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usrf;udk;pm&if;

1/ Saemaul Undong Movement in the Republic of

Korea.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saemaul_ Undong

2/ NakdongxRiver

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakdong_River

3/ South Korea, Economic Reform Process

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea

4/ Economic Sectors of South Korea

http://www.indexmundi.com/south_korea/

5/ Sharing Knowledge on Community-Driven

Development, Asian Development Bank

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45

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47

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48

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wifydkYrI\ 2 &mcdkifEIef;tm; tavtvGifhjzpfcGifhtjzpf

ay;xm;onfudk owdjyK&efvnf; vdktyfayonf/ xdkY

twl ukefMurf;ESifh xkwfukefnDrQ&efvnf; vdktyfay

rnf/)

txufazmfjycsuf ESpfckudk EdIif;,SOfMunfh

vQif odomrnf[k ,lqrdygonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd

CMP vkyfief;trsm;pkonf wpfqifhcHpmcsKyfrsm;om

csKyfqdkxm;EdkifNyD; ukefMurf;tjzpf wifoGif;vmrIudk

MunfhvQif ydkrdkodomonfqdk&ayrnf/ Oyrmay;&

vQif tusÐwpfxnfwGif yg0if&rnfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;

udk ukefMurf;tjzpf wifoGif;NyD; wGJpyfcsKyfvkyfí &&Sd

vmaom tusÐtm; rlvEdkifiHodkY jyefvnfwifydkYjcif;

rsKd;jzpfonf/ CMP pmcsKyfrsm; wdkuf½dkufcsKyfqdkxm;aom

EdkifiHrsm;&Sd puf½kHrsm;onf txufazmfjyygtwdkif;

ESpfzufoabmwlpmcsKyfcsKyf qdkxm;onfhtwdkif;

xkwfvkyfí tqifhqifhjyKjyifxdef;odrf; xkyfydk;onf

txd vkyfaqmifEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;udk&&Sdxm;NyD;

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odkYvnf; wpfqifhcH pmcsKyfrsm;jzifh

vufcpm; jyefvnftyfESHjcif;rsKd;vnf; vkyfaqmifEdkif

onf/ ,if;wdk Y wpfqifhcH csKyfvkyfapjcif;tm;jzifh

jzpfay:aeaom vkyftm;c jrifhrm;rIjyóemrsm;udk

vnf; ajz&Sif;NyD;jzpfonf[kvnf; qdk&ayrnf/

txufazmfjyyg t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf ESpfckudk

MunfhvQifyif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh CMP pepf tajccH

vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifaeonfh tm;avsmfpGm csKyf

vkyfjcif;rSonf xkwfvkyfjcif;tjzpfodkY ul;ajymif;oifh

onfudk owdrlMu&rnfh tcsdefodkYa&muf&SdaeNyDvnf;

jzpfonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; jy|mef;cJUaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

Oya'rsm;yg vkyfom;cefhxm;rIqdkif&m tcGifUta&;rsm;þtydkif;wGif 2012 ckESpfwGif jy|mef;cJhaom

EdkifiHjcm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHom;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'ESifh

vuf&SdusifhokH;aeaom jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

Oya'rsm;yg vkyfom;cefYxm;rIqdkif&m tcGifhta&;

rsm;udk EdIif;,SOfwifjyoGm;rnfjzpfonf/

2012 ckESpfwGif jy|mef;cJhNyD; EdkifiHjcm;ESifh

jrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'rsm;yg jy|mef;csuf

rsm;udkMunfhvQif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief; pwifonfhESpfrS

yxrESpfESpfwGif uRrf;usifEdkifiHjcm;om; 75 &mcdkifEIef;

ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHom; 25 &mcdkifEIef;cefYxm;cGifh? aemuf

xyf ESpfESpfwGif uRrf;usifEdkifiHjcm;om;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH

om; 50 &mcdkifEIef;pD cefYxm;EdkifcGifhESifh aemufxyf

ESpfESpfwmumvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHom; 75 &mcdkifEIef;ESifh

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


49

uRrf;usifEdkifiHjcm;om; 25 &mcdkifEIef; cefhxm;Edkif

cGifhwdkYtjyif uRrf;usifrI rvdktyfonfhae&mwdkif;wGif

jrefrmEdkifiHom;vkyfom;rsm;udkom cefYxm;&rnf[k

wdusaom jy|mef;csufrsm;yg&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif vuf&Sd

usifhokH;aeonfh jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'wGif

vkyfom; cefYxm;rIESifhywfoufonfh jy|mef;csuftjzpf

&mcdkifEIef;owfrSwfcsufrsm; ryg&Sdaomfvnf; ,cif

Oya'rsm;wGif awGUBuHKcJh&onfh pdefac:csufrsm;tm;

jznfhqnfhí &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIwGif owfrSwf t&nftcsif;

udkufnDonfh rnfhonfhEdkifiHom;udkrqdk tBuD;wef;

pDrHcefYcGJrI? enf;ynm? vkyfief; uRrf;usifolESifh tBuH

ay;tjzpf Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD cefYtyfEdkifNyD; tqifhqifh

aom pDrHcefYcG JrI? enf;ynm? vkyfief;uRrf;usifol?

ae&mrsm;wGif EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; cefYtyfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm

pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifa&;tpDtpOfrsm; aqmif&Gufí

tpm;xdk;cefYxm;&rnfhtjyif uRrf;usifrI rvdkaom

vkyfief;rsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;udkom cefYxm;

&rnf[k twdtus azmfjyxm;onf/

2012 ckESpfwGif jy|mef;cJhaom EdkifiHjcm;ESifh

jrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfES HrI Oya'atmufwGif

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolwdkYtaejzifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyfonfh

vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;rS ac:,lcefYxm;onfh vkyfief;

qdkif&m uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm;twGuf jrefrmEdkifiH

&if;ESD;jrIyfESHrIaumfr&SifwGif wpfae&mwnf;ü wpfpk

wpfpnf;wnf; tvkH;pkH0efaqmifrIay;onfh OSS (One

Stop Service)wGif jrefrmjynftwGif; tvkyfvkyfudkifEdkif

&eftwGuf tvkyfADZm? aexdkifcGifhADZm ESifh jynfjyef0if

cGifhADZm (tBudrfBudrfESifh wpfBudrfjynfjyef0ifcGifh) wdkYudk

vsifjrefvG,fulpGm ulnDay;aeonfhtjyif vuf&Sd

jy|mef;xm;onfh tvkyform;Oya'yg jyXmef;csufrsm;

ESifhtnD pdppfíac:,lcefYxm;onfh EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;

twGuf tvkyfvkyfcGifhuwfrsm;udk xkwfay;vsuf&Sd

aeonfudk awGU&Sd&ayrnf/ odkY&mwGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

Oya'a[mif;onf t&yftac:t& t0ifcufí

cGifhjyKrdefY&NyD;umvwGif pdppfrItm;enf;csufrsm;onf

[k yifqdk&ayrnf/ Oya'ygjy|mef;csuft& vkyfom;

cefYxm;rItygt0if wnfqJOya'ESifhtnD cefYxm;rI

&Sd^r&Sd tay: pdppfrItm;enf;csuf ponfh pdefac:rI

rsm;pGm&SdaecJhNyD; tvkyform;ESifh tvkyftudkif &SmazG

a&;twGuf vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSom wdkuf½dkufcefYxm;

cJhonfh "avhom acwfpm;cJhNyD; EdkifiHtwGif; rnfhonfh

OD;a& tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;&&SdcJhonfudk wdus

aomtajzxkwf&efvnf; cufcJcJh onfudk awGU&Sd&

ayrnf/ xdkYtjyif jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif

odkY wifjyonfh tqdkjyKvTmrsm;wGifvnf; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH

olrsm;\ uwdu0wfpmrsm;pGmudk awmif;cHxm;Mu&NyD;

Oya'yg jy|mef;csuf\ vdktyfcsuftay: jznfhqnf;cJh

Mu&onf/ uGif;qif;ppfaq;&mwGifvnf; n§dEdIif;

tajz&Sm ay;Edkif½kHom&SdcJhNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'wGif

udk;um;p&m tm;enf;cJhonfudk awGU&Sd&ayrnf/

vuf&Sd touf0if usifhokH;aeaom jrefrm

EdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'atmufwGifrl vkyfief;vkyf

aqmifEdkif&ef vsifjrefvG,fulpGm ulnDay;xm;aomf

vnf; EdkifiHjcm;om;cefYxm;rIwGif owfrSwf t&nf

tcsif; udkufnDrI (vkyfief;uRrf;usifrIvufrSwf^ bGJU

vufrSwfrsm;ESifh vkyfudkifrnfh vkyfief; udkufnDrI) &SdrS

om aexdkifcGifhADZm? tvkyfvkyfcGifhADZm ponf ADZm

qdkif&mrsm; &&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ t&yftac:t& vuf&Sd

Oya'onf t0ifvG,fí pdppfrItm;aumif;onf[k

qdk&ayrnf/ xdkYtwl vuf&Sd &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya't&

twnfjyKrdef Y^ cGif hjyKrdef Yxkwfay;onfh rnfonfh

vkyfief;wGifrqdk cefYxm;rnfh EdkifiHjcm;om;^jynfwGif;

uRrf;usifvkyfom; tygt0ifûRrf;usifrI rvdkaom

vkyfief;rsm;\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH

olwdkY\ wm0ef0wå&m;udk Oya'wGif wduspGm jy|mef;

xm;NyD; wnfqJOya'rsm;ESifhtnD vdkufem&ef jy|mef;

xm;onfudk awGU&S d&rnfjzpfonf/ tvkyform;?

tvkyftudkifESifh vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;0efBuD;Xmetae

jzifhvnf; tvkyfcefYxm;&mwGif oufqdkif&mvkyfief;

vkyfudkifonfhae&mrS NrdKUe,ft vkyform;ñTefMum;rI



50

OD;pD;Xme½kH;rsm;rSwpfqifh ac:,lcefYxm;&efESifh cefY

xm;NyD; tvkyf&Siftvkyform; pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk&ef?

