On Tap Kinh Te Cong Nghe Phan Mem-2014

cng kinh t cng ngh phn mm Thy Huznh Quyt Thng

Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 1

Mc lc 1. Hy cho bit khi nim sau v ngha ca n trong kinh t CNPM .................................................. 3

2. Nu t tng ca phng php FPA Function Points Analysis v phn tch { ngha ca phng php

ny trong thng t 2589 ca B thng tin v Truyn thng. .................................................................... 5

3. Trnh by t tng c lng gi thnh phn mm theo 2589/BTTTT-DCNTT. Cng thc gi tr

phn mm (G) c xy dng trn tng no. ...................................................................................... 6

4. Phn tch cc thnh phn ca COCOMO Black Box Model. Bn cht ca recalibration to

organizational data l g? ....................................................................................................................... 7

5. Phn bit khi nim Scale Drivers v Cost Driver trong m hnh COCOMO. Ly mt v d minh ha cho

tng khi nim. ....................................................................................................................................... 8

6. Gii thch v phn tch cng thc: COCOMO Effort { ngha cc thnh phn, kh nng p dng,

ngha mang li trong qu trnh xy dng phn mm .............................................................................. 11

7. Gii thch v phn tch cng thc: COCOMO Schedule - { ngha cc thnh phn, kh nng p dng,

ngha mang li trong qu trnh xy dng phn mm. ............................................................................. 12

8.Trnh by ngn gn cc chc nng ca phn mm COCOMO em s dng trong bi tp s 3........... 13

9.Trnh by khi nim SWOT trong lp k hoch chin lc v c th trong lp k hoch chin lc ng

dng CNTT cho cc doanh nghip. ......................................................................................................... 13

10. M t quy trnh phn tch Bussiness Case trong d n pht trin phn mm. .............................. 14

11.Gii thch khi nim Measurable Organizational Value (MOV) trong cc d n pht trin phn mm 16

12. M t khi nim Future Worth (FW), Present Value (PV) trong cc d n pht trin phn mm ....... 17

13.M t phng php xc nh NPV v p dng trong phn tch ti chnh ca d n pht trin phn

mm...................................................................................................................................................... 18

14. M t phng php xc nh Return on investment (ROI) v p dng trong phn tch ti chnh ca d

n phn mm ........................................................................................................................................ 20

15. M t phng php xc nh Payback Period v p dng trong phn tch ti chnh ca d n phn

mm...................................................................................................................................................... 21

16.Gii thch { ngha ca Internal Rate of Return (IRR) v Break Even Point Analysis (BEP) trong cc d n

CNTT ..................................................................................................................................................... 22

17.Gii thch { ngha ca Weighted Scoring Model trong nh gi cc d n CNTT. ............................... 23

18.Gii thch khi nim TCO ca doanh nghip CNTT-TT ........................................................................ 24

19.Phn tch r cc c im ca c s vt cht thit b s ha (Digital Goods). ................................. 24

20.Phn tch khi nim Network Effects v Software Markets v cc c im th trng phn mm. ... 25

21. Phn tch { ngha ca khi nim The Standardization Problem trong cng nghip phn mm. ......... 26


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 2

22. Phn tch khi nim: Software Development as a Principal-Agent Problem trong cng nghip phn

mm...................................................................................................................................................... 27

23. Tm hiu v cc c im trong pht trin cc d n phn mm s dng PMNM v cc giy php

phn mm ............................................................................................................................................. 28

24. Lm r hn nhng vn trong kinh t cc d n phn mm ngun m: Prospects: Trin vng;

Pitfalls: Cc cm by; Politics: Cc chnh sch ......................................................................................... 31

25. Tm hiu m hnh kinh doanh v gii thch cc khi nim: Brokerage, Advertising, Affiliate,

Community ........................................................................................................................................... 33

26.Phn tch vai tr ca sn phm (CNTT) v { ngha ca cng ngh trong khi nghip cc doanh nghip

CNTT ..................................................................................................................................................... 35

27.Tm hiu thm v phn bit cc c trng ca: Existing market; Resegmented market; New market.36

28.Tm hiu v Market risks v cc k thut nh gi. ............................................................................ 37

29.Tm hiu cc phng php phn loi khch hng v nu c im ca tng phn loi. Vic phn loi

ny c { ngha nh th no vi xy dng k hoch kinh doanh. ............................................................. 40


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 3

1. Hy cho bit khi nim sau v ngha ca n trong kinh t CNPM

a. Configuration management v Automated aids.

b. Measurable milestones v Use walk-throughs

c. Configuration management v End-item acceptance plan

d. Use disciplined reviews v Through test planning

e. Chief programmer teams v Independent test teams

Bi lm :

- Configuration management : Qun l cu hnh (CM) l mt lnh vc

qun l trong tp trung quan tm n s khi to v duy tr tnh nht qun

ca mt h thng hay hiu nng ca sn phm cng nh cc chc nng v

thuc tnh vt l tng ng vi cc thng tin v qu trnh pt yu cu, thit k v

hot ng trong sut vng i ca n. ngha: l thit lp v bo m tnh

ton vn ca cc sn phm trung gian cng nh cc sn phm sau cng ca mt

d n phn mm, xuyn sut chu k sng ca d n .

- Automated aids : Cc h tr t ng l cc s h tr c km theo mt

cch t ng theo tha thun gia 2 bn i tc. Nhng s h tr ny rt c

ngha trong vic pht trin phn mm, gip lm gim khi lng cng vic,

nng cao hiu sut v rt ngn c thi gian xy dng phn mm.

- Measurable milestones : cc ct mc ca d n c th o lng c

Nhng ct mc ny gip cc nh qun l c th qun l c tt hn phn mm

ang pht trin.

- Use walk-throughs : Trong cng nghip phn mm, walkthrough( cn

c gi l software walkthrough) dng miu t qu trnh kim tra cc thut

gii v m ngun theo cc con ng i qua thut gii v code, mi con ng

c phn bit bi cc iu kin u vo v la chn theo con ng .

- Configuration management : Qun l cu hnh (CM) s bao gm cc

qu trnh nh ngha sn phm, qun l cc thay i, tnh ton trng thi, thao

tc ca chng trnh h tr th vin, pht trin v qun l bn k hoch

chp nhn sn phm cui (end-item accptance plan).


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 4

- End-item acceptance plan : n k hoch chp nhn sn phm cui l

mt vic lm quan trng trong cng ngh phn mm. N s kim duyt li phn

mm mt ln cui trc khi chp nhn pht hnh n ra th trng. Vic ny s

pht hin ra nhng sai st cn li cn phi sa cha trc khi c th a phn

mm ra th trng.

- Use disciplined reviews : S dng cc ti liu tng kt li (review) c

xy dng quy c (use disciplined review) s gip chng ta c th nh gi

qu trnh pht trin phn mm tt hn

- Through test planning : ha Through test planning ny s phn tch ri ro

ca sn phm, v mt chin thut kim th s c chn s dng. Chin

thut kim th l cng m t cc thnh phn kim th trong vng i pht

trin phn mm. N c to ra bo co vi nhng ngi qun tr d n,

ngi kim tra v nhng ngi pht trin v nhng vn chnh ca qu trnh

kim th. N bao gm cc i tng phi kim th, cc phng php kim

tra cc chc nng mi, tng thi gian v ti nguyn cn cho d n v mi

trng kim th.

- Chief programmer teams : i lp trnh chnh : Mt i lp trnh m

trch nhim thit k chng trnh v thc hin da hon ton vo cc thnh

vin c k nng cao nht nhng lp trnh vin chnh. Nhng thnh vin khc

trong i s h tr nhng cng vic khch nhau. Mt i in hnh bao gm

lp trnh vin chnh, lp trnh vin d phng, ngi vit ti liu, ngi qun tr ,

th k lp trnh vin d phng h tr cho cc lp trnh vin chnh v c th

m nhim vai tr thay th lp trnh vin chnh nu cn thit. Ngi vit ti

liu duy tr tt c cc ti liu k thut v d n nh ti liu thit k, module

ngun v lch s kim th. Ngi qun tr lm nhim v qun l hnh chnh v

d n. Cc dch v khc c th cung cp t cc i bn ngoi nu cn thit.

Vic t chc i lp trnh nh th ny c th sn xut chng trnh mt cch

nhanh chng v ng tin cy hn so vi mt i ng lp trnh vin c k nng

ngang hng nhau.

- Independent test teams : i kim th c lp ( ndependent test team)

l mt nhm kim th phn mm ty theo cc yu cu c ng t trc


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 5

nhm kim th c chuyn mn ha vi vic kim th v c lp vi ngi

sn xut phn mm v cc cng ty bun bn phn mm.

