Upload
mmgrev
View
220
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/24/2019 P_1_154
1/154
7/24/2019 P_1_154
2/154
7/24/2019 P_1_154
3/154
-
, . , fi, fi/ / , fi, fi/ /
fi , fi, fi , fi, fi/ /
, fi
,
,
. fi ...
fi
:
fi
.
. fi
.
fi
.../ / 2.2.1/ 2.2.1.:fi
75% fi fi fi 25% fi fi .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
4/154
7/24/2019 P_1_154
5/154
............ 5 / ......................................................................... 6
................................................................................................................ 8 .............................................................................................................................. 9fi ........................................................................................................................................... 11
fi .................................................................................................................. 12 fi ................................................................................................. 12 ......................................................................................................... 13fi ................................................................................................................................ 18fi fi ........................................................................................................................ 20
............................................................................................. 22 1: ..................... 25 2: ............................................ 40 3: ............................................................................................ 62 4: .................................................................................................... 75 5: .................................................. 91 6: ..................................... 120 7: ........................................................................................................... 129
.......................................................................... 139
............................................................... 139
....................................................................................................................... 141
....................................................................................... 148
4
7/24/2019 P_1_154
6/154
21. 1.1 fi 21.2 : 41.3 3
2. 2.1 22.2
fi 22.3 2
2.4 4
3. 3.1 23.2 fi 3
4.
4.1 fi 14.2 2
4.3 24.4 fi 2
5. 5.1 fi fi 15.2 25.3 fi 15.4 25.5 fi 35.6
6. 6.1 16.2 26.3 fi
1
7. 7.1 17.2 1
5
7/24/2019 P_1_154
7/154
/
- , fi fi.
fi - - , fi -fi (.....). - , , , fi fi fi. - . , - fi , fi fi fi fi. fi fi -fi - .
fi fi fi fi fi.
, fi , , , - fi. , - (, .), fi fi - fi .
, - . - fi - , .....,
(, , .) , . fi- fi , fi fi. fi . - fi-, fi fi , , , fi , -
6
7/24/2019 P_1_154
8/154
fi . - . fi fi - fi-
. fi , fi . , , -, fi fi, , fi fi - , projects . , fi fi . - fi fi fi fi fi .
fi fi - fi fi fi fi .
7
7/24/2019 P_1_154
9/154
fi fi fi fi fi . fi fi - . fi, fi fi fi , , -, fi fi fi . -
fi fi . , - , , , fi fi - (.....), . fi -fi fi fi fi fi fi - fi . fi fi - fi fi , . ..... - , , fi fi - fi, fi fi, fi - fi fi (fi ) (fi ).
, fi - - , fi fi fi , , - .fi fi fi - fi , , -, .
8
7/24/2019 P_1_154
10/154
fi - -, fi fi - fi . fi,
fi ... . fi - , - fi , - -fi. fi fi - , , , fi . , , fi - , , , .
fi fi fi fi , fi - fi fi. fi fi, fi fi , fi
, fi . , -.
, fi - fi . fi fi . fi - , fi. - fi , fi , fi fi . -
9
7/24/2019 P_1_154
11/154
, - , fi , fi .. - fi
fi, , , .
, - fi , fi , , fi fi -. fi -fi , fi -, fi fi- , , , , .
fi fi , . fi fi fi , fi - , fi fi- . -
fi fi, fi- fi, . -fi fi , , . fi fi , fi- . fi - fi fi fi.
fi fi , fi - . , fi , . - fi fi , - fi fi ,
10
7/24/2019 P_1_154
12/154
fi fi - .
, fi , fi ,
. , - :
, , fi , fi - -, - .
fi fi ,fi fi .
fi , ( -) .
fi fi fi .
fi -, , fi -, fi - .
fi - fi fi -.
fi fi , , fi -fi fi, fi fi , -
fi. fi - , , fi .
fi fi, -
, fi -fi , -
11
7/24/2019 P_1_154
13/154
fi. fi - :
, fi - ,
. - fi fi fi- fi .
, - fi , fi . , , , fi fi fi fi fi .
, , fi , , - fi .
fi fi
fi , fi, fi . fi, . fi fi
fi , fi- .
fi fi -
, , fi fi . fi :
fi fi - fi -, fi fi .
fi fi, , fi fi ....., fi -, fi .
12
7/24/2019 P_1_154
14/154
fi fi , fi fi , . fi , , , ,
, , fi. fi , fi fi fi - fi, , fi - .
fi . fi, , - . fi - fi , fi fi fi . fi fi , fi , , , ,
fi fi fi. - , fi fi fi fi- . , fi fi fi fi fi fi .
fi fi, fi
. - fi fi fi , fi, , fi ( fi - DNA, fi - fi -). , , - fi fi -
13
7/24/2019 P_1_154
15/154
( - fi -, ).
fi , fi fi fi , fifi .
fi fi fi- fi - , . (-) , fi fi, (). fi, fi fi . fi , fi, fi , fi, fi ., fi , fi , fi fi fi fi, . - fi.
fi
fi , . fi fi - , fi fi -. fi - fi. fi - fi . fi, fi , fi fi. -, -
fi, . , fi . , , , ().
, - , fi fi fi, . fi - -
14
7/24/2019 P_1_154
16/154
. fi fi -fi fi , fi fi . - , .
fi fi , fi - fi fi.
:
fi fi -, - fi (- fi , , - . ).
, , fi - . , fi .
fi , - , , -fi . - fi
fi fi. fi , . - fi, fi - , . - fi fi , fi fi fi . fi
. fi fi , fi, fi fi , fi ( - ).
, fi .
15
7/24/2019 P_1_154
17/154
. -fi fi fi , - fi , - fi .
, fi , fi , .
fi fi fi fi , - . , - , fi, fi , , - , fi fi -, fi , , . , fi fi, fi fi -, fi fi, fi .
fi fi , , fifi , - fi
( project) , fi - .fi , fi ....., fi fi . , fi fi fi . -
fi fi fi -, , . fi- fi , - fi . - fi-fi , fi , - , - , fi -
16
7/24/2019 P_1_154
18/154
, - , . fi fi -fi -
, fi fi - . fi . . .
fi fi fi fi, fi fi , fi . fi fi fi. , - . fi , fi . fi, fi , fi fi fi fi fi . , -fi , fi ,
, fi fi -fi fi , fi .
fi- -, fi - . , fi ,
, , - . fi , - fi . -- , . fi , , , , fi - fi .
17
7/24/2019 P_1_154
19/154
fi, , fi fi , - fi fi - fi
. - - fi fi fi (.. ), fi - fi , -, , fi - , .
fi fi :
. fi fi, fi fi - fi fi .
. fi -.
. fi -, fi fi , - fi, - fi fifi .
fi :
fi, fi- fi .
, fi .
fi , - ., fifi
fi fi (- , fi .), -fi.
, fi. fi fi
: , (. .....). fi
fi:
18
7/24/2019 P_1_154
20/154
. . fi fi .
. , , fi , - fi - . -fi fi - , , fi , fi fi -fi . fi, -
, fi:
, fi . , , .. fi
. fi, -
fi, fi fi - ,
.
fi fi :
fi fi , - fi , .
fi fi, - fi.
fi . fi fi
, fi fifi fi , fi ..
fi - fi .
, , fi fi fi.
19
7/24/2019 P_1_154
21/154
, fi , fi fi , .
fi -fi - .
fi fi fi fi -
fi fi. fi fi , -
fi fi .
20
7/24/2019 P_1_154
22/154
EI
fi fi ,
fi, , - . , fi , (, - ) . fi fi ( ) fi ,
, - .
, fi .
21
7/24/2019 P_1_154
23/154
fi fi fi :
fi - fi . -
.
fi fi- .
fi .
.
fi fi fi
. 1
2
fi
22
7/24/2019 P_1_154
24/154
, fi
fi
1. 1-, 2-, 3-.
