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València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
10:00 Bienvenida por Generalitat Valenciana 10:10 Introducción al proyecto AIRUSE LIFE+ (X. Querol) 10:20 Resultados de la contribución de fuentes a PM (atención especial al tráfico) (X. Querol) 10:45 Tests específicos de medidas de mitigación de la resuspensión (X. Querol) 11:00 Quema de biomasa: contribución de fuentes y perfiles y factores de emisión (A. Karanasiou en nombre de C. Alves) 11:15 Eficacia de medidas de mejora para el tráfico rodado en países del Norte y Centro de Europa (X. Querol en nombre de R. Harrison) 11:45 Discusión y feedback de los stakeholders 13:30 Clausura
Agenda
Overview of the AIRUSE LIFE+ project
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
MEAN PM10 & PM2.5 LEVELS IN EUROPE
Eeftens et al. (2012) Atmospheric Environment
ESCAPE
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
PARTICULATE MATTER AND HEALTH EFFECTS IN BARCELONA Perez et al., 2009 ES&T
Selected results
Fraction Respiratory mortality
(Lag2)
Cardiovascular
mortality
(Lag1)
Cerebrovascular
mortality
(Lag1)
PM10-2.5
1.033
(0.980-1.089)
1.059
(1.026-1.094)
1.098
(1.030-1.171)
PM2.5-1
1.206
(1.028-1.416)
0.984
(0.892-1.086)
0.905
(0.743-1.102)
PM1
1.010
(0.963-1.059)
1.028
(1.000-1.058)
1.063
(1.004-1.124)
Odds ratio per 10 ug/m3
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
PM10 daily limit value 2012 BaP target annual value, 2012
30/11/2015
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
TRENDS ON NUMBER OF AQ ZONES WITH PM10 ALV DLV EXCEEDANCES
Zones exceeding the LVs Zones between the LVs and the LV+MoT Zones <LVs excluding African dust
Zones <LVs Non evaluated
Num
ber
of sta
tions
PM10 DAILY LIMIT VALUE PM10 ANNUAL LIMIT VALUE
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
BaP 2013, Catalonia, NE Spain
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
06/2008 06/2009 06/2010 06/2011 06/2012 06/2013 06/2014
ng
/m
3
Manlleu, BaP
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
• Characterizing similarities & differences in PM sources & contributions across S-EU (5 cities) • Once the main sources of PM10 and PM2.5 are identified, the strategic goal of the AIRUSE
project is to develop, test and propose specific and non specific measures to abate urban ambient air PM in S.-EU, to meet AQ standards & to approach WHO guidelines.
THE AIRUSE PROJECT AIMS
Specific PM mitigation measures • Street washing & dust suppressants for road dust and deposited African dust • Biomass burning • Industrial emissions (channelled and fugitive) • Strategies from other European countries (LEZ, eco-efficient vehicles, labelling, shipping, biomass
burning…)
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
ACTION A. Preparatory actions
ACTION B. Implementation actions
A.1 Authorities and stakeholders consultation
B1. Documentation of the current status
B2. Harmonization and implementation of source apportionment using receptor modelling & determination of the impact of:
B7. Developing & testing cost-effective PM measures & strategies
B8. Applicability of selected measures from N to S Europe
B3. Natural sources B4. Biomass burning
B5. Industrial sources B6. Traffic related sources
ACTION C. Implementation actions C1. Effectiveness of the project actions
C2. Assessment of the socio-economic impact
AIRUSE STRUCTURE: ACTIONS & TASKS (1/2)
Intensive additional work on inventories, emission chemical profiles, emission factors
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
AIRUSE STRUCTURE: ACTIONS & TASKS (2/2)
ACTION D. Communication & Dissemination actions
