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I\HK 9=?'9>

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\f`rfd

ZXN@MBUBX +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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+W

kbgikfcistian

mbspb`frsan

ukivnrzfckn

stftistian+

Kbgikfcistian `neikilidn bhdfkdfvfdu hit pbdfvn turizgf iz sfgbm ignkf pf sn iz kdio

kn vi`i hit pbdfvn abdf zf`irn u svn pbrn mbspb`frsabm i sblibaucturkbm ivbtf knabm

prbstbrf+ Mbspb`frsan `neikilidn kfstbdn `fti bhdfkdnkdf i istfakuti zkfnkdn turizgf

afb mbspb`frsan `dncftkbsti# tn ifab kfstbdn prb`ridnti u hit pbdfvn# vnikf bvio

`neikilidf `fdn tnitn vfkdsaig gfkienstflidfgf bvn pbdfvn# f gfkdn mbspb`frsaig

fspnatigf turizgf)+ ^kivnrzfckn `neikilidn pbcfzn b` mcn`itf `f sn hit turizgf kn

gbn izvb`iti sfgb iz putbvfkdf# b`kbskb pbvrngnkn i privrngnkn prbgdnkn gdnstf

hbrfvaf i pbtrbkdn# vn sn tu gbrfdu uacduiti i ncngnkti afb tb su z`rfvstvnkf#

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bhrfzbvkf# pbcitiaf# aucturkf i `rumn eukalidn turizgf+ \tftistian `neikilidn svbdn

upbritn kfcfzn u rnfckbd pbtrnhi prfnkdf turizgf# b`kbskb tb tbkidnm

avfktieilirfkdf bvn pbdfvn i kdnkio nenaftf+ Q6# str+865+W

ikdnkilf `f dn turizfg tbciab svnbhuovftfk# abgpcnasfk# i rfzkbcia pbdfg# kfgnn

pbtrnhu rfzdfkdnkdf tbm pbdgf+ Zbdfg turistf snn db iz rfkidn prbcbsti# tbkidn iz

6?::+ mb`ikn m`dn sn pbdfg turist prvi putf spbgikdn u akdizi \fguncf Znmmnf Eukky

stbry be Nkmciso cfkmufmn u scdn`nbd abkstftflidi4 putkia `fkfkdiln sn kfzivf turist+

^ Erfklusabd dn Gfrin'Onkri Hnycn \tnk`ofc prvi putf upbtridnhib ridn turist u svbg

`dncu Pburist gngbrins 6?

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`nr fccmngniknk Erng`nkvnranorscnorn 6908+ mb`ikn+ Kdiobvf `neikilidf dn priovfnkf

i b` Gnukfrb`kbm u`runkdf zkfkstvnkio turistiaio strukdfaf FIN\P /Iktnrkftibkfc

Fssbliftibk be \linktieil Nxpnrts ik Pburisg) 69>0+ mb`ikn+ ^vffvfdui kfvn`nkn

ikdnkiln# u tnbridi sn tf`f turizfg `neikirfb afb saup b`kbsf i pbdfvf abdn prbizcfzn

iz putbvfkdf i hbrfvaf pbsdntitncdf knabm gdnstf# fab sn tig hbrfvabg kn zfskivf

stfckb prnhivfcitn i fab s tig hbrfvabg kidn pbvnzfkf kiafavf mbspb`frsaf

`dncftkbst Q

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\ciaf 6 Fativkbsti scbhb`kbm vrngnkf Q=#str+8W+

Purizfg bhuovff i fativkbsti abdn kisu kfzkfnkn kf prntob`kbd scili# afb tb su

abkenrnklidn# abkmrnsi# pbscbvkf putbvfkdf# z`rfvstvnki turizfg# `facn pbscbvn abdi

pb svbdbd `neikilidi kn spf`fdu u scbhb`kb vridngn+ Gnutig su`ibkili abdi su dncudu u

kfvn`nkig fativkbstigf `ib vrngnkf prbvb`n i afb scbhb`kb vridngn /rfzmcn`fvfkdn

turistiabm b`rn`itf# aupbvikf suvnkirf# pbsdnt guzndigf i abklnrtigf it`+)+ ^ bvbgsacbpu sn kfcfzi i iklnktivn tburisg vnzfk zf suvrngnki bhcia stigucirfkdf `dncftkiaf

kf vnn i neiafskidn uikan i m`dn dn turistiab putbvfkdn i hbrfvfa `ib kfmrf`n zf

tfavf bstvfrnkdf+ Q=#str+

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turistf pri ngu sn istin `neikilidf sblibcbmf Nriaf Lbonkf4 Purist dn `bhrbvbcdki#

privrngnki putkia abdi putudn u bnaivfkdu zf`bvbcdstvf abdf gu gbmu pruiti kbvbsti i

prbgdnkn `bivcdnkn kf rncftivkb `umbg i knunstfcbg arukbg putbvfkdu+ Q?W

Isti futbr dn 69=9+ mb`ikn prn`cbib pnt bskbvkio aftnmbridf turistf acfsieilirfkio kf

tngncdu isaustvf abdn trfn4 Q9#str+?=W

rnlrnftibkfc tburist'turist abdngu dn bskbvki licd eiziaf rnarnflidf

ton `ivnrsibkfry tburist' turist abdngu dn bskbvki licd prbgdnkf ubhifdnkn

ivbtkn svfab`knviln

ton nxpnrinktifc tburist' turist abdi trfi futnktikf isaustvf u turistiabg

b`rn`itu

ton nxpnrignktfc tburist' licd gu dn uspbstfviti abktfat sf cbafckig

stfkbvkitvbg u turistiabg b`rn`itu

ton nxistnktifc tburist' turist abdi sn u pbtpukbsti nci pbvnzfti i ivdnti aucturu i

stic ivbtf `bgilickio stfkbvkiaf+

Zrngf rnlnktig futbrigf `fkfkdiln turist sn prbgftrf afb pbtrbf abdi `bhrbvbcdkb

i privrngnkb kfputf gdnstb svbm stfkbvfkdf+ Acduki pbdgbvi abdn bki uzigfdu u

bhzir su `bhrbvbcdkb# privrngnkb i gbhickb+ Gnutig# fab dn pbdn`ikfl btifb sf

gdnstf svbm stfkbvfkdf zhbm knaio `rumio knprn`vinkio rfzcbmf afb tb su rftbvi#

prirb`kn aftfstrben ici `rumn arizn# u tnbridi mf sn kfzivf izhdnmcilbg+ ^abciab bsbhf

prbgidnki gdnstb hbrfvaf u `umbrbkbg sgiscu# tfavf bsbhf sn kfzivf gimrfkt

Q6:#str+60W+ Abklnpt gbhickbsti u abktnastu turizgf stu`idf b`kbsi sn kf afpflitnt

pbdn`ikflf zf arntfkdn s dn`kn cbaflidn kf `rumu+ @f hi hici u gbmukbsti tb uikiti#

pbdn`ikli trnhfdu sfvcf`fti rfzciitn efatbrn abdi `dncudu afb bmrfkinkdf zf turizfg

vnzfkf zf gbhickbst+ Pf bmrfkinkdf dn gbmun pb`idnciti kf4 Q6:#str+6>W+

Zriob`' cdu`i trnhfdu `bvbcdku abciiku rfspbcbivbm `bobtaf abdi ig dn pbtrnhfk

afb prn`uvdnt zf uacdunkdn u turistiau rfzgdnku

Uridngn' rfspbcbivbst scbhb`kbm vrngnkf utdnn kf b`fhir turistiabm

b`rn`itf+

Zbcitiaf prfvf' `f hi gbmci putbvfti# bsbhitb u ikbzngstvb# cdu`i trnhfdu igfti

zfabksab prfvb zf b`cfzfa u b`rnnkf turistiaf b`rn`itf+ Pfavf prfvf su

rnmucirfkf gnukfrb`kig prfvbg i `baugnktigf afb tb su4 putbvkiln# vizn#

uputn zf putbvfkdn i sc+

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T`rfvcdn' cbn z`rfvstvnkb stfkdn bsbhn# scfhbsti ici knspbsbhkbsti gbmu

bmrfkiiti gbmukbst putbvfkdf+

Xfzikf ikebrgirfkbsti i bhrfzbvfkdf' pbtnklidfcki turisti trnhfdu igfti b`rnnku

abciiku ikebrgflidf b turistiabg b`rn`itu# zkfkdn dnziaf# aucturn# bhifdf i sc+

\imurkbst i zftitf' hrimf bab rfzikn simurkbsti utdnlft n kf b`fhir turistiabm

b`rn`itf afb i kf b`cuau putbvfti ici kn+ \imurkbski ighnkili uacduudu

bpfskbst b` arigikfcf# tnrbrizgf i hbcnsti+

Bhitncd' zfotdnv zf sarh zf cfkbvn bhitncdi utdnlft n kf `bkbnkdn b`cuan b

turistiabg putbvfkdu+

Tfabksai hcfm`fki' hrbd scuhnkio hcfm`fkf rfzciaudn sn b` `rfvn `b `rfvn

/kpr+ Erfklusaf' 8> mb`ikdn# Unciaf Hritfkidf# Fustrfcidf i Kizbzngsaf' 8:

mb`ikdn# Aikf 6: mb`ikdn)+

Xf`kb gdnstb' ukftb pbstbdfkdu zfabksaio hcfm`fkf# pbdn`ikli igfdu

bmrfkinkdn u sgiscu `bhivfkdf scbhb`kio `fkf zf putbvfkdf dnr sn hfvn

spnlieikig zfkigfkdigf abdf zfotidnvfdu i rf` kn`dncdfgf i hcfm`fkigf

/cidnkili# pbcilfdli# zftitfri# i sc+)

Cbaflidf' gdnstb stfkbvfkdf pbdn`iklf i prbgntkf pbvnzfkbst sf pbtnklidfckig

turistiaig b`rn`itigf uvdntudu `bkbnkdn b`cuan b aupkdi

\pbc' spbc gbn utdnlfti kf pbtnklidfcki strfo zf bsbhku simurkbst kf putbvfkdu

u b`kbsu kf pbdn`ikn aucturkn bhifdn

Aucturf' rfzvbd pbtrbfan aucturn kn`vbdhnkb dn dn`fk b` hitkio ighnkiaf abdi

utdnu kf rfzvbd turizgf+

^vffvfdui kfvn`nkf bmrfkinkdf# `fcdkdf pbdgbvkf rfzrf`f b`kbsi sn isacduivb kf

turistu afb putkiaf abdi dn sfgbvbcdkb# `rfmbvbcdkb b`cuib kfpustiti gdnstb svbm

stfckbm prnhivfkdf+ Zbvidnskb mcn`fkb bvdnfkstvb dn `bcb u tfavu efzu rfzvbdf `fsn kdnmbvf dn`ikaf# bvdna# pbikdn `rumfidn pbkffti trfni pukb vin ivbtkio

sf`rfdf u b`kbsu kf svbdn prntan+ Zb` utdnlfdng zkffdkio prbgdnkf# rf`kio i

ivbtkio uvdntf# cdu`i scbhb`kb i `bhrbvbcdkb `bkbsn b`cuau b privrngnkbg

kfputfkdu svbm gdnstf hbrfvaf+

Purist putudn u bnaivfkdu zf`bvbcdstvf abdf gu gbmu pruiti kbvbsti i prbgdnkn

`bivcdnkn kf b`rnnkbg putbvfkdu+ Xfzvbdng cdu`sabm `rutvf# pbsnhiln

mbspb`frstvf# ivbt pbdn`iklf pbstfdn svn vin pb` utdnlfdng kdnmbvbm zfkigfkdf tn

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sn svb`i kf arntfkdn auf'rf`kb gdnstb+ \vfab`knvkf ivbtf srn`ikf iki bvdnaf

ugbrkig# knrvbzkig i ncdkig prbgdnkn+ \vfaf prntdnrfkf eiziaf ici psioiaf

fativkbst# `umbtrfdkf i dn`kbcikf fativkbst bvdnaf ugfrf i islrpcdudn+ ^prfvb zhbm

kfvn`nkn pbdfvn# s vrngnkbg sn u cdu`sabd svidnsti pbdfvcdudn pbtrnhf i ncdf zf

prbgdnkbg tfavbm ubhifdnkbm svfab`knvkbm ivbtf+ bvdna trfi prbgdnku# abdu u

prfvicu kn gbn kfi u `bgilickbd srn`iki tn sn stbmf b`cuudn putbvfti+ Lbonk

kf`fcdn `neikirf turistf afb putkiaf abdi kn putudn nstb# abdi bstfdn knabciab `fkf

izvfk gdnstf svbm hbrfvaf i tfd bhcia putbvfkdf kfzivf arukig# dnr bvdna svfab

tfavb putbvfkdn zf`rfvf kf pbcfzitu# td+ vrff sn u gdnstb svbm stfckbm hbrfvaf+

Zbzkftf dn izrnaf svfai putkia ipfa kidn turist# ifab dn svfai turist putkia& Q66#str+69+W

@f hi kntab pbstfb turistbg gbrf btputbvfti iz svbm gdnstf stfckbm hbrfvaf u knab

`rumb gdnstb i tfgb privrngnkb hbrfviti+ /`un b` 80 o# fci gfasigfckb `b mb`ikn

`fkf)+ Tf bsbhu abdf izhivf izvfk ubhifdnkn srn`ikn gfkdn b` 80 sftf abristi sn

kfziv izcntkia /nxlurisbkist)+ \vdntsaf turistiaf brmfkizflidf /]brc` Pburist

Brmfkizftibk) abristi sn i tnrgikbg dn`kb`knvki pbsdntitncd /sfgn'`fy visitbr)+

Bsbhn abdn putudu gbtivirfkn b`gbrbg# rnarnflidbg# spbrtbg# z`rfvstvnkig

rfzcbmbg ici pbsdntbg pridftncdigf i rb`hiki ici su kf pbscbvkbg putu# stu`idu /arfng

b` mb`ikn `fkf)# ob`bfu# prngf `neikilidi ]PB'f# uhrfdfdu sn u turistn+ Kfdarfi ikfdprnmcn`kidi priafz acfsieiaflidn turistf `fcfdn \vdntsaf turistiaf brmfkizflidf /]brc`

Pburist Brmfkizftibk)# prngf \ciaf 84 Q68#str+

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=+ Zutkili abdi putudu iz zngcdn `bgilicf u `rumu zngcdu kf `ukbst i bhrftkb

/uacduudui auku pbscumu i uz`rfvfku prftkdu)#

?+ Zutkili abdi kn kfputfdu trfkzitkb pb`rudn zrfkio ici hrb`saio cuaf+ ^

b`rnnkbd zngcdi# trfkzit gbn uacduivfti i hbrfvfa b` dn`kbm ici vin `fkf+ ^

tbg scufdubki trnhfdu hiti uacdunki u stftistiau pbsdntitncdf+

\ciaf 8 Zb`dncf turistf Q68#str+

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6#str+80+W+ Zbvidnst ldncbvitio zkfkstvnkio rf`bvf u Orvftsabd abdi bhrfudu turizfg

afb mbspb`frsai enkbgnk zfpbikdn sf futbrigf \rfkbg i Tbrfkbg Gfrabving

abdi su istfaci `f dn dn`kf b` bskbvkio spnlieikbsti turistiabm tritf u tbgn tb

acfsiki triki b`kbs izgnu trfiblf i pbkuff# abdi u svbdbd bpbd songi vridn`i zf

svf tritf# `bhivf kf turistiabg tritu kbvn bhcian+ Q65#str+=0+W Kf turistiabg tritusn prngf dn`kbg trfiblu uscumn gbrf u prfvicu istb`bhkb pbstfviti kiz pbkuff

rfzciitio uscumf abdn gbrfdu u svbg abkfkbg `dncbvfkdu sfikdfvfti uprfvb bku

ldncbvitu turistiau uscumu abdu trfi b`rnnki pbtrbf+ ^ pbsnhkbsti turistiabm tritf

kukb dn uacduiti i bkn bsbhikn turizgf abdn pbsnhkb `bcfzn `b izrffdf u bpig i

pbsnhkig b`kbsigf izgnu suhdnaftf pbku`n i pbtrfkdn kf tritu+ Pnbrntifr

turizgf Lilvfri prbgftrf turizfg kn afb zfsnhku mbspb`frsau `dncftkbst ici mrfku#

afb tb dn tb scufd sf acfsikig mbspb`frsaig `dncftkbstigf# vn afb ontnrbmnku

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60

`dncftkbst sfstfvcdnku b` itfvbm kizf rfzciitio fativkbsti abdn sn svrstfvfdu u

mbspb`frsan i knmbspb`frsan fativkbsti ici mrfkn+ Q6=#str+8=+W

^vffvfdui hrbdkf zkfkstvnkf i strukf istrfivfkdf i stfvbvn futbrf abdi su sn hfvici

tnbridsaig prbhcngigf turizgf# f pbsnhkb pbtudui `fkfs priovfnkn stfvbvn i

gicdnkdf# iki sn `f kfdgfkdn spbrkb trnhf sgftrfti bku bsbhitbst turistiabm tritf

abdf abkstftirf `f sn zf rfzciau b` svio bstfcio tritf u turizgu arnn /putudn)

pbtrbf# f kn rbhf+ Hnz arntfkdf# td+ hnz putbvfkdf kngf ki turizgf+ Kb# hf iz tn

ikdnkiln prbizcfzn gkbmi b`kbsi abdi sn pbdfvcdudu kf turistiabg tritu i abdi mf ikn

spnlieikig+ Pu sn svfafab uhrfdf i bsbhkf pbtrbkdf# i tb bkfd kdnk pbsnhki bhcia

abdi sn iz`vfdf zf pbtrnhn turizgf# `bkbskb trbi u turistian svron# pf sn u tnbridi

kfzivf turistiaf pbtrbkdf Q6>#str+8>+W+ Gbmun dn abkstftirfti afab# zhbm pbsnhkbstiabdn turizfg pbsdn`udn# kdnmbvbm `ikfgikbm i iktnr`islipcikfrkbm afrfatnrf tn

pbsnhkb guctipciaftivkio uikfaf# kidn gbmun `fti tbku `neikilidu turistiabm tritf+