2. Nu t tng ca phng php FPA Function Points Analysis v phn

tch ngha ca phng php ny trong thng t 2589 ca B thng tin v

Truyn thng.

- T tng phng php FPA :

FPA l phng php c ISO chp nhn, dng xc nh kch thc v

mt chc nng (functional size) ca mt h thng thng tin. Functional size phn

nh s lng chc nng lin quan ti v c chp nhn bi ngi dng trong

doanh nghip. N hon ton c lp vi cng ngh c s dng trin khai h

thng.n v dng o lng c gi l function points (FPs) cng tng t

nh o khi lng, ngi ta s dng kilgram, o di ngi ta dng

mtChnh v vy, phng php FPA biu din ln ca h thng thng tin

bng s lng cc FPs. V d nh ln ca mt h thng X l 256FPs.Khi nim

FP c a ra bi Allan Albrecht vo gia nhng nm 1970 nhm thay th cho

phng php o lng kch thc phn mm bng cch m s dng code, sau

c IBM xut bn vo nm 1979, v sau l IEEE ti bn vo nm 1981.

Mc tiu ca phng php

Tnh ton s chc nng da trn gc nhn t phi end-users v cc chc

nng ca h thng.

Gim thiu ha cng sc, chi ph dng cho vic tnh ton, o c.

Thit lp nn mt phng php o c thng nht gia cc t chc.

ngha ca phng php :

C th xc nh c kch thc ca phn mm t sm trong quy trnh pht

trin.

Gi vai tr nh mt phng php o c cn bn, tng cng nng sut.

c lp vi cng c v mi trng pht trin.


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 6

Cung cp phng php o lng kch thc thng nht gia cc nhm v t

chc.

L cng c quan trng xc nh nng sut, c lng chi ph, cng sc

3. Trnh by t tng c lng gi thnh phn mm theo 2589/BTTTT-

DCNTT. Cng thc gi tr phn mm (G) c xy dng trn

tng no.

T tng c lng phn mm theo TT 2589 :

Chi ph phn mm ni b c xc nh trn c s tng hp cc chi ph,

bao gm gi tr phn mm, chi ph chung, thu nhp chu thu tnh trc, c th

nh sau:

Gi tr phn mm (G) c tnh theo cng thc sau:

G = 1,4 x E x P x H

Trong : E: Gi tr n lc

P : Thi gian lao ng thc hin 01 im trng hp s dng (use-case)

sau hiu chnh

H: Mc lng lao ng bnh qun

Cng thc tnh gi tr phn mm G da trn cc yu t:


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 7

- Cng ngh: lin quan n nng lc ca pha xy dng phn mm gm:

trnh c nhn, cng ngh s dng

- Thi gian lao ng thc hin 1 im trng hp s dng sau hiu chnh

.

- Mc lng lao ng bnh qun : cn c theo mt bng gi ca th trng

lao ng ph bin ca tng khu vc hoc mc tin lng c c quan nh nc,

a phng cng b v cc khon lng ph, ph cp lng

4. Phn tch cc thnh phn ca COCOMO Black Box Model. Bn cht

ca recalibration to organizational data l g?

COCOMO l m hnh chi ph c s dng rng ri nht, d liu y v

hiu chun.

- M hnh COCOMO Black Box Model :

u vo :

- roduct Size Estimate : Kch thc c lng ca sn phm


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 8

- product, process, platform, and personnel attributes : Cc thuc tnh sn

phm, quy trnh, nn tng v con ngi

- reuse, maintenance, and increment parameters : Cc tham s v ti s

dng, bo tr v s tng trng

- T chc d liu ca d n

u ra :

- c lng chi ph pht trin bo tr v c lng vic lp lch

- hn b theo thi gian, chi ph cho tng pha, tng hot ng, s tng

trng

*Recalibration to organizational data : Hiu chun li d liu c t chc,

Bn cht ca n l mi ln hiu chun li d liu c t chc th vic c lng chi

ph s c tnh ton li

5. Phn bit khi nim Scale Drivers v Cost Driver trong m hnh

COCOMO. Ly mt v d minh ha cho tng khi nim.

(*)Phn bit khi nim Scale Drivers v Cost Driver trong m hnh

COCOMO

- Hng dn quy m (Scale Drivers): l ngun gc ca s bin i cng sc

theo hm m

- Hng dn chi ph (Cost Drivers) : l ngun gc ca s bin i cng sc

theo hm tuyn tnh : Bao gm cc thuc tnh sn phm, quy trnh, bo tr, con

ngi v h s EM

- Cc nhn t ca hng dn quy m :

Precedentendness (PREC): Mc m h thng mi v p dng kinh

nghim c

Pht trin mm do (FLEX): Cn phi ph hp vi cc yu cu quy

nh


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 9

Gii php kin trc / ri ro (RESL): Cn ng b ha cc bn lin

quan v gim thiu xung t

S pht trin ca quy trnh (PMAT): S nh gi quy trnh trng

thnh SEI CMM

Tnh gn kt trong lm vic nhm (TEAM) : nh gi kh nng hp

tc ca cc thnh vin

- Cc nhn t ca hng dn chi ph :

Cc yu t v sn phm ( Product Factor ):

o tin cy (RELY) : o tnh tin cy ca phn mm khi thc

hin ng chc nng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh

o D liu ( kch thc ) (DATA) : D/P : So snh ln ca d

liu vi kch thc sn phm

o phc tp (CPLX) :

o Kh nng ti s dng (RUSE) : Cng sc b ra b xung v

xy dng cc thnh phn c th s dng li ti hin ti hoc

tng lai

o Yu cu v ti liu lin quan (DOCU) : Tnh thch hp v cn

thit ca ti liu trong d n

Cc yu t v nn tng pht trin ( Platform factors ) ( c s h

tng, phn cng):

o Rng buc thi gian (TIME) : o da trn thi gian thc hin

ca h thng. T l gia thi gian thc hin d kin v thi gian

thc !

o Rng buc lu tr (STOR) : T l b nh dnh cho chng

trnh so vi khng gian lu tr

o Tnh n nh ca nn tng (PVOL) : Thi gian m nn tng

cn phi thay i

Cc yu t v nhn lc (Personnel factors):

o Kh nng phn tch (ACAP)

o Kh nng lp trnh (PCAP)

o Kinh nghim ng dng thc t (APEX)

o Kinh nghim vi nn tng pht trin (PLEX)

o Kinh nghim vi ngn ng v cng c (LTEX)


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 10

o Tnh lin tc ca nhn lc (PCON) : Tc thay th nhn cng

trong i d n

Cc yu t d n ( Project factors ) :

o Cc cng c phn mm (TOOL)

o Pht trin nhiu ni (S TE)

o Yu cu v lch trnh pht trin (SCED) : nh gi c xc

nh da trn phn trm cathi gian, tin thc t so vi d

tnh bnh thng cn thit thc hin d n.

(*)V d minh ha :

V d cc nhn t ca hng dn quy m nh hng n sn phm

(v 1 trong cc dng trn cng c )

V d v yu t chi ph:

tin cy (RELY):


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 11

o lng mc m phn mm thc hin ng chc nng d nh ca n trong

mt khong thi gian. tin cy y s c nh gi qua cu hi: Sai st phn

mm c nh hng l g?

6. Gii thch v phn tch cng thc: COCOMO Effort ngha cc thnh

phn, kh nng p dng, ngha mang li trong qu trnh xy dng phn

mm

(*)Cng thc COCOMO Effort

drivercost of#

1

)Size(months)(personEffort i

i

B EMA

Trong :

Effort : Cng sc pht trin ( n v ngi thng )

A l hng s khng i c ly t d liu ca cc d n trong qu kh. A =

2.94 trong COCOMO II.2000

Size l Kch thc chng trnh (c tnh bng KSLOC nghn dng m

ngun) hoc cng c th c c lng t cc im chc nng hay im i

tng

B l s m dng xc nh bt li kinh t ca quy m trong cc d n phn

mm, s m ny c tnh da vo 5 thuc tnh Scale Driver theo cng thc :

B = 0.091+0.01*SFi (SFi l im nh gi Scale Driver th I )

EMi l cp s nhn hiu qu cho Cost Driver th i.

(*) Kh nng p dng :


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 12

c p dng trong m hnh thit k sm ( Tm hiu kin trc phn mm v

cc quy trnh nghip v ) v m hnh hu kin trc ( Xy dng v pht trin mt

phn mm c th )

(*) ngha mang li:

Cng thc ny gip chng ta c lng c cng sc cho vic pht trin

d n phn mm, nh gi c tnh kh thi ca d n v d on nhn lc cho

vic pht trin

7. Gii thch v phn tch cng thc: COCOMO Schedule - ngha cc thnh

phn, kh nng p dng, ngha mang li trong qu trnh xy dng phn

mm.

