Operations Management Unit 7: Managing Quality (2) 授課教師：國立臺灣大學工商管理學系黃崇興教授本課程指定教材為 Operations Management: Processes and

Operations Management

Unit 7: Managing Quality (2)

授課教師：國立臺灣大學工商管理學系黃崇興教授

本課程指定教材為 Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., Lee J. Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Pearson Education, ©2013

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Six Sigma Improvement Model

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p.185 Figure 5.4

http://ocw.aca.ntu.edu.tw/ntu-ocw/index.php/ocw/copyright_declaration


Acceptance Sampling

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Acceptance SamplingAcceptable quality level (AQL)

p.185




Acceptance Sampling Interface

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p.186 Figure 5.5



Statistical Process Control (SPC)

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Performance measurement Variables Attributes

SamplingSampling distributions

p.186, 187




Sampling Statistics

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Sample Mean

Standard deviation

whereσ = standard deviation of a samplexi = observation of a quality characteristic (such as time)n = total number of observations = meanx

parameter 參數

statistic統計值

s


Sample and Process Distributions

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p.188 Figure 5.6



Causes of Variation

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p.188

Common causesAssignable causes




Assignable Causes

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p.189 Figure 5.7

(c)

(d) 峰度 Kurtosis




Control Charts

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Time-ordered diagram of process performance Mean Upper control limit Lower control limit

Steps for a control chartp.189




Control Limits and Sampling Distribution

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p.189 Figure 5.8

Nominal 應然值



Control Charts - Normal

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p.190 Figure 5.9



Control Chart Errors

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Two types of error are possible with control charts A type I error occurs A type II error occurs

p.190




Variable Control Charts (1)

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UCLR = D4R and LCLR = D3R

where

R = average of several past R values and the central line of the control chart

D3, D4 = constants that provide three standard deviation (three-sigma) limits for the given sample size

R-Chart


Variable Control Charts (2)

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UCLx = x + A2R and LCLx = x – A2R

x-Chart

where

x = central line of the chart, which can be either the average of past sample means or a target value set for the process

A2 = constant to provide three-sigma limits for the sample mean



Calculating Control Chart Factors

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p.191 Table 5.1



Example 5.1Using x- and R-Charts

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p.192, 193



An Alternate Form

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UCLx = x + zσx and LCLx = x – zσx

where

σx = σ/ nσ = standard deviation of the process distributionn = sample sizex = central line of the chartz = normal deviate number

p.193




EXAMPLE 5.2Using Process Standard Deviation

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p.194



Control Charts for Attributes

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nppp / 1

p = the center line on the chart

UCLp = p + zσp and LCLp = p – zσp

and

p-charts

p.194, 195





EXAMPLE 5.3Using a p-Chart

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p.195, 196



Control Charts for Attributes

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p.196

UCLc = c + zc and LCLc = c – zc

c-chartsThe mean of the distribution is c and the standard deviation isc



EXAMPLE 5.4Using a c-Chart

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p.197



Process Capability

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p.197, 198 Figure 5.14, 5.15

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Process Capability Index

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Cpk = Minimum of ,x – Lower specification

3σ

Upper specification – x

3σ

where

σ = standard deviation of the process distribution

p.198





Process Capability Ratio

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Cp =Upper specification – Lower specification

6σ

p.199




Determining Process Capability

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4 Steps

p.199



Determining Process Capability Step 4.

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Cpk

The process is capable.

Continue to monitor the output.

Calculate Cp

Process variability is fine and management should focus on

centering the process.

Management should focus on reducing the variability in the

process until it passes the test

Acceptable

Unacceptable

Unacceptable

Acceptable



EXAMPLE 5.5Assessing Process Capability

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p.200



Quality Engineering

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p.199, 200



Quality Loss Function

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p.201 Figure 5.16



International Quality Documentation Standards

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ISO 9001:2008 ISO 14000:2004 ISO 26000:2010 Benefits of ISO Certification

p.201, 202





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頁碼作品版權圖示來源 / 作者

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Pearson Education / Lee J. Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K MalhotraLee J. Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., Pearson Education,2012. p.185 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/04/10 。

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Pearson Education / Lee J. Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K MalhotraLee J. Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., Pearson Education,2012. p.186, 187 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/04/10 。

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9 臺灣大學 / 黃崇興教授






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Pearson Education / Lee J. Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K MalhotraLee J. Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., Pearson Education,2012. p.194,195 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/04/10 。

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Pearson Education / Lee J. Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K MalhotraLee J. Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra, Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., Pearson Education,2012. p.201,202 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/04/10 。

2-5, 7-13, 16-27, 29-

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Pixabay/ Unknownhttp://pixabay.com/en/ashton-books-book-42701本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2013/04/10 。

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Six Sigma Improvement Model...International Quality Documentation Standards( 各頁標題 )

Pearson Education / Lee J., Larry P. Ritzman, and Manoj K Malhotra,Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10th ed., P. 185-202 .本作品以著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2013/04/10 。





Documents

Operations Management Unit 7: Managing Quality (2) 授課教師： 國立臺灣大學工商管理學系 黃崇興 教授 本課程指定教材為 Operations Management: Processes and

Operations Management Unit 7: Managing Quality (2) 授課教師：國立臺灣大學工商管理學系黃崇興教授本課程指定教材為 Operations Management: Processes and