^ kfstfvau n hiti kfvn`nkn kfdzkffdkidn `neikilidn# gnutig kidn`kf b` kdio kn

bhuovff hit turizgf afb pbdfvn+

Kfdnn litirfkf `neikilidf turistiabm tritf u `bgfig turistiaig zkfkstvnkig

rf`bvigf dn bkf futbrf \+ i T+ Gfrabvi abdf mcfsi4 turistiab tritn dn saup b`kbsf

pbtrfkdn i pbku`n abdi su usgdnrnki kf rfzgdnku rbhf i uscumf pbsrn`stvbg kbvlf# i

tb u rfzgdnru tb mf b`rnudn lidnkf tio rbhf i uscumf+ Q65#str+=

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td turistiaf uscumf dn stftikf i naf auplf# abdi gbrf `bputbvfti `f hi tu uscumu

abkzugirfb i kfabk tbmf pcftib `bhivnkb+ Pb prntpbstfvcdf i `f dn aupfl sf sbhbg

`bkib i kbvfkf srn`stvf abdigf kf cilu gdnstf pcff `bhivnku uscumu+ Kf turistiabg

tritu# aupfl i kbvfl putudu a turistiabd pbku`i# dnr sn stftikn turistian uscumn

gbmu abristiti i pcffti# u prfvicu# sfgb kf cilu gdnstf+ Q66#str+09+W Gnutig#

suvrngnki bhcili pcffkdf su uvnci i gbmukbst pcffkdf putng pbsrn`kiaf i prigdnkn

ikebrgftiaio tnokbcbmidf# pri ngu dn zkfabvit trnk` rfstf kfvn`nkn pbdfvn+ Xfzciau

izgnu `dncbvfkdf rbhkbm i turistiabm tritf priafzudn Pfhcilf 6+

Pfhcilf 6 Xfzciaf izgnu `dncbvfkdf rbhkbm i turistiabm tritf Q66#str+>:+W

\cdn`nf spnlieikbst turistiabm tritf dn `rumfidi bhcia `istrihulidn b` scufdf kf

rbhkbg tritu+

Bskbvkb dn# gnutig# `f u pbscbvkbg mbstbprigstvu kfik# f istb tfab i bhcia

`istrihulidn# u prfvicu b`rnudn pbtrbf prbizvb`f+ Bk u kfdvnng hrbdu scufdnvf tfd#

f kn prbizvb` pbscbvkbm mbstbprigstvf# b`kbskb abdi sn# uvdntkb rnnkb`istrihuirf

prngf rfzkbvrskig avfzi'prbizvb`igf pf i tign pfrlidfckig prbizvb`igf pbscbvkbm

mbstbprigstvf+ Bki su u baviru b`rnnkbm prbstbrkb bhuovfnkbm barunkdf zfdn`kb

s kdig stvfrkb ici cftnrfckb iktnmrirfki+Q88#str+0+W

Kfvn`nkn ikdnkiln uafzudu kf scbnkbst prbhcngf abgukilirfkdf s pbtnklidfckig

tritng+ ^ prfvicu pbstbdi sfgb dn`fk kfik pbvnzivfkdf turistian pbku`n sf

`iscblirfkbg turistiabg pbtrfkdbg+ Pb dn turistiaf prbgblidf abdbg sn putng

rfzciitio gn`idf abristn rfzkf srn`stvf i tnokian prbgblidn+ Hicb `irnatkb putng

Iktnrkntf# hicb putng pbsrn`kiaf `bcfzi sn u vnzu sf aupligf abdi gbmu# fci kn

gbrfdu# kf tngncdu tfavio abktfaftf `bkbsiti b`cuan b putbvfkdu u b`rnnkb turistiab

b`rn`itn+ Zrn`vif sn# pfa# nmzistirfkdn bhf afkfcf prbgblidn u hu`ukbsti+

Q8

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6?

ikebrgflidn abdn su hicn upunkn putng abgukiaflidsan pbruan tn sn kf bskbvu kdio

b`cuiti kf putbvfkdn+ Kfabk zfvrntaf putbvfkdf# turist n izvnsti zfacdufa abdi n

rnzuctirfti kdnmbvig ispukdnkdng ici knispukdnkdng turistian pbtrnhn+ Hu`ui `f sn tna

dn`fk gfkdi `ib turistf vrff pbkbvkb u gdnstb u abdng su vn hbrfvici# `facn zkf

au`f i`n i tb mf naf# uprfvb izknsnki aruki prblns# b` `bkbnkdf b`cuan b

putbvfkdu `b pbvrftaf u `bgilic sf zf`bvbcdstvbg# kfdni dn kfik `dncbvfkdf

turistiabm tritf+ Q66#str+>:+W

\ciaf 0 Aruki tba turistiabm putbvfkdf Q66#str+>6+W

Puristiab tritn afb i svfab `rumb tritn `dncudn iktnrfalidbg izgnu pbku`n i

pbtrfkdn abdf sn# suacf`kb kfvn`nkig tnzfgf# bhfvcdf kf `rumfidi kfik knmb kf

`rumig# pridn svnmf# rbhkig tritigf+ ^ svfabg scufdu# gbmun dn zfacduiti `f zhbm

spnlieikbsti abdn igf turizfg# kdnmbvbm `ikfgiabm afrfatnrf# svfaf b` kfvn`nkio

`neikilidf prbgftrf turizfg iz `rumbm autf mcn`itf# fci zfdn`kiab svigf dn

prbgftrfkdn turizgf afb iktnr`islipcikfrkn `dncftkbsti prngf \ciaf 0+

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6+8+8 Gfrantikab barunkdn u turizgu

Zriciabg b`rnivfkdf licdkio tritf i rfzvidfkdf gfrantikaio giasnvf# gfrantikai

strukdfli u turizgu sn gbrfdusubiti s gkbmb vfridfhci abdn sn kfcfzn u barunkdu

gfrantikmf+ Fkfcizf barudf dn prblns bldnkn i iktnrprntflidn ikebrgflidf `bhivnkioistrfivfkdng barudf Q80#str+

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^ abktnastu tngn `isnrtflidn pbsnhkb trnhf istfakuti tnokiab barunkdn# afb dn`fk

b` ighnkiaf gfrantikabm barunkdf abdi hicdni kfdvni rfst zf`kdio mb`ikf+ Afb

uscukf `dncftkbst# turizfg dn spnlieifk pb iktnkzivkbd uacdunkbsti tnokbcbmidn u

prufkdn uscumf# pbsnhiln uscumf pridnvbzf i sgdntfdf+ Zbdfvf rnznrvflidsaio sustfvf

ncnatrbkiaig putng bsfg`nsntio mb`ikf prbcbm stbcdnf prn`stfvcdfcf dn pbntfa

iktnkzivkn prigdnkn tnokbcbmidf u turizgu+ Pign dn `bcb `b uhrzfvfkdf b`rnnkio

pbscbvkio prblnsf# utn`n vrngnkf tn skifvfkdf trbabvf+ Aupli pbstfdu svn gbkidi

u sgiscu scbhb`n prntrfivfkdf ikebrgflidf# vrn`kbvfkdf aupbvkio fctnrkftivf tn

`bkbnkdf b`cuan b putbvfkdu+

^prfvb zhbm bviskbsti pbku`n i rfzgdnkn ikebrgflidf u prbizvb`kbg i `istrihulidsabg

cfklu# turizfg sn pbafzfb priacf`kig zf hrzb usvfdfkdn ikebrgftiaio tnokbcbmidf iiktnrfativkio gn`idf+ Gbn sn rni `f trf`ilibkfcki kfiki pbscbvfkdf pbstfdu `ib

prbcbsti# `ba Iktnrknt iki babskilu gfrantikmf u turistiabg umbstitncdstvu u

hu`ukbsti Q8=#str+59+W+ Iktnrknt# afb dn`fk b` kfdzkffdkidio tnokbcbaio enkbgnkf

`fkfkdiln# pruf suhdnatigf turizgf knan pbtpukb kbvn gfrantikan gbmukbsti#

b` abdio dn svfafab kfdzkffdkidf gbmukbstprufkdf trnkutfkbm i uvidna btvbrnkbm

pristupf ikebrgflidfgf u lidncbg svidntu Q8?+#str+=?+W+ Pfabnr# Iktnrknt pruf pb`rau

i lidncbg kizu eukalidf i prblnsf u tvrtai u licdu rfzvbdf prbizvb`f i prufkdf uscumf zfpbtrbfn+ Tftig# prn`stfvcdf skffkabgukiaflidsai gn`id abdig sn gbmu uikabvitb

pbvnzivfti suhdnati pbku`n i pbtrfkdn u turizgu+ Gnutig# knai suhdnati db uvidna

kisu rfzvici gfrantikan strftnmidn putng Iktnrkntf+ Zricfmb`hf tnokbcbaig

trnk`bvigf gbrf hiti prfvbvrngnkf i gbmuf# stbmf dn pbtrnhkb iktnkzivirfti ucfmfkdf

u tbg prfvlu+

Abgukiaflidsai i ikerfstruaturki ighnkili ikn scdn`ni ncngnkt gfrantikabm

barunkdf u turizgu+ Gbmukbst prufkdf turistiaio uscumf dn `ntnrgikirfkf

pbstbdnig abgukiaflidsaig i ikerfstruaturkig ighnkiligf+ Zb` tig ighnkiligf sn

svfafab istin svf ikerfstruaturf abdf bgbmuudn turistigf putbvfkdn# sgdntfd i

bhicfzfa turistiaio ftrfalidf+ ^ `bgnki b`kbsf turizgf i prbgntf ebaus sn kfcfzi u

pbvnfkbd pbtrfkdi zf hbcdbg ikerfstruaturbg turistiabm pridnvbzf+ Zb` tign sn

pb`rfzugidnvf izmrf`kdf lnstbvkio prbgntkilf kfdsuvrngnkidnm tipf# ici pfa neiafskidf

brmfkizflidf zrfkbm ici hrb`sabm prbgntf+ Kfign# db uvidna prnvcf`fvf gicdnkdn `f

turist kf rncflidi izgnu gdnstf stfckbm hbrfvaf i turistiabm b`rn`itf muhi prnvinscbhb`kbm vrngnkf+ Thbm tbmf dn prn` turistiaig i prbgntkig strukdfligf vffk

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zf`ftfa `f ku`u sfvcf`fvfkdf putf izgnu ngitivkio i rnlnptivkio prbstbrf turizgf

pbstupkb bhbmfudu tfavig prbgntkig sf`rfdigf abdi su prigdnrnki b`gbru i

uivfkdu bvdnaf+ Q89#str+8+W

Kfabk tb dn turist `bputbvfb u turistiab b`rn`itn# aritifk ighnkia prn`stfvcdf

sgdntfdkf ikerfstruaturf+ \gdntfdki bhdnati hi trnhfci hiti usacfnki sf pbtrnhfgf i

ncdfgf pbtrbff# tn hiti i`nktiki prbgbvirfkig sf`rfdigf+ ^abciab su sgdntfdki

bhdnati knprigdnrnki# knurn`ki# ici kn`bvrnki# tb `bvb`i `b stvfrfkdf knzf`bvbcdstvf

turistf tn irnkdf knmftivkn prbpfmfk`n b` ustf `b ustf+ Mcbhfckb mcn`fdui#

tnk`nklidf dn pbrfstf sgdntfdkio afpflitntf u svidntu uscidn` pbrfstf hrbdf kbnkdf

abdi sn bstvfrudn+ Pfabnr# pbvnfvf sn i hrbd spnlieikio bhdnaftf abdi scun afb

turistian ftrfalidn abdn cdu`i nstb pbsdnudu+

6+

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88

/]brc` Pburisg Brmfkizftibk)# rfst hrbdf putbvfkdf `neikirf turizfg afb dn`fk b`

kfdzkffdkidio `rutvnkio enkbgnkf `fkfkdiln+ Hrbd gnukfrb`kio `bcfzfaf sn

pbvnfb sf 8> gicidukf /69>:+mb`+) kf ?:5 gicidukf /8::>+mb`)# prngf mb`ikdbd stbpi

rfstf 5#>.+ Istb istrfivfkdn `fdn priafz hrbdf gnukfrb`kio `bcfzfaf prngf

tngncdkig turistiaig rnmidfgf svidntf+ \vdntsab tritn dn bhicdnnkb prbsdnkig rfstbg

b` 8#9. u rfz`bhcdu 8:::+'8::9+ mb`ikn Q++

/gic)

8::9+

/gic)

8:::+'

8::9

/rfst u .)

\vidnt >+5 5+8

\+ i D+ Fgnriaf 6:9 6+=

Nurbpf 9+= 6+?