ACTION E. Project management & monitoring of the project progress
D1. Project website
D2. LIFE+ Information boards
D3. Networking-Open forum with key stakeholders D4. Dissemination of project results
D5. Layman's Report
E1. Project Management & Audit
E2. Monitoring of the project progress
E3. Networking with other projects
E4. After-LIFE+ Plan
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
Coordinating Beneficiary Project Manager
Spain
Associated Beneficiaries
Leader B5 D5 Spain
Leader B8 UK
Leader B3 D2 Greece
Leader B4 Portugal
Milan Italy
AIRUSE MANAGING STRUCTURE
Leader B2 Italy
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
ACTIONS B1 & B2
X. Querol1, A. Karanasiou1, F. Amato1, C. Vasconcelos1, A. Alastuey1, M. Viana1, T. Moreno1, F. Plana1, N. Perez1, M. Cabañas1, R. Bartoli1, S. Martinez1, M. Sosa1,
F. Lucarelli2, S. Nava2, G. Calzolai2, R. Udisti2, S. Becagli2, R. Traversi2, M. Severi2, S. Borselli2, C. Alves3, C. Pio3, T. Nunes3, L. Tarelho3, M. Duarte3, M. Cerqueira3, E. Vicente3, D. Custódio3, H. Pinto3,
E. Montfort4, I.Celades4, A. Escrig4, V. Sanfelix4, S. Gomar4, M. Padilla4, L. Ortiz4, B. Ferrer4, Y. Reig4, K. Eleftheriadis5, L. Diapouli5, S. Vratolis5, M. Gini5, E. Bairaktari5, S. Dalaina5, V. Galifianakis5,
V.L. Gianelle6, C. Colombi6
1 2 3 4 5 6
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
B1: AQ TRENDS SPAIN 2001-2012
Querol et al., 2014. Science of Total Environment
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg
/m3
SO2
Traffic Urban backgraound Industrial
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg
/m3
Mean Sav, Nie, Peñ Bar, CdC, Viz, Cam, Tor, Zar
Regional Background(EMEP)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg
/m3
NO2
Traffic Urban backgraound Industrial
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg
/m3
Media CdC, Viz,Tor, Sav, Nie Bar, Cam, Zar, Peñ
Regional Background(EMEP)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg
/m3
NOx
Traffic Urban backgraound Industrial
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg
/m3
NOx
Media CdC, Viz,Tor, Sav, Nie Bar, Cam, Zar, Peñ
0.0E+0
2.0E+5
4.0E+5
6.0E+5
8.0E+5
1.0E+6
1.2E+6
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
SO2 (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustion
Power generation and transformation
Other transport and mobile machinery
Mg
SO2 National Emissions
0E+0
1E+5
2E+5
3E+5
4E+5
5E+5
6E+5
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
NOx (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustion
Power generation and transformation
Other transport and mobile machinery
Road transport
Mg
NOx National Emissions
Viznar
Barcarrota
Peñausende
Niembro
O Sabiñao
Campisábalos
Zarra
El Torms
Cabo de Creus
Avilés
Oviedo
A Coruña
Vigo
Gijón
Valladolid
Madrid
BilbaoPamplona
Granada
Córdoba
SevillaMurcia
Alicante
Zaragoza
ValenciaP. Mallorca
Barcelona
L’Hospitalet
Las PalmasSanta Cruz
Regional Background Urban Background Traffic Industrial
Montseny
Regional Background PM2.5 speciation
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
Time average map of SO2 Column amount (PBL) (Dobson Units)
NASA SO2 OMI level 3. Plotted using the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC
2005 2007
2008 2009
20011 2013
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
2005
2008
2011
2014
2006
2009
2012
2015 (until Nov)
2007
2010
2013
NASA NO2 OMI level 3. Plotted using the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC Mean annual tropospheric NO2 column amount (clear, 0-30% cloud) (1015 molec/cm2)
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