2. : fi (.. ) , fi (.. fi fi ). fi - fi . . , -fi .
3. :. 1 fi:
fi , fi , .2 fi: fi - fi .
. fi fi.fi (fi): , fi .
. : fi . , ().
23
7/24/2019 P_1_154
25/154
fi . .
Mackean, D.G. (19952). GCSE Biology. London: John Murray.
Roberts, M.B.V. (1986). Biology for Life. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd.
Torrance, J. et al. (1991). Higher Grade Biology. Hodder & Stoughton.
24
7/24/2019 P_1_154
26/154
1:
fi fi
fi : fi .
- .
fi fi fi -.
- fi fi fi.
( -) .
fi . -
.
, , - .
.
-.
fi fi fi - .
.
, , - .
fi (fi fi) fi - .
- .
fi .
25
7/24/2019 P_1_154
27/154
fi fi fi
. 1 1.1 fi
fi 2 3 1.2 : 4 fi 5 fi 6 7 1.3
8 9 fi
. fi fi fi
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
1 fi 1 fi : fi .
2 fi -: fi fi fi.
3 fi 1 fi : -
: fi fi, fi fi.
4 fi 1 fi : fi " ";.
1 - : - -.
2 - : - .
3 - : -
.
4 - : - .
26
7/24/2019 P_1_154
28/154
27
5 fi 1 fi : -.
9
fi
(.. ).
2 fi1.1 fi
fi - (,, -, , , ,
, -, , fi, ,-, fi-, fi, , fi)
fi :
. fi
fi - .
fi - .
fi
fi .
(, , .) fi fi fi -
:
. fi fi fi -
.
fi , fi fi .
fi fi fi fi fi.
fi . , , fi-
.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
29/154
1.
1.11, , fi fi, fi fi . -
fi . - fi , fi fi , . - . fi - , ,fi, . , fi . - : (.. fi, .) fi fi (fi , .. fi, , -
.) fi (, .. fi) fi ( , .. ) fi (.. -) fi. , fi, fi (-) fi fi , fi .
2. , fi , fi . - fi fi (, ) fi fi - (, .). , - fi (.. ) (.. ).
3. , ,
, - (, , ) fi fi fi . fi -
28
1. H .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
30/154
fi, fi , , DNA, , .
4. , fi , fi
fi ( fi ), (, , ), fi ( , - ), (), (fi -) . fi, fi . fi 1.2. .
29
7/24/2019 P_1_154
31/154
1 . 1 ;
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
30
fi:fi, , , fi, , , , , ,fi , , , , , , ,, , , .
1A fi fi
2A fi
7/24/2019 P_1_154
32/154
1 . 2 , ,
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
fi , .
(, ,-,)
(C, H, O, N, P, S)
(fifi,fifi,
,)
(,,DNA, )
31
C, H, O C, H, O, N(fi S)
C, H, O,N, PC, H, O
(fiN, P)
7/24/2019 P_1_154
33/154
7 fi1.3
fi - (, -, -, , , , ,-, , fi, , --, fi-, fi, , fi)
fi :
.
-.
. . fi fi -
.
fi . , -
.
. -
.
- , - .
(, , .) fi fi fi - :
fi fi . fi
fi fi . fi, .
fi fi fi fifi fi .
, , - .
fi fi: , , ,
32
7/24/2019 P_1_154
34/154
, ( ) , fi, fi fi ( ) .
fi.
fi - fi fi fi: - .
fi (.. ) fi , fi fi fi.
fi - fi fi: (. ) fi fi.
1.
fi - . - fi fi - . - . , -
, . fi fi - : fi - fi.
2. - fi , fi fi . - fi fi . - fi , fi -
fi , - , fi fi fi fi . - fi 2 fi fi .
3. fi
33
2. fi fi.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
35/154
fi . fi fi - ,
. - ( fi -fi fi ). fi (.. , , - fi ) - fi ( , - , -). - (.. fi ).
4. (: fi fi -fi, : fi fi fi) 1.3.
5. fi , fi fi fi
.
34
7/24/2019 P_1_154
36/154
35
1 . 3
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
A. N fi .
. fifi.
. fi .
. fifi.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
37/154
, fi
1.1 fi fi
1.
2. . , 70.. , .. fi, fi.
3.
1.2 : fi
fi
1. . , . .
2. . , . fi, . , . , . fi, . , . fi, . fi. : fi fi : , fi, , fi. fi fi : , -fi .
36
12
34
7/24/2019 P_1_154
38/154
3.
+ +fi + +fi + + + + +fi fi + +
4.
1.3
fi
1. . , . .
2. . fi, fi, .. , , fi, fi, .
3. . , . , . , . .
4. , fi, fi, , fi.
3
4
5
K T I
11
12
37
12
67
8
910
7/24/2019 P_1_154
39/154
5.
,
1. fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi
2. : , .: , .
3. . : . fi . fi : . fi . fi.
4. fi.: . fi , . , . fi-, . fi, . , . fi, . .
6. : fi fi fi, fi
fi . fi fi fi, fi fi fi fi .
7. , fi, fi, , fi, fi,fi, , fi.
38
12
34
5 6 7 8
7/24/2019 P_1_154
40/154
http://www.cellsalive.com/ , fi fi .
Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. & Watson, J.D. (19943).
Molecular Biology of the Cell. NY: Garland Publishing.Crick, F. (1966). (fi : Of molecules
and men), (. . ). A: .Driver, R., Squires, A. Rushworth, P. & Wood-Robinson, V. (1998). --
. (. . fi . . ). : fi.
Stryer, L. (19881). . (. . , . , . , ., .. fi, .. fi & . --). : fi .
, ., , ., fi, . & , . (2003). - . fi fi . - , 5, 14-22.
39
7/24/2019 P_1_154
41/154
2:
fi fi fi :
-.
fi (, ..).
(fi -fi ) fi , .
-.
fi fi -.
fi fi .
fi - fi .
fi - () fi - ().
fi , - fi fi .
.
fi fi .
fi , .
- .
.
fi , ().
- fi .
-- .
40
7/24/2019 P_1_154
42/154
41
fi fi fi
. 1 2.1 23 2.2
fi
4 , , 5 2.3 67 2.4 8 9
10
. fi fi fi
2
3
4
5
6
1 fi 2 fi : .
2 fi 2 fi : fi .
3 fi 2 fi : ,
fi , . 4 fi 2 fi : - .
5 fi 2 fi : -.
5 - : fi -.
6 - : fi- .
7 - : fi .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
43/154
42
10
fi
I, .. (), , ( .).
3 fi2.2 fi
fi - (, -, -, , , , ,-, , fi, , -
-, fi-, fi, , fi) fi :
fi - fi .
fi .
fi fi fi , -.
6 fi 2 fi : .
:
- ( fi .
: - fi ( fi - .
7 fi 2 fi :
.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
44/154
fi fi .
-fi -fi fi fi fi
. fi .
fi fi - .
fi - fi .
fi , - .
fi.
.
(, , .) fi fi fi - :
fi , , .
fi fi fi fi, , fi fi fi. fi - - .
, fi: fi , - , , , fi, fi.
fi fi fi .
fi fi fi fi.
fi fi .
- fi, , fi fi.
43
7/24/2019 P_1_154
45/154
44
, fi - fi fi .
fi fi - . fi , fi fi -, , fi , (.. ) .
fi fi fi .
fi fi -
, fi fi, , , .
fi fi . fi . -
fi fi , - fi fi. , fi fi fi - fi .
fi fi , , fi fi - fi .
fi fi -.
fi .
fi fi -fi .
fi fi fi -, fi fi fi . fi fi: fi, -
, fi, ,, .
.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
46/154
45
1.
. fi fi , fi, fi
2 3 , - . fi , - 3.
2. , , fi - - . 2 3 fi fi 2.14. .
3. fi fi - . - fi fi . , - , -. fi fi -. - fi . , , -
fi , () fi () , fi- . fi - fi - fi fi - .