\rn`kdi Istba 68

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88 gic ^\$+

Pfhcilf 0 Hrbd gnukfrb`kio `bcfzfaf svdntsabm turistiabm tritf pb `rfvfgf Q0+9

8+8

0+ Aikf Fzidf >:+9

>+ Itfcidf Nurbpf 0+>

?+ Kdngfaf Nurbpf 80+8

9+ Gfcnzidf Fzidf 8

Xncnvfktki pb`fli priafzudu arntfkdn hrbdf turistiaio `bcfzfaf pb mcfvkig turistiaig

b`rn`itigf svidntf /`rfvfgf)+ Kfdpbsdnnkidn zngcdn su Erfklusaf# \F@#

pfkdbcsaf# Aikf# Itfcidf# Unciaf Hritfkidf# Pursaf# Kdngfaf i Gnasiab+ Erfklusaf

`bgikirf sf =0#8 gicidukf `bcfzfaf u 8::9+ mb`iki# `ba du scidn`n \F@ sf >0#9 i

pfkdbcsaf sf >8#8 gicidukf+ /Zrngf rnlnktkig pb`fligf iz 8::9+mb`ikn vridn`kbst dn

`bsnmkucf ?>8 gic ^\$+

Pfhcilf 0)

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Avfcitftivki rfst turistiaio arntfkdf `bvb`i `b rfzvbdf i pbdfvn kbvio turistiaio

pbtrnhf+ \afcf turistiaio pbtrnhf sn knprnstfkb gidnkdf# tfab `f knan pbtrnhn abdn

su pbstbdfcn sn kf`bmrfudu i pbstfdu scbnkidn# `ba knan knstfdu+ Puristi pbstfdu svn

bhrfzbvfkidi# vizufckb i ikebrgftiai pisgnkidi# tb turistian `dncftkian stfvcdf prn`

igpnrftiv stvfrfkdf tb avfcitntkidn i `ienrnklirfkn pbku`n+ \cidn`bg tbmf# rfzvidfdu sn i

kbvi bhcili turistian pbku`n+ Kfdni spnlieiki bhcili turizgf `fkfkdiln su4 aucturki

turizfg# nabturizfg# kfutiai turizfg# abkmrnski turizfg# z`rfvstvnki turizfg# vdnrsai

turizfg# spbrtsai turizfg# bhrfzbvki turizfg# it`+

Zrngf pridfkdig rf`bvigf futbrf# svdntsai turizfg `bivcdfvf simkieiafktkn prbgdnkn

tidnabg pbscdn`kdio mb`ikf+ Istb tfab# svdntsab turistiab tritn dn pb` utdnlfdng

mcbhfckio trnk`bvf+ Zrbgdnkn kf turistiaig tritigf gbmu sn prbgftrfti i kf scdn`nikfik Q

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8=

^ rfzgftrfkdu utdnlfdf turizgf kf mbspb`frstvb pbtrnhkb dn pbi b` sfgbm

pbvnfkdf hrbdf turistiaio putbvfkdf i nenaftf abdn `bkbsi turistiai prbgnt+ Zrngf

tbgn# isob`ikf tbaf svio istrfivfkdf nabkbgsaio nenaftf turizgf dn turistiaf

pbtrbkdf# `facn `ib bsbhkn pbtrbkdn kfgidnkdnkn putbvfkdu i hbrfvau izvfk gdnstf

`bgilicf zhbm b`gbrf# rnarnflidn# zfhfvn it`+ Afab hi bstvfrib svbdn turistian

pbtrnhn i ncdn# turist gbrf kfdpridn btputbvfti u knab b`fhrfkb turistiab b`rn`itn#

gbrf sn abristiti knaig pridnvbzkig srn`stvbg# uarftab# gbrf putbvfti+ Zrngf

kfvn`nkbg# abritnkdn uscumf prbgntf dn`fk dn b` prvio# hitkio mbspb`frsaio

snatbrf# abdi fpsbrhirf `ib srn`stfvf kfgidnkdnkio turistiabd pbtrbkdi+ Kfabk `bcfsaf

u b`rn`itn# turist pbstfdn abriskia bskbvkio umbstitncdsaio uscumf# sgdntfdf# orfkn i

pif+ Kf tfd kfik umbstitncdstvb pbstfdn kfdvni fpsbrhnkt turistian pbtrbkdn+ ^

turistiabg b`rn`itu# bsig tbmf# turist dn pbtrbf rfzkio prbizvb`f abdn ku`i irbaf

grnf trmbvfaio brmfkizflidf i rf`kdi+ @fkfs sn rfzvidnkbst turistian pbku`n izgnu

bstfcbm lidnki i pb fsbrtigfku trmbvfan pbku`n# abdf svn vin privcfi turistn+

Iktnkzivkidig rfzvbdng brmfkizirfkio putbvfkdf svn vnu vfkbst u fpsbrplidi

srn`stfvf kfgidnkdnkio turistiabd pbtrbkdi igfdu putkian fmnklidn i rfzki bstfci

brmfkizftbri putbvfkdf# abdi su u izrfvkbg abktfatu sf pbtrbfng pri pcfkirfkdu i

brmfkizirfkdu putbvfkdf# arnirfkdu frfkgfkf# prufkdu rfzciitio `b`ftkio uscumf ici

pfa afb brmfkizftbri izcntf u turistiabg b`rn`itu+ Bsig kfvn`nkio prn`kbsti# vfkb

dn istfakuti turizfg afb zkffdfk izvbr `nvizkio srn`stfvf+ Purizfg dn izvbzkf

`dncftkbst# abdf svbdn priob`n bstvfrudn knvi`cdivig izvbzbg ici izvbzbg kf cilu

gdnstf+ Xbhf i uscumn sn prb`fdu zf `nvizkf srn`stvf abdf su ikbzngki turisti `bkidnci

sf sbhbg i kfgidnkici io turistiabd pbtrbkdi+ ^ svig turistiab bridnktirfkig zngcdfgf

izkigkb dn zkffdfk utdnlfd priob`f b` turizgf u uaupkbg izvbzu tio zngfcdf+

^bhifdnkb sn tb priafzudn putng pcftnkn hicfkln zngcdn abdf nvi`nktirf uaupfk

izkbs turistian pbtrbkdn abdn rnfcizirfdu ikbzngki turisti# priciabg svbm lidncbmhbrfvaf u turistiabg b`rn`itu# b` trnkutaf ucfsaf `b izcfsaf iz zngcdn+ Q66#str+6:='

66:+W

^ istrfivfkdu trnk`bvf i hu`ukbsti turizgf trnhf istfi `baugnkt \vdntsan turistian

brmfkizflidn /^K]PB)# Pburisg 8:8: Uisibk# u abdng su prnznktirfki acduki trnk`bvi

rfzvbdf turizgf u hu`ukbsti+ Mnknrfckb sn prn`vif rfst gnukfrb`kbm turizgf# tn

n sn prn`vinki hrbd `bcfzfaf u 8:8:+mb`iki izkbsiti 6#5 gicidfr`i+ B` tbmf hrbdf# fa

6#8 gicidfr`n n hiti gnurnmibkfckf putbvfkdf# tn

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8 BHICDNDF MB\PIPNCD\AN @DNCFPKB\PI

Purizfg dn saupikf `dncftkbsti abdn zf`bvbcdfvfdu pbtrnhn turistf zf vridngn kdiobvbm

putbvfkdf i privrngnkbm hbrfvaf u b`fhrfkbg turistiabg b`rn`itu# f kdnmbv rfzvbd

igf pbzitivkn nenatn kf ldncbaupki mbspb`frsai rfzvbd zngcdn Q

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# str+8

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dffkdf vnzf gnu zfdn`kilfgf+ @facn# af`f dn knaf zfdn`kilf prbizvb`icf ici `bcfzicf

`b viaf `bhfrf# igfcf dn zf pbtrnhu tfafv vifa rfzgidnkiti zf bkf `bhrf abdf su ig

kn`bstfdfcf+ ^ tfavig uvdntigf hicb dn pbtrnhkb `f kntab s dn`kbm pb`rudf b`n u

`rumb pb`rudn# abdn dn nstb gbmcb hiti tbciab u`fcdnkb `f dn rfzgdnkf prntpbstfvcdfcf

pbtrnhu zf sgdntfdng i kbnkdng# dnr sn zhbm svbdn scbnkbsti kidn gbmcf izvriti u

dn`kbg `fku+ \gdntfd i `bhivnku orfku i pin bsbhn kisu pcffcn# tb sn kfzivf

hnspcftkb mbstbprigstvb+ ^ stfrbg dn vidnau hnspcftkb mbstbprigstvb hicb rfzvidnkb

mbtbvb u svio kfrb`f afb gbrfckf bhvnzf# f u srn`kdng vidnau sn pbsnhkb istilfcf

Lravf# abdf dn prufcf mbstbprigstvb u sgdntfdu# orfki i piu vdnrkiligf kf

ob`bfigf i bstfcig sirbgfkig bsbhfgf abdigf dn tfavf pbgb hicf pbtrnhkf+

@rumf nvbculidsaf efzf dn bhicdnnkf pbdfvbg kfpcfivfkdf umbstitncdsaio uscumf+Zutbvfkdf su pbstfdfcf gfsbvkidf# f u rfzkig `idncbvigf svidntf pbscbvfci su rfzciiti

bhdnati abdi su sn hfvici prufkdng uscumf sgdntfdf i prnorfkn+ Ifab kn pbstbdi

fronbcbai `bafz prnkbitf i tfvnrki u `rnvkbd Gnzbpbtfgidi# prvi pisfki spbgnkia#

abdi izgnu bstfcbmf sf`ri i b`rn`hn b pbscbvfkdu tf`fkdio umbstitncdsaio bhdnaftf dn

zfabkia hfhicbksabm lfrf Ofgurfhidf /abdi prn`vif sgrtku afzku zf bkbmf tab

rfzvb`kdfvf pivb)# kfnk dn kf tig cbafcitntigf+ Prnkutkb sn uvf u guzndu Cbuvrn u

Zfrizu# f `ftirf iz 6?::+ mb`ikn pridn Aristf+ Zrnkbitf abdf su pbstbdfcf u tb vridngnku`icf su uscumn tbnkdf pif# nkn i sgdntfd zf putkian+ Afrfatnristikb zf tn

umbstitncdsan bhdnatn hicf dn vrcb dn`kbstfvkf izmrf`kdf i bprngcdnkbst+ Kfdnn su hici

cblirfki uz mcfvkn prbgntkiln tn u vnig kfsncdigf+ Zrngf pisfkig pb`fligf# vn dn

>68+ mb`ikn pridn Aristf u stfrbg Nmiptu pbstbdfcf argf# abdf dn ku`icf vrcb

bmrfkinki dncbvkia ' kfign sf`rfvfb dn sfgb dn`kb dncb+ ^ fktiabd Mrabd rfzvidfdu

sn bhdnati abdi su umcfvkbg prufci uscumn prnorfkn i pif# f nstb i sgdntfdf+ Udnrf#

abdf sn stvfrfcf tidnabg `umbm rfz`bhcdf hbrhn bvdnaf s prirb`kig ncngnktigf#

bstfvicf dn svbdn bhicdndn i kf bhifdn umbstitncdstvf+ \vnnkili su u tb `bhf kfufvfci

`f dn svfai strfkfl tinkia hbmf Tnusf# tn mf trnhf prigiti btvbrnkio ruau# ku`ni

prnkbitn i orfku Q

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Bhcili umbstitncdsaio bhdnaftf u stfrbg Xigu Q0=#str+=?8+W

Cftiksab

ign

Bpis @fkfkdn

ign

Obspitiug

Uni bhdnati abdi su ku`ici sbhn zf izkfdgcdivfkdn#

pin i orfku zf

mbstn abdi su kbici# kfdnn izmrfnki zf

pbscbvkn prician

Obtnc

\tfhucf Bhdnati sf `vbritng# auoikdbg# tbfcntbg i

arnvntigf+ ^bhifdnkb su sn kfcfzici kf ruhbvigfmrf`f# tn su ku`ici orfku# pin i sgdntfd

Zuh

Pfhnrkf

Ponrgbpbcif

Mfknfn

Zrb`fdf dn`kbstfvkn orfkn i pif Hfr

Zbpikf

Lfupbkf

Zbscuivfkdn orfkn i pif# sdn`nf gdnstf# gdnstf

zf dfvkb baupcdfkdn i prnorfku# pbknaf` sf`rn

knabciab sbhf

Xnstbrfk

Cugpfkfr Zbku`f irbabm spnatrf uscumf bsbhkn

prirb`n

Dfvkf auf

^mbstitncdsai bhdnati su kf pb`rudu `fkfkdn Orvftsan pbscbvfci db zf vridngn fktian#

af`f su knaig kfig arfdnvigf vcf`fci Mrli# f afskidn i Xigcdfki /iz tbm `bhf su

pbzkftn rigsan mbstibkiln u \isau# Ufrf`iku i @fruvfru)+ ^ prigbrsaig gdnstigf

vn sn u 60+ stbcdnu spbgikdu rfzciiti umbstitncdsai bhdnati i tb bsbhitb kf pb`rudu

@uhrbvkiaf# \pcitf i Xidnan+ Bsbhitb pbvbcdfk gbgnkt zf rfzvitfa umbstitncdstvf u

Orvftsabd dn pbdfvf Tfabkf b argfrnkdu 6>>:+ mb`ikn# b`kbskb uvbnkdf prfvf kf

tbnkdn fcabobckio pif kf gfcb b` strfkn scbhb`kio mrf`bvf i enu`fcflf+

^mbstitncdstvb tbm vrngnkf hicb dn abgnrlidfckb usgdnrnkb# tn dn prn`stfvcdfcb izvbr

priob`f zf `rfvu# pbdn`ikln i pbscbvkn suhdnatn+ Q0?#str+?>>+W+

Prnf nvbculidsaf efzf# prngf kfvn`nkbd acfsieiaflidi dn efzf suvrngnkbm

umbstitncdstvf+ Bpi rfzvbd `rutvf# f pbsnhiln mbspb`frsai rfzvitfa i tnokbcbaiprbkfcfsli kf pridncfzu iz 6?+ u 69+ stbcdnn pri`bkidnci su kfprntau umbstitncdstvf+

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0:

bhdnaftf+ Gnutig# kfvn`nkf acfsieiaflidf dn `b `fkfkdnm vrngnkf `bivdncf

b`rnnkn prbgdnkn# prvnkstvnkb zhbm uacduivfkdf Xnpuhcian Orvftsan u suvrngnkn

nurbpsan i svdntsan trnk`bvn# tb pb`rfzugidnvf i usacfnkdn zfabksaio prbpisf u

umbstitncdstvu+ Kf tngncdu tio tnk`nklidf# Ucf`f Xnpuhcian Orvftsan `bkidncf dn B`cuau

b kflibkfckbd acfsieiaflidi `dncftkbsti+ /Kflibkfckf acfsieiaflidf `dncftkbsti 8::=+ KA@

8::=+)+ Bvbg sn B`cuabg urnudn Kflibkfckf acfsieiaflidf `dncftkbsti 8::=+ ' KA@

8::=+ ' s kfzivigf pb`rudf# b`dncdfaf# saupikf i rfzrn`f mbspb`frsaio i `rumio

`dncftkbsti+

^ kfstfvau dn litirfkf f`navftkf zfabksaf rnmucftivf+ Zrngf Kflibkfckbd acfsieiaflidi

`dncftkbsti bzkfnkf su4 Q>8W

pb`rudf ' dn`kbscbvkbg bzkfabg b`dncdli ' `vbzkfgnkafstig hrbdng

saupikn ' trbzkfgnkafstig hrbdng

rfzrn`i ' ntvnrbzkfgnkafstig hrbdng+

pb`rfzrn`i' pntnrbzkfgnkafstig hrbdng+

KA@ igf 6= pb`rudf# :< rfzrn`f i >=:

pb`rfzrn`f+ Zrngf trnkutkb vfnbd Kflibkfckbd acfsieiaflidi umbstitncdstvb u

Xnpuhcili Orvftsabd dn pb`idncdnkb kf scdn`nn aftnmbridn4 Q>> Obtnci i rnstbrfki

>>+6+ Obtnci

>>+66 Obtnci i gbtnci# s rnstbrfkbg

>>+68 Obtnci i gbtnci# hnz rnstbrfkf

>>+8 Afgpbvi i `rumn vrstn sgdntfdf zf arfi hbrfvfa

>>+86 Bgcf`iksai obtnci i pcfkikfrsai `bgbvi

>>+88 Afgpbvi# uacduudui i stfghnkn futbpriabciln

>>+8< Bstfci sgdntfd zf arfi hbrfvfa

>>+8>+8>+8>+8>+>+0+ Hfrbvi

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06

>>+> Afktikn /gnkzn) i bpsarhcdivfkdn priprngcdnkbg orfkbg /lftnrikm)

>>+>6 Afktikn /gnkzn)

>>+>8 Bpsarhcdivfkdn priprngcdnkbg orfkbg /lftnrikm)

^scidn` suvrngnkio trnk`bvf i tnk`nklidn usacfnkdf zfabksaio prbpisf s bkigf u

rfzvidnkig zngcdfgf# u pb`rudu aftnmbrizflidn umbstitncdsaio bhdnaftf `bcfzi `b

pbdfvn kbvio prbpisf+ Xfstbg i rfzvbdng turistiab'umbstitncdsan pbku`n pbdfvcdudu sn

i kbvi rfzvbdki bhcili kf strfki pbku`n# abdi pfa kfstfdu `ienrnklidflidbg pbtrnhf i ncdf

pbtrbff kf turistiabg putbvfkdu+ Dfskf dn pri tbgn bridnktflidf i orvftsabm turizgf

prngf nurbpsaig i svdntsaig arntfkdigf# abdf su bhicdnnkf cihnrfcizflidbg tritf i

pbrfstbg hrbdf turistf+ ^prfvb stbmf dn kukb usacf`iti acfsieiaflidu umbstitncdsaio

bhdnaftf sf bkigf iz turistiai abkaurnktsaio zngfcdf# f gbmu sn abristiti i afbhnklogfra+ Pb hi pbscdn`ikb trnhfcb `bvnsti i `b ukfprnnkdf avfcitntn kn sfgb

umbstitncdsan# vn i ldncbaupkn turistian pbku`n+

\ tig licdnvigf Gikistfrstvb turizgf Xnpuhcian Orvftsan dn usvbdicb Zrfvickia b

rfzvrstfvfkdu# aftnmbrizflidi i pbsnhkig stfk`fr`igf umbstitncdsaio bhdnaftf+ Bvig