tvkyfvkyfudkifcGifhuwfrsm; owfrSwf&uftwGif;

avQmufxm;&efESifh uGif;qif;ppfaq;rIrsm;wGif &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHolrsm; vdkufemMu&rnfh wm0ef 0wå&m;rsm;ESifh

udkufnDrI &Sd r&Sdudkyg wpfygwnf; pdppfEdkifonfh tae

txm;odkY a&muf&Sdvmonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ xdkYtwl

tvkyform;Oya't& vdkufemrIr&Sdaom vkyfief;&Sif

rsm;tm; wGefYqkwfrI r&SdapbJ wm0ef,lrI&Sdaom &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;rsm;tjzpf taumiftxnf azmfaqmif

Edkifap&ef wnfhrwfay;EdkifrIrsm; &Sdvmonf[k qdk&yg

rnf/

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'rsm;udk azmfjy&jcif;onf

,if;Oya'rsm;yg vkyfom;cefYxm;rItay: azmfjycsuf

rsm;onf vufawGUvkyfief;cGifwGif BuHKawGUae&aom

tcuftcJESifh pdefac:rIrsm;udk ajyvnfoGm;ap&ef

wjznf;jznf; taumiftxnfazmf jznfhqnf;xm;

onfudk ay:vGifapcsifí wifjy&jcif;vnf;jzpfonf/

xdkYtjyif vuf&Sdtcsdefxd jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrI vkyfief;rsm;wGif e0vDvufcpm;pepf (CMP)

tajccH&if;ESD;jr§KyfES HrIvkyfief;rsm;uom vkyfom;

tiftm;rsm;pGm cefYxm;Edkifonfhtjyif tvkyform;

jyóemrsm;pGmESifh tjcm;aom pdefac:rIrsm;pGm &Sdae

onfudk awGU&Sd&ayrnf/ rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl txuf

wGif azmfjycJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; jrefrmEdkifiH\ t"du

pdefac:csufwpfckjzpfonfh tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;

rsm;pGm zefwD;ay;Edkifa&;twGuf t"du jznfhqnf;ay;

Edkifonfh vkyfief;onf vuf&Sdtcsdefxd CMP tajccH

vkyfief;rsm;om jzpfaejyefonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifrS cGifUjyKcJUaom

e0vDvufcpm;pepf (CMP) tajccH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

vkyfief;rsm;þtydkif;wGif 1988-2011 ckESpfrS 2016-

2017 b@mESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrI

aumfr&SifrS cGifhjyKcJhonfh e0vD vufcpm;pepf (CMP)

tajccH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;rsm;rS txnfcsKyfvkyfief;

rsm;ESifh tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;udk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh ukrÜPD

rsm; ñTefMum;rIOD;pD;XmerS &&Sdaom tcsuftvuf

rsm;udk udk;um;wifjyrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYtwl &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrIOya'rsm;yg tcGefuif;vGwfcGifhESifh oufomcGifh

tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; wpfaygif;wnf; wifjy&ef

&nf&G,fygonf/

1988 - 2011 ckESpfrS 2016 - 2017 b@m

ESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfr&SifrS cGifhjyKcJh

onfh e0vDvufcpm;pepf (CMP) tajccH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

vkyfief;rsm;rS txnfcsKyfvkyfief;rsm;onf wpfESpf

xufwpfESpf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk awGUjrif&rnfjzpfNyD;

jrefrmEdkifiHtm; EdkifiHwumrS pD;yGm;a&; ydwfqdk YrI

umvwGifom odompGm ,kwfavsmhonfudk awGUjrif

&rnfjzpfonf/

ykH (1) wGif jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifrS

aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf taumiftxnfazmfaqmif

cJhonfh 1988 ckESpfrSonf 2017 ckESpf? {NyDvukef

bwf*sufESpftvdkuf cGifhjyKcJhonfh txnfcsKyf vkyfief;

rsm;udk azmfjycsufykHjzpfNyD; ykH(2) onf txnfcsKyf

r[kwfonfhtjcm;aom e0vD vufcpm;pepftajccH

(CMP) vkyfief;rsm;jyykHjzpfonf/ ,if;ykHrsm;udk avhvm

jcif;jzifh tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGm zefwD;ay;

EdkifcJhjcif;tay: okH;oyfcefYrSef;Edkifrnf[k xifjrifrdyg

onf/ (,ck pmwrf;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

aumfr&SifodkY wifjyonfh ESpfa[mif;umvrsm;rS tqdk

jyKcsufrsm;\ tqdkjyKvTmrsm;wGif vkyfom;tiftm;

cefYxm;rnfh OD;a&azmfjycsuf ryg&SdonfhtwGuf wpfpk

wpfpnf;wnf; pkpnf;wifjyEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg/ xdkYtjyif

wifjyxm;onfh cefYxm;OD;a&onf ajrjyif tae

txm;t& &&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh uGJvGJEdkifojzifh tvkyform;

ñTefMum;rIOD;pD;XmerS xkwfjyefonfh tvkyftudkif&&SdrI

tajctaeonfom trSef[k,lq&ygrnf/)

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


51

ykH(1)/ e0vDvufcpm;pepftajccH (CMP)

txnfcsKyfvkyfief;jyykH/

ykH(2)/ e0vDvufcpm;pepftajccH (CMP)

txnfcsKyfr[kwfonfhtjcm;vkyfief;rsm;jyykH/

txufygykHrsm;udkMunfhvQif jrefrmEdkifiH

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifrS cGifhjyKay;cJhonfh CMP pepf

tajccHvkyfief;rsm;\ wdk;wufrIudk odomxif&Sm;pGm

awGUjrif&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif tvkyftudkiftcGifh

tvrf; zefwD;ay;EdkifrI taetxm;udkvnf; uGuf

uGufuGif;uGif; awGUjrif&rnfjzpfonf/ Oyrmay;

wifjy&vQif txnfcsKyfvkyfief;wpfckonf tenf;

qkH; vkyfom;cefYxm;&ef vsmxm;vkyfom;OD;a& 500

cefYxm;rnfqdkvQifyif bwf*sufESpftwGif; vkyfief;

aygif; 50 cGif hjyKcJ hygrl jrefrmjynfolrsm;taejzifh

tenf;qkH; vkyfcvpmcHpm;cGifhESifhtwl tvkyftudkif

&&SdrIudk csdefxdk;MunfhvQif rsm;pGm xda&mufrI &Sdonf[k

qdk&ayrnf/ odkY&mwGif vufawGU pdefac:aerIrsm;udk

vnf; aemuftydkif;wGif qufvuf aqG;aEG;rnfjzpfyg

onf/

CMP pepf tajccHvkyfief;rsm;onf 100 &mcdkif

EIef; jynfyydkYukeftjzpf rSwf,lxm;onfh tm;avsmfpGm

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jy|mef;cJhaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya'

rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfr&SifrS twnf

jyK^cGifhjyKxm;onfh (,cifOya't& tqdkjyKvkyfief;

ESifh wnfqJOya't& twnfjyKvkyfief;trsm;pk)

vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tcGefuif;vGwfcGifh odk Yr[kwf

oufomcGifhudk &&SdEdkifonf/

2012 ckESpf EdkifiHjcm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrIOya'rsm;t& CMP pepftajccH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ukefMurf;wifoGif;cGifhtay:

tcGefuif;vGwfcGifh okH;ESpfcHpm;cGifh cGifhjyKrdefY&&SdNyD;

pD;yGm;jzpfpwifonfrS wpfygwnf; cHpm;cGifh&&SdMuonf/

wnfqJ jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya't& ydkYukef

tay: tusKd;cHpm;cGifht& tenf;qkH; 80 &mcdkifEIef;

jynfywifydkYukef tay:wGif wifoGif;onfh ukefMurf;

taejzifh tcGefuif;vGwfcGifh&&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ odkY&m

wGif CMP vkyfief; jzpfonfhtavsmuf 100 &mcdkifEIef;

jynfyydkYukeftjzpf owfrSwfxm;onfhtwGuf ukefMurf;

tay: tcGef uif;vGwfcGifh^ oufomcGifhudkavQmuf

xm;EdkifNyD; cHpm;cGifhtay: ESpfumvowfrSwfcsufrsm;

rawGU&Sd&bJ ajymif;vJoGm;aom wnfqJOya'rsm;ESifh

tnD cHpm;cGifh&&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif jynfyydkYukef

tm;ay;aomrlt& jynfywifydkYrIrsm;twGuf wifydkYrI

&mcdkifEIef;tvdkuf tcGeftjzpf uscHcJhonfh aiGaMu;rsm;

udk aemifESpf bwf*sufrsm;wGif wifjyavQmufxm;

xkwf,lEdkifcGifhvnf; &&Sdrnfjzpfonf/

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'rsm;t& rnfonfh &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;udkrqdk^ rnfonfhEdkifiHom;udkrqdk

omwlnDrQ cHpm;cGifhrsm;ay;xm;NyD; ajrjyiftcsufrsm;

t&vnf; pdefac:rIrsm;&SdaeEdkifonfudk owdjyKMu

&rnfvnf;jzpfonf/



52

rsufarSmufumvpdefac:rIrsm;þtydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&S d CMP

vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh awGUBuHKaeMu&onfh tcuftcJ

rsm;ESifh pdefac:rIrsm;? jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumf

r&Sif\ ,if;vkyfief;rsm;tay: cGifhjyKrdefYay;onfh

tay" Xmeqdkif&m tcuftcJrsm;? pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh

ajrjyif vufawGUpdefac:csufrsm;tm; wifjy&ef &nf

&G,fygonf/

txufwGifwifjycJhonfhtwdkif; jrefrmEdkifiH

twGif;&Sd vuf&Sdvnfywfaeaom CMP vkyfief; rsm;

teuf e0vDvufcpm;pepf jzif hom trsm;qk H ;

wpfqifhcH pmcsKyfjzifh csKyfvkyf&onfh vkyfief;rsm;ESifh

wdkuf½dkuf pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk xkwfvkyfonfh jynfyEdkifiHrsm;