(*)Cng thc COCOMO Schedule

100/%*(Effort) C(months) Schedule 1.01)-0.2(B0.33 SCED

- Trong :

Schedule: thi gian tnh theo thng k t bc c s n khi sn phm c

chp nhn.

C : Hng s c tnh t d liu trong lch s. Trong COCOMO .2000, C

c tnh l 3.67

Effort : c lng cng sc ngi thng khng bao gm nhn t SCED

B : Tng gi tr cc yu t v quy m ca d n.

SCED % : Phn trm nn/ m rng trong yu t chi ph SCED

(*)Kh nng p dng:

Cng thc ny c th bin i phn nh cc m hnh quy trnh cho cc

phn mm ti s dng v phn mm COTS, v hiu qu ca cc ng dng tng

hp cc kh nng.

(*) ngha:


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 13

Tr s ny dng c lng thi gian hon thnh ca d n cng nh ca

cc giai on trong d n, nh m cc nh pht trin phn mm c th ln k

hoch cho qu trnh pht trin d n.

8.Trnh by ngn gn cc chc nng ca phn mm COCOMO em s

dng trong bi tp s 3.

Cc chc nng chng em dng trong bi tp 3:

- Thit lp gi tr ca cc nhn t chi ph

- Thit lp gi tr ca cc nhn t quy m

- c lng cng sc pht trin phn mm

- c lng chi ph phn mm

- c lng thi gian pht trin

9.Trnh by khi nim SWOT trong lp k hoch chin lc v c th trong

lp k hoch chin lc ng dng CNTT cho cc doanh nghip.

SWOT l mt phng php phn tch thng c cc t chc thc hin, l

mt cng c trong lp k hoch chin lc cho t chc. N phn tch im mnh

(Strengths), im yu (Weaknesses), c hi (Opportunities) v thch thc (Threats)

i vi mt t chc phn mm.

Trong qu trnh lp k hoch chin lc, t chc xc nh mc tiu hng u

ca k hoch l g v s dng cng c phn tch SWOT nh gi kh nng t

mc tiu . Phn tch cc th mnh v im yu l phn tch nhng yu t bn

trong nh hng ti kh nng t mc tiu. Cn phn tch nhng c hi v thch

thc l phn tch cc yu t ca mi trng xung quanh. Vic p dng cng c

phn tch SWOT c th tin hnh bng cch lp s SWOT lit k cc yu

t.

Sau khi lit k c cc yu t nh hng, t chc c th dng cng c

USED nh hng cc bin php nhm tn dng (Use) cc im mnh, khc

phc (Stop) cc im yu, khai thc (Exploit) cc c hi v ng u (Defend)

vi cc thch thc. C th trong lp k hoch chin lc ng dng CNTT cho

cc doanh nghip: Phng php ny i hi phi c nhng ngi qun l bn


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 14

ngoi lnh vc cng ngh thng tin trong vic lp k hoch pht trin v h c th

gip hiu r v cc chin lc ca t chc v xc nh cc lnh vc kinh doanh h

tr chng

10. M t quy trnh phn tch Bussiness Case trong d n pht trin phn

mm.

Quy trnh phn tch Business case c tng cng 8 bc :

Bc 1 : Select the Core Team

La chn i nhn t chnh vi mc tiu cung cp cc u im sau:

- tin cy

- Quyn s hu.

- S chp thun (hip nh)

- Bm st cc mc tiu t chc.

- Truy nhp cc chi ph thc.

- Xy dng cu ni.

Bc 2 : Define measurable organizational value

Xc nh gi tr t chc c th o lng c (MOV) - mc tiu tng th

ca d n phn mm. MOV phi:

- C th o lng c.

- Cung cp gi tr cho t chc.

- Nhn c s ng thun

- C th kim chng c

- Gn kt MOV vi chin lc v mc tiu ca t chc.

Bc 3 : Identify Alternatives

Xc nh cc gii php thay th:


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 15

- Thay th trng hp c s.

- Chin lc thay th.

- Thay i qui trnh hin c vi nh u t CNTT.

- K tha/ thch nghi vi h thng t cc khu vc t chc khc.

- Thit k li h thng hin ti.

- Mua gi ng dng hp php.

- Xy dng ty cc gii php mi.

Bc 4 : Define feasibility

Xc nh tnh kh thi v nh gi ri ro:

V tnh kh thi:

- kh thi v Kinh t

- kh thi v K thut.

- kh thi v T chc.

- Cc yu t kh thi khc

nh gi ri ro tp trung vo:

- Xc nh.

- nh gi.

- i ph.

Bc 5 : Define total cost of ownership

Xc nh tng chi ph ca quyn s hu:

- Chi ph trc tip hoc chi ph tr trc

- Chi ph ang thc hin.

- Chi ph gin tip.


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 16

Bc 6 : Define total benefits of ownership

Xc nh tt c cc li ch ca quyn s hu:

- Tng cc cng vic gi tr cao

- Ci thin chnh xc v hiu qu

- Ci thin vic ra quyt nh

- Ci thin dch v khch hng.

Bc 7 : Analyze Alternatives

Phn tch cc gii php thay th bng cch s dng cc m hnh ti chnh v

cc m hnh tnh im.

Bc 8 : Propose & support recommendation

- Khuyn ngh v xut v h tr

11.Gii thch khi nim Measurable Organizational Value (MOV) trong cc

d n pht trin phn mm

ROI (Return on Investment T l hon vn u t) dng nh mt gi tr o

gip to ra cc quyt nh cho d n trong gn 10 nm tr li y. Jack

Marchewka to ra Measurable Organiztional Value (MOV) vi mt ngha

tng t ROI nhng vi mt nh ngha khc. Mt MOV ca d n hng n mt

ch ton din v o c kh nng thnh cng (a project's MOV refers to its

"overall goal and measure of success."). MOV cn phi bao gm bn yu t: C

th o c (mesurable), phi a ra mt gi tr cho t chc (provide value to the

organization), phi t c s ng (be agreed upon) v c th thm tra c

(verifiable).

- Kh nng o c c l mt th thch ln nht vi mt d n. C ba

ch trong kh nng o c c l nng lc t chc, s tha mn khch hng,

v tng gim doanh thu. Nng lc ca t chc v s tha mn ca khch hng l

hai ch kh c th xc nh nht trong k hoch. C rt nhiu li ch ca mt d

n T l mm v thng kh c th o c c. V d mt d n lm cho nhn

vin cm thy thoi mi khng th o c c, bi n khng quyt nh c kt


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 17

qu ca d n c tt khng, mc d chng ta u ng khi nhng nhn vin cm

thy thoi mi th h s lm vic tt hn. Cn o c trn vic tng hay gim

doanh thu d dng hn rt nhiu. tng ng sau kh nng o t c l bt k

quyt nh no c a ra cng phi tnh ton n vic chng nh hng th no

n MOV, v d nh khi a thm mt chc nng mi vo, nhng n khng lm

tng MOV th khng nn a vo.

- Thm tra c: Mt d n cn phi c mt gi tr o t c mc tiu

ra, bi vy phng php kim tra li gi tr cng phi c ra. Sau

khi d n hon thnh, MOV phi c thm tra li xem liu d n c thnh

cng hay khng.

- Qun l d n bng MOV cn phi a ra c mt gi tr cho t chc, n

l nn tng ca MOV v tng t nh vi RO . Tuy nhin RO c tnh bng s

chnh lch gia ph tn v gi tr k vng ca t chc (gia tin u t v li

nhun). Trong khi , MOV li khng a vo gi tr ph tn m ch nhn v tnh

ton gi tr kinh doanh sau khi d n hon thnh.

- Mt d n MOV cn phi c s ng . Tt c cc stakeholder phi

ng vi MOV ca d n trc khi n bt u. Tt c cc thnh vin ca cc

phng ban, cc stakeholder u cn phi ng vi MOV, t nht cng phi ng

v gi tr m d n s mang li, nu khng d n s khng thnh cng.