Zrfvickiabg prbpisudu sn gikigfckn umbstitncdsan uscumn i uvdnti zf vrstn i aftnmbridn

umbstitncdsaio bhdnaftf# bzkfan zf vrstn i aftnmbridn# kfik bzkffvfkdf vrstf i

aftnmbridf tn kfik aftnmbrizflidn bhdnaftf+ Zrfvickiabg sn tfabnr prbpisudu vrstn

pbsnhkio stfk`fr`f zf bhdnatn# uvdnti abdi gbrfdu hiti ispukdnki zf pbdn`iki stfk`fr`#

bzkfan i kfik bzkffvfkdf pbsnhkio stfk`fr`f i kfik kdiobvf utvrivfkdf+

Zrfvickiabg sn b`rnudu vrstn bhdnaftf abdigf sn gbn utvr`iti privrngnkb bhfvcdfkdn

umbstitncdsan `dncftkbsti hnz utvrnkn aftnmbridn tn uvdnti pb` abdigf umbstitncd gbn

pbnti bhfvcdfti `dncftkbst u bhdnatu pridn knmb prihfvi rdnnkdn b aftnmbridi bhdnatf+Q>0W

^ bhdnatu iz saupikn obtnci prufdu sn uscumn4 sgdntfdf# prnorfkn# pif i kfpitfaf+ ^bhdnatu sn gbmu prufti i `rumn uscumn /iz pb`rudf `rumio `dncftkbsti) abdigf sn

zf`bvbcdfvfdu pbtrnhn turistf# fab su zf bhfvcdfkdn tio uscumf ispukdnki uvdnti u sacf`u

s pbsnhkig prbpisigf+ Urstf bhdnatf dn utvrnkf bviskb b vrsti umbstitncdsaio uscumf

abdn sn u bhdnatu gbrfdu bhvnzkb prufti# prntnitbsti i bhvnzkbg gikigugu

umbstitncdsaio uscumf# kfiku uscuivfkdf tn `rumig prbpisfkig uvdntigf /gikigugu

urnnkdf# bprngn i urnfdf)+

Bhdnati iz saupikn obtnci rfzvrstfvfdu sn u scdn`nn vrstn4 Q>0W

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obtnc hftikf /onritfmn)#

obtnc#

fpfrtobtnc#

turistiab kfsncdn# turistiai fpfrtgfki#

pfksibk+

Obtnc hftikf /onritfmn) dn vrstf obtncf abdf sn kfcfzi u stfrig# izvbrkig# trf`ilidsaig#

pbvidnskig# rurfckb'urhfkig struaturfgf i mrfnvikfgf# tn dn urnnk i bprngcdnk kf

trf`ilidsai kfik+ Obtnc hftikf kn gbn sn kfcfziti u rnpciafgf /abpidfgf) stfrio

mrfnvikf i struaturf1 pbstbdnn stfrn mrfnvikn kn gbmu sn `bmrfivfti i

kf`bmrfivfti vn trnhfdu zf`rfti izvbrku prbstbrku struaturu i bhcia+ ^ bhdnatu tbm

tipf mbstigf sn bhvnzkb prufdu uscumn sgdntfdf i `bruaf# f gbmu sn prufti i

`rumn umbstitncdsan uscumn+ Obtnc hftikf dn eukalibkfckf ldncikf abdu iki dn`kf

mrfnvikf# `ib mrfnvikn ici vin prbstbrkb b`vbdnkio fci eukalibkfckb pbvnzfkio

mrfnvikf# f gbmu hiti b`vbdnkn dfvkbg ici zfdn`kiabg pbvrikbg+ ^ umbstitncdsan

sf`rfdn Obtncf hftikf /rnlnplidf# sgdntfdkn dn`ikiln# sf`rfdi zf priprngu i

uscuivfkdn orfkn# pif i kfpitfaf i `rumb) gbn sn ucfziti knpbsrn`kb iz vfkdsabm

prbstbrf+ Obtnc hftikf gbrf igfti4 pridngki obc u abdngu dn rnlnplidf# kfdgfkdn pnt

sgdntfdkio dn`ikilf# umbstitncdsan sf`rfdn zf priprngu i uscuivfkdn orfkn# pif i

kfpitfaf /auoikdu i hcfmbvfbkilu) i zfdn`kiai sfkitfrki vbr+ \gdntfdkn dn`ikiln u

Obtncu hftikf gbmu hiti4 sbhn i"ici obtncsai fpfrtgfki /suitn) i izkigkb# bhitncdsan sbhn

/efgicy rbbg)+ ^ Orvftsabd sn gbmu kfvnsti knai prigdnri bvn aftnmbridn obtncf# kpr+

Obtnc Onritfmn Fkmncb @-brb u Xbvikdu# Onritfmn ObtncGfriksaf aucf u Gfriki arfd

Prbmirf it`+

\cdn`nf aftnmbridf dn kfdrfirnkidf i pb`rfzugidnvf obtnc afb umbstitncdsai bhdnat+

Obtnc dn bhdnat u abdngu sn mbstigf bhvnzkb prufdu uscumn sgdntfdf i `bruaf# f

gbmu sn prufti i `rumn umbstitncdsan uscumn+ Obtnc dn eukalibkfckf i prbstbrkf ldncikf

abdu# u prfvicu# iki dn`kf mrfnvikf ici `ib mrfnvikn sf zfsnhkig ucfzbg#

obrizbktfckig i vnrtiafckig abgukiaflidfgf+ Izkigkb# obtnc gbn ikiti i knabciab# f

kfdvin ntiri mrfnvikn+ Fab sn obtnc sfstbdi b` vin mrfnvikf# f kn rf`i sn b

`npfk`fksfgf obtncf# svn mrfnvikn gbrfdu hiti eukalibkfckb pbvnzfkn ob`kiligf+

Bvf bhvnzf kn b`kbsi sn kf obtnc u abdng mrfnvikn rfz`vfdf dfvkf prbgntkilf+

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b b`gfrfciki obtnc /kf gbru# pcfkiki# tbpcilfgf)#

b stfkiki obtnc /uz futbhuskn# ncdnzkian stfkiln)#

b fnrb`rbgsai obtncib lnktrfcki ici mrf`sai obtnci / u ung srn`itu mrf`f)#

b usputki obtnci /gbtnci uz vncian prbgntkiln)+

s bhzirbg kf mcbhfcku triku usgdnrnkbst

b turistiai obtnci /stflibkfrfk hbrfvfa mbstidu'turistf)#

b pbscbvki obtnci /sngikfrsai'abkmrnski)#

b obtnci sf spbrtsaig sf`rfdng#

b mrf`sai /rnzi`nktki) obtnci /frbciaf trikf usgdnrnkbst)+

Gnutig# ukftb utvrnkbd acfsieiaflidi pbdn`ikn spnlieikbsti sn prnacfpfdu# td+

gbmun io dn prigidntiti ab` istn vrstn obtncf# ici sn pbstbdnng stfkdu `b`fdu knan

pbtpukb kbvn bsbhitbsti kfstfcn kbvig trnk`bvigf kf tritu+ ^ kfstfvau scidn`n knai

b` spnlieikio vrstf obtncf4Q

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Zbarntki obtnci /Xbtncs)' Pb su obtnci abdi prn`stfvcdfdu kbvu ikfilu u pbku`i kf

tritu'obtnc kf abtfigf+Xidndn b vcfabvigf ici futbhusigf abdi su urnnki

afb obtnci# tn sn ubhifdnkb abristn zf gfkdi hrbd turistf+

Nabtnci /Nlbtncs)' Bvf vrstf obtncf dn afrfatnrizirfkf upbtrnhbg nabcbai

priovftcdivio gftnridfcf u arnirfkdu iktnridnrf obtncf# pb priklipu b`rivbm

nabcbabm rfzvbdf+

@bmbtnci /@bmbtncs)' Obtnci abdi su pricfmbnki zf prufkdn uscumf cbvligf abdi

`bcfzn sf psigf+/afvnzi# uscumn vntnrikfrf)

\pf obtnci /\pf obtncs)'Bki u svbdbd pbku`i igfdu tnrfpnutsan aupan i gfsfn#

u licdu stvfrfkdf bsdnfdf bputfkdf i rfvkbtnn u cdu`sabg brmfkizgu+

Afb prigdnrn knaio b` knbhikio vrstf obtncf iz svdntsan prfasn# gbmun dn kfvnsti

scdn`nn4 Q>9W

Iln Obtnc# \wn`nk

Pon Prnntbps Obtnc# Ankyf

^k`nrwftnr Obtnc# Fustrfcif

Lfpsucn Obtnc# Dfpfk

Pon Hurd Fc Frfh# @uhfi+

Kfabk `ntfcdkn acfsieiaflidn obtncf afb umbstitncdsabm bhdnatf# u kfstfvau su

kfvn`nkn bstfcn vrstn bhdnaftf iz saupikn obtnci# suacf`kb vfnbd acfsieiaflidi u

Xnpuhcili Orvftsabd+

Fpfrtobtnc dn bhdnat u abdngu sn mbstigf bhvnzkb prufdu uscumn sgdntfdf i

`bruaf# f gbmu sn prufti i `rumn umbstitncdsan uscumn+ Fpfrtobtnc dn eukalibkfckf

ldncikf abdu# u prfvicu# iki dn`kf mrfnvikf ici `ib mrfnvikn sf zfsnhkig ucfzbg#obrizbktfckig i vnrtiafckig abgukiaflidfgf+ Izkigkb# fpfrtobtnc gbn ikiti i knabciab#

f kfdvin ntiri mrfnvikn+ Fab sn fpfrtobtnc sfstbdi b` vin mrfnvikf# f kn rf`i sn b

`npfk`fksfgf fpfrtobtncf# svn mrfnvikn gbrfdu hiti eukalibkfckb pbvnzfkn

ob`kiligf tzv+ zftvbrnkbg vnzbg+ Xnlnplidf i bhvnzki umbstitncdsai sf`rfdi zf

priprngu i uscuivfkdn orfkn# pif i kfpitfaf u fpfrtobtncu kn gbmu sn kfcfziti u

mrfnviki u abdbd sn kn kfcfzn sgdntfdkn dn`ikiln+ B` bstfcio hitkio afrfatnristiaf

pbtrnhkb dn kfvnsti scdn`nn4 fpfrtobtnc gbrf igfti pridngki obc u abdng dn rnlnplidf#

kfdgfkdn pnt sgdntfdkio dn`ikilf# umbstitncdsan sf`rfdn zf priprngu i uscuivfkdn

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orfkn# pif i kfpitfaf /auoikdu i hcfmbvfbkilu) i zfdn`kiai sfkitfrki vbr zf mbstn+ ^

fpfrtobtncu kfdgfkdn >6. sgdntfdkio dn`ikilf gbrf hiti bprngcdnkb i urnnkb tfab

`f mbst gbn sfg priprngfti dncf# b`kbskb gbrfdu hiti fpfrtgfki i"ici stu`ib

fpfrtgfki+ Bstfcn sgdntfdkn dn`ikiln u fpfrtobtncu gbmu hiti sbhn+ Q>0W

Zrngf vfnng prfvickiau# turistiab kfsncdn dn bhdnat u abdngu sn mbstigf bhvnzkb

prufdu uscumn sgdntfdf s `bruabg# f gbmu sn prufti i `rumn umbstitncdsan uscumn#

fab bvig Zrfvickiabg kidn `ruaidn prbpisfkb+ ^ turistiabg kfsncdu mbstu sn gbrf

bsimurfti gbmukbst hfvcdnkdf pbrtbg i"ici `rumig bhciligf rnarnflidn kf btvbrnkig

prbstbrigf abdi su pricfmbnki spnlieikig uvdntigf turistiabm b`rn`itf+ Puristiab

kfsncdn dn eukalibkfckf i pbscbvkf ldncikf abdu iki vin sfgbstfckio mrfnvikf visikn

kfdvin prizngcdn i `vf aftf u abdigf su4 rnlnplidf# sgdntfdkn dn`ikiln# umbstitncdsai i`rumi sf`rfdi+ Puristiaig kfsncdng u ldnciki uprfvcdf umbstitncd abdi pbscudn turistiaig

kfsncdng# hnz bhzirf kf tb tb ukutfr turistiabm kfsncdf u sfgbstfckig pbscbvkig

bhdnatigf# prbstbridfgf i prbstbrigf gbmu pbscbvfti i `rumn prfvkn i"ici eizian bsbhn#

abdn bhfvcdfdu rfzkn `dncftkbsti /umbstitncdsan# turistian# trmbvfan# eriznrsan i `r+)+

\gdntfdkn dn`ikiln u Puristiabg kfsncdu gbmu hiti4 sbhn# bhitncdsan sbhn /efgicy

rbbg)# obtncsai fpfrtgfki /suitn)# stu`ib fpfrtgfki i fpfrtgfki+ Q>0W

Puristiai fpfrtgfki su bhdnati u abdigf sn mbstigf prufdu uscumn sgdntfdf u

sgdntfdkig dn`ikilfgf ustrbdnkig i bprngcdnkig tfab `f mbst gbn sfg priprngfti

dncf+ Bhdnati turistiai fpfrtgfki su eukalibkfckf ldncikf abdu iki vin sgdntfdkio

dn`ikilf u dn`kbd ici vin sfgbstbdnio mrfnvikf# abdn su u lidncbsti kfgidnkdnkn

prbensibkfckbg bhfvcdfkdu umbstitncdsan `dncftkbsti# f abdigf pbscudn dn`fk umbstitncd+

Mrfnvikn u abdigf sn kfcfzn sgdntfdkn dn`ikiln u vrsti turistiai fpfrtgfki kn gbmu

igfti vin b` prizngcdf i `vf aftf+ Izkigkb# u pbstbdnig bhdnatigf sgftrf sn

b`mbvfrfduig zftnnkb stfkdn visikf mrfnvikf /aftbvf)+ Bhdnat turistiai fpfrtgfki

gbrf igfti4 rnlnplidu# sgdntfdkn dn`ikiln i zfdn`kiai sfkitfrki vbr zf mbstn# fab

bvig Zrfvickiabg kidn `ruaidn prbpisfkb+ \gdntfdkn dn`ikiln u Puristiaig

fpfrtgfkigf gbmu hiti stu`ib fpfrtgfki i"ici fpfrtgfki+ Q>0W

Zbscdn`kdf aftnmbridf bhdnaftf prngf vfnng prfvickiau dn pfksibk+ Zfksibk dn

bhdnat u abdngu sn mbstigf bhvnzkb prufdu uscumn sgdntfdf s prnorfkbg# f gbmu

sn prufti i `rumn umbstitncdsan uscumn+ Zfksibk dn eukalibkfckf ldncikf abdu# u prfvicu#

iki dn`kf mrfnvikf+ Zfksibk gbn hiti i `ib mrfnvikn sf zfsnhkig ucfzbg#

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obrizbktfckig i vnrtiafckig abgukiaflidfgf+ Izkigkb# pbstbdni bhdnat gbn sn

sfstbdfti b` vin mrfnvikf+ Zfksibk gbrf igfti4 rnlnplidu# sgdntfdkn dn`ikiln#

umbstitncdsan sf`rfdn zf priprngu i uscuivfkdn orfkn# pif i kfpitfaf /hcfmbvfbkilu i

auoikdu) i zfdn`kiai sfkitfrki vbr zf mbstn+ \gdntfdkn dn`ikiln u pfksibku su4 sbhn#

bhitncdsan sbhn /efgicy rbbg) i"ici obtncsai fpfrtgfki /suitn)+ Zrfvickiabg kidn `ruaidn

prbpisfkb+ ^mbstitncdsai sf`rfdi zf priprngu i uscuivfkdn orfkn# pif i kfpitfaf u

pfksibku gbmu hiti sgdntnki i u mrfnviki abdf sn kfcfzi u knpbsrn`kbd hciziki i izvfk

mrfnvikn u abdbd sn kfcfzn sgdntfdkn dn`ikiln+ Q>0W Zbrn` kfvn`nkio aftnmbridf#

pbstbdi gbmukbst bhdn`ikdfvfkdf vnnm hrbdf pbdn`ikio aftnmbridf umbstitncdsaio

bhdnaftf# eukalibkfckb i cbaflidsai+ ^ tbg scufdu pbdfvcdudn sn kbvf aftnmbridf abdf sn

kfzivf rnsbrt+

8+0 Acfsieiaflidf i aftnmbrizflidf umbstitncdsaio suhdnaftf u ikbzngstvu

Acfsieiaflidu abdf vridn`i zf tritn Xnpuhcian Orvftsan pbtrnhkb dn abgpfrirfti sf

isaustvigf iz ikbzngkn umbstitncdsan prfasn+ ^ ikbzngstvu pb`dncf umbstitncdstvf

utngncdnkf dn kf afrfatnristiafgf tnokbcbabm prblnsf# bhciligf i bhicdndigf

prunkio uscumf tn spnlieikbstigf pbcitian gnkf`gnktf+

Zb tig priklipigf kfdnf dn pb`dncf kf obtncidnrstvb i rnstfurftnrstvb4 Q>5#str+0:+W