4. - fi - .
fi. fi-, fi
3. H : , , , . , , -, fi .
4. fi fi .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
47/154
. fi - . , fi, fi - ( -
) , 5. . fi fi .
5. fi fi fi fi fi. fi - . - (.. fi, , , , , , fi.) . fi fi . - fi fi .
6. - . . , fifi fi .
- . fi, fi -fi fi fi fi , - fi fi fi fi . , - . -fi fi fi -
. fi fi .7.
, , fi fi
46
5. fi fi : , , , n a / , d e .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
48/154
. , fi, , fi 6 fi fi. , -
fi fi fi. - , - fi fi -. 2.2.
8. fi fi -7, fi. -fi fi, , fi, fi fi
2.1. , .. ().
47
6. , fi .7. . (, , .).
7/24/2019 P_1_154
49/154
48
2 . 1
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
fi. . fi fi .
1
:
( , - , fi , fi, -, , , )
3
..
:
( , , fi , fi, - , )
5
:( , fi , fi - , , fi, fi- fi, - fi, , )
2
:
( , fi- , -, fi, -, , , -)
4 :
( , fi- , fi , , , )
6
:( , fi- , fi, , - , -, )
:( , fi- , fi , , , )
7/24/2019 P_1_154
50/154
2 . 2A
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
A.
fi: , , ,
, , , , ,
, .
.
.
49
( )
(: )
:
( )
:
( )
:
:
...
fi:
fi
7/24/2019 P_1_154
51/154
5 6 fi2.3
fi - (, -, -, , , , ,-, , fi, , --, fi-, fi, , fi)
fi :
fi fi .
fi fi - .
, , .
fi fi fi - .
fi -.
fi - .
fi - fi fi .
fi (- ) fi fi .
, , .
fi fi. fi fi.
fi - fi fi .
fi (- ) fi fi .
50
7/24/2019 P_1_154
52/154
(, , .) fi fi fi - :
, , fi.
fi fi , fi .
fi -, fi, fi .
fi fi: fi, - , fi, ,, .
fi fi , fi fi -.
fi fi fi fi , .
fi () fi - fi fi .
fi fi , fi - fi fi .
fi fi , - , fi fi - .
fi fi -, fi fi, , , .
fi fi - fi fi .
fi .
fi ( ) . fi fi , , fi fi fi , fi , fi fi fi fi fi .
fi fi -.
fi fi -fi .
51
7/24/2019 P_1_154
53/154
fi fi - , fi fi fi .
.
1. -
, (, ) . fi - fi fi
, fi fi . , , , fi fi .
2. fi fi fi - fi, , . fi fi fi fi- . fi . fi , , - fi (, fi, fi, ,, , , , , .). 2.3.
3. -
-, , fi. . fi fi - fi8. - fi
52
8. fi, fi .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
54/154
fi . - fi fi (, -, ) , fi . -
fi fi fi fi .4. -
fi , , . fi fi fi - fi fi, fi fi fi -. , , , (, ) . - - fi fi - ( fi) fi fi , fi - fi . fi . -
fi - fi (). fi, . fi - , fi fi . - .
fi - fi . fi fi (, , -) . , , - fi, - . fi fi fi fi .
53
7/24/2019 P_1_154
55/154
5. fi fi fi - , fi fi, ., - fi- 2.4. -
() () -. - fi, , . - fi fi .
6. fi ( ). -
, - , , -, (- .). - fi fi -.
54
7/24/2019 P_1_154
56/154
2 . 3
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
fi , , fi: ,, , , ,
, .
fi -, , fi: , ,, , ,
, .
55
7/24/2019 P_1_154
57/154
2 . 4
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
fi fi fi fi . (.. fi fi fi).
fi , fi fi
.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
56
( )
( )
7/24/2019 P_1_154
58/154
, fi
2.1 I
1.
2. :fi .
3. :, .
4. : fi. fi fi fi . - fi fi fi .
2.2 fi
, ,
1. . , . .
3. :. . fi .
57
7/24/2019 P_1_154
59/154
. fi
4. .
5.
2.3
1. .
2. :. fi -
.. .
3. . , . , . .
2.4
1. . fi
.. : .
. fi fi - .
2. :
fi -.
58
12
34
5 6
7/24/2019 P_1_154
60/154
fi . fi fi .
3. .
,
1.
2. , , , , .
3. :. fi fi fi-
.. , fi .
4. . .. fi .. fi fi, .. .
5. (: -
.)
6. -1, -4, -2, -5.
59
fi .
fi fi .
, -
.
fi
7/24/2019 P_1_154
61/154
7.
http://www.greenpeace.org/ fi fi (...) Greenpeace.
http://www.wwf.org/ fi fi ... WWF.
http://www.arcturos.gr/
fi fi ... .
http://www.antiripos.gr fi fi fi .
Emberlin, J. (1986). . : -
fi.
fi, . (1996). fi .: Gutenberg.fi, . (1999). 10 14
. -, 29, 75-96.
, . (2001). fi - . : -fi.
, ., , . fi, . & , . (2003).
60
, fi, -
fi .
, .
fi
fi
-fi .
fi
.
fi
7/24/2019 P_1_154
62/154
fi - fi . - , 5, 14-22.
, . (2001). , , . . -
& . fi (.) .fi , . 105-134. : fi fi .
61
7/24/2019 P_1_154
63/154
62
3:
fi fi fi :
fi fi .
.
fi.
( ) .
fi .
fi fi .
fi.
fi - .
fi fi (..
.) (.. fi,fi ..).
7/24/2019 P_1_154
64/154
7/24/2019 P_1_154
65/154
64
- fi fi.
fi fi .
(, , .) fi fi fi - :
, fi - fi fi ( ) .
fi .
fi fi fi fi fi . fi
.
fi . fi . fi . fi .
1. fi -
. - fi . fi (- ). , fi , fi . fi fi
.2.
fi, , , , - . - . , - fi . fi fi ,
7/24/2019 P_1_154
66/154
65
fi -, fi - . - ( ),
- (, , , .). fi , fi fi , . fi 3.1.
3. fi fi - , fi , fi. , fi - fi. , fi fi, fi (- , fi ). fi . fi - . , , fi - , fi
, fi , . fi fi . fi fi . fi, - , . fi fi , , - (fi) (fi).
, fi, , - , fi (ATP) fi , - ( ) - (fi ).
4. fi fi fi , fi -
7/24/2019 P_1_154
67/154
. ( fi fi) fi (
fi fi). - . fi 3.2. , fi, - ATP .
5. fi . , fi fi, fi fi - fi . fi fi - fi fi .fi fi , , . fi fi . fi . -
, fi fi, , fi ( , .., - ) fi . - fi fi , fi -, . , fi, fi fi fi
fi fi .6. fi fi , fi. , fifi, fi -, - (fi ) ( ) . , fi fi, - fi fi.
66
7/24/2019 P_1_154
68/154
2-4 fi 3.3.
7. , , , fi -
fi - (fi ) . fi ( - fi ). fi fi fi . fi fi fi, fi- , fi -. fi fi fi fi fi - fi , fi, . fi -fi fi . fi , fi fi, , fi, fi . fi, fi fi.
8. - - fi. fi fi fi fi . fi - . , fi (, -, .). -
fi : fi . fi fi ( -) 3.4.
9. (, -, ). - fi .
67
7/24/2019 P_1_154
69/154
68
3 . 1
............................................................ ......................................
..................... ..............................................
. fi (, , ).
:
:
.
. 5 - :
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
7/24/2019 P_1_154
70/154
3 . 2
............................................................ ......................................
..................... ..............................................
. fi (, fi, fi,fi, fi).
1. + +
(. , )
2. + +
(. , . )
. fi - -
:
) fi : ...........................................................................................
) : .............................................................................................
69
7/24/2019 P_1_154
71/154
3 . 3 !
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
, , , , 1, 2 3.
