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Otto Stern (Sohrau 1888 – Berkeley 1969) Nobel Laureate 1943. Otto Stern, O.R. Frisch, I. Estermann (Hamburg, 1929-1933). He. a. NaCl(001). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Otto Stern (Sohrau 1888 – Berkeley 1969) Nobel Laureate 1943
Otto Stern, O.R. Frisch, I. Estermann (Hamburg, 1929-1933)
He
NaCl(001)
[meV]
542.4
][Å
2[Å]
1iEk
),(2
GG K
),K(k
nma
kkk ifz
a
“These experiments are of interest not only because of
their confirmation of the predictions of quantum mechanics,
but also because they introduce the possibility of applying
atom diffraction to investigations of the atomic constitution
of surfaces.”
(T. M. Johnson, Phys. Rev. 37 (1931) 847).
Bound-state resonances
Frisch-Stern (1933)
J. E. Lennard-Jones and A. F. Devonshire, Nature 137 (1936) 1069.
I00
Gas – Surface Interactions:
- energy transfer
- sticking (adsorption)
INELASTIC SCATTERING
INELASTIC RESONANCES
)()(1)-()( QQQQ
212
vifvvifvQvfiiz
f
ff
)(
-EEn-EEnk
dΩdE
dvk
uF
Lattice vibrations (phonons)
)exp()( zAzV o
),(e4
2 sinh2sinh
sinhsinh
2/1
22
22
i-Wpp
pp
pp
pp
if
if
if
i
f
fi
QF
/βπkp/βπkp fzfizi ,
J.M. Jackson and N.F. Mott, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 137 (1932) 703: Quantum DWBA
L.D. Landau, Phys. Z. Sowjet. 8 (1935) 489.B.L. Bonch-Bruevich, Usp. Fiz. Nauka 40 (1950) 369
Classical
Rarified Gas Dynamics
Supersonic Molecular Beams
Supersonic nozzle beam sources
05
3
v
v
T
Trel
v
mK25%5.0v
v
relT
Supersonic He-atom beam sourcesTime-of-flight spectroscopy
High-resolution diffraction
J. P. Toennies: HUGO (MPI-SF, Goettingen)
Angular distributions
Diffraction
Inelastic processes: - inelastic bound state resonances
- kinematical focussing
- surfing
Time of Flight (TOF) Inelastic scattering
Phonons
via the mechanical action (Pauli repulsion) on the electron density
Forces between atoms
Forces between ions and electrons (electron-phonon interaction)
& electronic susceptibility
Phonon dispersion curves
phonon excitations probe interatomic forces
inelastic He atom scattering excites phonons
Surface waves
Lord Rayleigh (1887)
Irpinia 1980 (Polo Sismico Alberto Gabriele, FCCSEM Erice)
Surface phonons 1: from 3D lattice to slab
...)()()(6
1)()(
2
1 32
0
kjljl ljljkjljl
uuurrr
uurr
jlRrr jl
,2
),(),(),( tjujlRtluM jl
rl r(l1 l2 l3,) = l1a1 + l2a2 + l3a3 + d()
rl r(l1 l2 l3,) = l1a1 + l2a2 + d(l3,)
]aaQ[ Q ) Q21 tillilutlu v )(exp),(,( 213
),''(),''();'',( 32
333''3 QQQ Q luMlullR ll
interatomicpotential
force constant matrix
harmonic eq. of motion
3D
2D slab
Bloch waves
secular equation
Surface phonons 2: from one monolayer…
…to a slab of Nz layers
TOF spectrum
Energy-transfer spectrum
scan curves for 90° geometry
fffiii
fi
fi
kKkK
kkm
E
sinsin
)(2
222
QGKKK
Q
22
22
1tan12 i
ii
K
K
m
kE
HAS versus theory
theory: Green Function surface dynamics + DWBA
scattering theory
LiF(001)
NaF(001)
end of lecture 3
Rayleighwave
Longitudinalresonance
Metals:
Skin & Bones I
Cu(111)
HAS
Anomalous longitudinal resonance
Cu(111) HAS dataC. Kaden et al. PRB (1992)
G. Benedek et al. PRB 1993
Cu(001)a giant resonance
There is something fundamental in the anomalous longitudinal resonance
A feature common to all metal surfaces
A strong amplitude in HAS but weak in EELS