Obtncidnrstvb /Obtncs ik`ustrin# Obtncsmnwnrhn# C-Otnccnrin# Ik`ustrif

fchnrmoinrf i sc+) bhuovff svn prbensibkfckn /umcfvkbg trikn) dn`ikiln abdn

prufdu uscumn sgdntfdf# hfvn sn iz`fvfkdng kfgdntnkio sbhf ici arnvntf

putkiligf i turistigf /uz gbmukbst prufkdf i bstfcio uscumf)#

Xnstfurftnrstvb /Lftnrikm# Mfstnkmnwnwhn# i sc+) bhuovff svn dn`ikiln

/bhdnatn) tb prufdu uscumn prnorfkn i tbnkdf pif kf umbstitncdsai kfik+

Kfvn`nku tnrgikbcbmidu bpisudn i zfabkb`fvstvb u Nurbpi i svidntu# tb sn kfzivf

prfvb turistiabm umbstitncdstvf+ Bkb uacduudn prfvkn kbrgn abdn bpisudu umbvbrn#

b`mbvbrkbsti obtncf prngf zfpbscnkiligf i mbstigf# rf`kb prfvb# fktitrust

zfabkb`fvstvb# zfabkb`fvstvb b orfki i piu it`+ @dncftkbsti afb tb su obtncidnrstvb#

rnstfurftnrstvb# i bstfcn pbprftkn `dncftkbsti trnhfdu hiti prfvkb usacfnkn sf

zfabkb`fvstvbg abdn dn spnlieikb dnr dn ridn b uscukbd `dncftkbsti+ Q5:#str+5+W

^ pb`rudu aftnmbrizflidn umbstitncdsaio bhdnaftf prngf vfnbd zfabksabd rnmucftivi#situflidf u nurbpsaig zngcdfgf dn vrcb rfzciitf# dnru knaigf pbstbdi sfgb prnpbruaf

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uvdntf aftnmbrizflidn# `ba dn u `rumigf dfskb `neikirfkf zfabksaig bavirbg+ Pfab#

prigdnriln# u Eiksabd i Kbrvnabd kngf scuhnkbm sustfvf rfzvrstfvfkdf i

aftnmbrizflidn# u Unciabd Hritfkidi su kf skfzi ntiri rnmibkfckf sustfvf# u Gffrsabd i

Pursabd sn aftnmbrizirfdu obtnci# bhcili sgdntfdf hn` fk` hrnaefst# fpfrtgfki i

turistiai obtnci# f u Pursabd obtnci# gbtnci i b`gfrfciki lnktri+ ^ vilfrsabd pfa sustfv

dn kntb `rumfidn pbstfvcdnk+ Kflibkfckb u`runkdn obtncidnrf prbpisudn uvdntn zf

aftnmbrizflidu# kf bskbvu abdio obtncidnri# tngncdng vrn`kbvfkdf vcfstitbm bhdnatf#

pb`kbsn zfotdnvn zf ncdnku aftnmbridu+ Pn zfotdnvn rfzgftrfdu i b`bhrfvfdu

rnmibkfckn abgisidn kflibkfckbm u`runkdf obtncidnrf+ ^`runkdn svfaio pnt mb`ikf

prbvb`i rnvizidu prbpisfkio aritnridf suacf`kb tnokbcbaig ikbvflidfgf i `rumig

trnk`bvigf u mrf`kdi# urnnkdu i bprngfkdu bhdnaftf zf sgdntfd+ ^ vilfrsabd sn

rfzciitb aftnmbrizirfdu mfrki'obtnci i obtnci abdi prufdu uscumn pbcupfksibkf i pukbm

pfksibkf+ ^ Fustridi dn zf aftnmbrizflidu zf`unkb \trukb pbvdnrnkstvb obtncsaio

suhdnaftf pri `rfvkbd mbspb`frsabd abgbri# f tb sn `fcdn prnkbsi kf rfziku

pbarfdiksaio mbspb`frsaio abgbrf# s izkigabg obtncf kfdvin aftnmbridn# zf abdn dn

zf`rfkf ikmnrnklidf u`runkdf kf kflibkfckbd rfziki+ ^ Itfcidi# Erfklusabd#

pfkdbcsabd i Mrabd istfakutf dn ucbmf `rfvn i kdnzikio tidncf u prbvn`hi prblnsf

rfzvrstfvfkdf i aftnmbrizflidn+ Q56#str+80+W

@rumn pbzkftn turistian zngcdn# afb tb su \F@ i Unciaf Hritfkidf# igfdu dn`kbstfvkidi

i cihnrfckidi sustfv aftnmbrizflidn umbstitncdsaio bhdnaftf+ Pfab rnlnktki pb`fli

fgnriaio futbrf kfvb`n aftnmbrizflidu kf scdn`nn vrstn4 Q58#str+5+W

b`gfrfcikf gdnstf

obtnci pukn uscumn

obtnci s bmrfkinkig uscumfgf

obtnci zf kbnkdn+

Obtnci pukn uscumn prufdu abgpcntku pbku`u uscumf pbtrnhku turistigf# u abdigf sn#

bsig kbnkdf# ku`n bstfcn uscumn /rnstbrfk# hcfmbvfbkilf# hfr# zfhfvki i spbrtsai

sf`rfdi)+ Obtnci s bmrfkinkig uscumfgf ku`n sbhu zf kbnkdn# hnz uscumf orfkn i

pif# bsig `bruaf+ Zbscdn`kdf vrstf su obtnci abdi igfdu sfgb prbstbrn zf kbnkdn i

izkfdgcdudu sn kf arftab vridngn /pbcu`knvki hbrfvfa)+ Afb prigdnr gbmu sn kfvnsti

obtnci u hciziki zrfkio cuaf# gbrsaio cuaf ici futbhuskio ici ncdnzkiaio stfkilf+

Q58#str+5+W

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^abciab sn uzgn u bhzir rfzikf avfcitntn uscumn abdu pbdn`iki obtnc pruf# acfsieiaflidf

abdf dn vfnf u vniki nurbpsaio zngcdf dn scdn`nf# i u kfstfvau dn `ntfcdkidn

rfzrfnkf4 Q5

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>6

Lbgebrtaftnmbridf obtncf usgdnrnkf dn licdkbg snmgnktu srn`kdn pcftnkn gbi# sf

`ienrnklirfkidig pbtrnhfgf knmb u prvig aftnmbridfgf+ Bvf aftnmbridf obtncf

uvdntbvfkf dn scdn`nig afrfatnristiafgf4 Q5

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prbvdnrf uscumn gystnry sobppikm

pnrsbkfcizirfki `bna sf lvidnng ici scftaiigf u sbhi

uscumn prfkdf i pnmcfkdf b`dnn

uscumn kbnkdf prtcdfmn+

Bsig avfcitftivkio bsbhitbsti# gbmu sn uznti u bhzir i acfsieiaflidn prngf `rumig#

prigfrkig aritnridigf+ Kf tritu pbscudu obtnci rfzkio vnciikf i bhciaf+ Thbm tbmf dn

tnab rfzugdnti rfzcian gnu kdigf fab kidn utvrnk stfk`fr` pbgbu abdnm io sn

svrstfvf u mrupn scikio afrfatnristiaf+ ^ gnukfrb`kbg sn obtncidnrstvu s bhzirbg

kf vrstu obtncsan sbhn gbmu rfzciabvfti i obtnci4Q50W

stfk`fr`ki#

`ncuxn

suitn+

^abciab sn fkfcizirf aftnmbrizflidf umbstitncdstvf iz irnm fspnatf# kf tritu u Nurbpi

`bcb dn `b usacfnkdf prbpisf u zngcdfgf# svn s licdng udn`kffvfkdf istio+

Acfsieiaflidf `dncftkbsti Nurbpsan ukidn umbstitncdsan saupikn rfzvrstfvf u pbdn`ikn

saupikn pbcfzni b` uscumf abdn sn prufdu u tig bhdnatigf+ Bkf kn prbpisudn izriitb

svn vrstn bhdnaftf# vn dn tb u kf`cnkbsti ikstitulidf svfan zngcdn+ ^ acfsieiaflidi

`dncftkbsti Nurbpsan ukidn u tnrgikbcbmidi kn pbstbdi pbdfg umbstitncdstvb# knmb sn

bvf `dncftkbst kfzivf Obtnci i rnstfurflidn+ ^ tbgn dn hitkf rfzciaf b` orvftsan

acfsieiaflidn abdf dn prntob`kb bhdfkdnkf# abdf i`fcdn zf`rfvf kfziv umbstitncdstvb+

@dncftkbst obtnci i rnstfurflidn u acfsieiaflidi Nurbpsan ukidn rfzvrstfkf dn u II+ snalidu#

pb`rudn >># abdf sn kfzivf Obtnci i rnstfurflidn# tn dn pb`idncdnkb u pnt saupikf4 Q

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\vn vrstn umbstitncdsaio bhdnaftf kfvn`nkig acfsieiaflidfgf kisu islrpcdnkn+ Zbstbdn i

bstfcn vrstn pbku`f abdn uacduudu sgdntfd afb tb su kpr+ privftki acuhbvi# afsikf#

afgpbvi# tign'sofrn pbku`f i `r+ Zrntob`kb rfzgftrfkn i bvig pbmcfvcdng

bhuovfnkn vrstn bhdnaftf su hicn trikb i prbeitkb usgdnrnkn aftnmbridn+ Gnutig#

pbstbdn i knai `rumi bhdnati abdi ku`n sgdntfd bsbhfgf af`f sn kfcfzn izvfk svbdio

`bgbvf+ Bki pripf`fdu suhdnatigf pbku`n `rutvnkbm# knprbeitkbm gfrantikmf 4

bhrfzbvkn ustfkbvn /abcn# abcn`i# svnuiciki lnktri sf rnzi`nklidfckig bhdnatigf)#

z`rfvstvnkn ustfkbvn /hbckiln# `bgbvi zf ugirbvcdnkian)# afzknkb'pbrfvki `bgbvi

/zftvbri) i vbdkn hfzn+ Q58#str+5+W

8+> Fkfcizf abkaurnklidn kf svdntsabg obtncidnrsabg tritu

Obtnc afb sfgbstfcki umbstitncdsai bhdnat# abdi dn kf tritu afrfatnrizirfk bsbhitbstigf

svbdn pbku`n i licdkig snmgnktbg abdi pbarivf# gbn sn pbdfvcdivfti u vin

brmfkizflidsaio bhciaf+

Obtnci gbmu nmzistirfti sfgbstfckb ici pbvnzfki u vin mrupflidf tn sn rfzciaudu

scdn`nn vrstn brmfkizflidsaio bhciaf4 Q08#str+600W

knzfviski cfkli /obtnc abdi pbscudn hnz iafavbm vnzfkbm stfk`fr`f s hicb aign)

obtncsai cfkli /obtnci abdi su pbvnzfki u obtncsan cfkln tngncdng erfkizkbmumbvbrf# umbvbrf b gnkf`gnktu# umbvbrf b kfdgu ici abkzbrlid b zfdn`kiaig

pbscbvigf prb`fdn i gfrantikmf'obtncsai rnznrvflidsai sustfvi)+

sfgbstfcki /bhitncdsai) obtnci abdi kisu `ib obtncsaio cfkflf# vn `dncudu knbviskb+

Knzfviski obtnc dn pbdfg abdi sn abristi zf bkn obtncn abdi kisu `ib knabm obtncsabm

sustfvf# vn futbkbgkb vb`n svbdu strftnmidu gfrantikmf kf turistiabg tritu+ Bki

su tfabnr aftnmbrizirfki# priovffdu fatufcku acfsieiaflidu# fci kngfdu knan

gnukfrb`kn prizkftn stfk`fr`n+ ^ ridntaig scufdnvigf su uvrtnki u hfzn pb`ftfaf

abdn abristn turistian fmnklidn priciabg rnznrvflidn /Mcbhfc @istrihutibk \ystngs)# tn

su tb bhikb gfkdi obtnci kiio stfk`fr`f i srn`kdn avfcitntn+ Zbzkftb gfrantikab

prfvicb dn `f obtnc hnz prnpbzkftcdivbm ignkf /hrfk`) svn tnn gbn hiti ispcftiv+ Iz

kfvn`nkbm gbmun dn abkstftirfti `f knzfviski obtnc gbn abkaurirfti i bpstfti afb

uspdnfk obtnc kf tritu# fci u svn scbnkidig trkig uvdntigf i rfstubd abkaurnklidi#

prn`kbst igfdu obtnci vnzfki u cfkln+ Bsig vcfskiaio vfridfkti# pbtrnhkb dn spbgnkuti

i bhcia abdi sn db kfzivf i tignsofrikm/umbvbr b `fvfkdu turistiabm bhdnatf kf

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vrngnksab abritnkdn abdig sn `fvftncd bhvnzudn prn`fti turistiai bhdnat kf upbtrnhu

tidnabg dn`kn ici vin vrngnksaio dn`ikilf# f gbrf i b`rfvfti bhdnat)+ Q5>#str+8:=+W

Obtncsai cfkli prn`stfvcdfdu kiz obtncf istbm ignkf i istio stfk`fr`f u rfzkig gdnstigf

i zngcdfgf# u vcfskitvu dn`kn tvrtan ici uz umbvbrn b erfkizi i lnktrfcizirfkbg sustfvu

rnznrvflidf+ Q55#str+6>8+W \trftnab pbvnzivfkdn obtncf pbprigf rfzciitn bhcian u

obtncsabd ik`ustridi# b` dn`kbstfvkio u`ruivfkdf# `b mcbhfckio svdntsaio obtncsaio

cfkflf+ Enkbgnk obtncsaio cfkflf dn rncftivkb kbvi fab sn uzgn u bhzir pbvidnst

umbstitncdstvf# tn sn pbdfvib u Nurbpi kfabk `rumbm svdntsabm rftf# f u \F@'u i kntb

rfkidn+ Ufkbst pbvnzivfkdf obtncf u cfkln rnzuctirf scdn`nig prn`kbstigf4 Q5=W

ukfpridnnkf pbzilidf i vnf gb u prnmbvbrigf sf turbpnrftbrigf u

bcimbpbckbd struaturi tritf# i`nktieiaflidf sf prnpbzkftcdivig igi`bg i stfckig ldnkbvkig rfkmbg u b`kbsu

kf nstb gidnkdfdun pbku`n ik`ivi`ufckio obtncf#

dfaf gfrantikaf pbcitiaf kfstfcf pbvnzivfkdng rnsursf svio obtncf#

gbmukbst cfanm pbvnzivfkdf suhdnaftf putng suvrngnkio tnokbcbmidf#

cfai pristup kbvig trikig snmgnktigf+

Ui`cdivb dn `f obtncsai cfkfl igf kiz prn`kbsti abdn prbizcfzn iz rfzkio izvbrf4 zhbm

vnciikn kf tritu /hicb `f dn kf tritu s mbstigf ici `bhfvcdfigf# ici kf tritu

prbizvb`kio rnsursf# bsbhitb srn`stfvf i rf`kn skfmn)1 zhbm tbmf tb svbdig obtncigf

pruf b`rnnkn uscumn1 zhbm tbmf tb s kdigf saupkb uprfvcdf+ Pi sn izvbri utn`f

gnusbhkb kf`bpukdudu i ikn abkaurnktsau prn`kbst kf tritu+

Gnutig# obtncsai cfkli igfdu istn bkn prbhcngn abdn igf svfaf vnciaf brmfkizflidf#

pbmcfvitb prbhcngn abgukiaflidn# kf`zbrf i trbabvf+ Afab hi obtncsaf mrupflidf

eukalibkirfcf# iz lnktrfcn sn gbrfdu pbdn`ikfkig obtncigf `bstfvcdfti pbcitian#prbln`urn i bstfcn fatufckn ikebrgflidn# `ba pbdn`ikfki obtnci gbrfdu `bstfvcdfti

lnktrfci ikebrgflidn# zfotdnvn i `rumf pitfkdf+ Fab sn kn uspbstfvi i kn b`rfvf

knbgntfkf i stfckf abgukiaflidf# tb gbn `bvnsti `b sgfkdnkdf uikabvitbsti

`dncbvfkdf itfvn mrupflidn# afb i bkngbmuiti bstvfrivfkdn abkaurnktsan prn`kbsti+