Querol et al., 2014. Science of Total Environment
B1: AQ TRENDS SPAIN 2001-2012
0
5
10
15
20
25
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/
m3
Media Bar, CdC, Viz,Tor, Zar, Nie Cam, Sav, Peñ
Regional Background(EMEP)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/
m3
Media Bar, CdC,Viz, Tor Cam, Sav, Nie, Zar, Peñ
Regional Background(EMEP)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/
m3
PM10
Traffic Urban background Industrial
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/
m3
PM2.5
Mean
0.0E+0
5.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.5E+4
2.0E+4
2.5E+4
3.0E+4
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
PM2.5 (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustion
Other transport and mobile machinery
Road transport
Non industrial combustion
PM2.5 National Emissions
0.0E+0
5.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.5E+4
2.0E+4
2.5E+4
3.0E+4
3.5E+4
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
PM10 (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustionAgriculture and farmingOther transport and mobile machineryRoad transportNon industrial combustion
Mg
PM10 National EmissionsM
g
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
Querol et al., 2014. Science of Total Environment
B1: AQ TRENDS SPAIN 2001-2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/
m3
O3
Traffic Urban Background Industrial
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/
m3
O3
Media CdC, Viz, Cam, Zar, Peñ Bar, Tor, Sav, Nie
Regional Background(EMEP)
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
mg/
m3
CO
Traffic Urban background Industrial
0.0E+0
2.0E+5
4.0E+5
6.0E+5
8.0E+5
1.0E+6
1.2E+6
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
CO (Mg)Industrial processes with combustionAgriculture and farmingIndustrial processes without combustionRoad transportNon industrial combustion
National Emissions
Mg
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
0
20
40
60
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
3)
Annual average PM10 Florence area
Florence_Bassi Florence_Gramsci Florence_Boboli Florence_Mosse Signa Calenzano boccaccio
Calenzano giovanni Campi B. Sesto Mean Annual limit value
-34%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
3)
Annual mean PM10 POR-MA
Francisco Sá Carneiro Sobreiras - Lordelo de Ouro Av. 24 - Espinho Anta - EspinhoAugusto Gomes - Matosinhos D. Manuel II - Vermoim Gaia - Avintes VN Telha - MaiaCustóias - Matosinhos Leça do Balio - Matosinhos Meco - Perafita Sra. Da Hora - MatosinhosErmesinde - Valongo Mean Annual limit value
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
3)
Annual mean PM10 ATH-AGG
Agia Paraskevi Aristotelous Goudi Thrakomakedones Lykovrusi Marousi Piraeus Mean Annual limit value
-32%
0
20
40
60
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
3)
Annual mean PM10 MLN-AGG
Cantù Como centro Merate Busto Arsizio - Accam Gallarate San Lorenzo MedaMonza Macchiavelli Monza Parco Milano Senato Mean Annual limit value CantùComo centro Merate Busto Arsizio - Accam Gallarate San Lorenzo Meda Monza Macchiavelli
-32%
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
3)
Annual mean PM10 BCN-MA
Barcelona (c/ Lluís Solé i Sabarís) Barcelona (Eixample) Barcelona (Gràcia - Sant Gervasi)Barcelona (IES Goya) Barcelona (IES Verdaguer) Barcelona (Vall d'Hebron)Barcelona (pl. Universitat) Barcelona (Zona Universitària) Barcelona (Sants)Barcelona (Poblenou) Barcelona (Port Vell) Esplugues de Llobregat (CEIP Isidre Marti))L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Molins de Rei (pl. del Mercat Municipal) Molins de Rei (Ajuntament)El Prat de Llobregat (pl. de l'Església) El Prat de Llobregat (Jardins de la Pau) Sant Adrià de BesòsSanta Coloma de Gramenet (Ajuntament) Sant Feliu de Llobregat (Eugeni d'Ors) Sant Vicenç dels Horts (Col·legi Sant Josep)Sant Vicenç dels Horts (CEIP Verge del Rocío) Mean AQZ1 Annual limit value