\ puf½kHcGJtqifhom trsm;pkjzpfaeonfudk ajrjyif

ppfwrf;t& odEdkifonf/ xdkYtjyif jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifodkY twnfjyKvTm^ ,cif tqdkjyKvTm

wifjyavQmufxm;rIwGifyg0ifonfh CMP pmcsKyfrsm;

t& od&SdEdkifonf/ wpfqifhcHcsKyfvkyfcGifh &&Sdonfh

twGuf vufawGUwGif jzpfEdkifacstrsm;qkH; pdefac:rIrSm

wpfqifhcHpmcsKyfzsufodrf;cH&jcif;ESifh e0vDvufcpm;

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tpOfrsm;ESifh ,if;wdkYwifjycJhonfh uwdu0wfrsm;

twdkif; vdkufemjcif; r&Sdonfudkvnf; awGU&Sd Mu&onf/

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tygt0if tvkyform;rsm;twGuf ykHrSef vkyfc vpm

ay;Edkifjcif;r&SdawmhbJ oHo&mvnfvsuf &SdaeqJ

jzpfonf/

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or*¾rsm;rS OD;aqmifí n§dEdIif;&cufcJonfh jyóem

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


53

rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&qJvnf;jzpfonf/ xdkYtwl vkyfc

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uJhodkYaom udpö&yfrsm;tay: tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyf

orm;tMum; xdef;n§d&jcif;onfvnf; cufcJaeqJ

udpöwpf&yf jzpfonf/

qufvufí tcGefOD;pD;Xme (taumufcGef

ESifh jynfwGif;tcGef) ½IaxmifhrSMunfhvQif CMP vkyfief;

rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif\ cGifhjyK

rdefYjzifh aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief; jzpfonfhtwGuf pdppf

jcif;rsm;udk avsmhayghcGifhjyKvsuf&Sdonf[k t&yfpum;

t& od&Sd&onf/ odkY&mwGif &ifzGifhpum;tcsKdUtm;

Oyrmay;&vQif aumfr&SifrS cGifhjyKonfh ukefMurf;

pm&if;wGif ydwfom;tvGwf jzpfaomfvnf; trSef

wu,f wifoGif;vmonfhtcg yef;yGifh½dkufxm;aom

ydwfom;jzpfaeonfudk ppfaq;awGU&Sd&onf/ xdkYtwl

jynfyydkYukef 100 &mcdkifEIef;wifydk Yonfh vkyfief;[k

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OD;pm;ay;rludk jynfolrsm;odkY today;&ef vdktyfvsuf

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Oya'yg vdkufem&rnfh tcsufrsm; csKd;azmufaom



54

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHonfh rnfonfhvkyfief;udkrqdk Oya'yg

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NyD jzpfonf/

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onfvnf; XmaeEdkifiHom;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tzdkY BuD;rm;

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vkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifhvnf; xkwfvkyfrItay:

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twGufvnf; wm0efcHEdkifaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


55

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&&SdrI ydkrdkvmrnfhtjyif jynfolrsm;taejzifhvnf;

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tm;ay;&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'yg

jy|mef;csufrsm;ESifh tjcm;wnfqJOya'rsm; vdkufem

wwfonfh wm0efcHrI&Sdaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;rsm;

jzpfapa&;twGufvnf; pepfwus uGif;qif; ppfaq;



56

jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk Xmeqdkif&m yl;aygif;tzGJUjzpfaomf

vnf;aumif;? uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm; pkzGJUxm;onfh

vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf; uGif;qif;ppfaq;

rIrsm; jyKvkyfMu&rnfjzpfonf/

ed*kH;2016 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 18 &ufwGif

owfrSwfjy|mef;usifhokH;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrI Oya't& &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rwnfaiG&if;yrmP

tar&duefa':vm ig;oef;atmuf odkYr[kwf jrefrm

usyfaiG oef; 6000 atmuf vkyfief;rsm;onf wdkif;

a'oBuD;ESifhjynfe,f&Sd &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfrwDrsm;rS

twnfjyKrdefYjzifh vkyfief; vkyfaqmifcGifhay;awmhrnf

jzpf&m CMP vkyfief;trsm;pkonf tar&duefa':vm

ig;oef;atmuf vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf wdkif;

a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,f &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfrwDrsm;

(txl;ojzifh &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;ESifh yJcl;wdkif;a'o

BuD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfrwDrsm;)taejzifh txuf

azmfjyyg vufawGUpdefac:csufrsm;udk ajzavsmhí

aqG;aEG;wifjycsufyg wGef;tm;ay;rIrsm;udk wpfEdkifiH

vkH; [efcsufnD vkyfaqmifoGm;Mu&rnfvnf;jzpfonf/

odkYjzpfygí jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif

ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;^jynfe,f &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfrwD

rsm;onf EdkifiHESifh a'oqdkif&m zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI? tvkyf

tudkiftcGifhtvrf; zefwD;ay;Edkifa&;twGuf 0ifayguf

wHcg;rsm;jzpfonfESifhtnD nDrQaom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh

pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf 12 &yfESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rl0g'

rsm; udkifqGJvsuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;

ESifhtnD wm0ef,lrI? wm0efcHrI&Sdaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

vkyfief;rsm;tjzpfodkY wGef;tm;ay;vsuf oGufvuf

pGmjzifh a&SUwdk;vkyfaqmifoGm;ju&rnfomjzpfonf/

usrf;udk;pm&if;

(1) EdkifiHjcm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'

2012

(2) jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya' 2016

(3) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh ukrÜPDrsm; ñTefMum;rIOD;pD;XmerS

CMP vkyfief;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


57

,ckq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; vlUtcGihfta&;

pum;vkH;rsm;xJrS acwftpm;qkH;pum;ajymygqdkvsif

usm;^r wef;wlnDrQ&Sda&; ( Gender Equality) [k qdk&

rnfjzpfonf/ usm;^ra&;&m wef;wlnDrQwGif

trsKd;om;ESihf trsKd;orD;wdkY\ ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m uGJjym;

jcm;em;jcif;udk todtrSwfjyKaomfvnf; trsKd;orD;

rsm; ¤if;wdkYb0xlaxmifEdkifa&;? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif

aqmif&Gufa&;wdkYwGif trsKd;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wlnDrQ

tcGihfta&;&&Sda&;ESihf wlnDaom*kPfodu©m &&SdcHpm;

EdkifcGihf&Sd&ygrnf/ Gender Equality \ oabmw&m;rSm

wef;wlnDrQa&;udk vlUtcGihfta&; tjrif½IaxmihfrS

Munhf&efjzpfNyD; vdifuGJjym;rI tajcjyKí cGJjcm;qufqH

cH&jcif;rsm;r&Sdapa&;ESihf tcGihfta&;rsm; cHpm;&&Sda&;

wdkYwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; csefvSyfxm;jcif;rsKd; rjzpf

apa&;jzpfygonf/

tvkyftudkiftcGihftvrf;rsm;wGif usm;^r

wef;wlnDrQrI? EdkifiHa&;wGiftrsKd;orD;rsm; ydkrdkyg0if

aqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf tcGihftvrf;rsm;tm; trsKd;

om;enf;wl&&SdrI? rdrd\wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufaMumif;

trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fwdkif qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfEdkifa&;

twGuf trsKd;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;

vnf; tcGihftvrf;ay;tyfrI? &mxl;wdk;jr§ihf&mwGif

58

trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; trsKd;om;rsm;enf;wl wlnDaom

tcGihftvrf;rsm;jzihf pOf;pm;ay;a&;ESihf tqihfjrihf

&mxl;ae&mrsm;twGuf cefYtyfjcif;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;

tm; xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;ay;apvdkrI ? trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;

vdifuGJjym;rItay: tajccHí cGJjcm; qufqHcH&rI?

tMurf;zufrIrsm; r&Sda&;ponhfjzihf ,aeY urÇmBuD;wGif

trsKd;om;ESihf trsKd;orD; wef;wlnDrQrI&Sda&;udk ae&m

toD;oD; e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif EdIif;,SOfajymqdkvm

MuNyDjzpfonf/

,cifumvrsm;twGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;

enf;rsKd;pkHjzihf cGJjcm;qufqHcH&jcif;rsm; &SdaecJhonfudk

1979 ckESpfwGif twnfjyKjyXmef;cJhonhf trsKd;orD;

rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pkHjzihf cGJjcm;rIykHpH tm;vkH; yaysmuf a&;

tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlUtcGihfta&; oabmwlpmcsKyf

CEDAW xGufay:vmcJhonfudk Munhfjcif;tm;jzihf od&Sd

Edkifygonf/ urÇmhvlUtcGihfta&;aMunmpmwrf; wGif

vltcsif;csif;cGJjcm;jcif; rjyKbJ tcGihfta&;rsm;udk

wef;wl cHpm;Edkifonf[k azmfjyxm;aomfvnf; vdif

uGJjym;rItay: tajcjyKNyD; usm;^r wef;wlnDrQ tcGihf

tvrf;&&SdrIr&SdbJ trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqH

tMurf;zufrIrsm; &Sdaejcif;aMumihf trsKd;orD;tcGihf

ta&; umuG,f&ef oD;oefYazmfjyaom pmcsKyfvdktyf

onhftwGuf CEDAW pmcsKyfay:aygufvm&jcif;jzpf

ygonf/ tqdkyg pmcsKyfwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; cGJjcm;

qufqHr I (Discrimination Against Women) ud k

atmufyg twdkif; t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkxm;ygonf/ ]trsKd;

orD;rsm;\ tdrfaxmifa&;tajctae rnfodkYyif

&Sdapumrl trsKd; om;ESihf trsKd;orD; wef;wlnDrQrItay:

tajccHí vlY tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?

vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rI? jynfolUa&;&m odkYr[kwf tjcm;

e,fy,fwdkYwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; todtrSwf jyKjcif;

? trsKd; orD;rsm; cHpm;cGihf odkYr[kwf usihfokH;ydkifcGihf&Sdjcif;

wdkYudk vdiftay:tajccHí ,dk,Gif;ap&ef odkYr[kwf

ysufokOf;ap&ef &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdonhf rnfonhf cGJjcm;

jcif; wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif; odkYr[kwf uefYowfjcif;udk

qdkvdkonf}/

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r&Sdjcif;? zdESdyfcGJjcm;qufqHcH&jcif;rsm;onf vlom;