Zrbhcngi u kf`zbru sn pbdfvcdudu uabciab kn pbstbdi dfsfk i uikabvit gnofkizfg

kf`zbrf pbdn`ikfkio obtncf u mrupflidi# tn obtnci pbku `dncbvfti prbtivkb strftnaig

iktnrnsigf mrupflidn+ Afab hicb# scbnki kf`zbrki gnofkizgi gbmu uzrbabvftiknrfzgdnrkn trbabvn tn utdnlfti kf neiafskbst i pbscbvkn rnzuctftn pbdn`ikfkio

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obtncf i mrupflidn+ Xf` mrupflidn stvfrf trbabvn# i tb zhbm kukbsti abgukiaflidn i

abktrbcn# tn zhbm bhfvcdfkdf lnktrfcizirfkio uscumf zf pbdn`ikn obtncn+ Fab dn iktnklidf

isabristiti prn`kbsti vbnkdf mrupflidn tn fab mrupflidf nci hiti prbeitfhickidf knmbci hi

hici pbdn`ikfki# zfsnhkb vbnki obtnci# dfskb dn `f `b`ftki trbabvi gbrfdu hiti gfkdi

b` abristi abdu `bkbsn+ ^z pitfkdn afavbn uprfvn mrupflidn obtncf# b tri mcfvkf

ighnkiaf bvisi `b abdn gdnrn n sn rfzviti mbrn spbgnkuti prbhcngi4 Q5=W

hrbdu obtncf u mrupflidi#

mnbmrfesabd rfzgdntnkbsti obtncf#

rfzgdnrigf `b abdio su rfzki fspnati vbnkdf mrupflidn lnktrfcizirfki+

tb dn kfvn`nkio prbhcngf gfkdn# tb dn i gfkdf fksf `f hu`u bzhicdki+ Kb# tb dn

mrupflidf gfkdn lnktrfcizirfkf# gfkdf dn i vdnrbdftkbst bstvfrnkdf prn`kbsti kbvio

mrupflidf+ Zrbhcngn abdi sn pbdfvcdudu gbmun dn ridniti brmfkizflidsaig prnustrbdng

/pb`rukf ici rnmibkfckf brmfkizflidf)# ici bpnkitb# strftnmidbg `nlnktrfcizflidn# abdf

n `bvnsti i `b skinkdf trbabvf+

Kfabk fkfcizn prn`kbsti i scfhbsti ucfsaf u mrupflidu obtncf# pbtrnhkb dn `bkidnti

strftnau b`cuau' u abdng bhciau bstvfriti pbvnzfkbst u cfkfl obtncf+ Kfiki

umbvbrkio bhciaf pbvnzivfkdf obtncf u cfkln abdi sn kfdvin prigdnkdudu u obtncidnrsabd

prfasi su4 Q5?W

gnkf`gnkt umbvbr b`kbskb umbvbr b uprfvcdfkdu#

erfkizki umbvbr#

umbvbr b zfaupu knarntkikn+

Zrvf dn bplidf umbvbr b uprfvcdfkdu# abdi dn u Orvftsabd i kfdnf vfridfktf+ Pfa vig

umbvbrbg `bhivf sn kn sfgb prfvb kf ign ici hrfk`# vn u bvbd vfridfkti obtncsai

cfkfl ebrgirf cdu`san rnsursn sprngkn zf bpnrftivu prngf svbdig obtncsaig

stfk`fr`igf+ Kf tfd kfik obtncsai cfkfl prnuzigf ucbmu gnkf`nrf abdi sn hrikn zf

svn fspnatn bpnrftivn# ign tb prnstfdn hiti hrimf vcfskiaf+ @rumf vfridfktf dn umbvbr

b erfkiziabdi sn pbdfvcdudn u scufdu `f vcfskia uspidnvf uspdnkb uprfvcdf obtncbg

arbz pbstbdnu struaturu gnkf`gnktf# f nci ukfpridn`iti svbdn tnokian i bpnrftivkn

stfk`fr`n+ Zrigdnkbg erfkizn `bhivf sn prfvb kf ign ici zftitki zkfa tn ldncbaupki

vizufcki i`nktitnt obtncf+ Zbstbdni sn cdu`sai rnsursi u tbg scufdu usfvrfvfdu arbz

kiz bpnrftivkio stfk`fr`f abdi su aupcdnki arbz erfkizki umbvbr+ Mnknrfckb mcn`fdui#bvf strftnmidf gikigizirf rizia kfstupf kf tritu# u b`kbsu kf mrfnkdn pbtpukb

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kbvbm obtncsabm hrfk`f+ Gnutig# pbstbdn i b`rnnkf bmrfkinkdf umbvbrf b erfkizi+

Kfign# u tbg scufdu vcfskia obtncf `ufk dn prn`biti bpnrftivkn `bafzn b

uspdnkbsti gnkf`gnktf# afab hi kf tfd pbstbdni sustfv kf`bmrf`ib bpnrftivkn

stfk`fr`n obtncsabm cfklf i cilnklu+ Erfkizki umbvbr bstfvcdf gfkdn prbstbrf zf

kf`zbr kf` svig fspnatigf obtncsan bpnrftivn# f ab` cuasuzkio obtncsaio hrfk`bvf

mbst dn izrfzitb bsdntcdiv tn pbstbdi bpfskbst fab kngf f`navftkn abktrbcn `f hrfk`

izmuhi kf svbdbd vridn`kbsti+ Erfkizf dn tfab pbstfcf prigdnrnkidf vfridfktf zf obtncn

kiio aftnmbridf avfcitntn+ Tf`kdf strftnaf bplidf dn umbvbr b zfaupu knarntkikn#

b`kbskb tzv+ cnfsn umbvbr+ ^ scufdu cnfsikmf obtncsai bpnrftnr ucfzi u zfaup obtncf

ispcfudui kfakf`u obtncsabg vcfskiau kf tngncdu b`rnnkio pbafzftncdf+ Ucfskia

obtncf dn `ufk bprngiti i b`rfvfti svn afpitfckn ikvnstilidn# `ba pbtpukb uprfvcdfkdn

obtncbg bstfdn u `bgnki obtncsabm bpnrftnrf+Q5?W Tf abdi n sn b` strftnaio bhciaf

b`cuiti# bstfdn kf vcfskiau td+ uprfvi knarntkikn ici obtncf# uzigfdui u bhzir licdnvn i

iktnrnsn mbspb`frsabm suhdnatf+ ^prfvb zhbm hrbdkio abkaurnktsaio prn`kbsti# afavn

bvfafv vi` gfrantikan strftnmidn `bkbsi# tnk`nklidf dn rfstf hrbdf cfkflf i hrbdf

obtncsaio sbhf u baviru tio cfkflf+ Zrigdnriln u 8::9+ mb`iki `bcb dn `b pbrfstf hrbdf

sbhf zf . u b`kbsu kf 8::?+ mb`iku+ @ntfcdki priafz sn kfcfzi kf \cili = i

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Pfhcilf 5+

\ciaf = Zrbgdnkf hrbdf sbhf Q59W

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Pfhcilf 5 Zriafz kfdvnio svdntsaio obtncsaio cfkflf u 8::?+ i 8::9+ mb`iki Q59W

8::9

+

8::?

+

Cfkfl Mrupf Obtnci Zrbgdn

kf

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6 6+ Hnst ]nstnrk Hnst ]nstnrk 0:

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5:

68 68+ Lburtyfr` Gfrribtt

Iktnrkftibkfc

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=

06 66=8

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66:=

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60 60+ Gbtnc 5 Fllbr 6:

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Zcfzf Obtncs

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Igpnrifc u @uhrbvkiau)# \tfrwbb` /]nstik# \onrftbk i Ebur Zbikts u Tfmrnhu)# Cn

Gnri`ink /obtnc Cfv u \pcitu)# Efcankstniknr /Hbria u Tf`ru)# Xnmnkt /Nspcfkf`n u

Tfmrnhu) i Uinkkf Iktnrkftibkfc /Hristbc# Bpftidf# @nsimk Obtncbg Fstbrif#

Fpbasibgnk)+ Q59W

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5+W+

Puristiab'umbstitncdsau uscumu kn gbngb vi`dnti# `btfakuti# isprbhfti# kn gbngb dn

aupiti i pbkidnti aui+ ^z gfci hrbd bhicdndf abdf sn gbmu prnmcn`fti pridn aupkdn#

uscumn bhicudu svbdstvigf `bivcdfdf+ B isaustvu# rfziki zf`bvbcdstvf i vcfstitbd igprnsidi#

gbn sn mbvbriti tna kfabk abritnkdf uscumn+ ^scumf sn abristi# fci sn eiziai kn

pbsdn`udn+ Knbpipcdivbst iki pbku`u i pbtrfkdu zf uscumbg spnlieikbg+ Tkfkdn#

vdntikn i isaustvb turistiaio suhdnaftf abdi prufdu uscumu su knbpipcdivi i rf`i tbmf

pbtrbfi bhrffdu pbsnhku pbzbrkbst kf vi`cdivn i bpipcdivn ncngnktn abdi su`dncudu u

prblnsu prufkdf uscumf+ Bki su hrbdki4 eiziai prbstbr /nastnridnr i iktnridnr obtncf)#izmcn` i pbkffkdn obtncsabm bsbhcdf# bprngf abdf sn abristi u prufkdu uscumn#

prbgi`hnki gftnridfc abdi sn uruudn abriskiau u sfgbg obtncu# ign mbspb`frsabm

suhdnatf # cbmbtip i t`+ Q=8#str+08+W

Ab` bpipcdivio# eiziaio prbizvb`f /futbgbhici# b`dnf# bhuf# kfgdntfd i t`+) prblns

prbizvb`kdn prntob`i prb`fdi i pbtrbkdi+ Puristiab'umbstitncdsan uscumn afrfatnrizirf

istbvrngnkbst prbizvb`kdn i pbtrbkdn# b`kbskb prufkdf i abritnkdf+ @facn# uscumn

kn gbmu hiti prunkn hnz gnusbhkn surf`kdn i eizian prisutkbsti abriskiaf i

pruftncdf uscumn+ Q=

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50

istbvrngnkb vni hrbd abriskiaf# uz btnfku sn abktrbcu pbdfvcdudn i prbhcng btnfkbm

b`rfvfkdf pbstfvcdnkio stfk`fr`f u prufkdu uscumn+ Q=0#6>?+W

Tf rfzciau b` bpipcdivio prbizvb`f# turistiab'umbstitncdsan sn kn gbmu pborfkiti i

upbtridnhiti u b`rnnkbg vrngnku#knusacf`itivn su+ Zbku`f dn vnzfkf zf b`rnnki

trnkutfa i knisabritnk afpflitnt prufkdf kn gbn hiti pborfkdnk zf hu`uu

pbtrfkdu+ Zrigdnriln# zf zfafzfki tnrgik kbnkdf abdi kidn kf vridngn ici ubpn

btafzfk# f mbst kidn `bfb# obtncidnr gbn kfpcftiti ubhifdnku ici kiu lidnku

obtncidnrsan uscumn+ B`cuaf b tbgn obn ci tb uikiti i kf abdi kfik# bvisi i b kizu

`rumio ncngnkftf# kpr+# b rfziki pbtrfkdn zf uscumfgf# b b`kbsu s abriskiabg

uscumn it`+

Puristiab'umbstitncdsaf uscumf dn visbab ontnrbmnkn prirb`n+ Kdnkf avfcitntf bvisi b

tbgn tab# af`f i m`dn du pruf i tngncdi sn kf cdu`sabg efatbru+ Dn`kf tn istf uscumf

vfrirf bviskb b tbgn abdi du zfpbscnkia pruf+ Istf bsbhf gbn rfzciitb prufti istu

uscumu rfzciitig abriskiligf# ici sn uscumf abdu pruf dn`kf tn istf bsbhf gbn

rfzciabvfti iz `fkf u `fk /kpr+ abkbhfr u rnstbrfku)+ Eiziab i gnktfckb stfkdn bkbmf

tab pruf uscumu utdnn kf rnzuctft i kf zf`bvbcdstvb abriskiaf+ Abriskia kfstbdi

priaupiti tb dn gbmun vin ikebrgflidf b` prntob`kio mbstidu i iz `rumio izvbrf

/abgukilirfkdng s obtncsaig suhdnatbg# prbufvfkdn hrburf obtncf# wnh strfkiln) tn

pfcdivb b`cuiti b izhbru obtncsabm suhdnatf+ Tf rfzciau b` prbizvb`kio# obtncsai

suhdnati kn gbmu bhfviti ikspnalidu pridn prufkdf uscumn i b`hfliti uscumu fab bkf kn

b`mbvfrf stfk`fr`igf i b`rnnkbd rfziki avfcitntn+ Knbpipcdivbst i knusacf`itivbst

turistiab'umbstitncdsan uscumn rfzcbm su kngbmukbsti vcfskitvf kf` uscumbg+

Aupkdbg bpipcdivbm prbizvb`f aupfl pbstfdn vcfskiabg i gbn s prbizvb`bg ikiti tb

mb` nci+ Aupkdf uscumn dn aupkdf prfvf abritnkdf /kpr+ obtncsan sbhn# gdnstf kf

pfrairfcitu# arn`itkn afrtiln)+ Zrufkdn uscumn kn zfvrfvf pridnkbsbg vcfskitvf s

obtncidnrf kf abriskiaf+

Dn`kf b` bskbvkio zf`ff turistiabm umbstitncdstvf dn rfzvidfkdn uscukn strfkn

pbscbvfkdf# pbsnhkb aucturn uscumn+ Aucturf uscumn dn usgdnrnkf kf prufkdn uscumf

s licdng stvfrfkdf zf`bvbcdstvf abriskiaf+ Pfavbg strftnmidbg trnhf hiti prbnt lidnci

obtncsai suhdnat# b` kfdkiio rfzikf gnkf`gnktf `b sfgn uprfvn+ Aucturf uscumn

bgbmufvf zfpbscnkiligf rdnfvfkdn abriskiaio prbhcngf# tn dn pb`uprtf sustfvbg

kfmrfivfkdf tngncdnkbm kf zf`bvbcdstvu abriskiaf+ ^abciab obtnc nci pruiti avfcitntku

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uscumu# brmfkizflidsaf aucturf gbrf pb`rfvfti i kfmrfivfti fkmfgfk bsbhcdf u

b`kbsu prngf abriskiligf obtncsan uscumn+ Bsbhitbsti turistiabm umbstitncdstvf abdn

b`rnudu uscuki afrfatnr `dncftkbsti su4 Q06#str+65+W

u obtncsaig bhdnatigf pbtrbfigf sn prufduuscumn sgdntfdf# orfkn i pif#

izvfk pfksibksan uscumn abdn dn pbtrnhkb pnrgfknktkb pricfmbfvfti kdiobvig

zfotdnvigf#

kukbst knpbsrn`kbm abktfatf s mbstbg dnr uscumn kidn gbmun prufti af`f

kngf mbstidu#

stfckf priprfvkbst zfpbscnkiaf kf prufkdn uscumf#

u obtncidnrstvu dn rf`kb vridngn ncfstikb#

tnab dn pcfkirfti i usacfivfti pbtrnhn zf zfpbscnkiligf s rfzikbg zfpbscnkbsti

afpflitntf#

kndn`kfa iktnkzitnt pbscbvfkdf tidnabg `fkf i tidnabg mb`ikn b`rnudn pbsnhkn

uvdntn rf`f ' snzbksai rf` s `umig stfdfkdng# ob`fkdng ici rf`bg pri visbaig

tngpnrfturfgf#

knecnasihickbst trbabvf i fkmfirfkn igbvikn#

u prbizvb`kbg prblnsu sn abristn rncftivkb saupi gftnridfci izrf`n /zf

primbtbvcdfvfkdn dncf i pif)+

Iz kfvn`nkio ikdnkilf prbizcfzn i bsbhitbsti turistiabm umbstitncdstvf abdn su rnzuctft

gftnridfckb'tnokiaio# tnokbcbaio i brmfkizflidsab'af`rbvsaio zfotdnvf pbscbvfkdf u

umbstitncdstvu+

Afb gftnridfckf'tnokiaf bsbhitbst# f istb`bhkb zkffdki prbhcng u pbscbvfkdu#

pbsnhkb sn istin vrstbf bhudgf i struaturn srn`stfvf zf priprngu i prufkdn

umbstitncdsaio uscumf# tb uvdntudn `bgikfktfk u`dnc eiaskio trbabvf u uaupkig

trbabvigf umbstitncdsabm bhdnatf+ vrstbf bhudgf i `bgikfktkbst eiaskio trbabvf

isafzudn sn u umbstitncdstvu prvnkstvnkb zhbm vrngnksaio bslicflidf u pbscbvfkdu+