-49%
-45%
BCN-MA
POR-MA MLN-AGG
FI-AGG ATH-AGG
0
20
40
60
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
3)
Annual mean PM10 FI-AGG
Florence_Bassi Florence_Gramsci Florence_Boboli Florence_Mosse Signa
Scandicci Calenzano boccaccio Calenzano giovanni Campi B. Empoli
Greve Incisa Montelupo Pontassieve Sesto
Mean Annual Limit Value
ANNUAL PM10 AVERAGES
-46%
-49%
-32%
-34%0
20
40
60
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
3)
Annual mean PM10 ATH-AGG
Agia Paraskevi Aristotelous Goudi Thrakomakedones Lykovrusi Marousi Piraeus Mean Annual limit value
-32%
FI-AGG ATH-GAA
WHO
WHO WHO
WHO
WHO
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
3)
Percentile 90.4 PM10 BCN-MA
Barcelona (c/ Lluís Solé i Sabarís) Barcelona (Eixample) Barcelona (Gràcia - Sant Gervasi)Barcelona (IES Goya) Barcelona (IES Verdaguer) Barcelona (Vall d'Hebron)Barcelona (pl. Universitat) Barcelona (Zona Universitària) Barcelona (Sants)Barcelona (Poblenou) Barcelona (Port Vell) Esplugues de Llobregat (CEIP Isidre Marti))L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Molins de Rei (pl. del Mercat Municipal) Molins de Rei (Ajuntament)El Prat de Llobregat (pl. de l'Església) El Prat de Llobregat (Jardins de la Pau) Sant Adrià de BesòsSanta Coloma de Gramenet (Ajuntament) Sant Feliu de Llobregat (Eugeni d'Ors) Sant Vicenç dels Horts (Col·legi Sant Josep)Sant Vicenç dels Horts (CEIP Verge del Rocío) Mean AQZ1 Daily limit value
-49%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
3)
Percentile 90.4 PM10 FI-AGG
Florence_Bassi Florence_Gramsci Florence_Boboli Florence_Mosse Signa
Scandicci Calenzano boccaccio Calenzano giovanni Campi B. Empoli
Greve Incisa Montelupo Pontassieve Sesto
Mean Annual Limit Value
-29%
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
3)
Percentile 90.4 PM10 POR-MA
Francisco Sá Carneiro Sobreiras - Lordelo de Ouro Av. 24 - Espinho Anta - Espinho
Augusto Gomes - Matosinhos D. Manuel II - Vermoim Gaia - Avintes VN Telha - Maia
Custóias - Matosinhos Leça do Balio - Matosinhos Meco - Perafita Sra. Da Hora - Matosinhos
Ermesinde - Valongo Mean Daily limit value
-45%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
³)
Percentile 90.4 PM10 ATH-AGG
Agia Paraskevi Aristotelous Goudi Thrakomakedones Lykovrusi Marousi Piraeus Mean Daily limit value
-32%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
PM
10
(µ
g/m
³)
Percentile 90.4 PM10 MLN-AGG
Cantù Como centro Merate Busto Arsizio - Accam Gallarate San Lorenzo Meda
Monza Macchiavelli Monza Parco Milano Senato Mean Daily limit value
-32%
FI-AGG
MLN-AGGPOR-MA
BCN-MA
ATH-GAA
90.4 PERCENTILE PM10
-29%
-29%
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
B2. HARMONIZED 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT
1047 PM10 samples 1116 PM2.5 samples
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
BCN-UB BCN-TR POR-TR FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TR
µg/
m3
PM10 DLV (2008/50/EC)
DAILY (P90.4)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
BCN-UB BCN-TR POR-TR FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TR
µg
/m3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
BCN-UB BCN-TR POR-TR FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TR
µg/
m3
ALV (2008/50/EC)
ATV (2008/50/EC)
WHO GUIDE
WHO GUIDE
ANNUAL
ANNUAL
µg/
m3
µg/
m3
µg/
m3
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