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tm; csKd;azmufjcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;

onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wltcGihfta&;r&&SdcJhrI?

cGJjcm;qufqHcH&jcif;rsm;? vdifuGJjym;rI tay:tajc

jyKí tMurf;zufcH&jcif;rsm;&SdaecJhonhftwGuf tqdk

yg tjynfjynfqdkif&m pmcsKyfBuD;wpf&yf xGufay:vm

NyD; EdkifiHtrsm;rS vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;jzihf pmcsKyfBuD;

tm; Oya' touf0ifapNyD; trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; trsKd;

om;rsm;enf;wl wef;wltcGihfta&;&&SdEdkifa&; tpdk;&

\ uwdu0wfwpfck? BudK;yrf;rIwpfck jzpfapcJhygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHonf tqdkygpmcsKyfBuD;\ tzGJU0ifEdkifiH

wpfEdkifiHtjzpf 1997 ckESpfrS pwif0ifa&mufNyD; tusKd;

quftjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&m

aumfrwD ay:aygufvmjcif;ESihf tjcm;aom trsKd;

orD;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; ay:aygufvmNyD; trsKd;orD;a&;

&mudpö&yfrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif; aqmif&Gufay;vsuf

&Sdygonf/

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wef;wlnDrQ&SdrIonf ,aeYacwfwGif tenf;i,f wdk;

wuf ajymif;vJvmonfudk awGU&rSmjzpfygonf/ Oyrm

tm;jzihf 1990 jynhfESpfrsm;twGif; tm&Swdkuf awmif

ydkif;wGif a,mufusm;av; 100 OD;wdkif;wGif rdef;uav;

74 OD;om rlvwef;ynma&; ausmif;tyfESHrI&Sdaomf

vnf; 2012ckESpfwGif ausmif;tyfESHrItcsKd;rSm rdef;

uav;rsm;ESihf a,musfm;av;rsm;twGuf twlwl

jzpfvmcJhovdk urÇmhEdkifiH 46 EdkifiHwGif trsKd;om;

ygvDrefwGif tenf;qkH; vTwfawmfwpf&yfü trsKd;orD;

trwfae&m 30 &mcdkifEIef;ausmf&SdvmNyDjzpfaMumif;

ukvor*¾rS xkwfjyefaompm&if;t& od&Sd&ygonf/

odkYaomfvnf; tqihfjrihf&mxl;ae&mrsm;wGif trsKd;

orD;rsm; enf;yg;jcif;? EdkifiHa&;ESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&; vkyf

ief;pOfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkifcGihf

enf;yg;jcif;ESihf tjcm;aom pD;yGm;a&;? tvkyform;

a&;&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


59

qufcHcH&jcif;rsm;urÇmh EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif &Sdae

ao;onhftwGuf trsKd;orD;tcGihfta&;ta&; vIyf

&Sm; aqmif&Gufolrsm;u usm;^r wef;wlnDrQ tcGihf

ta&;&&Sda&; awmif;qdkaeMuqJjzpfygonf/ txl;

ojzihf zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESihf zGHUNzdK;rI aemuftusqkH;

EdkifiHrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; cGJjcm;qufqHcH&rIESihf

wef;wlnDrQr&SdrItrsm;qkH; jzpfonf[k avhvmawGU&Sd

csufrsm;u qdkygonf/

avhvmrdoí azmfjy&rnfqdkygu jrefrm

EdkifiH&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf (2008)zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH

Oya'rS tmrcHcsufay;xm;onfrSm yk'fr 348 wGif

trsKd;om;trsKd;orD; qif;&Jcsrf;omwdkYudk taMumif;jyK

í cGJjcm;rI r&Sdapa&;? yk'fr 350wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf

wlnDaomtvkyftwGuf trsKd;orD;rsm; cHpm;cGihf&Sd

aom tcGihfta&;ESihf vpmwdkYudk cHpm;cGihf&Sdonf? yk'fr

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aqmiftrsKd;orD;rsm;onf Oya't& owfrSwfxm;

aom oufqdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk tnDtrQ cHpm;

cGihf&Sdonf? yk'fr 352 wGif EdkifiHawmfonf tvkyftudkif

cefYxm;&mwGifjzpfap? EdkifiH0efxrf;a&G;cs,fcefYxm;&m

wGifjzpfap owfrSwfxm;aom t&nftcsif;ESihf jynhfpkH

yg u trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;udk taMumif;jyKvsuf &mxl;

a&G;cs,fceYfxm;jcif;udk cGJjcm;rIrjyK&ponfwdkY jzpfyg

onf/ odkYaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;ESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;

pOfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;tcef; u@arS;rSdefaeqJjzpfyg

onf/ usm;^r wef;wl nDrQ tcGihfta&;&r&Sdjcif;aMumihf

jzpfEdkifovdk trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;

rI tm;enf;rIaMumihfvnf;jzpfEdkifygonf/ vkyfydkifcGihf

rsm; ydkrdk&&Sda&; onfvnf; ta&;ygaom tcsufwpf

csuftjzpf xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfygonf/

pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIwGif usm;^r

wef;wlnDrQrI&Sda&;\ ta&;ygykHudk 2015 ckESpf puf

wifbmv (18) &ufaeYwGif ukvor*¾ taxGaxG

nDvmcH rS ukvor*¾tzGJU0if EdkifiHrsm;\ wnDwnGwf

wnf; oabmwlnDrIjzihf twnfjyK jy|mef;cJhonhf

]pOfqufrjywfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf 2030 vkyfief;

pOf} (The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development)

udk Munhfjcif;jzihf od&SdEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ tqdkyg vrf;

pOfwGif pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;rIyef;wdkifaygif; (Sustainable

Development Goals, SDGs) (17) ckESihf &nfrSef;csuf

aygif; (169) ckyg&Sdygonf/ tqdkygyef;wdkif (17) ck

teuf usm;^r wef;wlnDrQrI&Sda&; ( Gender Equality)

onf (5) ckajrmuf yef;wdkifjzpfygonf/ urÇmBuD;

twGuf? vlom;rsm;twGuf pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK; wdk;

wufa&; aqmif&Guf&mwGif usm;^r wef;wlnDrQrIudk

z,f&Sm;xm;cJhír&? usm;^r wef;wl nDrQrIESihfwlnD

aom tcGihftvrf; vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;ay;tyfa&;pOf;pm;

aqmif&Gufay;rSom pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK; wdk;wufrI

yef;wdkifrsm; atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmfaqmif

&GufEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/

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vkyfief;pOf} yg pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;rS yef;wdkifrsm;udk

taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf urÇmhEdkifiHrsm; onf

rdrdwdkYEdkifiHESihf udkufnDonhf pDrHudef;? pDrHcsufrsm; tm;

taumiftxnfazmfa&;qGJ&awmhrnfjzpfonf/

xdkodkYa&;qGJ&mwGif jynfolvlxkudk OD;pm;ay;NyD; jynfol

vlxkA[dkjyK? vlYtcGihfta&;tajcjyK csOf;uyfrI vrf;

pOfrsm;jzihf zGHUNzdK;a&;awGudk aqmif&Guf&rSmjzpfygonf/

zGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;udkom y"mexm;NyD; jynfolvlxkudk

csefxm;cJhjcif;rsKd; rjzpfap&yg/ jynfolvlxk A[dkjyKpDrH

udef;? pDrHcsufrsm;jzihfaqmif&Gufonhf tcgwGifvnf;

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trsKd;om;^ trsKd;orD; wef;wlnDrQrI&Sda&;rSm ,aeY

urÇmBuD;u awmif;qdkaeaom ta&;BuD;aom tcsuf

wpfcsuf jzpfygonf/ trsKd;om;^trsKd;orD; wef;wl

nDrQrI&Sda&;onf pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf

ta&;BuD;ovdk pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI &&Sd

vdkygu trsKd;om;^trsKd;orD; wef;wlnDrQ tcGihfta&;?

vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;ay;tyfrSom yef;wdkifrsm;qD ta&muf

vSrf;EdkifrSm jzpfygonf/



60

urÇmhvlOD;a&onf 1900 jynhfESpfwGif oef;

1500 cefYrS 2000 jynhfESpfwGif oef; 3000 odkY vnf;

aumif;? vuf&Sd tajctaewGif 7 .5 bDvD,HrS 2030

jynhfESpfwGif vlOD;a& 8 bDvD,Hausmf? 2100 jynhfESpf

wGif vlOD;a& 11.2 bDvD,Htxd wdk; vmrnf[k urÇmh

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taxmuftul jyKaprnf jzpfojzihf aumif;usKd;?

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jcif;\ jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef 1989

ckESpfwGif usif;ycJhonhf urÇmhukvor*¾ zGHUNzdK;a&; tpD

tpOf\ tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD tBuHjyKcsufESihftwl

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ygrIwdkYtay: urÇmol? urÇmom;rsm;rS ydkrdkí tm½kH

pl;pdkufvmap&efESihf urÇmhvlOD;a& oef;(5000) jynhf

onhf 1987 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 11 &ufaeYudk *kPfjyKaom

tm;jzihf urÇmhvlOD;a&aeYtjzpf owfrSwf jy|mef;cJhNyD;

ESpfpOf txdrf;trSwfaqmifyk'frsm; csrSwfNyD; tcrf;

tem;rsm;jzihf *kPfjyK usif;yvsuf&Sdygonf/ ,ckESpf

2017 ckESpf urÇmhvlOD;a&aeY\ aqmifyk'ftjzpf

"Family Planning: Empowing People,Developing Nation"