:
:
:
1. fi + ;
.................................................................................................................................................
2. .
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
fi
1:
2:
3:
70
7/24/2019 P_1_154
72/154
3 . 4 ... !
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
fi fi - fi . fi . -.
, fi (H2O2, fi ) fi fi.. fi ;.................................................................................................................................................
. ;.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
71
:fi
B:
7/24/2019 P_1_154
73/154
72
, fi
3.1
1. fi -, fi - . , .
2. . , . .
3.2 fi
1. fi fi fi, . fi -fi fi fi .
2. :
fi fi -. , -. fi fi, .
3. ( :) fi )
) fi fi fi fi - .)
7/24/2019 P_1_154
74/154
,
1. , fi fi ,
, - (fi, fi .), fi- fi . - fi fi, . fi , fi ( -, ) fi , fi fi .
2. ( - , - fi .)
3. : fi fi .
4. :. fi (H2O2, ) fi -
, 9.. , fi
(H2O2, ) fi fi. - () fi.
5. [ - . fi, fi -, fi (-
) . - , . (.. -), .]
73
9. fi fi fifi fi fi .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
75/154
http://www.diaita.com.gr/gnorizete.htm fi fi .
http://www.mednutrition.gr/clinical/diabetesmellitus.htm .
Goodsell, D.S. (1992). The machinery of life. NY: Springer - Verlag.Stryer, L. (19881). . (. , ., , ., , ., -
, ., fi, .., fi, .. & --, .). : fi .
74
7/24/2019 P_1_154
76/154
75
4:
fi fi
fi : fi fi -fi .
fi fi.
fi fi-.
- .
fi fi.
fi fi - .
fi fi -, -fi.
. fi , ,
fi - fi fi .
, , fi fi.
fi - fi .
fi . , , fi
fi .
fi fi . , -
fi .
fi fi .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
77/154
76
fi fi fi
. 1 4.1 fi2 4.2 3 fi 4 4.3 56 4.4 fi 7
. fi fi fi
1
2
3
4
5
6
fi (brainstorming) - , fi ,fi, .
2 fi 4 fi : fi... .
1 fi 4 fi : fi .
4 fi 4 fi : fi.
5 fi 4 fi
: ;.
3 fi 4 fi : .
7 fi 4 fi : fi .
8 - : - .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
78/154
7
4 5 fi4.3
fi - (, -, -, , , , ,-, , fi, , --, fi-, fi, , fi)
fi :
.
fi - fi .
. fi
.
fi .
- .
(, , .) fi fi fi - :
fi . fi
fi.
77
fi
, (- .), fi (....), -fi (....), fi (...), Pasteur.
6 fi 4 fi : --.
8 fi 4 fi-
: - .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
79/154
fi , fi fi, fi fi.
, .
fi fi- .
1. 5-6 fi.
fi , -fi (brainstorming).
: : ( ) - , : fi -fi fi , : fi fi fi , : fi . -, fi, fi . fi fi -fi . , , - fi fi , fi fi , fi , , fi fi - 4.1.
2. fi - . -
. fi . fi fi -, . 4.2.
3. : fi, , . - , - fi , fi .
78
7/24/2019 P_1_154
80/154
-, fi ( - fi ), fi -fi . -
fi , - fi . fi fi - fi ( -). fi, , fi , fi ( , fi -fi fi) ( ).
4. fi - fi (- + fi), fi fi - fi. fi fi ( fi fi fi -. , , - fi fi fi fi).
5. fi fi- . , fi fi, . fi fi ( ) - fi fi fi- fi. - - . , , fi- fi -
fi fi fi -fi (.. fi ). fi fi, fi fi fi, fi fi . fi fi fi. - fi fi, fi .
79
7/24/2019 P_1_154
81/154
6. - fi 4.1. - fi - fi -
fi . fi fi fi fi- fi fi fi fi fi fi (, , fi , , fi.). ( , ), fi (....), (...), fi (..), - Pasteur, fi fi .
80
7/24/2019 P_1_154
82/154
4 . 1 ...
(, , , ) ............................................................ ......................................
..................... ..............................................
. :
: .: ..
. fi :
: .fi : ...
. fi fi- fi - :
: .fi fi-: .......
. fi :
: .fi : ...
81
7/24/2019 P_1_154
83/154
4 . 2
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
:
.. ..
:
.. ..
82
7/24/2019 P_1_154
84/154
83
4 . 1 ...
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
1.
2. fi
3. fi
. :1 - .......... - .........., 2 - .......... - .........., 3 - .......... - ..........
. fi fi fi -:
1....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
. fi .
. .
. .
.
. fi fifi
. fi
fi :
7/24/2019 P_1_154
85/154
, fi
4.1 fi
1. fi fi fi fi, fi fi fi. fi fi - : fi fi.
2. :fi: fi fi ( fi , -, pH ..) fi . fi - () . : , (pH) , fi ..
3. :
. fi fi fi fi. fi, fi .
4.2. fi
1. fi fi. fi fi -, , fi , - . - fi , . fi fi - - .
84
7/24/2019 P_1_154
86/154
2. . , . , . , . .
3. , fi fi.
4. :, fi fi fi fi .
5. fi ( ) - () .
6. ( fi, fi fi, , fi ,
fi fi ,
, fi , fi .)
7.
1 2 fi , fi - fi (http://www.keel.org.gr/articles), fi
(http://www.who.int/) (http://www.pasteur.gr/).
4.3
1. ( fi fi fi fi. , fi .)
12
34
5
67
89
10
85
7/24/2019 P_1_154
87/154
2. ( fi fi fi fi- fi. - fi fi fi.
, fi fi fi fi. , fi -fi fi fi, .)
3. ( fi fi , fi fi- fi fifi . fi -
, fi - .)
4.4 fi
1. : fi , fi -
, , fi . - , fi -fi , fi .
2. :. fi
fi, mL, : fi fi =
(. . / 100) fi , fi: 1 - 1 40/100 = 0,4 mL fi, 2 2 5/100 = 0,1 mL fi.
, fi fi fi .
. fi fi - fi: 10 10 5/100 = 0,5 mLfi, 1 1 60/100 = 0,6 mLfi.
86
7/24/2019 P_1_154
88/154
, 10 fi fi 1 .(: , - fi fi
fi fi, fi , fi, -fi fi .)
,
1. . , . , . , . , . .
2. fi fi- . fi fi, , fi-. - , . fi fi fi fi.fi fi - fi .
3. : , fi , fi fi - , .
4. :
, fi , .. - .
5. : , - , fi fi fi .
87
7/24/2019 P_1_154
89/154
6. : fi, - fi fi - fi . fi fi fi
fi fi fi fi .
7. : fi fi, - fi, - .
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/HOMEOSTA.html fi.
http://www.biology-online.org/4/1_physiological_homeostasis.htmBiology online: fi.
http://www.care.gr/enc/diseases/ .
http://www.who.int/en/ fi fi fi (WHO).
http://www.who.int/csr/sars fi fi fi , fi - SARS.
http://www.keel.org.gr/ fi fi (....)
.
http://www.okana.gr/ fi fi (...).
http://www.cellsalive.com/fi fi fi, . -, .
88
7/24/2019 P_1_154
90/154
Alcamo, E. (1991). Fundamentals of Microbiology. Redwood City, CA: The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.Brock, T.D. (1990). Microorganisms from Smallpox to Lyme Disease. NY: W.H.
Freeman.Dixon, B. (1994). Power unseen. How microbes rule the world. Oxford: W.H.Freeman Spectrum.
Postgate, J. (19923). Microbes and man. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.
Postgate, J. (1994). The outer reaches of life. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
WHO (1981). fi 2000. -, ., , . & , . (.-.). : fi- fi .
-, . (1992). . : ...., . & , . (.-.) (1998).
, fi. : fi fi ., . (.-.) (1990). fi , -
fi fi . : fi fi ., . (.-.) (1989). -
. fi fi , : fi- fi .