Unphysical fitting with force-constant models
The Multipole Expansion (ME) Method
rdnnFEE ionion 3)()()]([ rrr v
))(()( ll llion urrr vv
)()()( ,0 lclClC
,Γ,0 llcE
Equilibrium:
ll YlCn rrr
.'',2
1
,',2
1
,2
1
, '
,
,
jll
ll
llo
lclcllH
lclullTllT
lulullREE
,
1
,
3
3
2
lI
l
Ylurd
YlunErdV
lcluEllT
rrrv
rrr
,1
'',
'233
2
'2
'
ll YYnnErdrdV
lclcEllH
rrrrrr
.)',()',(
)r-r()r(
)'()()'()()',(
,0
23
'
22
llRllR
rrnrd
lulu
E
lulu
EllR
elion
llll
ion
v
Adiabatic condition uc TH 1
νTTHRRνM elion QuQu )( 10
2Q
Secular equation
Dynamic electron density oscillations
l lion lrdn )(ur/)r()r,r()r( 3 v
Non-local dielectric response (susceptibility)
).(),()( )',( '''331
' ll YYrdrdllH rrrrrr
Density-functional Hellmann-Feynman vs. Multipole expansion
..)'(
)r(
)(2
)'()(
)r(2)',(
kk
k
kk
2
k cclulululu
llRocc
vv
ionvocc
vv
ionv
el
vv
k Kohn-Sham wavefunctions: )(rkkk
nvv
occ
v
elionocc
vv
ionv R
lulunrd
lulu 0
23
kk
2
k )'()(
)r()r(
)'()(
)r(
vv
TTHlulu
dd
lulu
nrdcc
lulu
ionion
ionocc
vv
ionv
133
3
kk
k
)'(
)'r()'r,r(
)(
)r('rr
)'(
)r(
)(
)r(..
)'(
)r(
)(
vv
vv
parametrized ME method
Ion-coredisplacements
Electron density oscillations
ME
DFPT
Metals: Skin & Bones II
1D conductor
Peierls instability
electron-hole excitations
HAS hole-electron pairs!
The Helium-3 Spin-Echo Spectroscopy
P. Fouquet, A.P. Jardine, S. Dworski, G. Alexandrowicz, W. Allison and J. Ellis
"Thermal energy 3He spin-echo spectrometer for ultrahigh resolution surface dynamics measurements“
Rev. Sci. Inst. 76, 053109 (2005).
Parameter Value
Total scattering angle 44.4 degrees
3He Angular Resolution 0.1 degree
Nominal beam energy 8 meV
Measured beam intensity 1e14 atoms/second
Beam diameter at target 2 mm
Energy resolution (QE peak width) 20 neV
Scattering chamber base pressure 2e-10 mbar
Sample manipulator 6 axis, titanium
Sample manipulator resolution 0.003 degrees
Sample heating Radiation / E-beam
Sample cooling Liquid Nitrogen or Helium
Sample temperature range 55 K - >1200 K
The Cavendish He3 Spin-Echo Apparatus
First tests for He3 Spin-Echo:
- Bound states of He3 on LiF(001)
- Surface Transport Measurements using Quasi-elastic Helium Atom Scattering (QHAS)
A.P. Jardine, S. Dworski, P. Fouquet, G. Alexandrowicz, G.Y.H. Lee, D.J. Riley, J. Ellis, W. Allison, "Ultrahigh resolution spin-echo measurement of surface
potential energy landscapes", Science 304, 1790-1793 (2004).
back to Frisch & Stern!
4He liquid jets
cluster, droplets at 0.37 K
nano-scale superfluididity
targets for high-energy physics
targets for laser accelerators (e.g., for hadrotherapy)
4He gas jets
atom microscope
atom interferometry
superfluid 4He (p-H2) clusters inside 3He droplets
jets from expansion of solid 4He: the geyser effect
PMCS substratecluster beamtime of flight
mass spectrometer
quartz MB
2000 l/s diff. pump
500 l/s turbo pump
700 l/s diff. pump
He line
sample manipulator
target cluster assembled film
to pulsed power supply
SOURCE CHAMBERDEPOSITION CHAMBER TOF-MS
CHAMBER
SUPERSONIC CLUSTER BEAM DEPOSITION at the Department of Physics, University of Milano
Grenoble - 9
Giorgio Benedek J. Peter Toennies Helium Atom Scattering Spectroscopy
of Surface Phonons
Springer-VerlagBerlin Heidelberg New York 2007
something more on inelastic atom scattering:
end of lecture 4
JPT
Bibi Bortolani