BCN-UB BCN-TR POR-TR FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TR
µg/
m3
PM2.5/PM10
B2. HARMONIZED 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT
PM2.5
PM10
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
34%
31%
20%
11%
4%
22%
16%
46%
11%
5%
61%20%
14%
4%
1%
31%
37%
23%
7%
2%
45%
37%
6%
10%
2%BCN-UB FI-UB MLN-UB ATH-SUB
Primary: 35%Secondary: 65%
Primary: 19%Secondary: 81%
Primary: 32%Secondary: 68%
Primary: 18%Secondary: 82%
POR-TR ATH-TR
Primary: 62%Secondary: 38%
Primary: 34%Secondary: 66%
Secondary organics
Secondary inorganicsPrimary OM + EC
Primary: Mineral dust
Primary: Sea salt
PM2.5
37%
29%
27%
4%
3%
Primary: 30%Secondary: 70%
Primary: 35%Secondary: 65%
Primary: 32%Secondary: 68%
Primary: 18%Secondary: 82%
B2. HARMONIZATION & OBTENTION OF 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
BCN-UB BCN-TRAFFPOR-TRAFF FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TRAFF
ng/
m3
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
BCN-UB BCN-TRAFFPOR-TRAFF FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TRAFF
ng/
m3
Levoglucosan
K
PM2.5
PM2.5
B2. HARMONIZATION & OBTENTION OF 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
PM10 (annual mean)
1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM10: 31-38% (ATH 23%) 1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3
- are the main causes: 21-29% (ATH 15%) 1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 8-11% 2. Regional OC and/or SO4
2- dominated pollution: 20-26% (POR-TR 10%) 3. Local dust : 10-19% 4. Biomass burning very relevant in POR & FI (14-16%), less in ATH (7%) and negligible in BCN 5. Industry BCN 11%, 4-5%, ATH <1% 6. Non traffic-NO3
- 6-8% (2% POR) 7. Shipping 4% in coastal sites 8. African dust ATH 14%, 1-4% 9. Sea salt POR 13%, 4-8% 10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 19-25%
PM2.5 (annual mean)
1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM2.5: 28-39% (ATH 22%) 1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3
- are the main causes: 25-34% (ATH 17%) 1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 5-9% (BCN&FI 1-2% ) 2. Regional OC and/or SO4
2- dominated pollution: 19-37% (POR 13%) 3. Local dust: POR 16%, 2-6% 4. Biomass burning very relevant in MLN, FI & POR (18-21%), less in ATH (10%) and negligible in BCN 5. Industry 5-12%, ATH <1% 6. Non traffic-NO3
- 3-6% (POR 1%) 7. Shipping 5-7% in coastal sites 8. African dust: ATH 6%, <1% 9. Sea salt POR 5%, <1-3%, 10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 10-21%, BCN 7%, FI 4%
36-45% (ATH 15%) 30-34% (ATH 6%) 18-29% (ATH 3%, POR 6%) BCN 19%, 2-6% POR 27%, 1-4% POR & FI (25-30%), ATH 1%, negligible in BCN BCN 17%, <1-3% BCN & FI 7-9% (1-2% POR & ATH) 3-4% in coastal sites ATH 52%, 1% ATH 7%, 1-3% 11-33%, ATH 4%
PM10 (days of exceedance)
32-42% (ATH 11%) 31-40% (ATH 10%) 1-7% BCN & MLN 11-22%, 2-6% POR 22%, 1-2% POR, FI & MLN (26-33%), <2% BCN 18%, <1-3% BCN, FI & MLN 6-9% (1-3% POR & ATH) 6-10% in coastal sites ATH 45%, 1% <1%-1% POR 15, 3-9%
PM2.5 (days of PM10 exceedance)
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
3 TIPOS DE FUENTES DE TRÁFICO
- Emisiones directas del tubo de escape (VEX)
- Emisiones no relacionadas con el tubo de escape (NEX)
- Nitratos segundarios (a partir de los inventarios de las emisiones para el NOx)
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
• Fe en todas ciudades • Cu, Zn, Sb, Sn, Mn, Mo • Ca en BCN • EC en POR, MLN y FI • S en ATH
PERFILES DE LA FUENTE TRÁFICO
• EC OC • Cu, Zn, Mn
Principalmente NH4NO3 y OC NaNO3 en ATH-SUB
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