, . (.-.) (1992). , fi-
fi . : fi fi ., ., , ., fi, . & , . (.-
.) (1987). 2000. : fi fi.
, ., , . & fi, . (.-.) (1984). fi . : fi fi .
, ., , . & , . (2001). .: fi.
-, . (1999). . : .
, . (1995). . . fi. fi . , . 63.
, . (19922). . : University Studio Press., . (.-.) (1992). fi ,
. : fi fi ., . & . (.-.) (1998). 21 -
- . : fi fi ., .. (1995). fi . fi -
, 14 19 . : fi .
89
7/24/2019 P_1_154
91/154
, ., fi, . & , . (.-.) (1995). fi, , . : fi- fi .
, . (.-.) (1981). -
. : fi fi ., ., , . & , . (.-.) (1982). o-fi- . : fi fi.
90
7/24/2019 P_1_154
92/154
5:
fi fi fi :
- . fi -
.
fi . DNA
.
.
fi , , -, .
. fi
fi .
. fi -
fi.
fi .
fi .
fi fi fi- .
.
91
7/24/2019 P_1_154
93/154
fi fi fi
. 1 5.1 fi fi 2 5.2 3
DNA -,
4 5.3 fi5 5.4
6 7 5.5 fi
8 fi 9 5.6
. fi fi fi
1
2
3
92
fi: fi .
1 fi 5 fi : fi.
: - DNA.
2 fi 5 fi :
-.
3 fi 5 fi : - DNA, -.
4 fi 5 fi : fi... -.
9 - : - .
10 - : -fi -.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
94/154
4
5
6
fi
( .).
1 fi
5.1 fi fi fi - (, -, -, , , , ,-, , fi, , --, fi-, fi, , fi)
fi :
( ) .
93
- (: fi ).
11 - : - - .
: fi - .
fi :
;. fi : (fi - project).
5 fi 5 fi : fi .
6 fi 5 fi
: .
fi - .
fi -- fi .
-
fi : , , - .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
95/154
:fi fi .
- fi (-
) . - .
fi , .
fi fi fi - .
-.
. - .
fi fi, , fi.
fi fi- fi .
fi .
(, , .) fi fi fi - :
fi DNA fi , .. .
fi ( fi) fi (-fi), - fi.
fi fi .
fi fi. fi fi . fi fi fi . fi fi (fi fi ).
1. ( ) -
, fi fi , fi 1-3 (..
94
7/24/2019 P_1_154
96/154
, fi, , , , .). - - (fi) -
( fi fi, ).2. fi fi
fi , - fi , , fi -. fi - fi , fi fi , fi - . - (fi fi ) fi . fi -- fi : fi (-) fi (fi , - fi fi). - , - fi10. (), .. , , , ,
fi fi fi (). fi: , , , , , , ., fi . fi - , . - fi fi fi . -fi fi fi- fi 20 ()
fi (), . ( ). (fi fi ) fi fi (DNA) . fi fi fi fi.
95
10. fi - fi.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
97/154
3. - (- ) .
fi fi fi (.. - , fi .).
4. fi fi fi. fi , , - fi - - . fi (fi - ), fi fi - fi ( ,.. ) 11 fi -. fi , fi fi.
5. fi fi . fi fi - . -. fi , fi , -. fi
.6. , 1 fi 5 fi -: fi - .
96
11. fi fi fi fi fi fi , fi fi fi fi fi fi .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
98/154
2 3 fi5.2
fi - (, -, -, , , , ,-, , fi, , --, fi-, fi, , fi)
fi :
- (), .
, , DNA fi .
fi DNA.
, , RNA .
, , fi fi RNA.
fi DNA RNA. DNA ( -
, fi ) fi .
, , DNA fi
fi fi fi fi.
DNA RNA.
.
fi fi - DNA, .
fi , . fi -.
fi DNA RNA, - , fi -.
fi fi - -(DNA-RNA RNA-).
97
7/24/2019 P_1_154
99/154
(, , .) fi fi fi - :
fi fi , fi-
fi fi DNA. DNA fi .
, , fi fi, , fi DNA RNA.
fi RNA fi fi - .
fi : RNA - tRNA .
- , - .
1. fi 3 -
DNA. -, DNA (), -. , fi (-
fi , -fi fi) fi () . - fi fi .
2. (fi) - fi. 5.1.
3. DNA . , - fi 1 - fi. fi - - () DNA-fi () ( ). -fi fi -
98
7/24/2019 P_1_154
100/154
. , DNA, , .
DNA ( ), 12 (). fi DNA fi-. fi - fi fi - fi DNA fi fi!
4. , DNA fi . . . - -
DNA. fi fi, fi fi fi .
5. , , fi RNA fi fi DNA fi (fi: , , :fi RNA - DNA, U RNA - T DNA .). -
RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) fi fi . fi RNA DNA.
6. fi -, , fi ( DNA) - ( - , - , - fi, fi -
, fi- fi fi , fi fi fi .). fi -, , -
99
12. fi fi , - , fi fi. fi fi , fi fi, fi fi.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
101/154
DNA. fi fi, (fifi).
7. -fi DNA fi 13. , fi fi, fi , DNA fi fi fi-.
8. fi , fi, - . fi fi fi- , .. () (G) - ().
9. fi , () fi (fi) - DNA.
10. - DNA . fi fi - fi fi DNA . fi fi
(.. cellsalive.com). fi fi (fi ).
11. 3 DNA. fifi .
12. fi fi fi . ( ) fi
fi () (). - fi fi - fi () , - fi fi -
100
13. fi - fi DNA, -: http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basic/builddna/
7/24/2019 P_1_154
102/154
fi. - RNA (fi) fi fi , - fi ( -
fi - U), fi fi mRNA, - . .
13. fi , , - DNA. fi - fi fi ( -) ( ), - ( fi ). fi fi - (fi). mRNA - fi DNA fi . fi mRNA fi - ( U ) - DNA -
fi .14. , fi, fi
fi , fi - fi.
15. fi fi RNA (fi) fi fi DNA. - fi
fi ( DNA fi -). , fi, fi (junk) DNA.
16. fi 1 fi ( fi 4 ) fi ( ) ( ). fi fi - ( - ) fi -
101
7/24/2019 P_1_154
103/154
mRNA14. fi , , - - fi - . , fi
- ( , .) ( ) . fi-, fi fi , fi 15.
17. fi , - () fi (fi) .
18. , - fi -fi fi . fi fi DNA, , , , fi fi .
19. , fi, - fi -, , . .
102
14. E, fi . - 1-2 fi , - .
15. fi - fi, , - : http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basic/transcribe/
7/24/2019 P_1_154
104/154
5 . 1 DNA -
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
fi DNA fi 22%, fi fi ; .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
103
DNA
1
2
...
G ...
... G
...
C ...
... A
A ...
fi DNA.
fi -
: , G, T, C.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
105/154
4 fi5.3 fi
fi - (, -, -, , , , ,-, , fi, , --, fi-, fi, , fi)
fi :
fi .
fi ( fi ) fi.
fi fi .
fi fi- fi, fi fi .
fi, ( , , , .).
, , fi fi (.. ).
(, , .)
fi fi fi - :
fi , , -fi.
fi fi, - fi.
fi fi fi.
fi fi: fi . fi , fi .
fi fi . fi fi -
fi fi .
1. fi -
104
7/24/2019 P_1_154
106/154
. - fi , - fi - . fi
5.2. , fi , , fi -fi fi . fi fi fi 16.
2. ( ) - ( , .). -, - fi fi (.. ) fi . fi. fi fi, - fi fi , - fi fi fi . fi- fi fi - .
3. - fi . fi - . fifi, , - . ( fi , 17.) - fi fi,
fi fi fi. fi
105
16. fi , , , fi fi , .