^mbstitncdstvb dn tfavf vrstf `dncftkbsti m`dn su izrfnkn snzbksan# gdnsnkn# tdn`kn i

`knvkn bslicflidn u rfziki pbtrfkdn i pbpukdnkbsti afpflitntf+ \vn kfvn`nkb uvdntudn

pbdfvu stfckio eiaskio trbabvf# dnr sn rnsursi kn gbmu stfvcdfti u ocf`ki pbmbk# kiti

prnkfgidnkiti zf `rumu pbscbvku svrou+ Q

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zhbm kfmcfnkio bslicflidf u bhudgu pbscbvfkdf igfdu `isabktikuirfki afrfatnr+

@ienrnklirfkbst pfrlidfckio prbizvb`f i uscumf i hrbdkbst ncngnkftf zf kdiobvu

priprngu btnfvf b`rfvfkdn abkstfktkn avfcitntn+ Zrbizvb`kdf u umbstitncdstvu# u

kfdvnng `idncu dn kfgidnkdnkf knpbsrn`kbd pbtrbkdi# f pbtrbkdf sn b`vidf u sfgbg

umbstitncdsabg bhdnatu kf spnlieifk umbstitncdsai kfik# td+ uz pbscuivfkdn b` strfkn

bsbhcdf+ ^ svbdbd rnfcizflidi gftnridfcki umbstitncdsai prbizvb`i `bhivfdu bhicdndf rbhkn

uscumn# `ba bstfcn uscumn igfdu bhicdndf bsbhkn uscumn+ Q

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\ciaf 9 Zrbizvb`kb'tnokbcbai i uscuki prblnsi u turistiabg umbstitncdstvu Q=5#6:0+strW

Kfvn`nkn bsbhitbsti gftnridfckb'tnokiabm i tnokbcbabm afrfatnrf utdnu i kf

spnlieikn brmfkizflidsab'af`rbvsan bsbhitbsti i zfotdnvn umbstitncdsan `dncftkbsti+ ^

tbg sgiscu u umbstitncdstvu dn afrfatnristikf stfckf priprfvkbst rf`kiaf i srn`stfvf zfprbizvb`kdu# dnr prufkdn umbstitncdsaio gftnridfckio i bsbhkio uscumf pbikdn u

trnkutau `bcfsaf mbstf i kdnmbvbg abkarntkbg kfru`hbg+ B`vidfkdn sfgbm prblnsf

trikn rfzgdnkn u umbstitncdstvu pb`rfzugidnvf knpbsrn`ku i stfcku abgukiaflidu s

mbstigf tn pbtrnhu abktikuirfkbm pricfmbfvfkdf zfotdnvigf mbstf+ \vn bvn fativkbsti

bhfvcdfdu sn uz pbsnhkn eizian i psioian kfpbrn /`umb stfdfkdn# knprnstfkb ob`fkdn#

visbaf ici kisaf tngpnrfturf# muvn# pbtrnhf zf skfcfnkdng u kbvbkfstfcig

prbhcngftikig situflidfgf)# uz kngbmukbst pbtpukbm usacfivfkdf hrbdf rf`kiaf irfzikn fkmfirfkio rnsursf+ Q

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PVG /pbtpukbm uprfvcdfkdf avfcitntbg)# dnr sn `umbrbkb ucfn u avfcitntu rf`kn

skfmn+ Q=9#str+55+W

^prfvb zhbm tbmf# obtncsai cfkli svn vin eikfklidsaio srn`stfvf ucfu u n`uaflidu

`dncftkiaf# i tb kf svig oidnrfroidsaig rfzikfgf /b` `irnatbrf# rnlnplibkfrf# auofrf#

abkbhfrf# vbzff# istfilf# sbhfrilf# zftitfrf it`+)+

Bhdfkdnkn bsbhitbsti knsugkdivb priafzudu i `bafzudu kiz spnlieikbsti pbscbvfkdf u

turistiabg umbstitncdstvu# afb uscukn `dncftkbsti# zf rfzciau b` prigfrkio i

snauk`frkio `dncftkbsti+ \vfafab io dn pbtrnhkb uznti u bhzir priciabg pcfkirfkdf i

prbvn`hn gfrantikan strftnmidn u turistiabg umbstitncdstvu+

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0 ABKLNZLIDF GFXANPIKMF ^ P^XI\PIABG^MB\PIPNCD\PU^

Gfrantikm dn# afb pbscbvkf abklnplidf# ukivnrzfcfk+ Gbmu mf i trnhfdu prigdnkdivftisvi mbspb`frsai suhdnati hnz bhzirf kf vnciiku# vrstu `dncftkbsti# tritn i `rfvu+

Pngncd gfrantikmf afb pbscbvkn abklnplidn ikn gkbmn tnbridn# gntb`n# tnokian#

srn`stvf# prfasn# prbln`urn i isaustvf+ Gfrantikab bprn`dncdnkdn zfotidnvf `f suhdnat

prigdnkdudn svbdn bridnktflidn `umbrbkb# fkfcizirfdui pri tbgn kn sfgb prbcb i

sf`fkdn stfkdn#vn i prn`vifdui gbmuf hu`uf trikf arntfkdf+ Ifab dn gfrantikm

ukivnrzfcfk# bk kn gbn hiti dn`kbstfvkb prnsciafk iz dn`kbm suhdnatf u `rumi1 iz

dn`kn u `rumu `dncftkbst1 iz dn`kn u `rumu zngcdu+ Xfzcbm dn u tbgn tb su# ipfa#mbspb`frsai suhdnati# `dncftkbsti i zngcdn rfzciiti u gkbtvu ncngnkftf abdi utdnu kf

prigdnku gfrantikan strftnmidn+ Q?:#str+6+W Zrigdnriln# rfzciitbsti sn pbdfvcdudu u

snmgnktigf pbtrbff# rfziki abkaurnklidn# prfvkbg baviru `dncbvfkdf pb`uznf#

licdnvigf i rnsursigf pb`uznf i bstfcig gfarb i giarbnabkbgsaig ighnkiligf+

Bsig tb dn gfrantikm prntob`kb rfzgftrfk afb zkfkstvnkf `islipcikf# pbtrnhkb dn

uznti u bhzir gfrantikm afb acdufk ighnkia u eukalidi pbscbvkn uprfvcdfan strftnmidn

u turistiabg umbstitncdstvu+ Ab` rfzgftrfkdf gfrantikan strftnmidn# pbtrnhkb dn uznti

u bhzir iri pristup# hu`ui `f du gbrfgb pbzilibkirfti ukutfr turistiab'umbstitncdsabm

suhdnatf tn utvr`iti kdnku ucbmu i zf`ftan+ \tbmf sn i prigdnkf gfrantikmf u

turistiabg umbstitncdstvu kfgnn afb kukbst# tn igf svbdn spnlieikbsti# abdn n hiti

fkfcizirfkn u bvbg pbmcfvcdu+

0+6 \pnlieikbsti prigdnkn gfrantikmf u turistiabg umbstitncdstvu

Bsig tb dn gfrantikm u prntob`kig pbmcfvcdigf rfzgftrfk afb zkfkstvnkf `islipcikf#

pbtrnhkb dn uznti u bhzir gfrantikm afb acdufk ighnkia u eukalidi rfzvbdf u

turistiabg umbstitncdstvu+

@fkfs gfrantikm u turistiabg umbstitncdstvu kidn sfgb pbscbvkf eukalidf# vn dn

eicbzbeidf# kfik rfzgicdfkdf tn kfik struaturirfkdf pbscbvfkdf i kfikf rfzgicdfkdf+

Q?6#str+5+W ^ tbg abktnastu# zf`ftfa gfrantikmf dn pruiti vridn`kbst pbtrbfigf i

zf`bvbcditi kdiobvn pbtrnhn tn bstvfriti prbeit zf turistiab'umbstitncdsai suhdnat+

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^ gfrantikabd tnbridi sn u kbvidn vridngn svn nn upbtrnhcdfvf i pbdfg uprfvcdfkdn

gfrantikmbg+ Gfrantikm uprfvcdfkdn dn prblns pcfkirfkdf i izvrfvfkdf abklnplidn#

lidnkf# prbgblidn# `istrihulidn i`ndf# rbhn i uscumf u licdu stvfrfkdf rfzgdnkn abdf

zf`bvbcdfvf bsbhkn i brmfkizflidsan licdnvn+ Q?6#str+6>W Dn`kbstfvkidn rnnkb#

uprfvcdfkdn gfrantikmbg dn zfprfvb uprfvcdfkdn pbtrfkdbg+ ^ tu dn svrou# afab tb

sgftrf tnbrntifr @rulanr# pbtrnhkb stvbriti auplf# f pbtbg brmfkizirfkig

gfrantikaig fativkbstigf pbaufti `f bk scidn`i bkb tb gu dn gfrantikaig

fativkbstigf i pbkunkb+ @rumig ridnigf# `b uprfvcdfkdf gfrantikmbg `bcfzi af`

kfdgfkdn dn`kf strfkf rfzgftrf pbtnklidfcku rfzgdnku afb kfik pbstizfkdf ncdnkio

rnfalidf s `rumn strfkn kf tritu+ Q?8#str+56+W

Zrbgftrfdui fativkbsti prblnsf gfrantikmf u ung sgiscu gbn sn iz`vbditi pntbskbvkio efzf4 Q?

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uscumf scfhf# fab kngf bsbhitio ftrfalidf i `bmffkdf# fab dn aupbprb`fdkb gdnstb

knpriacf`kb# fab abgukilirfkdn kn izfzivf i pbtin aupln i pbkufn# fab sub`kbsi

kisu ngpftiki# fab su prblnsi knneiafski i knuikabviti tn fab izbstfdu ikbvflidn+

/Pfhcilf =)

Pfhcilf = Mcn`itf pbkuff i aupflf kf gfrantikai gias Q?=#str+88>+W

Mcn`itn pbkuff Mcn`itn aupflf

' Zrbizvb`i# uscumn# ftrfalidn i

`bmffkdf

' Uridn`kbsti zf aupln# pbtrbfn i

mbstn

' Zrb`fdkn lidnkn' priob`i ' Kfhfvkn lidnkn' rfsob`i zf aupln

' Gdnstb prb`fdn i `istrihulidn ' Zriacf`kbst gdnstf aupkdn

' Zrbgblidf pbku`n ' Abgukiaflidf pbtrfkdn

' Izmrf`kdf kbvio pbtilfdkio b`kbsf ' Bnaivfkdn umb`kio pfrtknrsaio

b`kbsf

' Izmrf`kdf neiafskio i nenativkio

prblnsf

' Hrzikf i u`bhkbst prblnsf

' Ikbvirfti ici prbpfsti ' Bnaudn sn hbcdn i vin

^prfvcdfkdn uaupkig gfrantikaig prblnsbg prnab ncngnkftf gfrantikabm giasf#afb vrcb scbnkig sustfvbg u bstvfrivfkdu licdnvf i iktnrnsf aupflf# abriskiaf i

pbkuff# u `bgfbd i mcbhfckbd abkaurnklidi# `fkfs dn zfotdnvfk pbsfb+ Hit uspdnkn

pbku`n# gfrantikabm giasf =Z# abkarntkbm pbkuff /mbspb`frsabm suhdnatf#

turistian brmfkizflidn ici b`rn`itf) dn u kdnmbvbd bsbhitbsti# u stfckbg pbvnfvfkdu

zf`bvbcdstvf aupflf# pbtrbff# td+ mbstidu+ Q?=#str+88>+W

^ kfstfvau n hiti bpisfki svfai b` ncngnkftf gfrantikabm giasf u turistiabg

umbstitncdstvu# suacf`kb spnlieikbstigf abdn pbsdn`udn+ Puristiab umbstitncdstvb dn

`dncftkbst abdf igf hcisabst i pbvnzfkbst sf gkbmig zkfkbstigf i `dncftkbstigf#

uacduudui nabkbgidu# pbcitiau# sblibcbmidu# psiobcbmidu i prfvb+ Zrn`stfvcdf tfabnr i

abgpcnasku triku abghikflidu pbvnzfkio ik`ustridf+ Q??#str+8+W Thbm svio

spnlieikbsti gbn sn rni `f dn gfrantikai prbmrfg u turistiabg umbstitncdstvu

sustfvkb i abbr`ikirfkb pricfmbfvfkdn pbcitian turistiaio suhdnaftf i turistian

strftnmidn `rfvn kf cbafckbd# rnmibkfckbd# kflibkfckbd i gnukfrb`kbd rfziki# u licdu

stvfrfkdf zf`bvbcdstvf pbtrbff'turistf i bstvfrivfkdf prbeitf+

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=#str+=:+W @rumig ridnigf prbizvb`

dn eiziai vi`cdiv# bpipcdiv i prisutfk u rnfckbg vrngnku i prbstbru+

Unikf `bgfio i strfkio tnbrntifrf turizgf# priciabg pbaufdf `neikirfkdf pbdgf

prbizvb`f u turizgu# kfvb`n abkstftflidu `f dn ridn b scbnkbg# abgpcnaskbg ici

iktnmrirfkbg prbizvb`u# s pb`dn`kfaig u`dncbg gftnridfckbm i kngftnridfckbm+ /

Pfhcilf ?)+

Pfhcilf ?Futbri abdi istrfudu turistiai prbizvb`

6+ Hukl# G+4Iktnmrirfki gfrantikm v turizgu# @ncfvsaf nkbtkbst# Cduhcdfkf#

69?5+

8+ Abhfi# F+# \nkni# D+4 Gfrantikm u turizgu# abcsaf akdimf# Tfmrnh#

69?9+

< Uuabki# H+4 Zbvidnst orvftsabm turizgf " Hbris Uuabki+ ' Tfmrnh 4

Zrbgntnd# 8::>+

0+ Abtcnr# Z+# Hbwnk# D+# Gfanks# D+4 Gfrantikm ebr obspitfcity fk` tburisg#

Zrnktiln Ofcc# ^ppnr \f``cn Xivnr Knw Dnrsny# 8::+ Mukk# L4 Pburisg pcfkkikm 4 hfsils# lbklnpts# lfsns# Knw Ybra#

Cbk`bk# Xbutcnmn# 8::8+

Knai ikbzngki futbri tfabnr su `fci svbdn vinkdn pbdgf turistiai prbizvb`+ Pfab

F`nduvvbk kfvb i rfzgicdfkdf tnbrntifrf Dneerinsf abdi turistiai prbizvb` `neikirf afb

fgfcmfg# td+ sgdnsu svio fativkbsti abdn su uacdunkn u prblns turistiabm putbvfkdf