61

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63

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64

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jcif;wdkYudk pwifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkYtjyif

tao;pdwfpDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJ&mwGifvnf; jynfolodkY

today;jcif; (Publicity Reveal) tpDtpOf wpf&yf

xm;&Sdonf/ ,if;tpDtpOft& a&;qGJxm;onfh

pDrHudef;rsm;udk jynfolvlxkxH today;tBuHÓPf

awmif;cHNyD; jynfolvlxk\ tBuHjyKcsufrsm;t& pDrH

udef;rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;qGJonf/

w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHonf A[dkpDrHudef;

cs pD;yGm;a&;pepfrS EdkifiHydkifESifh yk*¾vdydkif a&m>yrf;

pD;yGm;a&;pepfodkY ajymif;vJvmjcif;ESifhtwl pDrHudef;

a&;qGJjcif;pepfonfvnf; ajymif;vJrIrsm;&Sdvmonf

udk awGU&onf/ w½kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiHonf pD;yGm;

a&; wdk;wufvmrI twljzpfay:vmaom NrdKUjyajr

tokH;csrI? &moDOwkajymif;vJrIESifh tjcm;NrdKUjy vlrIa&;

jyóemrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf pDrHxdef;csKyfEdkif&ef

twGuf tao;pdwfpDrHudef; a&;qGJ aqmif&Gufvsuf

&SdaMumif; avhvmwifjytyfygonf/



66

uRe fronf "Stakeholders" [ laom

pum;vkH; udk pí awGUjrifywfouf&aom tcsdefwGif

]pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif tpk&S,f,myg0ifywfouf

olrsm;} [kvnf;aumif; ? "Mission" [laom pum;vkH;udk

½kyf&Sif rif;om;wGrfc½k\ Zmwfum;rsm; jzpfaom

"Mission Impossible"ESih f wG Jvsuf ]txl;wm0ef

ay;tyfjcif; cH& ol (odkYr[kwf) omoemjyKtzGJU}[k

vnf;aumif; rSwfom;cJholjzpf onf/ KDI School wGif

Public Policy Analysis (PPA) bmom&yfudk oif,l&

onfhtcg cH,lxm;onhf wm0eftm;wifjyjcif;

(Mission Statement) [lonhf Assignment ay;jcif;

cH&awmhonf/ xdkodkY rSwf om;xm;cJhaom uRefrtm;

'Dtdrfpmu 'DtdrfpmxJrSmygwJh pum;vkH;awG

taMumif;udk xJxJ0if0if pOf;pm; rdatmif? ususee

em;vnfatmif pOf;pm;apawmh onf/ oGm;vnf;

'Dpdwf? pm;vnf; 'Dpdwf ezl;ay: vuf wifí "My

Stakeholders & Mission" \ qufEG,fykHudk awG;awm

&awmhonf/ rpOf;pm;vdkYvnf;r& Assignment wifrS

pmar;yGJatmifzdkY taxmuftuljzpfrnfjzpf onf/

wpfoufeJYwpfudk,f igbmpD;yGm;a&;vkyfNyD; b,f

ukrÜPDaxmifcJhí 'Dvdk "Stakeholders" eJY ywf oufcJh

rdygvdrhf[kvnf; &,f&TifzG,fawG;rdNyD; NyHK;cJhrd onf/

odkYESihf vGefpGmt&nftaoG;jynhf0vSaom

q&mh&JU oifMum;jcif;aemufu q&mh tmabmfrsm;udk

rdatmif [yfxdk;vdkufavhvm&if; rdrd&JU xdk;xGif;ÓPf

(Creative Thinking) udk EdI;qG&\/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m

ausmif;om;rsm;Mum; uRefrudk,fuRefr tm;rvdk

tm;r&jzpf&onf/ r0Hhr&J tm;i,f&onfrSmvnf;

67

tcgcgyif/ olrsm;wumawG Concept rdonhftcsdefxd

uRefrrSmawmh csdwfquf pÚf;pm;ae&onfrSm rNyD;Edkif

rpD;Edkif/ 'Dbmom&yfwGifrSr[kwf tjcm;bmom&yf

rsm;wGifvnf; þtwdkif; þodkYyif Mumanmif;NrJ/

wu,hfwu,f EdkifiH&yfjcm;ü bGJUwpfck&&ef ½kef;uef

&mü udk,folUru,fEdkif oludk,hf ru,fEdkif udk,hftm;

udk,fom udk;&onfyif/ pdwftm; ½kyftm;BuHhcdkifrIonf

wpfjynf&yfjcm;ü vGefpGmta&;BuD;vSonf/ rBuHhcdkifyg

u t&m&mtEkwfjy t½IH;&onfom/ ÓPfaumif;vS

aom PPA q&m ( Geneous Professor) rSvnf; tjcm;

olqDrS rSDjirf;orIjyKvmaom tdrfpmrsm;tm; olu

odjyefonfqdk\/ xdkodkYaom tdrfpmrsm;tm; Grade

ray;[k qdkvmaomf tjcm;olqDrS ul;,lusifhr&Sdaomf

jim; e*dktm;i,f&aom uRefrrSm rsufpdoli,fjzpf&jyef

um ar;vmaomar;cGef;rsm;tm; rdrdpdwful;jzihf

wpdrhfpdrhfawG;um zef;wD;&ayawmhonf/

q&monf ausmif;om;rsm;tay: tuJjzwf

pepfü bufpkHpepf (360 Degree System) udk okH;onf

[k ,lqygonf/ pmoifcsdefwpfcsdefNyD;vQif xdkoifcef;

pmtwGuf rdrd em;vnfrSwf,lvdkufonfudk tenf;qkH;

0guswpfaMumif;? trsm;qkH;0gus ig;aMumif;avmuf

jzihf xdkaeYn oef;acgifrwdkifcif aemufqkH;xm;í

Class Assistant (CA) xH Email jzih f ay;yd k Y&onf/

oifcef;pmydkYcspOftwGif; yg0ifaqG;aEG;rI? ar;cGef;

ar;jref;rIrsm; (class participants) udkvnf; trSwfay;

jcif;? twef;ac:csdef (class attendance) ppfjcif;?

Group Presentation vkyf&mwGifvnf; PPT Slide wpfck

wnf;om zefwD;&jcif;? odkYaomf yg0ifol Group member

tm;vkH; udk,hftydkif;ESihfudk,f tcsdeftwdtus &Sif;

vif;wifjy&jcif; tp&Sdonhf bufpkHavhusihfrIrsm;jzihf

tuJjzwfjcif;jzpfonf/ tcsKdU ausmif;om;rsm;onf

tvGefwwfodem;vnfvQif tcsdefudkrav;pm;bJ

aemuftzGJU\ tcsdeftm; okH;pGJum r&yfrem;wifjyavh

&Sdonhf udkrdkufcJ? rrdkufcJrsm;&Sd&m owfrSwfcsdef twGif;

vdktyfonfrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf xkwfazmfajym

Mum;wwf&ef þodkY pnf;urf;owfrSwfjcif; jzpfonf

xifygonf/ Format twdtusowfrSwfxm;aom

Assignment udkvnf; q&mhxHodkY owfrSwfcsdeftwGif;

tD;ar;vfjzihfay;ydkY&onf/ q&mrS vdktyfcsufrsm;udk

Comments jzihf jyefvnfay;ydkY&m jznhfpGufí q&mhxH

jyefvnfay;ydkY&onf/

odkYayaMumihfvm;rod tawG;tac: rxl;cRef

aomfvnf; twwfEdkifqkH; q&mh oifMum;rIenf;vrf;

ESihftwl pnf;urf;vdkufemaomaMumihf tppt&m&m

udk,hfxufawmfonf[k ,lqxm;olrsm;tMum; udk,hf

&v'frSm tv,ftvwf&&SdcJhí auseyf&onf/

þodk Y jzih f uRefr\ "Mission Statement"

Assignment tm; PPA Professor \ pnf;urf;csufrsm;

ESihftnD atmufygtwdkif; zefwD;cJhygonf/

Policy Process Analysis Paper - "Mission Statement"

Who am I?



68

ar;cGef;eHygwf (1) ]uRefrb,folvJ− Who

am I?}twGuf uHMur®mu a&;qGJxm;NyD;jzpfaom uRefr

jzpfwnfrIudk uRefrpOf;pm;cJhygonf/ rdbrsm;twGuf

wm0efausaom orD;wpfa,muf? armifESrrsm;

twGuf wm0efausaom tpfrwpfa,muf? q&m^

q&mrrsm;twGuf wm0efausaom wynhfwpf

a,muf? oli,fcsif; rdwfaqG^ vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;

twGuf wm0efausaom oli,fcsif;^ vkyfazmfudkif

zuf? oufarG;0rf;ausmif;aom tvkyftwGuf wm0ef

ausaom t&m&Sd wpfa,muf? EdkifiHtwGuf wm0ef

ausaom EdkifiHom;aumif; wpfa,muftjzpf twwf

EdkifqkH; &yfwnfcJhonfudk azmfjycJhygonf/ rnfolUudk

rqdk uRefrwwfEdkifoavmuf taumif;qkH;udkom

ay;cJh&m tjcm;zufrS vkHvkHavmufavmuf wm0efaus

onf[k ,lqonfjzpfap? r,lqonfjzpfap ? xdkYtwl

rnfoluyif todtrSwfjyKjcif; &Sdonfjzpfap^ r&Sd

onfjzpfygap? þ&yfwnfrIonf b0wpfavQmuf

touf&Sifaexdkif&ef vdyfjymvkHonf[k uRefr ,lq

íjzpfonf/ wjznf;jznf; touf& vmonfESihftrQ

&,ljcif;? ay;qyfjcif;[lonhf cHpm;csufrsm; arS;rSdefvm

um wm0efaus&efom t"duvdktyfrI[k odjrifvm

&onf/ odkYaomfyif odkYaomfjim; ae&mwdkif;ü BuD;pdk;

aeonfrSm wm0efa&SmifrIrsm;yif/ vlwdkif;udk,hfwm0ef

udk,fausvQif avmuonf om,mvSyrnfrSm {uef

rkcsyif/

(2) Who are my key stakeholders whom I want to

live and workfor?