17. fi fi . fi fi fi - .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
107/154
fi fi , , fi fi. fi fi fi fi fi fi fi, fi- ( fi fi)
(.. fi -fi .). fi , - fi fi fi fi , - .
4. , fi, - ( 0). - , , fi. fi -fi 0, fi fi - ;.
5. , 5.3 18 . , fi, fi
fi . fi fi fi (fi, .), fi (, , - .) ( , -, fi , .). fifi - fi .
fi .
106
18. , . (fi - project).
7/24/2019 P_1_154
108/154
5 . 2 ...
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
. fi () fi / / (). fi fi fi. fi / fi/ .
()........................ ()........................
fi
, fi
,
. , -: . . / / .
. .
107
7/24/2019 P_1_154
109/154
5 . 3
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
fi 18 ( , , ,
)
. fi fi -
, (, ,
). , fi -
( ).
fi fi fi fi .
, , .
... -
. fi- fi . - .
, , - fi fi ;
fi, - , fi .
. fi - , - . - fi, . -
fi , fi , , , fi, fi . fi , , fi , . , , . , fi, - : .
-fi , .
108
7/24/2019 P_1_154
110/154
5 6 fi5.4
fi - (, -, -, , , , ,-, , fi, , --, fi-, fi, , fi)
fi :
fi fi fi -.
fi - .
fi - .
fi fi fi -fi fi .
fi .
. fi -
fi fi fi - fi .
fi .
fi - . fi DNA
fi, fi .
, - .
, , fi - - .
(, , .) fi fi fi - :
, .
fi fi .
fi .
109
7/24/2019 P_1_154
111/154
fi .
fi fi fi DNA.
fi fi - . fi fi. fi .
fi fi .
fi, -fi fi .
fi fi .
1. , , - fi fi - fi fi . () fi (fi fi). fi .
2. fi fi. (-fi) fi
fi - ( , fi ), fi DNA fi fi ().
3. fi , , -. fi () fi (9 )
. , fi , fi fi - DNA . - fi - fi. fi fi fi ( ) fi .
4. fi
110
7/24/2019 P_1_154
112/154
fi - (fi, ). , fi -
, .. ( , , ). , , - fi . - fi fifi , . , fi, fi. ( .)
5. fi , , , -fi ( , fi fi , 4 .).
6. - fi -fi fi fi . ( fi
fi fi fi.) , fi, fi , fi8 2 fi . ( fi , .) fi - .
7. fi -
(fi ) -. (). ( fi fi fi).
8. fi fi (50% ). fi
111
7/24/2019 P_1_154
113/154
fi19, fi fi . fi 30 fi (..fi) fi (- ), 10 (..
) fi(). fi - fi fi . - , (fi fi ) fi . - . fi - , fi . , - 2 -, - ( 20 fi - 10fi 10 -). fi fi fi - fi . (), fi - -, , fi (), -fi. fi fi
, fi, fi fi (fi 20 , 10 fi 10 , fi 50%). fi, fi, fi fi fi fi (22 -, fi, fi).
9. -
, , ( fi , fifi ,
112
19. fi - fi : 30 fifi , .. fi, 10 fi , .. (fi , ), 4 -fi : , , , fi. , - 2 2 100 mL 50 mL.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
114/154
fi fi fi, fi , fi - .). , -
fi . (.. , fi) , , fi , fi -: , , , .
10. , fi fi , fi - fi fi fi (fi).
11. fi 11 . , fi - . -fi (fi ). - (.. .).
113
7/24/2019 P_1_154
115/154
, fi
5.1 fi fi
1. . , . , . , . .
2. . fi fi .
. - fi.
3.
5.2
DNA ,
1. . , . , . .
2.
3. . ...TTAACGGGTACC.... ...UUAACGGGUACC...
114
1 2
3 4 5
6
rRNA fi .
tRNA fi.
mRNA M .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
116/154
4. :. fi DNA ( m) = fi fi
( nm) 109 (m/nm) 6 109 0,34 109 = 2,04 m.
(: fi fi DNA - , fi 46 fi. fi fi DNA 2 m.)
. fi DNA - . (
fi , fi -
.)
5.3 fi
1. fi fi fifi. fi fi fi fi. fi fi fi , fi fi , fi - fi.
2. : fi , fi fi, , -, fi. fi :. fi ,
fi fi fi.. fi , fi -
fi fi.
. fi , fi fi fi.. fi , -
fi fi fi.. fi , fi-
fi fi.
3. : fi ,
115
7/24/2019 P_1_154
117/154
fi fi, , -, fi. fi - fi fi fi fi . -fi fi fi fi . -
fi fi (fi ), - (fi fi), (fi ) (fi ).
5.4
1. . , . , . , . .
2. : fi fi fi fi . , fi fi , (). , , .., -, , fi , fi ,
, .
3. ( fi:. fi .)
4.
116
46
92
1
2
46 46
23 23 23 23
7/24/2019 P_1_154
118/154
5.5 fi fi
1. fi .
, .fi , , , .
2. : fi fi. fi .
3. : fi fi. fi . fi - ( ) ( ) , .
5.6
1. :. 47 46.. fi 24 .. fi, fi fi 24
fi 23 , fi, fi 23 fi 24 -.
[ fi:, . fi fi fi fi - . - , 40 - fi
20 . fi, - fi ( 23) fi ( 24 .)]
2. : fi , .: fi , .fi fi: , , , .fi fi: 75%, 25%.
117
7/24/2019 P_1_154
119/154
,
1. . , . .
2.
3. . 46, . 23, . 46.
4. :. fi fi- DNA, 15-21 h.
. fi DNA fi fi - fi 28-30 h - DNA 2 -.
5. . 12.. 6.. 2 12 .. 4 6 .
6. :. fi fi.. .. fi fi -
fi fi fi fi , fi fi -
fi fi .. , fi-
- . fi - fi.
. : , : , : , : , : .
7. :. fi, fi fi .
118
fi
7/24/2019 P_1_154
120/154
. , fi (1 ).
. , fi fi.
8. (: fi fi fifi fi fi fi .)
http://www.cellsalive.com/fi ( ).
http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/fi , , - fi .
http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/ fi fi Genetic Science Learning Utah animations -.
http://www.yourgenesyourhealth.org/ds/
animations Down.
Watson. J.D. (1990). . (. . ). : .fi, . (2001). . : fi fi ., . & fi, . (..). . : fi
.
119
7/24/2019 P_1_154
121/154
6:
fi fi fi :
- fi fi fi-.
, , fi (, , -, ) -.
, , fi .
fi fi fi DNA, -, fi, .
fi , -, ( ) .
120
7/24/2019 P_1_154
122/154
fi fi fi
. 1 6.1 2 6.2 3
,
4 6.3 fi
. fi fi
3
fi
, fi, ,fi .
1-3 fi6.1
6.2 fi - (,, -, , , ,, -, , fi, ,-, fi-, fi, , fi)
fi :
fi -fi . fi fi .
fi .
- fi .
121
: fi:
.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
123/154
(, , .) fi fi fi - :
fi fi fi , . -
fi . fi fi .
- .
fi fi fi fi fi - fi , fi .
1. - . 6.1 - . , - fi, fi: , , , - fi. fi , , , . ,
fi, ( ).2. , fi fi
-fi fi fi - , fi . , fi fi fi.
( , , ) - fi fi ( fi fi 10.000 fi). fi, - fi fi (. . fi ). - fi , - . - .
122
7/24/2019 P_1_154
124/154
3. . fi -fi fi fi, fi - . -
: . - , , - . - (, .) (). , fi ( , ). - ( fi) fi . - ( fi -fi ). fi fi fi . - fi fi - DNA. , (, fi, ), - . , -
fi .4.
, , fi fi fi -. fi -fi -fi fi fi, fi ( ). fi, -
fi, fi . - fi , , - (, , fi, fi .).
5. fi fi - . fi fi (, .) fi . fi fi
123
7/24/2019 P_1_154
125/154
( , , fi - .). fi fi fi . fi-
. fi Dolly. fi fi fi - fi fi () . fi 6.1.