/ftrfalidn# sgdntfd# pridnvbz i sc+)+ Hu`ui `f dn i turistiai prbizvb` kf svbd kfik

spnlieifk i scbnk# cbmikb dn `f n sn i gfrantikm u prigdnki kf turistiabg tritu

gbrfti pricfmb`iti pbsnhkbstigf turistiabm prbizvb`f+ Q?9#str+69+W

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^ tfavbg pbdgbvkbg abktnastu# abdi turistiai prbizvb` mcn`f afb scbnku aftnmbridu#

gbmu sn rfzciabvfti i pbhcin bzkfiti tri vrstn pbdfvkbm bhciaf turistiabm

prbizvb`fQ=#str+09+W4

prvf vrstf# dn`kbstfvfk prbizvb` afb sikbkig zf b`rnnku pbdn`ikfku uscumu

ici rbhu abdf sn pbdfvcdudn u turistiabd pbtrbkdi+ Pb gbn udn`kb hiti i eikfcki#

abkffk prbizvb` kdnmbvbm prbizvbff# fci i kn gbrf hiti+ Zrigdnr tfavbm

prbizvb`f dnsu uscumn sgdntfdf# rnstbrfk# kfdfg futbgbhicf# hrb`f i sc+

`rumf vrstf# ncngnktfrki /bskbvki) turistiai prbizvb` u abdngu sn gfkdi hrbd

izrfvkb abgpcngnktfrkio ik`ivi`ufckio prbizvb`f udn`ikdnkb prnznktirf i

prb`fdn kf turistiabg tritu+ Tf prb`fvff tfafv prbizvb` pb prfvicu igf

afrfatnr eikfckbm prbizvb`f# tb zkfi `f igf svbdu dn`ikstvnku lidnku# `f sn

gbn sfgbstfckb pbdfviti kf turistiabg tritu+ Acfsifk prigdnr tn vrstn

prbizvb`f dn obtncidnrsaf uscumf /abdf sn sfstbdi b` vin pbdn`ikfkio uscumf#

ncngnktfrkio prbizvb`f4 sgdntfdf# prnorfkn# spbrtsabm ici z`rfvstvnkbm

prbmrfgf# zfhfvkbm prbmrfgf# trmbvfan rbhn# it`+)

trnf vrstf# iktnmrirfki turistiai prbizvb` u abdngu sn pbdfvcdudn vin bskbvkio

prbizvb`f abgpbkirfkio u ldnciku suacf`kb ncdfgf i zfotdnvigf trikn

pbtrfkdn+ Zrigdnr tn vrstn prbizvb`f dnst turistiai frfkgfk abdi pbtnklidfckig

aupligf ku`n turistian fmnklidn# turbpnrftbri# pridnvbzkili i bstfci brmfkizftbri

putbvfkdf+

Kfvn`nki turistiai prbizvb` gbn sn prbgftrfti iz fspnatf turistiab'umbstitncdsabm

prbizvb`f# afb bskbvkbm `idncf turistiabm prbizvb`f+ ^ tbg sgiscu turistiab '

umbstitncdsai prbizvb` sn gbn prbgftrfti i afb sfgbstfcfk prbizvb` kfgidnkdnk

`bgilickbg stfkbvkitvu# ici afb `ib turistiabm prbizvb`f+

\ciku# ipfa kntb sfntidu pb`dncu `fdn Xui# abdi prbizvb`n u turistiabg

umbstitncdstvu `idnci kf4 Q5>#str+65

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bkig tb dn gftnridfckb# `facn b` umbstitncdsabm bhdnatf# prnab orfkn i pif# arnvntf

it`+# f s `rumn strfkn s igftnridfckig abgpbknktfgf abdn su gfobg prn`stfvcdnkn

uscumfgf# fci i knaig sighbciaig i psiobcbaig ncngnktigf vnzfkig afab zf

gftnridfckn# tfab i zf igftnridfckn pfrlidfckn abgpbknktn+ Zfrlidfcki prbizvb`i

/gftnridfckbm i igftnridfckbm bhciaf) su iktnmrirfdui `idncbvi iktnmrfckio# b`kbskb hbcdn

rnnkb# vin ici gfkdn iktnmrirfkio prbizvb`f bviskb u abdbd dn tb gdnri izvrib suhdnat

umbstitncdsan pbku`n ici mbst# b`kbskb bhbdn+ Gbn sn tfabnr abkstftirfti `f dn

struaturf iktnmrirfkio prbizvb`f pbcivfcnktkf+ @idncbvi struaturn /pfrlidfcki prbizvb`i

gftnridfckbm i igftnridfckbm bhciaf) kfcfzn sn u b`kbsu abgpcngnktfrkn pbvnzfkbsti#

pbstbdi zkffdkf supstitutivkbst sfstfvkio `idncbvf i kdiobvio pbdn`ikfkio struaturf# f

tfabnr pbstbdi i zkffdkf avfktitftivkb' avfcitftivkf ncfstikbst ldncbaupkn struaturn+

Q5>#str+65

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Bvn aftnmbridn su zfprfvb `dncbgikb iktnmrirfki prbizvb`i# s tig `f vni ici gfkdi

stupfkd `fcdkdn iktnmrflidn gbn prbvnsti sfg suhdnat turistiab'umbstitncdsan pbku`n#

pbsrn`kia ici sfg mbst+

Aupkdf iktnmrfckbm prbizvb`f spf`f u saupiku scbnkn aupkdn dnr du afrfatnrizirf dfaf

fkmfirfkbst pri aupkdi+ Zri `bkbnkdu b`cuan b aupkdi pbtrnhfk dn pbdffk kfpbr pri

priaupcdfkdu ikebrgflidf dnr pbstbdi vnciaf abkaurnklidf gnu gfrafgf prbizvb`f i

vncian su rfzcian izgnu gfrai prbizvb`f+ Bv`dn pbstbdi pbdffk rizia pri aupkdi dnr dn

aupkdf ridntaf# zkffdkf dn zf auplf i rfzgdnrkb saupf+ Afb i `rumi pbtrbfi i turisti

gbmu rdnfvfti prbhcngn b`cuivfkdf kf tri kfikf4 Q5>#str+65=+W

rutiksai' u bvbg scufdu turisti ucfu gfkdn kfpbrf i hrn rdnfvfdu prbhcng

knmb u `rumig scufdnvigf# tb su kf prigdnr viank` pbsdnti i sc+ Zriaupcdfkdnikebrgflidf pridn aupkdn dn knvfkb fab dn prbcb isaustvb i `fdn `bvbcdkb

bskbvf zf b`cuivfkdn+

bmrfkinkb' zfotidnvf vin vrngnkf i ugkbm kfpbrf+ Bv`dn sn rf`i b tbgn

af`f turist gidnkdf rutu putbvfkdf ici pcfkirf kbvn fativkbsti b`gbrf+ Prfnkdn

ikebrgflidf gbn hiti ukutfrkdn i vfkdsab+

nastnkzivkb' tu mbvbrigb b pcfkirfkdu pbtpukb kbvbmf putbvfkdf# pbtrnhkb dn

pukb vin vrngnkf i kfpbrf pri trfnkdu ikebrgflidf+

Zbtrbf dn kf spnlieifk kfik uacdunk u `istrihulidu turistiab'umbstitncdsabm

prbizvb`f dnr bk gbrf `bi `b gdnstf pbtrbkdn+ ^ bvbg scufdu pbtrbf kn hirf

prb`fvfbkilu# vn gdnstb pbtrbkdn# pbtrbf gbrf b`cuiti afab n putbvfti `b

gdnstf pbtrbkdn i kfzf`# f tb spf`f u vrcb zkffdkn b`cuan+ Zri aupkdi iktnmrfckbm

turistiai iktnmrfckbm prbizvb`f nstb sn abristn pbsrn`kili pri aupkdi+ Hnz bhzirf kf

pbsrn`kian gbtivi `bcfsaf n igfti acduku ucbmu+ Kfabk aupbvikn i abritnkdf

prbizvb`f pbtrbf gbn hiti zf`bvbcdfk ici knzf`bvbcdfk bviskb b stupkdu ispukdnkdf

bnaivfkdf+

Aupkdu pfrlidfckio turistiab'umbstitncdsaio prbizvb`f gbn sn sgftrfti afb `dncbgikb

pcfkirfkf aupkdf# fci istb tfab dn gbngb prbgftrfti i afb sfgbstfcku `dncbgikb

pcfkirfku ici knpcfkirfku aupbviku+ Bv`dn igfgb `vidn vrstn aupbvikn# f tb dn aupkdf

umbstitncdsaio pfrlidfckio prbizvb`f orfkn i pif i aupkdf pfrlidfckio prbizvb`f

sgdntfdf+ Licd uzigfkdf orfkn i pif dn b`rfkdn ik`ivi`un+ Tf`bvbcdnkdn pbtrnhf zfmcf`i i nidn u hiti sgisfb ivbtf# svn bstfcb dn pb`rnnkb bvbd pbtrnhi+ Bsimurfvfkdn

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avfcitntkn orfkn i pif u obtncu vffk dn `ib iktnmrfckbm prbizvb`f# pbmbtbvb ab`

hrfk`irfkio obtncf# m`dn dn pbtrnhkb b`rfvfti stfk`fr`n avfcitntn suacf`kb bstfcig

obtncigf u cfklu+ Q9:#str+8>5+W

Gbtivi zf `bcfzfa u umbstitncdsai bhdnat vrcb su hitkf spbzkfdf zf umbstitncdf i hitkf

bskbvf zf arnirfkdn pbdn`ikbm dncf i lidnkn pbku`n+ \vfai pbtrbf igf knan svbdn

izhbrkn aritnridn abdigf vrn`kudn umbstitncdsan bhdnatn uspbrnudui io sf svbdig

ncdfgf i pbtrnhfgf+ Zrngf tig aritnridigf igfgb priovftcdivn i knpriovftcdivn

umbstitncdsan bhdnatn+ Zbstbdi vin ighnkiaf abdi gbmu utdnlfti kf pbtrbfnv izhbr

umbstitncdsabm bhdnatf# f knai b` kdio su4 Q5>#str+659'6=8+W

giarb i gfarb cbaflidf umbstitncdsabm bhdnatf' giarb cbaflidf tb hcin auplu dn

pbknaf` b` prnsu`kn vfkbsti' fab dn rnstbrfk u hciziki pbscbvkbm lnktrf1gfarb cbaflidf `f bhdnat hu`n ukutfr zbkn fativkbsti+

ukutfrkdn urnnkdn i bprngcdnkbst umbstitncdsaio bhdnaftf' bhdnat hi trnhfb hiti

privcffk i `istikativfk# `izfdk iktnridnrf trnhf pbdffvfti sciau abdf dn stvbrnkf

nastnridnrbg+

irikf prbizvb`kb'uscukbm prbmrfgf ' umbstitncdsai bhdnat bhuovff prbizvb`n

gftnridfckbm i igftnridfckbm bhciaf+ Bsig irikn prbizvb`kb' uscukbm prbmrfgf

hitkf dn i avfcitntf# stic i lidnkf+ puhcilitnt i prb`fdkf prbgblidf' ukfprnivfkdn prb`fdn# rfzkf srn`stvf

puhcilitntf utdnu kf izhbr bhdnatf# tfabnr `bprikbsn ikebrgirfkdu pbtnklidfckio

aupflf b btvfrfkdu kbvbm umbstitncdsabm bhdnatf# stigucirfdu pbsdntn+

zfpbscnkb bsbhcdn' zfpbscnkia abdi pruf uscumu i sfg pbstfdn `ib tn uscumn+

Fabdn susrntcdiv i pbafzudn zfkigfkdn zf pbtrbff tn prbizvb` prn`stfvcdf kf

kfdhbcdi kfik# vnciaf dn vdnrbdftkbst `f n i prb`fdf hiti uspdnkf# pf n i

prn`gnt prb`fdn pbprigiti sigpftikn bsbhikn+

Kfvn`nkn aftnmbridn priovftcdivio i knpriovftcdivio obtncf gbmun dn prbgftrfti iz

fspnatf zf`bvbcdstvf mbstidu+ @facn# ab` pbncdkio obtncf pbstbdi eukalidf gdnrnkdf

zf`bvbcdstvf mbstidu tb bgbmuudn bstvfrivfkdf prfvf kf rnacfgflidu i fchu# tb u

abkfkili stvfrf cbdfckbst mbstidu+ Q96#str+0=5+W

Kf `bkbnkdn b`cuan b aupkdi utdnn vnciai hrbd ighnkiaf iz barudf+ Bsig ncdf i

pbtrnhf pbtrbff kf aupkdu n `dncbvfti i4 eiziab barunkdn'iktnridnr# `rutvnkbbarudn# prntob`kf stfkdf i rfspbcbnkdf i trnkutfkb stfkdn rfspbcbnkdf+

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mcffkdf ruhcdf# uvfkdf vridn`kbsti# uscumf abritnkdf Iktnrkntf i scikb+ iriku

fsbrtigfkf uscumf u obtncidnrstvu uvdntudn aftnmbridf obtncf# vnciikf afpflitntf#

cbaflidf# vrngnksai fspnat pbscbvfkdf /`f ci dn pbscbvfkdn snzbksab ici ldncbmb`ikdn)#

scbnkbst brmfkizflidsan struaturn i sfgf gfrantikaf strftnmidf abdu obtnc prbvb`i kf

tritu+ Obtncsan uscumn acfsieilirfgb kf4 Q06#str+6=+W

bskbvkn ici pfksibksan4

b uscumn sgdntfdf ' prufdu sn u obtncsaig sgdntfdkig dn`ikilfgf '

sbhfgf ici fpfrtgfkigf1

b uscumn orfkn i pif ' bviskb b vrsti i aftnmbridi obtncf prufdu sn u

obtncsaig hcfmbvfbkilfgf# hfkantkig `vbrfkfgf# sfcbkigf#

prbstbridfgf zf zfdutrfa# prbstbridfgf zf `brufa# mricc'rbbgu#

afvfkfgf# fpnritiv hfrbvigf# f mbsti sn gbmu pbscuivfti i u sbhfgf

/rbbg snrviln)1

Obtnci u prfvicu mbstigf izkfdgcdudu sbhn sf zfdutfrabg# f mbsti sn gbmu b`cuiti i zf

uscumn pbcupfksibkf# b`kbskb pfksibkf+ Zbcupfksibk dn scbnkf uscumf b`

sgdntfdf u sbhi# zfdutrfaf i ruaf ici vnnrn# f pfksibk dn vrstf uscumn abdf uacduudn

sgdntfd u sbhi i svf tri mcfvkf bhrbaf /zfdutrfa# rufa i vnnru)+

`bpuksan ici izvfk pfksibksan4izvfk pfksibksan uscumn orfkn i pif

' prufdu sn izvfk pfksibkf u cf lfrtn rnstbrfkigf# f b`kbsn sn i kf

rfzciitn mfstrbkbgsan prirn`hn /kpr+ `fki scfvbksan auoikdn# tdn`fk

pfrbmf# `fki tfrtuef# anstnkidf`f# eiidf`f)1

b uscumn rnarnflidn i spbrtf

' mbstigf sn stfvcdfdu kf rfspbcfmfkdn hfznki# tnkisai i mbce tnrnki# rfzciitn

vrstn imrfcitf# eitknss `vbrfkn# sfukn# aumcfkn# pdnfan i stfzn zf trfkdn#

f gbmu sn brmfkizirfti i rfzciitf kftdnlfkdf /kpr+ btvbrnkbm tipf ' hnz

ucfzkilf)1

b aucturkb ' zfhfvkn uscumn

' obtnci nstbbrmfkizirfdu abklnrtn#b`kbskb umbudu pbpucfrkn izvbfn#izcbhn# igfdu akdikiln i itfbkiln# sfcbkn zf zfhfvu i `rutvnkn imrn# f

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bsbhitb zf vridngn cbnm vrngnkf mbstigf ku`n spnlidfckb priprngcdnkn

zfhfvkn prbmrfgn /fkigflidf)1

b trmbvfan uscumn

' mbstigf sn ku`i gbmukbst aupbvikn suvnkirf# tisabvikf# rfzciitio

bsbhkio pbtrnptikf# pf svn `b trmbvikf b`dnbg# abzgntiabg i scikb1

b eikfklidsan uscumn'

mbstigf sn ku`i gbmukbst abkvnrzidn kbvlf1

b

bhrtkian uscumn

' obtncsai bhdnati nstb u svbdbd pbku`i igfdu eriznrsan#abzgntifrsan i

pn`ianrsan sfcbkn# ebtbmrfen# urfrn1

b z`rfvstvnkn uscumn

' obtnci mbstigf ku`n i gbmukbsti `idfmkbstilirfkdf# tnrfpidf# rnofhicitflidn#

gfsfn i `rumb+

b bstfcn uscumn

' uscumn Iktnrkntf# tncnebkf# uscumn prfkdf i mcffkdf ruhcdf# inkdf bhun#

uvfkdf vridn`kbsti# mfrfirfkdf futbgbhicf# uscumn ebtbabpirfkdf# hunkdf#

uscumn u svnzi s pbtfksaig pbicdafgf# ikebrgftivkn uscumn# uscumn

uvfkdf `dnln# kfdfg prbstbridf zf abkmrnsn i vdnkfkdf# b`kbskb uscumn

abdn bviskb b aftnmbridi b`rnnki obtnci gbrfdu prufti+

Db dn`kf acfsieiaflidf obtncsaio uscumf utvrudn `istikalidu izgnu bskbvkio i

`bpuksaio uscumf obtncf# gnutig# u bvbg scufdu uscumn sn `idncn kf tri bskbvkn

aftnmbridn /\ciaf 6:)4 Q9>#str+6=:+W

uscumn abdn su lbrn husiknss obtncf#

iktnmrfcki `idncbvi