12. M t khi nim Future Worth (FW), Present Value (PV) trong cc d n

pht trin phn mm

(*)Future worth (Gi tr tng lai)

L gi tr ca mt khon tin ti mt thi im trong tng lai vi mt li

sut nht nh no (khng bao gm iu chnh theo lm pht hoc cc yu t

khc nh hng n gi tr thc ca tin trong tng lai)

Cng thc tnh gi tr tng lai ca dng tin:

FV = PV * (1 + r)n

K hiu:

FV: gi tr tng lai ca dng tin


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 18

V: gi tr hin ti ca dng tin

r: li xut / k tnh li

n: s k tnh li

(*)Present Value (Gi tr hin ti)

Xem xt trn quan im kinh doanh mi ng vn b ra phi khng ngng

vn ng v khng ngng sinh li c th thy, mt ng tin thu c ti mt thi

im trong tng lai khng th bng mt ng tin c thi im hin ti. S

khc nhau chnh l ch, gia chng c yu t thi gian v s ri ro. nh

gi mt cch xc ng cc khon thu trong tng lai, ngi ta c th s dng

phng php tnh i gi tr ca mt ng tin thu c thi im trong tng

lai v gi tr ti mt thi im hin ti. Gi tr tnh i v thi im hin ti ca

mt ng tin thu c trong tng lai c gi l gi tr hin ti ca ng tin

resent Value ( V).

Gi tr hin ti ca mt khon tin thu c ti mt thi im trong tng lai

c tnh theo cng thc tng qut:

PV = FVn

Trong :

PV( resent value): Gi tr hin ti ca khon thu trong tng lai.

FVn( Future value): Gi tr khon thu ti thi im cui nm th n trong

tng lai.

i: Li sut tnh theo nm.

n: S nm

13.M t phng php xc nh NPV v p dng trong phn tch ti chnh

ca d n pht trin phn mm

Tr li :


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 19

Net present value (NPV) l phng php tnh ton li hay l rng c

mong i t mt d n bng cch chit khu (discouting) tt c cc dng tin vo

v ra c mong i trong tng lai v thi im hin ti

Cc d n vi NPV dng nn c cn nhc nu gi tr ti chnh l tiu

chun chnh v iu c ngha l li nhun t mt d n ln hn chi ph u t

NPV cng cao th cng tt

NPV l s chch lch gia gi tr hin ti ca cc dng tin vo v gi tr

hin ti ca cc dng tin ra

NPV so snh gi tr ca mt ng tin ngy hm nay vi gi tr ca n trong

tng lai, bao gm c lm pht v li nhun vo ti khon

V d, nu mt doanh nghip bn l qun o mun mua mt ca hng ang

tn ti, u tin h phi c tnh cc dng tin trong tng lai m ca hng to ra,

sau chiu khu nhng dng tin thnh mt gi tr tr tng ti thi im hin

ti, cho rng l $565,000

Nu ngi ch ca hng mun bn ca hng ca anh ta t hn khon

tin trn, th cng ty mun mua c th chp nhn ngh v N V s t

gi tr dng (u t c hiu qu)

Ngc li, nu ngi ch khng mun bn vi gi thp hn $565,000

ngi mua khng nn mua ca hng, v u t s cho N V m ti thi im

v v vy gim gi tr tng th ca cng ty qun o.

Cng thc tnh NPV :

NPV =

NPV = gi tr hin ti rng = gi tr hin ti rng ca cc dng tin

Mi dng tin vo hay ra c chit khu v gi tr hin ti ca n ri sau

chng c cng gp li vi nhau


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 20

NPV = C0 + =

Trong :

t l thi gian ca dng tin

N l tng thi gian ca d n

r l t l chit khu

Ct l dng tin rng ti thi im t

C0 l khon u t ban u

ngha :

Nu d n c N V > 0, N ng cn nhc v mt kinh t

Nu d n c N V < 0, d n tht bi trong vic lm li nhun ln hn gi tr

ngun lc u t cho d n.

14. M t phng php xc nh Return on investment (ROI) v p dng

trong phn tch ti chnh ca d n phn mm

Li nhun trn u t (ROI) :

ROI c tnh bng cch tr cc cc khon li nhun cho chi ph ca d n

ri chia cho tng chi ph

ROI = (tng li nhun chit khu tng chi ph chit khu) / chi ph

chit khu

ROI cng cao cng tt

Nhiu t chc c mt t l hon vn yu cu hay t l hon vn trn u t

chp nhn c cc tiu cho mi d n

Li nhun (li) ca mt khon u t c chia cho chi ph u t kt qu

c th hin theo phn trm hay t l. Ch s ny c gi l RO n gin

Cng thc tnh:


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 21

ROI =

15. M t phng php xc nh Payback Period v p dng trong phn tch

ti chnh ca d n phn mm

(*) M t phng php xc nh payback Period

M t phng php xc nh Payback

Payback period l khong thi gian cn hon vn ca mt khon u t

theo nm

Payback period= s tin u t thun/ dng tin trung bnh hng nm t

u t

T sut hon vn = [(Thu nhp rng hng nm)/ (Vn u t)]*100% = (%)

Tr li cu hi: bao gi ti s ly li c tin

im mnh

-D tnh ton

-D hiu

-Cung cp mt s du hiu ca ri ro bng cch tch ring cc d n

di hn ra khi cc d n ngn hn

im yu

-Khng o lng li nhun

-Khng k khai c gi tr ca tin theo thi gian

-B qua vic thc hin ti chinh sau thi gian ha vn

Qu trnh thc hin tnh ton thi gian ha vn

Ly khon u t ban u

Xc nh s tit kim c bao nhiu bng vic p dng cc cng ngh mi


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 22

nm

Gim chi ph lao ng, l ph bn quyn r hn,

Xc nh mt bao nhiu nm vn u t c th thu hi theo ng li

vch ra nu khng di 2 nm th ko thc hin vic u t.

(*)p dng trong phn tch ti chnh ca d n phn mm

V d c 2 d n phn mm A v B, so snh nh sau :

La chn A s c chn v c thi gian hon vn ngn hn, tuy nhin la

chn ny c mt nhc im l ko tnh ton c iu g s xy ra sau thi gian

hon vn.

16.Gii thch ngha ca Internal Rate of Return (IRR) v Break Even Point

Analysis (BEP) trong cc d n CNTT

(*)Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

- IRR T sut thu hi vn ni b l t l chit khu lm cho gi tr hin ti

rng ca khon u t bng khng.

- N l mt ch s v hiu qu u t, tri ngc vi N V cho bit gi tr

hay ln.

- RR l t l hon vn hn hp hiu qu hng nm c th kim c trn

vn u t, tc l sn lng trn u t.

- Mt d n gi l mt xut u t tt nu RR ca n ln hn t sut li

nhun c th kim c bng cc khon u t thay th (u t cho d n khc,

mua tri phiu, thm ch gi tin ngn hng)


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 23

- Nh vy, RR nn c so snh vi bt k chi ph vn thay th no bao

gm c ph bo him ri ro thch hp

- V mt ton hc RR c nh ngha l bt c t l chit khu no m

dn n gi tr N V ca cc dng tin bng khng.

- Ni chung, nu RR ln hn chi ph vn ca d n, hay t l ro (t l thu

hi vn ti thiu phi c c i vi mt cng ty khi thc hin mt d n c th

no ), th d n s thm gi tr cho cng ty.

(*)Break Even Point Analysis (BEP) im ha vn

im ho vn l trng thi hot ng ca d n m ti tng doanh thu

ng bng tng chi ph. Ti im ho vn, d n khng c li nhng cng khng

b l

S dng ch tiu im ho vn nh gi d n: Tng t nh i vi

ch tiu thi gian hon vn, ngi ta cng a ra mt gii hn cho php i vi

ch tiu im ho vn lm mc so snh vi gi tr tnh ton c t d n.

Chng hn, i vi ch tiu cng sut ho vn, nu PBEP gi tr ny cng

cao cng tt

Da vo ta la chn c d n t tiu chun cao nht.


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 24

18.Gii thch khi nim TCO ca doanh nghip CNTT-TT

Tng Chi ph S hu (TCO) l mt m hnh do Tp on Garner

xy dng ban u vo nm 1987 phn tch nhng chi ph lin quan n

vic mua, trin khai v s hu cc h thng cng ngh thng tin trong mt

thi gian c th, thng l 3 hoc 5 nm.

Cc chi ph ny bao gm chi ph bn quyn phn mm, chi ph trin khai,

chi ph lin quan n vic nng cp c s h tng cng ngh thng tin, chi

ph t vn, chi ph bo tr hng nm v chi ph hnh chnh ni b.

- Mng phn cng v phn mm

- Workstation phn cng v phn mm

- Ci t v tch hp phn cng v phn mm

- Chi ph nghin cu

- Bo m v giy php

- Giy php theo di - tun th

- Chi ph chuyn i phn mm khc

- Ri ro: nhy cm vi cc l hng, sn sng nng cp, cc bn v li v

chnh sch cp php trong tng lai, vv.

19.Phn tch r cc c im ca c s vt cht thit b s ha (Digital

Goods).

Cc c im :

-Chi ph sn xut ra sn phm u tin ln nhng cc sn phm sau th

chi ph sn xut rt thp. Khi pht trin phn mm nh pht trin mang ri do rt

ln nu tht bi tuy nhin s khng c bt k s tr gip no t ngi mua sn

phm ny v n khng c trong hp ng.