6. fi: 4 fi (6.3), fi - (). -fi , fi -.
124
7/24/2019 P_1_154
126/154
6 . 1 ;
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
fi .
1. -
fi :. , . , . -fi fi .
2. :. , . -, . DNA fi.
3. :. , . , . .
:1. =2, =1, =0.2. =0, =2, =1.3. =1, =0, =2.
fi 5 6 : ! fi!
fi 3 4 : -. ! fi!
fi 0 2 : -! ,
125
7/24/2019 P_1_154
127/154
7/24/2019 P_1_154
128/154
127
, fi
6.1
1. :
(: fi 80 - fi fi .)
2. : fi fi-, fi - .
3. :, , , , , ..
6.2
,
1. fi fi fi fi . fi fi fi fi .
2. :. fi
. fi -
.
3. : fi fi , -fi (.. ),
, - fi fi .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
129/154
fi ( fi), fi fi , , -fi .
http://www.nih.gov/sigs/bioethics .
http://www.cbhd.org/ fi fi -.
http://www.biotechnology.gov.au/biotechnologyOnline/whatis/Tools/Cloning/tool_clon_anim.htm fi .
http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/ fi fi Roslin .
http: //www.greenpeace.org/ fi fi (...) Greenpeace.
http://ypepth.gr fi fi , fi - .
Bernard, J. (1996). . : fi.Bud, R. (1993). The Uses of Life-A History of Biotechnology. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.Gareth - Jones, D. (1993). Exploitation of microorganisms. London: Chapman
& Hall., . (2000). . : .fi, . (2003). . : .
fi., . (2000). . : .fi, . (1999). fi . (. . ). -
: ., . (1999). . .
128
7/24/2019 P_1_154
130/154
7:
fi fi fi :
fi - .
.
- .
fi .
-.
129
7/24/2019 P_1_154
131/154
fi fi fi
. 1 7.1
2 7.2
. fi fi fi
1
2
fi
, (.. ).
1 fi7.1
fi - (,, -, , , ,, -, , fi, ,-, fi-, fi, , fi)
fi :
- .
130
2 fi 7 fi : ;.
: .
1 fi 7 fi : .
3 fi 7 fi : fidebate.
4 fi 7 fi : fi ;.
7/24/2019 P_1_154
132/154
- - .
- fi , () fi.
(, , .) fi fi fi - :
. fi
.
fi fi -fi. fi -
.
fi -.
1. fi
. . , fi -. , , , (fi) , , fi fi-, fi - .20 -
fi fi fi, fi fi. - , .
2. fi , . fi fi -
131
20. , fi .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
133/154
fi, fi, fi fi - . .
fi fi [.. () ] , fi , - . fi, , fi fi fi (-) , fi fi fi. fi (fi ) - fi. fi fi -, fi - 7.121 fi . fi.
3. . - . fi fi -, ,
fi fi fi . fi 7.1, . fi fi fi, , - fi ( fi fi). -, .
fi ( ) .4. fi ()
fi -fi. - fi 7.1.
132
21. , fi fi -
fi .
7/24/2019 P_1_154
134/154
5. - (.. ), , - (.. fi - )
. - 2 fi (7.2), . fi fi - , fi 5.3. - , - A.
133
7/24/2019 P_1_154
135/154
7 . 1 ...
............................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..............................................
fi :. , . , . , . .
fi fi.. ;. fi ;
. fi , fi ;. fi fi fi .
;
fi .. ;
. fi ;. fi
, fi ;. fi fi fi .
;
134
:.. fi : ;
:.. fi : ;
7/24/2019 P_1_154
136/154
7 . 1:
............................................................ ......................................
..................... ..............................................
fi , - - .
()
-
135
7/24/2019 P_1_154
137/154
, fi
7.1
1. . , . , . , . , . .
2. : . fi fi - fi .
3. : . , fi fi , fi fi . fi fi - fi , -
. fi fi fi, fi - fi , fi .
4. : , , fi . fi , . fi,
fi fi, fi - .
5. : fi fi fi fi fi .
136
7/24/2019 P_1_154
138/154
7.2.
1. : , fi ,
fi fi , fi - fi.
2. fi 4.000.000 fi fi - Homo sapiens, fi. Homo habilis Homo erectus. , Homosapiens , fi fi.
,
1. (: fi fi fi fi - fi .)
2. : . fi fi fi .
3. : fi - fi fi , , . , , , -
fi fi fi .
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309063647/html/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/http://cstl-csm.semo.edu/waterman/bs618/evolution%20teaching.htmhttp://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/evolution98/front.htmlhttp://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1995/
137
7/24/2019 P_1_154
139/154
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/evolution.htmhttp://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/scopeschrono.html fi fi, .
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0006D234-4BE9-1CC6-B4A8809EC588EEDF Scientific American .
Cairns-Smith, A.G. (1985). Seven clues to the origin of life, a scientific detective
story(Canto). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Dawkins, R. (1998). fi . (. . & . -
). : .Dobzhansky, Th. (1989). . (. K. -
). : .Futuyma, D. J. (1995). . (. . ). : -
fi .Jacob, F. (1989). . (. . ). : -
.Lewin, R. (1993). Human Evolution. An Illustrated Introduction. Cambridge,
Massachusetts: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc.
Lewin, R. (1993). The Origin of Humans. NY: Scientific American Library.
. (1990). . : ., . (1990). . A: ., . (1999). . : ., . (.) (2004). . : ., . (.) (2004). . : ., . (2001). . : fi fi .
138
7/24/2019 P_1_154
140/154
17: fi 9-15:
16: 24: 1-7: 18-22: 1: AIDS 3: fi 15: 2: 6: -
7: fi 5: 19: 22: fi 31:
http://www.learn.co.uk/http://www.ericsp.org/ fi fi -.
http://www.cellsalive.com/fi fi fi, . .
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/HOMEOSTA.html
http://www.biology-online.org/4/1_physiological_homeostasis.htm fi fi - fi.
http://www.care.gr/enc/diseases/ .
http://www.elinyae.gr/ekdoseis/evro.htm .
139
7/24/2019 P_1_154
141/154
http://www.tlc.ai.org/thealth.htmfi fi .
http://www.cancer.org/
fi fi (AmericanCancer Society).
http://www.apha.org/ fi fi fi (AmericanPublic Health Association APHA).
http://www.who.int/csr/sarsfi fi SARS.
http://www.ypyp.gr/ fi fi .
http://www.who.int/ fi fi fi .
http://www.keel.org.gr/ fi fi (....) .
www.okana.gr fi fi (...).
http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/http://www.yourgenesyourhealth.org/ fi fi (, animations .) .
http://www.biotechnology.gov.au/biotechnologyOnline/whatis/Tools/Cloning/tool_clon_anim.htm fi .
http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/ fi fi Roslin .
140
7/24/2019 P_1_154
142/154
www.nih.gov/sigs/bioethicshttp://www.cbhd.org/ fi .
http://cstl-csm.semo.edu/waterman/bs618/evolution%20teaching.htmhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1995/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/evolution.htmhttp://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/scopeschrono.htmlhttp://www.nap.edu/books/0309063647/html/http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/evolution98/front.html fi fi, .
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0006D234-4BE9-1CC6-B4A8809EC588EEDF Scientific American .
http://www.neagenia.gr.neoi-305.html/ fi fi .
Abimbola, A. (1988). The problem of terminology in the study of student
conceptions in Science. Science Education, 72, 175-184.Adeniyi, E. O. (1985). Misconceptions of selected ecological concepts held by
some Nigerian students. Journal of Biological Education, 19(4), 311-316.Anderson, C. W. & Sheldon, T. H. (1990). The effects of instruction on college
non-majors conceptions of respiration and photosynthesis. Journal ofResearch in Science Teaching, 27(6).