PM10
PM2.5
CONTRIBUCIONES MEDIAS DEL TRÁFICO
• En fondo urbano, VEX y NEX son similares
• En estaciones tráfico, VEX domina (clima húmedo)
• VEX domina en el PM2.5, excepto in MLN
PM10
PM2.5
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
1
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
31-38% del PM10 (23% ATH) 1a fuente en todos lo sitios
28-39% del PM2.5 (22% ATH) 1a fuente en MLN, POR y FI 2a fuente, después SSO, en BCN y ATH
Tráfico (total)
Traffic; 13,0; 34%
Secondary nitrate; 2,0; 5%
Heavy oil &sec. organic sulphate; 5,5; 14%
Mineral dust; 2,6; 7%
Industrial; 3,7; 9%
Sea salt; 0,7; 2%
Biomass burning; 9,1; 24%
Unaccounted; 2,1; 5%
MLN-UB PM10
CONTRIBUCIONES MEDIAS DEL TRÁFICO
MEDIA ANUAL
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
33-45% of PM10 1a fuente en todos lo sitios excepto en Atenas
22-42% of PM2.5 1a fuente en todos lo sitios excepto en Atenas
DÍAS >50 (40 BCN) µgPM10/m3
Tráfico (total)
Traffic; 32,8; 33%
Secondary nitrate; 5,0; 5%
Heavy oil &sec. organic sulphate; 7,0; 7%
Mineral dust; 2,5; 2%Industrial; 3,0; 3%
Sea salt; 1,4; 1%
Biomass burning; 28,5; 29%
Unaccounted; 19,7; 20%
MLN-UB PM10
CONTRIBUCIONES MEDIAS DEL TRÁFICO
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
Promedio Anual Días >50 µgPM10/m3
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
1 2 3
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1 2 3
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
PERFILES EXPERIMENTALES: PASTILLAS DE FRENOS Y
NEUMÁTICOS
% UK BRAND A UK BRAND B US BRAND ES BRAND DE BRAND JP BRAND FR BRAND
TC 28 NA 26 28 32 83 79
Al 0.5 1 3.2 1.6 2.6 0.1 0.1
Ba 6.9 0.1 6.7 3.9 3.7 0.001 0.0015
Ca 0.5 0.3 1.7 4.3 2.1 1.3 0.5
Cu 0.003 11.8 2.6 0.02 1 0.0005 0.0007
Fe 45.6 26 13.2 23.6 27.4 <DL <DL
K 0.1 <DL 0.4 0.1 0 <DL 0.1
Mg 1.3 0.8 3.8 0.6 0.6 <DL <DL
Mn 0.2 <DL 0.1 1.5 0.1 0.0003 0.0003
Na <DL <DL 1 0.1 0.1 <DL <DL
S 1 1.9 1.9 3.3 2.4 1.2 1.3
mg/kg
Hg <DL 0.1 0.1 2.1 0.2 NA NA
Li 1.4 2 3.5 1.9 1.4 1 <DL
Ti 686 335 905 489 396 31 17
V 179 40 17 26 47 4 4
Cr 230 2834 185 1276 64 1 2
Co 24 10 11 13 20 80 94
Ni 47 33 50 72 69 <DL <DL
Zn 36 14862 5717 1778 761 19849 15073
Ga 8 6 5 4 5 <DL <DL
Ge 2 4 2 1 1 <DL <DL
As 9 8 23 10 120 1 1
Se <DL 7 12 <DL 12 <DL <DL
Rb 31 5 29 16 1 1 3
Sr 696 26 719 763 1371 18 3
Y 1 16 16 7 2 <DL <DL
Zr 13 950 2337 73 23 1 1
Nb 2 <DL 2 136 9 <DL 1
Mo 4 3093 86 13 167 <DL 1
Cd <DL 23 2 <DL 2 3 2
Sn 1 10 342 41 148 3 2
Sb 12 6944 15916 30 64 12 2
Cs 1 1 1 <DL <DL <DL <DL
La 3 <DL 8 41 2 2 4
Ce 5 <DL 14 56 5 <DL 1
Hf <DL <DL 45 1 <DL <DL <DL
Pb 159 7 175 39 261 20 26
Bi <DL <DL 36 <DL 9 <DL 1
Th 1 4 4 4 <DL <DL <DL
U <DL 4 4 1 <DL <DL <DL
W <DL <DL <DL 19 1 <DL <DL
Brake pads Tires
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
1090
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Ca
Fe Zn x 10
BCN-UB
MLN
-UB
POR-TR
FI-UB
ATH-SUB
Bike Brake UK
Brake
US
Brake ES
Brake
D
Mean brake
Tire JP brand
Tire FR brand
Mean tires
Barcelona
Athens
Porto
Florence
Mean road dust
PMF
Brake pads
Tires
Road dust
PERFILES EXPERIMENTALES: POLVO DE RODADURA
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
CONCLUSIONES SOBRE TRÁFICO RODADO
1. El tráfico contribuye 31-38% del PM10 (23% ATH), 28-39% del PM2.5 (22%ATH)
2. En el PM10 NEX y SNI son comparables al VEX, excepto en POR-TR
3. En PM2.5 VEX domina, excepto SNI en MLN-UB
4. La contribución del tráfico en general aumenta durante las excedencias del PM10
5. La fuente NEX está más relacionada con:
• Resuspension(en BCN y ATH)
• Desgaste de los frenos (en POR, FI, y MLN)
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
Thank you very much for your attention!!!