ar;cGef;eHygwf(2) ]uRefr twl&Sifoefaexdkif

vkyfudkifay;csifwJh uRefr&JUyg0if ywfoufolawGu

b,folawGvJ−Who are my key stakeholders whom

I want to live and work for? }'Dar;cGef;twGuf pOf;pm;

vm&onfrSm b,folawGvJ[k ar;aomfvnf; q&m

ajzcdkif;onhf ykHpHrsm;wGif bmaMumihf þuJhodkY owfrSwf

pOf;pm;&wmvJqdkwJh taMumif;aMumihf tusKd;jzpfjcif;

qdkwJh pHEIef;awGyg&Sdvmonfudk awGU&onf/ þodkY pOf;

pm;&if; cGJjcm;&m ½dk;½dk;omrmefvljzpfonhf uRefrtwGuf

ta&;BuD;onhf t"du tydkif;(2)ckrSm rdom;pkeSihf

tvkyfjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ rdom;pktydkif;wGif

rdbESpfyg;ESihf uRefru cspfaom^ uRefrudkcspfaom

olrsm;udk xnhfoGif;vdkufygonf/ cspfonhf olawGu

om rdrdtusKd;&Sd&m&SdaMumif; jrifvdkonfr[kwfygvm;/

xdkrQru uRefrcspfaom tdrfarG; wd&pämefrsm;yif xnhf

oGif;vdkufygonf/ tvkyftydkif;wGif 0ifaiG (Income)

ESihf rdrdudk,fudk ,kHMunfrI (Confedence)udk t"du

awG;awmum aygif;xnhfvdkufonf/ zGHUNzdK;rI tenf;

qkH; EdkifiHrsm;wGif wpfEdkifiHjzpfonhf jrefrmEdkifiH\ or®m

tmZD0 EdkifiHh0efxrf;vpmonf vlwpfa,muf pm;0wf

aea&;twGuf vkHavmufatmif rzefwD;Edkifao;aomf

vnf; pdwfydkif;qdkif&m vkHNcHKrItwGuf vlwpfa,mufwGif

tenf;qkH; or®mtmZD0ESihf *kPfodu©m&Sdaom tvkyf

wpfck&Sd&ef vdktyfvSayonf/

¤if;tdrfpmonf ar;cGef;(5)ckjzihf zGJUpnf;xm;

aomfvnf; ,ckaqmif;yg;wGif þae&mü &yfwefY&if;

awGUBuHKoifMum;avhvm&onfrsm;ESihf uRefr\ t,l

tqrsm;udk a0rQygonf/ tcsdefay;zwf½IonhftwGuf

aus;Zl;txl;wif&SdygaMumif;..../

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


69

jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHonf udkvdkeD

vufatmufusa&mufpOf 1875 ckESpf uwnf;uyif

roefpGrf;olrsm;twGuf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;

rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJhygonf/ 1914 ckESpfwGif tjrif

tm½Hk roefpGrf;olrsm;twGuf rsufrjrifoifwef;

ausmif;udk 0efxrf; oHk;OD;jzifh pwifwnfaxmifcJhyg

onf/ 1954ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiH Gwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD;aemuf

vlrI0efxrf; qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;udkcsrSwfNyD; roefpGrf;ol

rsm;twGuf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyf

aqmifcJhMuygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHonf roefpGrf;olrsm;\ tcGifh

ta&;rsm;qdkif&m ukvor*¾uGefAef;&Sif; oabm

wlpmcsKyf tzGJU0ifEdkifiHjzpfonfhtjyif tmqD,Htodkuf

t0ef;twGif; roefpGrf;olrsm; yg0ifrIESifh roefpGrf;ol

70

rsm;\ tcef;u@jrifhrm;a&;qdkif&m bmvDaMunm

csuf? tmqD,HroefpGrf;olrsm; qdkif&m q,fpkESpf

vkyfief;pOfjzpfonfh tifcRef;r[mAsL[m (2013-

2022) uJhodkUaom a'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwum r[m

AsL[mESifh vkyfief;tpDtpOfwdkUudkvnf; vdkufem

taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/

jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;ykH

taNccHOya'(2008) tcef;(1)? tydk'f 21(u) wGif

EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf þzGJUpnf;ykHtaNccHOya'wGif

owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;onfh wef;wlnDrQrI tcGifhta&;?

vGwfvyfrItcGifhta&;? w&m;rQwrItcGifhta&;wdkU

cHpm;cGifh&SdonfESifh tcef; (1)? 32 (u)wGif EdkifiHawmf

onf rdcifESifhuav;oli,frsm;? rdbrJhuav;rsm;?

usqkH;aom wyfrawmfom;rsm;\uav;rsm;? tdkrif;

rpGrf;olrsm;? roefpGrf;olrsm;tm; Munfh½Iapmifha&Smuf

&rnf[k yg&Sdygonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf

roefpGrf;olrsm;\ vlrIb0zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf&eftwGuf

tpOftav;xm; aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/

vlrI0efxrf;u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&m

csxm;a&;0efBuD;Xmevufatmuf&Sd vlrI0efxrf;OD;pD;

Xmeonf uav;oli,frsm;? vli,frsm;? trsdK;orD;

rsm;? roefpGrf;olrsm;ESifh oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm; apmifh

a&Smufa&;ESif h zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;wdk YtwGuf vlrI

0efxrf;vkyfief;rsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf aqmif

&Guf&mwGif BudKwifumuG,fjcif;? ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf

jcif;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmif jcif;ponfh vlrI0efxrf;

enf;pepfrsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/ xdkuJhodkY

aqmif&Guf&mwGif umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efESifh tcGifh

ta&;jr§ifhwifay;&ef vdktyfaomtkyfpkrsm;udk vlrI

todkuft0ef;twGif; jyefvnf0ifqHhEdkif&eftwGuf

jrefrmEdkifiH roefpGrf;olrsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; trsKd;

om; tqifhr[mAsL[m (2016-2025) udk EdkifiHwum

pHEIef;rsm;ESifhtnD a&;qGJcsrSwfaqmif½Gufvsuf &Sdyg

onf/ roefpGrf;olrsm;\ tcGifhta&;Oya'udkvnf;

2015 ckESpfwGif jy|mef;cJhygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif roefpGrf;olrsm;onf ab;z,f

xm;jcif;? csefvSyfxm;jcif;wdkYudk trsm;qkH; MuHKawGU

aeMu&NyD; trsm;enf;wl vlUtodkif;t0dkif;twGif;

0ifqHhEdkifa&;twGufvnf; vpfvsL½IcH aeMu&ygonf/

2014 ckESpf? vlOD;a&ESifh tdrftaMumif;t&m oef;acgif

pm&if;t& jrefrmEdkifiH pkpkaygif;vlOD;a& 51 oef;ausmf

&Sdonfhteuf 2 'or 3 oef;ausmfonf roefpGrf;ol

rsm;jzpfMuojzifh pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&wGif 4 'or 6

&mcdkifEIef;onf roefpGrf;olrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ¤if;

roefpGrf;olrsm;wGif tjriftm½kHroefpGrf;ol 54 'or

1 &mcdkifEIef;? vrf;avQmuf? tjrifhwuf? ypönf;udkif

wG,f&mwGif cufcJol 41 'or 1 &mcdkifEIef;? oif,l

avhvmjcif;? rSwfÓPf? tm½kHpl;pdkufjcif; tcuftcJ

&Sdol 36 'or 2 &mcdkifEIef;ESifh tMum;tm½kHcufcJol

29 'or 1 &mcdkifEIef;&SdjyD; roefpGrf;rIudk trsdKom;rsm;

(45.72%) ESifhEIdif;,SOfvQif trsKd;orD;rsm; (54 'or

28%) wGif ydkrdkawGU&ygonf/ roefpGrf;olrsm;wGif

pmwwfajrmufrIEIef; 74 'or 8 &mcdkifEIef;om &Sd

aMumif; ESifh roefpGrf;olOD;a& rsm;jym;vmonfESSifhtrQ

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awGU&Sd&ygonf/ xdkUtjyif roefpGrf;rI tenf;i,fom

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wGif yg0ifonfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&wGif roefpGrf;olyg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef;

taMumif;t&m &mcdkifEIef;

pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&wGif roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 4 .60

trsKd;om; roefpGrf;olyg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 2 .10

trsdK;orD; roefpGrf;olyg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 2 .50

NrdKUjya'owGif roefpGrf;olyg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 1 .06

aus;vufa'owGif roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 3 .54

touf(0-14)ESpf&Sd roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 0 .39

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


71

touf(15-29)ESpf&Sd roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 0 .34

touf(65)ESpftxuf&Sd roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 1 .62

tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfhtouftydkif;tjcm; touf(15-64)ESpf&Sd

roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef;

1 .62

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pm&if;

roefpGrf;&mcdkifEIef;onf {&m0wDwdkif;

a'oMuD;wGif (7 'or 6) &mcdkifEIef;jzihf tjrihfqkH;jzpfjyD;

csif;jynfe,fwGif (7 'or 4) &mcdkifEIef;? weoFm&Dwdkif;

a'oBuD;wGif (7 'or 0) &mcdkifEIef; toD;oD;&SdaMumif;

od&Sd&ygonf/ roefpGrf;&mcdkifEIef;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\

NrdKUawmfjzpfonfh aejynfawmfwGif tenf;qkH;jzpf

aMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ tqdkyg udef;*Pef; tcsuf

tvufwdkUonf vuf&Sd tajctaewGif roefpGrf;ol

rsm;twGuf tqifajyoifhavsmfonfh ywf0ef;usif

zefwD;xm;&SdrI? tvkyftudkif? ynma&;ESifh tjcm;aom

zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;u@rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;aqmif&GufrI

wdkUudk wdk;jr§ifhvkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfaeqJjzpfaMumif;

azmfjyvsuf&Sdygonf/

jynfe,f^ wdkif;a'oMuD;tvdkuf roefpGrf;olyg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef;

pOf jynfe,f^ wdkif;a'ojuD; &mcdkifeSkef;

1/ ucsifjynfe,f 4 .0

2/ u,m;jynfe,f 5 .8

3/ u&ifjynfe,f 6 .6

4/ csif;jynfe,f 7 .4

5/ ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oMuD; 3 .3

6/ weoFm&Dwdkif;a'oMuD; 7 .0

7/ yJcl;wdkif;a'oMuD; 4 .2

8/ rauG;wdkif;a'oMuD; 5 .2

9/ rEåav;wdkif;a'oMuD; 3 .3

10/ rGefjynfe,f 5 .3

11/ &cdkifjynfe,f 5 .3

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14/ {&m0wDwdkif;a'oMuD; 7 .6

15/ aejynfawmf 3 .2

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pm&if;

