(Haloalkanes)

AlkenesHalogenoalkanes(Haloalkanes)

AlkynesCycloalkanesAromaticHydrocarbons (alsoknownas “Arenes暠,e.g.,

Benzene)

OrganohalogenCompounds

AzoDyesAmidesAminoAcidsNitriles(namingnitriles)

PeptidesProteinsPolypeptidesOrganicMacromoleculesandPolymers

OtherBranchesofChemistry

Other,inmanycaseshighlyspecialised,disciplineswithinchemistryarealsoimportantandareoftennamedaccordingtothecontextormannerinwhichunderstandingofmatterisimportant.Examplesinclude(Table1.5):

Table1.5

Agrochemistry (alsocalled“Agriculturalchemistry暠)

thestudyofchemistryforagriculturalproduction,foodprocessing,

etc..

Analyticalchemistryanalysisofphysicalsamplestounderstandtheirchemicalcompositionandstructure.

Astrochemistrystudyoftheexistenceandreactionsofmatterinthe wideruniversebeyondplanetearth.

Atmosphericchemistrythechemistryofthe Earth狆satmosphereandthatofotherplanets.

Biochemistrythestudyofsubstancesfoundin,orproducedby,biologicalorganisms.

Cosmochemistrystudyoftheoriginanddevelopmentofthesubstancesoftheuniverse(notjustEarth).

Electrochemistrythechemistryofreactionsinsolutionattheinterfaceofanelectronconductor(ametalorasemiconductor)andanionicconductor(theelectrolyte).

Environmentalchemistry studyofbiochemicalphenomenaoccurringinnaturallocations.

·31·Unit1暋WhatisChemistry?

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(Continued)

Femtochemistrystudyofchemicalreactions over very shorttimes灢frames,

approx.10灢15seconds(onefemtosecond),hencethename.

Geochemistry

chemicalcompositionoftheEarthandotherplanets,chemicalprocessesandreactionsdeterminingcompositionofrocksandsoils,andcyclesofmatter/energythattransportmatterandtheirinteractionwiththehydrosphereandatmosphere.

Immunochemistrystudyofthechemistryandreactionsaffectingtheimmunesystem,hencerelatedtomedicineandveterinaryscience.

Marinechemistry(alsocalled“Oceanchemistry暠)

studyofchemistryofmarineenvironmentsincludinge.g.PHlevels,atmosphericchemistry,chemistryaffectinglocalecology,

etc.

Mathematicalchemistryapplicationsofmathematicstochemistry,e.g.involvingmathematicalmodelingofchemicalbehaviors.

Medicinal chemistry (alsocalled “pharmaceuticalchem灢istry暠)

attheintersectionofchemistryandpharmacologyincludingdesigning,

synthesisinganddevelopingpharmaceuticaldrugs.

Neurochemistrystudyofneurochemicals,includingneurotransmittersandneuro灢activedrugsthatinfluenceneuronfunction.

NuclearChemistryaspectsofchemistryconcerningradioactivity,nuclearprocessesandnuclearproperties.

Organometallicchemistrystudyofchemicalscontainingbondsbetweencarbonandametal(in灢cludingaspectsofinorganicchemistryandorganicchemistry).

Petrochemistrystudyofthetransformationofcrudeoil(petroleum)andnaturalgasintousefulproductsandrawmaterialsforotherproducts.

Photochemistrystudyofchemicalreactionsthatinvolveabsorptionoflighte.g.degradationofcertainmaterials.

Phytochemistrystudyofchemicalsderivedfromplants(“phytochemicals暠)andthesecondarymetaboliccompoundsfoundinplants.

Polymerchemistrystudyoforganic macromolecules whose structure generallyincludeslong chains of carbon atoms,can include bio灢orsyntheticpolymers.

·41· 化学化工专业英语

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(Continued)

Radiochemistrystudyofradioactivesubstancesanduseofradioactivitytostudychemicalreactionsgenerally.