Arnold, B. & Simpson, M. (1980). The concept of photosynthesis at "O" grade why pupil difficulties occur. Scottish Association for Biological Education.Newsletter, 5, p. 4.
Arnold, B. (1983). "Beware of the molecell!" Aberdeen College of Education.Biology Newsletter, 42, 2-6.
Arzi, H. J. (1988). On energy in chocolate and yogurt, or: on the applicability ofschool science concepts to real life. Paper presented at the AnnualMeeting of the American Educational Research Association. April. NewOrleans.
141
7/24/2019 P_1_154
143/154
Attributions of Biological and Psychological Properties to Living Things. ChildDevelopment, 66, 1856-1874.
Barker, M. & Carr, M. (1989). Photosynthesis can our pupils see the wood forthe trees? Journal of Biological Education, 23(1), 41-44.
Barker, M. & Carr, M. (1989). Teaching and learning about photosynthesis.International Journal of Science Education, 11(1), 48-56.Barker, M. (1985). Teaching and Learning about Photosynthesis. LISP. Working
Papers 220-9. Science Education Research Unit. University of Waikato.Hamilton. New Zealand.
Barker, M. (1986). Where does the wood come from? An introduction tophotosynthesis for third and fourth formers. Science Education ResearchUnit. University of Waikato. Hamilton. New Zealand.
Barker, M. (1995). "A plant is an animal standing on its head". Journal ofBiological Education, 29(3), 201-208.
Bell, B. (1985). Students ideas about plant nutrition: what are they? Journal ofBiological Education, 19(3), 213-18.
Bell, B. F. & Brook, A. (1984). Aspects of secondary students understanding ofplant nutrition. Childrens Learning in Science Project. Centre for Studies inScience and Mathematics Education. University of Leeds.
Benson, D. L., Wittrock, M. C. & Bauer, M. E. (1993). Students Preconceptionson the Nature of Gases. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30, 587-597.
Bliss, J. & Ogborn, J. (1985). Childrens choices of uses of energy. EuropeanJournal of Science Education, 7(2), 195-203.
Bliss, J., Cooper, G., fi, ., , ., , ., Solomon, J.,, ., , . & , . (2001). - . fi . : fi fi .
Boyes, E. & Stanisstreet, M. (1990). Pupils ideas concerning energy resources.International Journal of Science Education, 12(5), 513-529.
Brinkman, F. & Boschhuizen, R. (1989). Preinstructional ideas in biology: a surveyin relation with different research methods on concepts of health andenergy. In M. T.Voorbach & L. G. M.Prick (eds). Teacher education 5, Researchand developments in teacher education in the Netherlands, pp. 75-90.
Brook, A. & Driver, R. (1989). (in collaboration with Hind, D.) Progression inscience: the development of pupils understanding of physicalcharacteristics of air across the age range 5-16 years. Centre for Studies inScience and Mathematics Education. University or Leeds.
Browning, M. E. & Lehman, J. D. (1988). Identification of studentmisconceptions in genetics problem solving via computer program.Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 25(9), 747-761.
Brumby, M. N. (1984). Misconceptions about the concept of natural selectionby medical biology students. Science Education, 68(4), 493-503.
142
7/24/2019 P_1_154
144/154
Carey, S. (1985). Conceptual Change in Childhood. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
Cliburn, J. (1990). Concept maps to promote meaningful learning. Journal ofCollege Science Teaching, 19, 212-217.
Coley, J.D. (1995). Emerging Differentiation of Folkbiology and Folkpsychology.
Dobzhansky, Th. (1989). (. K. -). : .Dolgin, K.G. & Behrend, A. (1984). Childrens Knowledge about Animates and
Inanimates. Child Development, 55, 1646-1650.Dreyfus, A. & Jungwirth, E. (1989). The pupil and the living cell: a taxonomy of
dysfunctional ideas about an abstract idea. Journal of Biological Education,23(1), 49-55.
Driver, R. & Warrington, L. (1985). Students use of the principle of energyconservation in problem situations. Physics Education, 20(4), 171-176.
Driver, R. (1985). Beyond appearances: the conservation of matter underphysical and chemical transformations. In R. Driver, E. Guesne & A.Tiberghien (eds). Childrens Ideas in Science. Open University Press. MiltonKeynes, pp. 145-69.
Driver, R., Child, D., Gott, R., Head, J., Johnson, S., Worsley, C. & Wylie, F. (1984).Science in Schools at age 15: Report No 2, Assessment of PerformanceUnit. Department of Education and Science. HMSO. London.
Driver, R., Squires, A. Rushworth, P. & Wood-Robinson, V. (1998). -- . (. . fi . . -). : fi.
Duit, R. (1981). Students notions about energy concept - before and afterphysics instruction. In W. Jung, H. Pfundt. & C. von Rhoneck (eds).Proceedings of the International Workshop on Problems ConcerningStudents Representation of Physics and Chemistry Knowledge. 14-16September. Pdagogische Hochschule. Ludwigsburg, pp. 268-319.
Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. AmericanPsychologist, 41, 1040-1048.
Eisen, Y. & Stavy, R. (1988). Students understanding of photosynthesis. TheAmerican Biology Teacher, 50(4), 208-212.
Equipe de recherch Aster. (1985). L entrecroisement des logiques et desraisonnements. In Procdures d Apprentissage en Science Exprimentales.Paris: INPR, pp. 67-85.
Fisher, K. M. (1985). A Misconception in Biology: Amino Acids and Translation.Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 22(1), 53-62.
Futuyma, D. J. (1995). (. . ) : - fi .
Gayford, C.G. (1986). Some aspects of the problems of teaching about energyin school biology. European Journal of Science Education, 8(4), 443-450.
143
7/24/2019 P_1_154
145/154
Gelman, S.A. & Wellman, H.M. (1991). Insides and essences: Earlyunderstandings of the non-obvious. Cognition, 38, 213-244.
Gelman, S.A. (1989). Childrens Use of Categories to Guide BiologicalInferences. Human Development, 32, 65-71.
Gilbert, J.K. & Pope, M. (1982). School children discussing energy. Report of theInstitute of Educational Development. University of Surrey. Guildford.Gilbert, J.K., Osborne, R.J. & Fenshman, P.J. (1982). Children's science and its
consequences for teaching. Science Education, 66(4), 623-633.Giordan, A. (1990). Intrt des recherches en didactique de Biologie. Universit
de Genve: L.D.E.S.Hackling, M.W. & Treagust, D.F. (1987). What lower secondary students should
understand about the mechanisms of inheritance, and what they dounderstand following instruction. Research in Science Education, 12, 78-88.
Haslam, F. & Treagust, D.F. (1987). Diagnosing secondary studentsmisconceptions of photosynthesis and respiration in plants using a two-tier multiple choice instrument. Journal of Biological Education, 21(3), 203-211.
Hatano, G. & Inagaki, K. (1994). Young childrens nave theory of biology.Cognition, 50, 171-188.
Heinze-Fry, J. & Novak, J. D. (1990). Concept mapping brings long-termmovement toward meaningful learning. Science Education, 74(4),461-472.
Hershey, D.R. (2004). Avoid Misconceptions When Teaching about Plants.
ActionBioscience.org. Education: bioscience literacy in the classroom.August. American Institute of Biological Sciences.
Horton, P. B., McConney, A. A., Gallo, M., Woods, A. L., Senn, G. J. & Hamelin, D.(1993). An investigation of the effectiveness of concept mapping as aninstructional tool. Science Education, 77(1), 95-111.
Inagaki, K. & Hatano, G. (1996). Young Childrens Recognition ofCommonalities between Animals and Plants. Child Development, 67,2823-2840.
Katz, D.A. (1991). Science Demonstrations, Experiments and Resources. A
Reference List for Elementary through College Teachers EmphasizingChemistry with some Physics and Life Science. Journal of ChemicalEducation, 68, 235-244.
Kelemen, D. (1999). The scope of t