-Sn phm c th c sao chp mt cch d dng m khng lm thay i

cht lng. Bn sao v bn chnh khng h c s khc bit.


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 25

- bo v bn quyn cng nh chng sao chp s dng bt hp php cc

nh cung cp sn phm k thut s c th s dng h thng qun l quyn k thut

s (Hess v Unlu 2004). Cc phng php cung cp bo v da trn phn cng v

phn mm bao gm c kim sot vic tip cn v s dng phn mm, bo v tnh

xc thc v tnh ton vn, nhn dng thng qua siu d liu, vic s dng bo v

sao chp, thanh ton.

20.Phn tch khi nim Network Effects v Software Markets v cc c im

th trng phn mm.

Tr li:

-Network Effects v Software Markets:

Hiu ng mng c vai tr quan trng trong th trng phn mm v ngoi l

do v cc chc nng ca 1 sn phm, s phn phi hin ti v tng lai cng s

nh hng quyt nh n tnh hu dng ca phn mm i vi ngi s dng.

Michael Katz v Carl Shapiro xc nh hiu ng mng nh sau:'' Cc tin

ch m ngi dng a ra xut pht t li ch ph thuc vo s lng ngi dng

khc, nhng ngi trong cng mt mng nh ngi '' (Katz v Shapiro 1985, p.

424). Ni cch khc, trong 1 mng ln hn th cng c nhiu ngi s dng c

hng li. Hiu ng mng l trc tip hoc gin tip.

Hiu ng mng trc tip pht sinh t thc t bng cch s dng cc tiu

chun trn cng 1 phn mm hoc cc cng ngh thng thng, ngi dng c th

giao tip vi nhau n gin hn do vy chi ph gim, hiu qu tng ln. V d in

hnh l cng 1 nguyn tc p dng cho cc t vng XML nh xCBL s c tnh hu

ch ln hn cho cc t chc s dng chng. Hoc s dng cc nh dng tiu chun

s n gin ha vic trao i ti liu kinh doanh gia cc h thng khc nhau v

nhau

Hiu ng mng gin tip l kt qu ca s ph thuc gia tiu th hng ha

c bn v tiu th hng ha dch v b sung. l vic p dng rng ri 1 sn

phm trn 1 phm vi rng ln cng vi hng ha dch v lin quan lm tng cng

cc tin ch c bn tt nht. V d c th d dng nhn thy trong cc sn phm

phn mm, h iu hnh trn th trng hin nay


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 26

Hiu ng mng dn ti xu hng c li cho nhng nh cung cp ln, c

gi l phn hi tch cc tng ng, li nhun tng : phn hi tch cc lm cho

mnh m mnh m hn, yu s yu hn

-c im th trng phn mm

Hiu ng mng thng dn ti c quyn. Hai hoc nhiu cng ty cnh

tranh nhau cho mt th trng ni c thng tin phn hi tch cc mnh m, ch 1 s

ni ln l k chin thng v khng chc c tt c u tn ti

S lng nh cung cp gim mnh. Vi nm trc vn cn ch ng cho

nhng sn phm thay th Micosoft cho cc trnh duyt hoc ng dng vn phng

nh trnh duyt Netscape Navigator, h thng x l vn bn WordPerfect,... tuy

nhin by gi ch cn 1 i th c kh nng cnh tranh mnh m l cng ng

ngun m.

21. Phn tch ngha ca khi nim The Standardization Problem trong cng

nghip phn mm.

Tr li:


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 27

- Trong mt thi gian di , cc h thng ng dng c s dng trong cc cng ty

ln dn ln v thng l theo 1 cch ri rc. iu ny lm cho mi trng CNTT

khng ng nht, cn tr dng chy thng tin gia cc b phn trong t chc. Chi ph

duy tr giao din gia cc h thng con khng tng thch c th chim ti mt na ca

ton b ngn sch CNTT. Vic s dng cc tiu chun l 1 phng php quan trng

gim cc chi ph tch hp h thng. V d s dng tiu chun EDI trao i thng tin

gia cc cng ty, nn tng SOA cho php tch hp lin mch cc dch v t nh cung cp

khc nhau trn c s tiu chun dch v Web

- C th s dng b chuyn i thay th cc tiu chun. Tuy nhin iu ny

thng dn ti chi ph cao hn so vi tiu chun.ng thi cng lm gim tnh linh hot

cho mi trng CNTT tng th.

- Cc tiu chun phn mm cung cp cc tin ch c lp v tin ch hiu ng mng.

Cc tin ch c lp c th l cc chc nng ca h thng ERP. Cn v hiu ng mng ,ta

c th v d vic s dng tiu chun EDI chung cho php tit kim ngun nhn lc, bu

chnh, giy t,..., s dng ph bin c gi gii php Microsoft Office s tit kim rt

nhiu tin, thi gian, rc ri khi trao i ti liu.

22. Phn tch khi nim: Software Development as a Principal-Agent Problem trong

cng nghip phn mm.

Tr li:

- L thuyt principal-agent (Spence v Zeckhauser 1971; Ross 1973; Jensen v

Meckling 1976) tp trung vo cc b phn ca mi quan h lao ng gia mt ngi ch

v mt i l. Mt mi quan h ca loi hnh ny tn ti khi, nhn ra li ch ca mnh,

mt chuyn nguyn tc, quyn hn ca vic ra quyt nh v thc hin mt i l v cung

cp bi thng thit hi trong tr li. Cho cc mc ch ca chng ta, mi quan h gia

mt cng ty phn mm (i l) v mt cng ty (ch) m hoa hng trc y l c bit

quan trng, ni cng ty phn mm chu trch nhim cho vic pht trin, cung cp, trin

khai cc phn mm hoc iu hnh v c tr tin lm nh vy. Mt ch i l khc

nhau mi quan h cng l mi quan tm ca chng ta: nu mt cng ty phn mm thu

ngoi mt phn ca qu trnh pht trin mt cng ty khc, v d nh s pht trin ca mt

phn mm m-un mt doanh nghip nm mt t nc m chi ph lao ng thp,

cng ty phn mm sau hiu trng v cc cng ty gia cng phn mm trong nc c

mc lng thp gi nh vai tr ca i l .L thuyt principal-agent da trn hai gi nh

ct li. u tin, n l Gi s c hai ch v cc i l c thc y bi tin ch ti a


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 28

chc v s dng h thng quyn hn ty v li ch ring ca h (v d bng cch qua

bo co thi gian lp trnh thc hin). Th hai, ngi ta cho rng cc i l c li th

thng tin lin quan thc hin nhim v c giao. Cc i l thng bit tt hn so

vi ch, v d, c bao nhiu ngi- thng mt d n pht trin s i hi, v thng s

khng tit l thc s ca n li ch (v d nh kha chnh vo mi quan h di hn). iu

ny c ngha rng ch v hnh ng i l hp l trong iu kin ca (khng y )

thng tin c sn cho h, c gi l hp l b chn.

23. Tm hiu v cc c im trong pht trin cc d n phn mm s dng PMNM

v cc giy php phn mm

Khi nim v PMNM

- Phn mm m ngun m (PMNM) l nhng phn mm c cung cp di dng

m ngun, khng ch min ph tin mua m ch yu l min ph v bn quyn.

- PMNN do mt ngi, mt nhm ngi hay mt t chc pht trin v a ra phin

bn u tin cng vi m ngun, cng b cng khai cho cng ng, thng l trn

Internet. Trn c s cc c nhn tham gia s dng s ng gp pht trin.

Phn mm m ngun m kiu BSD - (Open Source BSD-style)

Giy php phn phi BSD Berkely Software Distribution, cho php s dng v

phn phi li cc phn mm di dng m nh phn v m ngun. Tuy ngi dng c

quyn sa i m, nhng v nguyn tc khng cho php ngi dng t do ly m ngun

t kho m ra sa v a m sa vo li kho m m khng c kim tra.

Phn mm ngun mkiu Apache (Open Source Apache-style)

Chp nhn ngun m kiu BSD nhng cho php ngi dng t do xm nhp vo kho m

ngun nn.