Solid灢statechemistry (alsocalled “Materials chemis灢try暠)

thestudyofthesynthesis,structure,andpropertiesofsolids,

especiallybutnotonly,non灢molecularsolids.Thisisrelatedtosolid灢statephysics,mineralogy,crystallography,etc...

Sonochemistrystudyofchemicaleffectsofsonicwaves/ultrasound,generallyarisingfrom acousticcavitation:theformation,growth,andimplosivecollapseofbubblesinaliquid.

Supramolecularchemistrystudyof weak andreversible non灢covalentinteractionsbetweenmolecules,e.g.hydrogenbonds,metalcoordination,hydrophobicforces,vanderWaalsforces,pi灢piinteractions,electrostaticeffects.

Surfacechemistry chemicalreactionsatinterfaces,thisoverlapswithelectrochemistry.

Syntheticchemistryapplicationofknowledge of matterto deliberately producespecificsubstancesartificially(asopposedtonaturally).

Theoreticalchemistrytheapplicationofofphysics(andsometimesalsomathematicaltechniques)toexplainorpredictchemicalphenomena.

Thermochemistrystudyoftheenergyevolvedorabsorbedinchemicalreactionsandphysicaltransformations,suchasmeltingandboiling.

ThespecialtiesmentionedabovedonotformacompletelistbuthelptoconveyabroadimpressionofWhatisChemistry?

QuestionsforDiscussion

1.Theatomsbelowhavethefollowingelectronegativities:

Zn1.6暋Ga

1.7暋Ge1.9暋 As

2.1暋Se2.4

ThethreeisoelectronicsemiconductorsGe,GaAs,andZnSeallhaveroughlythesamesizeunitcellandinternuclearseparation(exclusivelyGe—Ge,Ga—As,andZn—Sebonds,respectively).Ifundertheseconditions,bandgapenergyincreaseswithioniccharacter,whichisoelectronicsolidshouldhavethelargestbandgapenergy?

2.CompareO— 梾梾OandO 梾梾O.IsO Oexpectedtobestronger,weaker,orthesamestrength? 梾梾IsO Oexpectedtobelonger,shorter,orthesamelength?

3.HowmanydoublebondsmustbeaddedinordertocompletetheLewisdotstructureofbenzene?

·51·Unit1暋WhatisChemistry?

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HH

HH

H

H

Translation

什么是化学?

化学的定义

化学是指物质(即包括气体、液体和固体所有物质)和物质之间发生各种不同类型

变化的科学,尤其是指物质经过重排转变为其他类型的化学变化过程(即所谓的“反应暠),例如水分解成氧气和氢气。

也就是说,化学是反映物质组成,结构,性能以及物质间反应,和物质反应结果的

一门科学。它研究物质的各种状态 (固体,液体和气体),认识和了解物质的各种结构

(包括原子,分子,晶体和其他聚合体等)是单独成形还是与其他形态结合成形。

化学主要分支

化学是一个有多个“分支暠的大型学科,包括特色领域,专题领域以及化学学科的

各个部分。如果不提及化学的特定类型,就很难回答什么是化学这个问题。在下面的表格中我们列出了上述各领域的主题(表1.2 1.4)。物理化学:

表1.2

物质在不同层次上的物理性质,包括:

宏观

微观

原子

ì

î

í

ïï

ïï亚原子

多种类型的物理化学性质(机理和解

释),例如:

静电

气体定律

X射线衍射

溶液及溶解性

热力学定律

ì

î

í

ïïïï

ïïïï放射性

·61· 化学化工专业英语

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暋暋无机化学:表1.3

周期表所描述的元素及其化合物:第一主族和第二主族(碱金属和碱土金属)第三主族

过渡金属

第四主族

第五主族

第六主族

第七主族(卤素)零族(稀有气体)