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ygonf/



72

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73

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76

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,ck ppfwrf;onf jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;

tm; apmif h Munf havhvmonf hpepf (Myanmar

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tjcm;aomNrdKUrsm;xuf vkyfom;crsm;vnf; aygrsm;

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tjzpfvnf;aumif;? uGrf;pm;&mwGifvnf; aq;rIefY

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


77

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odkYaom taiGUrsm;xGuf&Sdjcif; ponfjzifh awGU&SdcJh&yg

onf/ ,if;vkyfief;vkyfudkifjcif;jzifh obm0ywf0ef;

usif avxkudk npfnrf;apumusef;rma&;udk xdcdkuf

apEdkifygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh ,if;vkyfief;rsm;udk

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&ygonf/ vkyfief;wGif trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;om;wdkYrSm

tcsKd;nDpGm vkyfudkifaeMuonfudk awGU&SdcJh&ygonf/

vkyfief;taejzifh ukefMurf;&Sm;yg;NyD; aps;BuD;ojzifh

¤if;wdkYwpfEdkifwpfydkif vkyfief;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf&ef twGuf

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rS acs;aiGydkrdkvG,fulpGm &,lEdkif&ef jznfhqnf;ay;&ef

ajzMum;cJhygonf/

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taejzifh tzef&nftufqpf&nft&GufrS taph&&Sd

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enf;ynm vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf[k od&Sd&ygonf/ xdkYjyif



78

om;a&udk a&mif;cs&mwGif tcsyfvdkufa&mif;csjcif;

jzpfaMumif;od&Sd&ygonf/ rdrdwdkYEdkifiH\ om;a&tcsyf

rsm;udk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS value added &oGm;aMumif;

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vmonfhtwGuf jynfy0,fvdktm;a&m? jynfwGif;

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ap&efjznfh qnf;ay;jcif;?enf;ynm&,lvdk jcif;

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xpfonfh puf,EÅ&m;tokH;jyKvdkjcif;? oeyfcg;udk

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


79

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rsm;jzifh tokH;jyKvdkjcif;? jyKvkyfNyD;onfh oeyfcg;udk

obm0aeESifh av tajcmufcHjcif;xuf pufud&d,m

rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfvdkjcif; ponfhtcuftcJrsm;twGuf

enf;ynmtultnDvdktyfjcif;rsm; awGU&Sd&ygonf/

oeyfcg;vkyfief;&Siftaejzifh t&nftaoG;jynfhrD

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taejzifh vdkufemaqmif&Gufvdkaomfvnf; enf;ynm

tultnDay;jcif;rsm; r&Sd[kod&S d&ygonf/ ,if;

vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh enf;ynmtultnD ay;apvdk

jcif;udk ajzMum;cJhygonf/

7/ oHyef;ôHwHcg;ESifU wGifukefvkyfief;,if;vkyfief;trsm;pkwGif vkyfudkifMuonfh

tvkyform;trsm;pkrS uRrf;usif vkyfom;rsm;jzpfMuyg

onf/ xdkodk Y uRrf;usifvkyfom;rsm;jzpf&eftwGuf

vnf; tvkyfoifb0rS pwifum ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vkyf

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rsm;wGif a'otwGif; uRrf;usifvkyfom;&Sm;yg;rIrsm;

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jynfwGif;vkyfcxuf ydkrd krsm;onf jynfyEdkifiHrsm;

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vkyfudkifonf[k od&Sd&ygonf/ ,if;vkyfief;rsm;\

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ap&ef jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;ESifh a'otwGif; uRrf;usif

vkyfom;&Sm;yg;jcif;wdkYudk ajzMum;cJhygonf/

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trsm;pkrSm puf,uúef;vkyfief;udk vkyfudkifMuygonf/

puf,uúef;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh csnfxnf (vkHcsnfESifh

ykqdk;) rsm;udk ,ufvkyfvsuf&Sdygonf/ ,ckESpfrSm

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'ku©rsm;ESifh BuHKBudKufMu&NyD; vkyfief;rsm;&yfqdkif;&

onftxd awGU&SdcJh&ygonf/



80

puf,uúef;rsm;wGif vkyfudkifMuonfh tvkyf

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csnfxnfvkyfief;onf t"du toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

vkyfief;vnf;jzpfonfhtwGuf rnfolwpfOD;wpf

a,mufrQ vkyfief;&Sifu oifwef;ay;cJh&jcif;rsKd;r&Sdyg/

tcsKdUuav;i,frsm;onf touf (8) ESpfavmuf jzifh

vkyfudkifaeonfholrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ NcHKikHokH;oyf

rnfqdkvQif tvkyf&Sifrsm;uvnf; Business Ethnic

r&SdouJhodkY tvkyform;rsm;udkvnf; Department of

Labor wGif w&m;0if pm&if;oGif; rcefYxm;onfhtwGuf

jyóemrsm;BuHKcsdefwGif tvkyform;Oya'r&Sdojzifh

ajz&Sif;&ef cufcJrIrsm; BuHKawGU&vsuf&Sdygonf/

9/ qefpufqefpufvkyfief;rsm;udk jrif;jcHNrdKUe,fwGif

aumuf,l&efryg&Sdaomfvnf; 0rf;wGif;NrdKUe,f aus;

vufrsm;wGif erlemvkyfief;rsm;udk oGm;a&mufaumuf

,lcJhygonf/ ,cktcsdeftcgwGif qefpufvkyfief;

trsm;pkonf vkyfief;tajctaeraumif;awmhbJ

&yfqdkif;onfhvkyfief;rsm;&Sd ouJhodkY e0vDomvkyfudkif

onfhvkyfief;rsm;vnf; awGU&SdcJ h&ygonf/ t"du

taMumif;t&if;rSm enf;ynmzGHUNzdK;vmonfhtwGuf

w½kwfqefpufrsm;0ifvmonfhtwGuf ,cifjrefrm

jzpf qefpufrsm;u r,SOfEdkifawmhjcif;jzpfygonf/

,if;enf;ynmtopfjzifh 0ifvmonfh w½kwfqefpuf

vkyfudkif&ef vQyfppfrD;&&Sd&efrSm t"dujzpfygonf/

aus;vuftrsm;pkwGif vQyfppfrD; r&&SdonfhtwGuf

rd½dk;zvm;qefpufjzifh wpfEdkifwpfydkif vkyfudkifvsuf&Sd

ygonf/ w½kwfqefpufjzifh vkyfudkifvQif vltiftm;

odyfrvdkjcif;(ausmufp&pfcJ? zGJ? qefuGJ? pyg;cGHrsm;udk

pufrS atmfwdkcGJay;jcif;)ESifh qef\ t&nftaoG;

aumif;rGefjcif;(qefrSm jzLazG;aejcif;) wdk YaMumifh

0,folrsm;rSvnf; BudKufESpfoufMuygonf/ 2017

ckESpfwGif ukef;Murf;aps;BuD;NyD; ukefacsm aps;usaeonfh

twGuf ta&mif;t0,fat;NyD; vkyfief;vnfywfrI

tajctaeraumif;aMumif; od&SdcJh&ygonf/

10/ w&m;r0ifvkyfief;rsm; (Informal),ck MSME ppfwrf;aumuf,lonfhtcg

vkyfief;ao;i,faom informal rsm;\ ukefxkwfvkyfrI

yrmPrsm;onfw&m;0ifvdkifpif&Sdonfh rkefYvkyfief;

BuD;rsm;\ ukefxkwfvkyfrIyrmPxuf ydkrdkjrifhrm;ae

onfudk od&SdcJ h&ygonf/ ,if;tcsufrSm Informal

vkyfief;rsm;onf tcGefvnf;rod? vdkifpifcvnf;

ray;aqmif&onfhtwGuf ¤if;wdk Y\ xkwfvkyfrI

yrmPESifh 0ifaiGrsm;udk trSefwdkif; ajzMujcif;aMumifh

jzpfygonf/ ,if;vkyfief;trsm;pkrsm; &yfwnfEdkif&ef

ESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf&eftwGuf t"du vdktyfcsufrSm

acs;aiG ydkrdkvG,fulpGm &,lEdkifap&ef jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;

ESifh aps;uGuf&SmazG wifydkYjcif;qdkif&m tultnDay;jcif;

wdkYudk ajzMum;cJhygonf/

ed*kH;MSME ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;onf jrefrm

EdkifiHwpfEdkifwpfydkif tao;pm;ESifh tvwfpm; pD;yGm;

a&;vkyfief; (ukefxkwfvkyfrI) wdkY\ pD;yGm;a&;pm&if;

tif;trSefrsm; r&&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;vkyfief;rsm;\

tm;enf;csuf^tm;omcsufrsm;udk od&SdcJh&ygonf/

rdrdwdkY ajrjyiftajctae uGif;qif;aumuf,l&&SdcJhonfh

,if;ppfwrf;rS EdkifiHawmfwGuf vdktyfaom oufqdkif

&m rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&ef udef;*Pef;tcsuftvufrsm;

jzifh yHhydk;ay;EdkifrnfjzpfaomaMumifh tusKd;aus;Zl;&&Sd

onfh ppfwrf;wpfckjzpfygaMumif; jrif;NcHNrdKUESif h

0rf;wGif;NrdKUe,frsm;rS MSME ppfwrf; tawGUtBuHK

A[kokwrsm;udk a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


81

EIwfajymordkif; (Oral History)qdkonfrSm

yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpf a,muf\ EIwfrS ajymqdkcsufrsm;ukd

jzpfap? vlwpfpk\ tjyeftvSef ajymqdk aqG;aEG;csuf

rsm;udkjzpfap toHoGif;wdwfacG? pD'D? 'DAGD'Drsm;jzifh

zrf;,lí odrf;qnf;xm;aom armffuGef;rsm;udk qdk vdkyg

onf/

82

vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf[kqdk&mü txl;

ojzihf EdkifiH\trsKd;om; acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;? trsKd;

om; vIyf&Sm;rI (odkYr[kwf) vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif

udk,fwdkifyg0if vIyf&Sm;cJholrsm;udk qkdvdkygonf/ vl

wpfpk\ tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG; ajymqdkcsufrsm;? tpdk;&