Phn mm ngun m kiu CopyLeft hay kiu Linux (Open Source CopyLeft,

Linux-style)

Phn mm ngun m kiu CopyLeft(cn gi l giy php GPL - General Public Licence)

yu cu khng nhng m ngun gc phi c phn phi theo cc qui nh ca GPL m

mi sn phm dn xut cng phi tun th GPL. Giy php GPL cho ngi dng ti a

quyn hn v t do i vi cc phn mm ngun m un thGPL, c th ngi dng c

quyn khng nhng sao chp, sa i, mua bn cc phn mm ngun m di CopyLeft


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 29

m cn c quyn t do nh vy i vi cc phn mm dn xut (cng ng nhin

theo CopyLeft).

u im:

Gi r: Gi y cn hiu l tng chi ph cho vic s hu h thng v s tng

hp ca n vi cc yu cu chc nng, bao gm:

+ chi ph lp t, bo tr v, ty tnh hnh, cpht trin cc gii php ;

+ chi ph tch hp vo hthng tin c vi cc hkhc ;

+ chi ph vmy mc v cc thit bmng;

+ ty tnh hnh, c thcn tnh cchi ph vcc giy php

+ chi ph thit lp an ton cho hth

+ chi ph o to cc qun trvin v ngi dng ;

+ chi ph htrngi dng ;

+ chi ph lu trv phc hi dliu;

+ vv...

c lp: khng b l thuc vo bt k mt nh cung cp no.

Bo m an ton v ring t. Ssn sng ca ngun mv quyn thay i chng

cng l mt yu t quan trng khng ch v cc nhu cu pht trin c th m cn v

khng c cc hp en

Tnh thch ng v sng to: cho php lp trnh vin xc nh v sa cc li cng

nh thch ng phn mm vi cc yu cu mi pht sinh , gip nhng nh lp trnh sng

to ra phn mm ring ca mnh

Cht lng tin cy: Cc PMNM khi hon thnh s c th nghim, nh gi,

pht hin li v hon thin b sung bi nhiu rt nhiu nh pht trin khc nhau

Tun th cc chun: v li ch ca cc nh pht trin t do cn thc hin c

nhng sn phm c tnh lin tc tt nht. lm c vic h khng s dng cc

chun s hu ring

Khng b hn ch v quyn s dng


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 30

Tnh lu di: Vic phn mm khng c mt ch s hu duy nht l bo m

khng ai c thlm ngng hoc git cht n, nhtrong cc trng hp cng ty b ph

sn hoc st nhp hoc bn li cho mt cng ty khc hoc thay i chin lc, phng

hng kinh doanh.

T do: Ngi s dng lun lun ch ci t nhng phin bn hon chnh v n

nh, b qua cc phin bn pht trin cha n nh. PMNM cng cho php mi ngi s

dng to ra v duy tr nhng phin bn c th

Pht trin d dng: khng cn phi xin php ai trc khi trin khai, khng s ri ro

b ngng gia chng v nhng hn ch php l

Nhc im

Cha c h tr k thut tin cy. Nu ngi dng gp s c, tuy h tin s c s

gip ca cng ng ngun m quc t, nhng khng ai chu trch nhim h tr y

. V mt php l, khng ai c ngha v bt buc phi cung cp cc dch v h tr

PMNM nh trong trng hp cc phn mm thng mi.

S cc thit b h tr PMNM cn hn ch. Cc my in, my v, ba mn hnh v cc

thit b ngoi vi khc u cn c cc khin trnh (drivers) ring. C th phi ch mt thi

gian di na mi c cc khin trnh ny.

Cc ng dng doanh nghip trn nn PMNM cn t. S cc ng dng thng mi sn

sng s dng trn nn PMNM cn t so vi cc ng dng trn Windows hoc trn Unix

s hu ring.

Thiu cc hng dn s dng. Nu khng c cc t vn chuyn nghip hoc cc kin

trc s h thng, ngi dng v ngay c ngi qun tr CNTT - s kh tch c t v

s gii php PMNM vi mc hon thin rt khc nhau nhng m-un cn thit t

hp thnh cu hnh ti u cho nhng mc ch c th(hin c khong hn 10.000 m

un). Khng k cc tranh chp Windows-Linux, ta cn cn tnh n c tui th ca

nhng h thng kiu IBM 0S/400 i mt vi Unix, mt phn v chng ch cung cp mt

l trnh chung cho phn ln cc nhu cu.

Khng c bo m rng mt pht trin c th no s thc hin c. Nhiu d n

sinh ra v cht i hoc bin mt dn v khng th tm c kinh ph u t hoc khng

lp trnh vin t cc i hc v t chc khc tham gia. Thc ra th y cng l mt vn

i vi cc phn mm s hu ring v mt khc, khi d n tng i c ph bin,

s pht trin tip tc ca n c th li do mt nhm khc m nhim (nh trng hp


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 31

phn mm my ch Apache Web, khi u ch c coi l phn m ca NCSA Web

server khi nhm cng tc NCSA Netscape b sang Netscape nay l AOL).

24. Lm r hn nhng vn trong kinh t cc d n phn mm ngun m:

Prospects: Trin vng; Pitfalls: Cc cm by; Politics: Cc chnh sch

Trin vng

C th ni rng nu bn khng th vit ra cc h iu hnh nh Windows hay Mac th

m m l c hi ln nht cho bn pht trin. Facebook, Twitter v hng ngn cc trang

web 2.0 khc ang gt hi thnh cng trn nn tng cng ngh m m l minh chng.

Dng nn tng m ngun m bn s lun c nhiu gii php cho mt vn v ch

ng v cng ngh v bn c th tip tc pht trin hay ty bin n theo nhu cu ring.

Khi chn mui bn thm ch c th cho ngi khc thu cng ngh ca mnh nh

Amazon ang lm. (Tt nhin vic ny kh hn l ku Microsoft t my ch Azure cho

mnh hay mua nguyn gii php cloud computing ca VMWare nhng n khc xa v mt

gi tr.)

- OSS hng ti nhng nh pht trin ch khng hng ti cc khch hng

- Min ph khng ng ngha vi chi ph min ph

- Lin tc i mi s tt hn vic a ra nhng tng hay

Chnh sch

- H tr cho doanh nghip nh trong ngnh CNTT

Khng c thm gi tr gia tng, nhng mt thu nhp trong lnh vc phn

mm ng gi

- H tr cho doanh nghip nh khc bng cch h thp chi ph CNTT?

OSS khng lm gim chi ph CNTT - cho nn kinh t ni chung

Cng ty khng th thu c chi ph u vo (gi tr theo gi th trng)

- OSS nh mt cng c chnh sch cnh tranh


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 32

Phn bit gia bo v "cnh tranh" v bo v "i th cnh tranh"

Cc c quan cnh tranh nn ngng chnh sch cng nghip (nh

providedfor trong lut cnh tranh)

Cm by

Nguy c ca bn th ba xm phm quyn s hu tr tu, c bit lin quan n ti

liu bn quyn v/hoc bng sng ch, l mt mi quan tm ng ch . Nguy c nh

vy khng ch gii hn m ngun m, nhng thng c coi l ln hn trong trng

hp ny v bn cht phn tn v s lng ln cc ng gp m ngun c bn ca n.

Giy php ngun m thng khng cung cp bo v chng li nguy c ny, mc

d c nhng ngoi l.

Ngoi ra, mt s giy php phn mm ngun m tm cch p t mt ngha v hp

ng trn ngi dng cui, ngi pht trin phn mm ngun m vi c quyn ca

ring h phn phi m ngun ca phn mm m ngun m theo cc iu kin, do

"ly nhim" c quyn phn mm.

Mt s giy php m ngun m khng tng thch vi nhau. Trong trng hp

ny, n khng th kt hp hai phn ca phn mm m ngun m m khng vi phm cc

iu khon ca t nht mt trong cc giy php lin quan.

Mt bt li ca phn mm ngun m l n c cung cp m khng c bo hnh

nh vic tun th ca mnh vi mt tiu chun hoc thc hin c th ca mt chc nng

c th.

Ngoi ra, mt s giy php m ngun m c son tho vi t hoc khng c

u vo chuyn nghip. Kt qu l cc iu khon giy php m thng khng r rng v

khng chc chn. V d, giy php s thng khng bao gm mt iu khon lut iu

chnh v s khng a vo khon mc yu cu php l bt buc nhiu khu vc php l.

Cch thc m cc ti liu m ngun m c sn xut v phn phi cng c ngha

l n khng th gii quyt nhng m h thng qua thng lng. Ngi s dng thng

xuyn hn phi i mt vi trin vng tham gia hoc li cc iu khon trn phn

mm c cung cp.


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 33

Nh mt h qu ca s d dng m m ngun m c th c ti v t Internet, n

c th hot ng trong mt t chc m khng c bt c h s chi tit v a im v cch

hot ng.

Cui cng, phn mm m ngun m khng phi l bn quyn min ph hoc phn

mm v cng cng. Hy chc chn rng lp trnh vin ca bn bit s khc bit.