(无机物)反应的类型

无机化合物

地球化学

无机化工提取/矿产

生物无机化学

无机合成化学

工业无机化学

暋暋有机化学:表1.4

有机化学中的化学公式类型

同源序列 (有机化合物的命名)官能团

异构现象

有机化合物的分离纯化及分离

鉴定有机化合物

有机反应机理

有机酸的优势和基础

烷烃

烯烃

炔烃

环烷烃

芳香族碳氢化合物(也称为“芳烃暠,如苯)有机卤素化合物

醇

酯

醚

醛

酮

羧酸

胺(命名胺 )偶氮染料

酰胺

氨基酸

腈

肽

蛋白质

多肽

有机大分子和聚合物

其他化学分支

另一方面,许多在化学学科命名为交叉学科的高度专业化的分支也很重要,包括

(表1.5):

·71·Unit1暋WhatisChemistry?

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表1.5

农业化学 研究农业生产,食品加工等的化学

分析化学 分析物理样品的化学组成和结构

天体化学 研究地球的存在及以后更广泛的宇宙物质的反应

大气化学 地球和其他行星的大气化学

生物化学 物质发现或生物合成的研究

宇宙化学 研究宇宙物质的起源和发展(不只是地球)

电化学化学反应中的电解质溶液界面的电子导体(金属或半导体)和离子

导体

环境化学 研究在自然环境下生化现象的发生

地球化学确定地球和其他行星的化学组成,岩石和土壤组成的化学过程和反

应,大气相互作用与水圈和物质和能量循环、运输问题

免疫化学 研究影响免疫系统化学反应以及于此相关的医学和兽医的科学

海洋化学 研究受化学影响当地的生态环境,如海洋环境的pH值,大气化学等

数理化学 应用数学的化学,如涉及化学行为的数学建模

医药化学 (也称为“药物化学暠)-研究设计,合成和开发药品等药理学

神经化学 研究神经递质和神经活性药物影响神经细胞的功能的神经化学物质

有机金属化学 研究含有的有机碳和金属之间价键(包括无机和有机)的化学

石油化学 研究将原油(石油)和天然气转化为有用的材料和其他产品的化学

光化学 研究涉及的材料吸收光降解的化学反应

植物化学 研究在植物中发现的化学品及次生代谢物

高分子化学研究有机碳原子的长链结构。一般可以包括生物大分子或合成聚

合物

放射化学 研究和使用放射性物质的放射性化学反应

超分子化学效应研究的薄弱和可逆的非共价分子间的相互作用,如氢键,金属配

合,疏水力,范德华力,相互作用,静电

表面化学 研究在物质表面化学反应,这个与电化学重叠

·81· 化学化工专业英语

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(续表)

合成化学 运用对物质的了解来人工制造某种特定物质(相对于自然的)。

理论化学 运用物理技术(或数学技术)来解释或预测化学现象。

热化学研究化学反应和物理转换中能量的延续和转化。例如融化和

沸腾。

暋暋上面提到的有关化学领域并不完整,但却有助于大致了解“什么是化学暠这个

问题。

·91·Unit1暋WhatisChemistry?

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Unit2暋MolecularStructure

导语 暋自然界中所有物体均由化学元素及其化合物所组成,同样,各种固

体材料也都是由一种或多种元素的原子结合而成的。X射线晶体结构分析提供了

测试物质中原子排列的实验方法,使人们认识到物质中原子间结合的“化学暠力与

使固体凝聚成整体的“物理暠力之间无本质的区别,开辟了用物理方法解释化学键

的道路。本单元将用化学键来解释物质的物理性质和化学性质。

WarmingUpWhat狆sthedifferencebetweenarockandacat? Bonding! Thesame100

kindsofatomsarerearrangedtoformeverythingintheuniverse.OralWork1.Carbonexistsinbothgraphiteanddiamond.Whydoestheformerfeel

relativelysoftand“greasy暠whilethelatterveryhard?2.TiCl4andTiCl3aredifferentincolors,chemicalpropertiesandphysical

states.Canyouexplainthereasonsleadingtothesedifferences?