http://airuse.eu [email protected]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIFE+ AIRUSE
Spain MAGRAMA, GenCat, Barcelona and Madrid City Councils Italy ARPA-Lombardia, Regione Lombardia, Regional Government of Tuscany, ARPA Toscana
Portugal Porto City Council, North Regional Coord. & DeveloP. Comm. (CCDR-N) Greece Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change
Spain M. Brritte Larka, A. Orio, M. Pallares, I. Hernández, A. Cristobal, E. Aulí
Portugal C. Figueiredo (CCDR-N); J. Monjardino (CENSE, Universidade Nova de Lisboa) Italy F. Forni (Regione Toscana),
Greece M. Lazaridis y Athina Progiou (Proyecto ACEPT AIR)
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
FURTHER TASKS
X. Querol1, A. Karanasiou1, F. Amato1, C. Vasconcelos1, A. Alastuey1, M. Viana1, T. Moreno1, F. Plana1, N. Perez1, M. Cabañas1, R. Bartoli1, S. Martinez1, M. Sosa1,
F. Lucarelli2, S. Nava2, G. Calzolai2, R. Udisti2, S. Becagli2, R. Traversi2, M. Severi2, S. Borselli2, C. Alves3, C. Pio3, T. Nunes3, L. Tarelho3, M. Duarte3, M. Cerqueira3, E. Vicente3, D. Custódio3, H. Pinto3,
E. Montfort4, I.Celades4, A. Escrig4, V. Sanfelix4, S. Gomar4, M. Padilla4, L. Ortiz4, B. Ferrer4, Y. Reig4, R. Harrison5, C. Holman5, D. Beddows5, M. Harding5,
K. Eleftheriadis6, L. Diapouli6, S. Vratolis6, M. Gini6, E. Bairaktari6, S. Dalaina6, V. Galifianakis6, V.L. Gianelle7, C. Colombi7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
AIRUSE UPCOMINGS TASKS
TASKS AND EXPECTED FINAL PRODUCTS Schedule
Harmonization of source apportionment
PM Speciation and Source apportionment 31/03/2015
Report on Source apportionment in Southern Europe 31/12/2015
Determination of the impact of natural sources
Southern Europe database for concentrations of chemical tracers for natural sources 31/05/2015
Report on Contribution of natural sources and methods used 31/05/2015
Testing of air mitigation measures – Development strategies
5 technical guides
Industrial emission reduction 28/02/2015
Reduction of biomass burning emissions 30/06/2015
New mitigation measures 30/06/2015
Mitigation measures 31/12/2015
Applicability of selected measures from North. to South. Europe
10 reports
Street cleaning 31/12/2015
Dust suppressants 31/12/2015
Low emission zones 31/12/2015
Electric, hybrid and gas vehicles 31/12/2015
Diesel car/fuel taxation 31/12/2015
Vehicle Eco-efficiency 31/12/2015
NOx reduction technologies applied to traffic 31/12/2015
Biomass burning abatement in Northern Europe 31/12/2015
Shipping abatement measures 31/12/2015
Interference and synergy of air quality and climate 31/12/2015
Dissemination of project results
Teachers´ seminars 31/05/2014
Layman´s Report 30/09/2016
Final report 31/12/2016
After-LIFE+ communication Plan 30/09/2016
in progress of dissemination