25. Tm hiu m hnh kinh doanh v gii thch cc khi nim: Brokerage,

Advertising, Affiliate, Community

*M hnh kinh doanh

nh ngha m hnh kinh doanh

L phng php kim tin ca mt cng ty.

Tin trnh:

Xc nh phn khc khch hng v nhu cu khch hng

Xc nh v tr ca mnh trong chui gi tr (chui thc n li thc n).

Xc nh u im ca bn thn, so snh vi cc i th.

Ln k hoch, nh gi ri ro, nh gi chi ph cho s thay i.

Thit lp cc quan h vi i tc v khch hng.

M hnh kinh doanh khng bt bin:

Khng c m hnh chung thch hp cho mi cng ty.

C th p dng cc m hnh kinh doanh khc nhau cho cc sn phm khc nhau

hoc trong cc giai on khc nhau. hnh kinh doanh

*Gii thch cc khi nim:

1. M hnh mi gii Brokerage model

C th qua nhiu mi gii lin tip.

Mi gii thu ph dch v

Bao gm:


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 34

B-B: Business to Business

B-C: Business to Consumer

C-C: Consumer to Consumer

Trong CNTT, mi gii (trung gian) bao gm:

H tr thanh ton: PayPal

Search Agent: Google, Bing, Ask

Ch ng dng: Google Play, App Store

Ch o: Amazon.com

2 M hnh qung co Advertising model

B tin ra to n tng vi ngi dung.

T qung co hoc thu qung co chuyn nghip.

Chi ph ph thuc phng thc, tn sut, cht lng QC.

Phng thc:

Truyn hnh, pht thanh.

Bo giy, bo in t, pan, p phch, t ri.

Din n, mng x hi.

Mua t kha qung co ca search engine

Website, cng thng tin

Email (do ngi dung cung cp khi register service).

T chc s kin, t thin

3. M hnh lin kt Affiliate model

Lin kt gia cc website.

Banner Exchange: treo banner link ti sn phm ca nhau.


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 35

C ch Pay-per-click: chi tr cho mi lt click t trang lin kt v Revenue

Sharing: chi tr hoa hng cho mi giao dch thnh cng.

m hnh tp on cung cp cc c hi mua hng bt c site no h c th truy

cp. Lm c vic ny l do trch t l doanh thu cho cc site ca i tc trong tp on.

Cc site kiu ny c kh nng a ra cc c hi mua hng cho nhng ngi mua khi h

lt trn Internet.

4. M hnh cng ng - Community model

S thnh cng ca m hnh ny ph thuc vo s trung thnh ca ngi dng.

Ngi dng cn phi u t c thi gian v tm tr vo site ny. Trong mt s trng

hp, ngi dng cn ng gp ni dung hoc tin cho site. c nhiu ngi truy cp

thng xuyn, site ny thng cung cp cc c hi cho qung co, khai thc thng tin

hoc thng tin tng hp c bit. M hnh cng ng cng c th hot ng trn c s

thu l ph cho cc dch v cao cp. V d www.webtretho.com.

26.Phn tch vai tr ca sn phm (CNTT) v ngha ca cng ngh trong khi

nghip cc doanh nghip CNTT

(*)Vai tr ca sn phm:

Trong khi nghip cc doanh nghip CNTT th vic to ra c cc sn

phm ca chnh doanh nghip kinh doanh l mt vic lm rt cn thit nhng

cng khng h d dng. V khi nghip nn sn phm u tin l rt quan trng,

sn phm to ra phi p ng c yu cu ca mt sn phm tt, va phi ph

hp vi yu cu ca khch hng v c hng i ph hp vi th trng hin ti

c th ti c vi ngi s dng. T h s bit n doanh nghip, c nim tin

ban u v doanh nghip rng y l mt cng ty tt, uy tn ca doanh nghip s

tng ln, to c nim tin vi ngi s dng, cc sn phm tip theo s c

ngi dng u i hn. Nu cc sn phm tip theo vn gi c v tr tt v c

nhiu ngi bit n th doanh nghip s bt u thu c li nhun v qu

trnh khi nghip s tr ln thun li hn

(*) ngha ca cng ngh

Khi xc nh khi nghip th vic chn hng i cho doanh nghip l

vic u tin cn phi lm. i vi doanh nghip cng ngh thng tin th cn phi

xc inh c cng ngh h tr, tm hiu v n, lm c nhng g t n, c ph


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 36

hp vi nh hng mun khi nghip khng. Xc nh ng c s h tr rt

nhiu cho doanh nghip, gim bt chi ph, to ra gi tr cao hn. Vic thay i, i

theo cc cng ngh mi c th l mt s mo him nhng cng c th em li rt

nhiu tc dng, nhng cng ngh c, lc hu nhng ang c s dng theo thi

quen c th khng phi l tt nht. V vy cng ngh cng l mt yu t c ngha

rt to ln v quan trng trong qu trnh khi nghip doanh nghip CNTT

27.Tm hiu thm v phn bit cc c trng ca: Existing market;

Resegmented market; New market.

Existing Market

Existing Market gm c nhng khch hng, i th cnh tranh, nhng sn

phm phc v th trng v bn c th nh gi c hi (s lng khch hng, tng

doanh thu, tc tng trng, vv) Bn c th thnh cng trong Existing Market

khi bn hon thnh tt hn hoc nhanh hn da trn cc s liu m khch hng

cung cp cho bn. Bn c th trao i vi khch hng v sn phm ca bn.

Khch hng s cho bn bit:

- C s cnh tranh (tc , tin li, hiu sut, gi c, vv)

- Lm th no lm hi lng h

- C th lm c g cho h

Vic nh gi nhu cu trong Existing Market s cho bn bit v s chuyn

i, chi ph v s vn m bn s phi b thc hin.

Resegmented Market

Mt s Existing Market c th b c quyn vi vic chi phi c phn. V

vy, trong loi existing market cng ty cn thc hin Resegmented Market - l

cch tm mt s im c trng ca khch hng m Existing Market khng gii

quyt c

Vi Resegmented Market th cn phi ni chuyn vi khch hng hiu

nhng nhu cu cha c p ng ca h. H s cho bn bit :


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 37

-cn phi lm g hon thnh nhng th dang d.

-Tm quan trng ca vic thit lp li

-Lm th no p ng vi nhng g hin c

-Cn phi lm g cho doanh nghip ca h

New Market

Mt dng khc ca th trng l new market. Khc vi Existing Market, n

khng c khch hng,khng i th ,khng sn phm v bn cng khng th nh

gi c hi (Khng c cch no o lng s lng khch hng, tng doanh thu,

tc tng trng, vv). Quan trong nht trong new market l hi khch hnh xem

h mun g.bn l ngi c tm nhn ch ko phi h,nhng khng co ngha l bn

ch ngi v xy dng sn phm m khng ni g vi ai.Nhng g bn phi hi h

hon ton khc so vi Existing Market v Resegmented Market.Bn cn phi

hiu :

-Khch hng ang c nhng g

-Khch hng s c nhng g khi dng sn phm ca bn

-Nhng thay i cn thit (vn ha, mua mi trng sng, thay i cng

ngh, kinh t, vv) lm cho doanh nghip ca bn thnh cng.

28.Tm hiu v Market risks v cc k thut nh gi.

(*)Market Risks :

L nhng yu t lm cho mt nh u t kinh nghim b thit hi ,nh hng

n hiu sut tng th ca th trng. Ri ro th trng, Nguy c gy nn mt ri

ro trn th trng nh mt v d tng th v ri ro th trng. Mt s nguyn nhn

ca ri ro th trng l suy thoi, bt n chnh tr, thay i li sut

nh gi ri ro

L qu trnh tm hiu nhng ri ro c th v s lin quan ti cng vic ca

bn. hy ch ra c th nhng ri ro c th gp. Xy dng nhng bin php kim


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 38

sot thc thi cng vic mt cch hiu qu nht, an ton nht. nhm trnh gy tai

nn cho con ngi, h hi ti sn, thit b v tn thng mi trng.

(*)Cc k thut nh gi ri ro

1.Chia cng vic thnh tng bc tin hnh.

Hy chia nh cng vic m bn s tin hnh thnh nhng bc thc hin

nh hn, theo trnh t trc sau. Cc bc chi ng nn qu chi tit m khng ch

trng nhng bc chnh. Tuy nhin ng qu s si m b qua nhng bc cn

thit hoc cc hnh ng pht sinh.Cc bc tin hnh ny thc s rnh rt v lin

quan c th trc tip ti tng din bin cng nh mc nguy him ang, s v c

th xy ra khi tin hnh cng vic.

2. Nhn din nhng mi nguy him, xc nh mc ri ro.

Th no l cc mi nguy him? Bt c ci g, iu g c th gy thng tch

cho con ngi, lm h hng ti sn v hy hoi mi trng u l mi nguy him.