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL MEAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MEAN OF DAYS >50µg/m3 PM10 (BCN >40µg/m3)
PM10 POR-TR BCN-UB FI-UB MLN-UB ATH-SUB PM10 POR-TR BCN-UB FI-UB MLN-UB ATH-SUB
TRAFFIC 38%(13) 33%(7) 31%(6) 34%(13) 23%(5) TRAFFIC 36%(24) 45%(22) 43%(31) 41%(33) 9%(6) Exhaust 23% 14% 13% 7% 10% 25% 13% 5% 5% 4% Non-exhaust 9% 11% 9% 9% 8% 6% 14% 9% 14% 3% TR-NO3
- 6% 8% 9% 19% 5% 5% 18% 29% 22% 2% REG (OC+SO4
2-) 10%(4) 26%(6) 21%(4) 19%(6) 20%(4) REG (OC+SO42-) 5%(3) 19%(9) 6%(4) 9%(3) 2%(1.7)
L.DUST 19%(6) 11%(3) 12%(2) 5%(2) 10%(2) L.DUST 27%(17) 4%(1.8) 2%(1.8) 3%(17) 1%(1.1)
BIOMASS BURN. 14%(5) <2%(<0.5) 16%(3) 24%(9) 7%(1.4) BIOMASS BURN. 25%(16) <2%(<0.5) 30%(22) 35%(16) 1%(0.6) INDUST 4%(1.2) 11%(3) 5%(0.9) 9%(4) <1%(<0.2) INDUST 2%(1.2) 17%(8) 3%(2) 4%(1) <1%(<0.2) nTR-NO3
- 2%(0.8) 8%(1.8) 6%(1.2) 5%(2) 7%(1.5) nTR-NO3- 2%(1.3) 9%(4) 7%(5) 6%(1) 1%(1.1)
SHIPPING <1% (<0.2) 4%(0.9) <1%(<0.2) <1%(<0.2) 4%(0.8)* SHIPPING <1%(<0.2) 4%(2) <1%(<0.2) <1%(<0.2) 3%(2.3)* AFR.DUST <1%(<0.2) 1%(0.3) 4%(0.7) <1%(<0.2) 14%(3) AFR.DUST <1%(<0.2) 1%(0.3) <1%(0.2) <1%(<0.2) 52%(38)
S.SALT 13%(4) 6%(1.5) 3%(0.6) 3%(1) 7%(1.6) S.SALT 3%(1.9) 2%(0.8) 1%(0.5) 2%(2) 7%(4.9)
*Shipping in ATH includes also heavy oil combustion from industrial plants and maybe some residential oil combustion for heating as well.
València, 3 de Desembre de 2015
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL MEAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MEAN OF DAYS >50 (40 BCN)µgPM10/m3 (>35µg/m3 PM2.5 MLN)
PM2.5 POR-TR BCN-UB FI-UB MLN-UB ATH-SUB PM2.5 POR-TR BCN-UB FI-UB MLN-UB ATH-SUB
TRAFFIC 39%(10) 28%(4) 31%(4) 34%(10) 22%(2.5) TRAFFIC 35%(23) 42%(14) 32%(22) 39%(21) 11%(3) Exhaust 31% 20% 18% 6% 15% Exhaust 30% 20% 5% 4% 9% Non-exhaust 5% 1% 2% 9% 5% Non-exhaust 3% 2% 1% 7% 1% TR-NO3
- 3% 7% 11% 19% 2% TR-NO3- 2% 20% 26% 28% 1%
REG (OC+SO42-) 13%(3) 37%(6) 29%(4) 19%(6) 34%(4) REG (OC+SO4
2-) 2%(1.4) 22%(7) 6%(4) 11%(6) 5%(1.2) L.DUST 16%(5) 6%(1.0) 2%(0.3) 5%(1.5) 5%(0.5) L.DUST 22%(14) 2%(0.6) <1%(0.1) 2%(1.2) 2%(0.4) BIOMASS BURN. 18%(5) <3%(<0.5) 21%(3) 21%(6) 10%(1.2) BIOMASS BURN. 33%(22) <3%(<0.5) 33%(23) 26%(14) 2%(0.5) INDUST 5%(1.3) 12%(1.8) 6%(0.8) 5%(1.5) <1% (<0.1) INDUST 1%(0.9) 18%(6) 3%(2) 3%(1.8) <1%(<0.2) nTR-NO3
- 1%(0.3) 3%(0.5) 4%(0.5) 6%(1.7) 3%(0.3) nTR-NO3- 1%(0.4) 9%(3) 6%(4) 8%(4.3) 3%(0.6)
SHIPPING <1%(<0.2) 5%(0.7) <1%(<0.2) <1%(<0.2) 7%(0.8) * SHIPPING <1%(<0.2) 6%(2) <1%(<0.2) <1%(<0.2) 10%(2)* AFR.DUST <1%(<0.2) <1%(<0.2) 1%(0.2) <1%(<0.2) 6%(0.7) AFR.DUST <1%(<0.2) <1%(<0.2) <1%(0.3) <1%(<0.2) 45%(10) S.SALT 5%(1.3) 3%(0.4) 1%(0.1) 1%(0.5) 2%(0.2) S.SALT <1%(<0.2) 1%(0.3) <1%(0.4) 1%(0.7) 1%(0.3)
*Shipping in ATH includes also heavy oil combustion from industrial plants and maybe some residential oil combustion for heating as well.