Cc mi nguy him c th hin hu hoc khng hin hu. Thng thng cc vt

dng, dng, dng c, my mc..vv chng u l nhng mi nguy him, tuy

nhin chng nh hng g n con ngi, cng vic v mi trng li l vn sau

y.

Mc nguy him: Nu so snh gia mt chic xe my chy trn ng vi

vn tc 50km mt gi v mt chic t cng vn tc th r rng chic t gy ra

mt mc nguy him cao hn chic xe my. Hoc so snh cng mt chic t

2 vn tc khc nhau th ta thy chic xe no chy nhanh hn s c mc nguy

him cao hn. Mt khc nu mt chic xe ch nhiu ngi gy ra tai nn th mc

thit hi s cao hn so vi chic xe gy tai nn khi ch ch t ngi.Vy mc

nguy him chnh l hu qu gy ra bi mt s c hoc tai nn no ..

Tn xut nguy him: Khi ti i qua mt on ng vng th chc chn ti

s an ton hn i qua mt on ng y xe lu thng. Lng xe cng nhiu th

kh nng va chm ca ti cng cao. Cng nh th nu nh ti lm vic g nhiu

ln trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, tn xut nguy him s t l thun vi

nhng ln tip xc vi cc thit b lm vic hoc nhng mi nguy him trong cng

vic .


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 39

Ri ro l g?

Ri ro chnh l s kt hp gia mc nguy him v tn xut xy ra hoc

c th xy ra.

Ri ro = Mc nguy him X Tn xut c th xy ra.

3.Nhng cu hi thng dng trong qu trnh nh gi ri ro :

Mt quy tc rt chung l: ai? Lm g ? u ? Khi no ? v lm nh th no

?

C thc s cn thit tin hnh cng vic ny hay khng?

Cng vic ny tng c thc hin hay cha?

C cch no khc thc hin cng vic ny hay khng?

Ai tham gia lm vic ny?

C yu cu c bit g v th cht, iu kin sc khe cho ngi tin hnh

cng vic khng?

Dng c v thit b no s lin quan ti qu trnh thc hin?

Khi no bt u cng vic, v khi no kt thc cng vic?

iu kin thi gian v thi tit c nh hng g n qu trnh thc hin hay

khng?

C cng vic no cng thc hin ti a im ?

Yu cu k thut no cho cng vic ny?

Cc cch lin lc cng nh trao i thng tin?

iu g s xy ra nu thay i tin trnh cng vic?

Nhng mi nguy him no ang hin hu ti khu vc s tin hnh cng

vic?

Nhng mi nguy him no c th xy ra khi cng vic ang tin hnh?


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 40

Nhng mi nguy him tim n no c th xut hin khi b tc ng bi

nhng hnh vi c th lin quan?

Mc tc ng ca cc mi nguy him ti cng vic, ngi thc hin cng

vic v mi trng lm vic?

L th no cch ly nhng mi nguy him c nhn din?

Lm th no ngn nga hoc gim thiu ti a nhng ri ro cho ngi

thc hin cng nh mi trng lm vic?

Trch nhim thc thi thuc v ai?

Trang b bo h c nhn no? C th v chi tit yu cu k thut.

4. Bng nh gi ri ro.

Bng nh gi ri ro phi c ghi li mt cch r rng, nu cn s phi dch

ra ngn ng m ngi tham gia lm vic hiu c. Bng nh gi ri ro phi ghi

r cho tng cng vic, thi gian cng nh a im thc hin. Bng nh gi ri ro

cn gi r nhng nguy him hin hu hoc tim n c th tc ng ti qu trnh tin

hnh cng vic. Nhng tc ng gy ra mc no, nhng ai s b nh

hng.vv Bng nh gi ri ro cng cn nu r tn nhng ngi tham gia qu

trnh nh gi cng nh ngi c thm quyn ph duyt..v.v

29.Tm hiu cc phng php phn loi khch hng v nu c im ca tng

phn loi. Vic phn loi ny c ngha nh th no vi xy dng k hoch

kinh doanh.

Cn c vo ngun li khch hng em li cho cng ty tin hnh phn loi

- Khch hng siu cp: khch hng hin hu (l nhng khch hng c mi

quan h trn mt nm hoc tng giao dich vi doanh nghip). Cn c vo li

nhun xp th t th nhng khch hng em li trn 1% li nhun cho doanh

nghip c gi l khch hng siu cp.


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 41

- Khch hng ln: Nhng khch hng tip theo chim di 4% trong khch

hng hin c c gi l khch hng ln. Khch hng siu cp v khch hng ln

c th em li gi tr rt ln cho doanh nghip nhng s lng li khng nhiu

bng khch hng va v nh, hn na gi tr ny ch thc hin c trong tng

lai. V th i hi cc nhn vin phc v khch hng phi c con mt nhn xa trng

rng nhn ra nhng khch hng ny, doanh nghip cng phi nhn ni m ra

s hp tc trong tng lai

- Khch hng va: 15% trong s khch hng hin c gi l khch hng va.

Khch hng ny khng mang li li nhun cho doanh nghip nh khch hng ln

nhng khch hng ny em li gi tr thc ti rt ln cho doanh nghip.

- Khch hng nh: 80% cn li trong s khch hng hin hu l khch hng

nh. Gi tr m khch hng nh em li cho cng ty l rt t, trong khi s lng

khch hng th li ln, tnh lu ng cng rt ln, v th li nhun tim n rt nh.

y l loi khch hng khng c gi tr nhiu trong tng lai, i vi mt doanh

nghip ln th h khng ch trng nhiu n khch hng ny m ch coi y l

khch hng bnh thng.

- Khch hng phi tch cc: L nhng khch hng trong vng mt nm tr li

y khng em li thu nhp cho doanh nghip nhng trc y tng mua hng

ho hoc dch v ca doanh nghip. H c th l khch hng trong tng lai ca

doanh nghip.

- Khch hng tim nng: l nhng khch hng tuy t trc n nay cha tng

mua sn phmhay dch v ca doanh nghip nhng h bc u tip xc v c

nhu cu mua hng ho ca doanh nghip, v d : nhng khch hng hi gi v

thng tin v sn phm ca doanh nghip.

2. Phn loi khch hng cn c vo tiu chun tnh cht khc nhau ca khch

hng.

Khch hng l doanh nghip v khch hng l c nhn.

Khch hng l cc ca hng bn bun, cc ca hng kinh doanh tiu th v

ngi tiu dng cui cng.

Khch hng l doanh nghip m hnh ln, va v nh.


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 42

Khch hng l doanh nghip sn xut, dch v v cc c quan qun l Nh

nc cp trung ng, a phng.

Vic la chn tiu chun phn loi khch hng cn c vo nhu cu qun

l ngun thng tin khch hng khc nhau ca doanh nghip a ra quyt nh

nhm tha mn nhu cu kinh doanh khng ging nhau ca tng doanh nghip.

3. Phn loi khch hng theo khu vc s ti.

Cn c vo khu vc s ti c th chia thnh: khch hng bn a, khch hng ngoi

tnh v khch hng quc t

Cn c vo vng trc thuc c th chia thnh khch hng thnh ph, khch hng

th trn v khch hng nng thn

4. Phn loi theo giai on bn hng

Theo nh ngha truyn thng th khch hng l bn c nhu cu mua sn phm

hoc dch v, cng vi s coi trng cng tc phc v sau bn hng v s pht trin

cc hnh thc khch hng trn th trng, cc doanh nghip ngy nay ngy cng

ch trng duy tr khch hng vn c v m rng nhng khch hng tim n. V

th,doanh nghip c th cn c vo s khc nhau c giai on trc, trong v sau

khi bn hng phn loi thng tin khch hng : thng tin khch hng tim nng,

thng tin khch hng hin thi v thng tin khch hng trc y.

5. Phn loi khch hng theo mi quan h ca khch hng vi cng ty.

Khch hng trung thnh: L khch hng trung thnh vi sn phm ca cng ty

nhng kh nng bn hng khng ln.

Khch hng tng trng mnh: L khch hng c kh nng bn hng ln.

Khch hng khng c tim nng; L nhng khch hng vn c ca cng ty

nhng bn hng chm v khng thy s pht trin trong tng lai.

Khch hng cn quan tm v chm sc.


Nm 2013 - 2014 Trang 43

Cn c vo tnh hnh giao dich ca doanh nghip vi khch hng c th chia

khch hng thnh my loi ?

Khch hng trung thnh.

Khch hng tng trng mnh.

Khch hng khng c tim nng.

Khch hng cn quan tm v chm sc.

Documents

On Tap Kinh Te Cong Nghe Phan Mem-2014