Xme tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ vkyfief;aqmif&GufpOf ajymqdk

aqG;aEG;csufrsm; yg0ifygonf/ (Oyrm -vkHNcHKa&;ESifh

tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwD trsKd;om;nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,f

rsm;\ aqG;aEG;csufrsm;? jynfaxmifpknDvmcH

aqG;aEG;csufrsm;? jynfolYvTwfawmf tpnf;t a0;

aqG;aEG;csufrsm; jzpfygonf/)

EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;\ rmefygaomajymqdkrI

rdef YcGef;rsm;onf vli,frsm;twGuf twk,lzG,f?

tm;uszG,fjzpfNyD; ZmwdaoG;Zmwdrmefudk wuf<uap

onf/ rsKd;cspfpdwf? EdkifiHcspfpdwfrsm;udk arG;zGm;aponf/

tmZmenfacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf

ausmif;om;b0rS ppfaoemywdcsKyfESifh trsKd;om;

acgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfvmonfhtxd wdkif;jynfvGwfvyf

a&;twGuf aeYrem;? nrtm; judk;yrf;aqmif&GufcJh

onf/ jynfolrsm;odkYvnf; rl0g'rsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;?

owday;csufrsm;? yefMum;csufrsm; yg0ifonfh rdefY

cGef;rsm;udk ajymMum;oGm;cJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfajymMum;

cJhaom vrf;ñTefrSmMum;csufrsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;

jynfolrsm;\ ESvkH;om;wGif euf½dIif;pGm udef;atmif;

vsuf &Sdygonf/ þuJhodkY EdkifiHacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\

rdefYcGef;rsm;? aqG;aEG;csufrsm;onf ordkif;wefzdk;&Sd

armfuGef;rsm;jzpfouJhodkY acwftqufqufudk,fwdkif

yg0ifvIyf&Sm; aqmif&GufcJhMuaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ tawGU

tBuHKrsm;tm; ajymMum;aom EIwfajymordkif; (Oral

History) rsm;onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ ordkif;rSwfwrf;

jyKpk&mwGif wefzdk;&Sdaom armfuGef;rsm; jzpfygonf/

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf? umuG,fa&;

0efBuD;Xme? wyfrawmfumuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf

BuD;apmarmifu jrefrmhordkif;jzpf&yfrSef a&;om;jyKpk

a&;udpöESifh ywfoufí okH;oyfwifjyonfrSm ]ordkif;

jyKpk&mwGif a&SUaemufpOfqufrjywfjyKpkrS tusKd;

taMumif; qufpyfrnf[k uRefawmf,kHjunfaMumif;

uRefawmftxufwGif ajymcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ þwGif

a&&SnfjyKpk&rnfh tydkif;ESifh vwfwavmjzpfysufcJhonfh

jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm; od&Sdap&ef

tcsuftvuf trSefrsm;udk tajccHí tusOf;csKH;jyKpk

oifhonfhtydkif;[lí &Sdoifhonf[k xifjrifygonf/

xdkodkY ajym&jcif;rSm vGwfvyfa&;&,lcJhonfhtcsdefrS

,aeYtcsdeftxd ordkif;jyKpk&mwGif a&;om;xm;onfh

taxmuftxm;pm&Gufrsm;? ypönf;taxmuftxm;

ay:wGif jyKpk&jcif;&Sdonf jzpfouJhodkY a&;om;xm;jcif;

r&Sdaom um,uH&Sifrsm;om od&SdajymqdkEdkifaom

taMumif; tcsufrsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&SdEdkifjcif;aMumifh

jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyf vufatmuf&SdpOf EdkifiHa&;

aqmif&GufcJhonfh yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;? wyfrawmf\ ADZ

rsKd;aph0ifrsm;jzpfMuonfh &JabmfokH;usdyf0ifrsm;? touf

xif&Sm;&SdaeqJtcsdefwGif a&;om;xm;jcif; r&Sdonfh

jzpfpOfrsm;udk rSwfrdoa&GUajymjyapNyD; ordkif;taxmuf

txm;tjzpftjref &,ljyKpk&ef vdktyfaeonf[k

xifjrifygonf}[lí jzpfygonf/

]wdkif;&if;om;vlrsK d;rsm;ta&;ESif h 1947

tajccH Oya'} udka&;om;jyKpk&mwGif ordkif;qdkif&m

taxmuftxm;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh ordkif;0if

"mwfykH rsm;udk pkaqmif;í taxmuftxm;rsm;pGmwdkYrS

ta&;ygaompmydk'ftcsKdUudk aumufEkwfí udk;um;

azmfjycJhonf htjyif jrefrmordkif;wGif udk,fwdkifyg0if

vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJholrsm;teuf toufxif&Sm;

yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;udk twwfEdkifqkH;vufvSrf;rDoa&GU

awGUqkHar;jref;rSwfwrf;,lí aqmif&GufcJhMuygonf/

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH? vlrsKd;wpfpk? tzGJUtpnf;wpfck

pwifjzpfay:vmonfESifh rSwfwrf; [lonf &SdpjrJ jzpf

ygonf/ rSwfwrf;[lonf aemifvmaemifom;rsm;

rSDjirf;udk;um;&ef odrSwfp&mwpfckjzpfjyD; pOfquf

rjywf vufqifhurf;Edkif&ef vdktyfygonf/ ordkif;

rSwfwrf;wpfckonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH? tzGJUtpnf;wpfck

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


83

\ aqmif&Gufcsufudk rD;armif; xdk;jyEdkifaom jy,k*f

wpfckjzpfygonf/ rSwfwrf;armfuGef;taxmuftxm;

rsm;udk rysuf rpD; vkHNcHKpGm xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifjcif;onf

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ *kPfodu©mudk azmfaqmifjcif; jzpfyg

onf/

trsKd;om;rSwfwrf;rsm; armfuGef;wdkufonf

pwifwnfaxmifpOfuyif trsKd;om;a&;udk a&SU½I

vsuf rSwfwrf;rsm; &,lpkaqmif;jcif;vkyfief;udk

aqmif&Gufí edkifiHawmf\ EdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;?

vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ordkif;qdkif&m taxmuftxm;

rSwfwrf;rsm;? pmcsKyf? pmcRefvTmrsm;? jrefrmEdkifiH

jyefwrf;rsm;? ordkif;0if&Sm;yg;pmtkyfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;

xm;&Sdygonf/ xdktjyif armfuGef;rsm;tm; rSwfwrf;

wif½dkuful;xm;onfh rdkufc½dkzvif? rdkufc½dkzpfcsfrsm;?

rSwfwrf;"gwfykHrsm;? EIwfajymordkif; (Oral History)

toHzdkifrSwfwrf;rsm; jzpfonfh EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;\

rdefUcGef;rsm;? aqG;aEG;csufrsm;tm; puúLr[kwf

armfuGef; (Non Paper Archives)tjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;

&Sdygonf/

xdktjyif EdkifiHawmf\ EdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;?

vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ordkif;qdkif&m ynm&yfqdkif&m

e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif tawGUtBuHK&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;

ESifh awGUqkHí EIwfajymordkif; (OralHistory) jyKvkyfjcif;

jzifh toHzdkifrSwfwrf;rsm; &,lpkaqmif;jcif; vkyfief;udk

aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/ rdrdwdkYOD;pD;Xmetaejzifh

jynfaxmifpk 0efBuD;Xmersm;? Xmeqdkif&mrsm;wGif

wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifhawGUqkHí

vkyfief; tawGUtBuHKrsm;tm; EIwf ajymordkif; (Oral

History) jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh toHzdkifrSwfwrf;rsm;udk &,l

pkaqmif;vsuf &Sdygonf/

EIwf ajymordkif; (Oral History)rsm;onf wefzdk;

rjzwfEdkifaom rl&if;ordkif; taxmuftxm;rsm; jzpf

ygonf/ ,if;wdkUonf armfuGef;wdkufwGif odrf;qnf;

xm;aom armfuGef;rsm;udk NyD;jynfhpkHatmifaomfvnf;

aumif;? aemufqufwGJtaejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;

jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/ armfuGef;qdkif&m

pkaqmif;rItwGuf wefzdk;&Sdonfh taxmuftuljzpf

um EdkifiHawmf\ EdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?

vlrI a&; ajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifh ordkif;aMumif;rsm;udk ay:

vGifxif[yfapygonf/

odkUjzpfygí EdkifiHawmftpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;?

jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;Xmersm;ESifh ordkif;qdkif&m? ynm

&yfqdkif&me,fy,ftoD;oD;rS todynm&Sif twwf

ynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkY aqmif&GufcJhonfh vkyfief;

tawGUtBuHKrsm;tm; ordkif;armfuGef;wifEdkif&ef trsKd;

om;rSwfwrf;rsm;armfuGef;wdkuf OD;pD;Xme\ EIwfajym

ordkif; (Oral History) tpDtpOfwGif yl;aygif;yg0if

aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH\ordkif;aMumif;twGuf

EIwfajymordkif;rsm;rS oufaownfEdkifMuygap[k

qE´jyKwifjyvdkufygonf/

udk;um;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta&;ESifh 1947

tajccH Oya'



84

]]uRefawmfhom;u t&rf;vnfaeNyD/touf

u 3 ESpfrjynfhao;bl;/ zkef;eJY *drf;awGbmawGawmif

aqmhwwfaeNyD}}

]][kwfvm;/ awmfawmfvnfaeNyDyJ/ tdrfu

uRefrorD;u ykdvnfw,fawmif ajymvkdY&w,f/ olqkd

zkef;vnf;qufwwfaejyD/ tifwmeufvnf; Munfh

wwfaeNyDav}}

½kH;rSm uRefawmfhvkyfazmfukdifzuf tpfukdeJY

tpfru olwkdYom;orD;awG vnfaMumif;? wwfaMumif;

ukd tjyeftvSef<um;vkH;xkwfaeMujcif;jzpfonf/

olwkdUpum;oHawGukd em;axmiftNyD;rSm uRefawmfh

acgif;xJ tawG;rsm;pGm0ifvmcJhonf/

85

tckacwfuav;awG t&G,fa&muf jrefvm

wmuwpfykdif;? 'gukdrdbawGu pepfwus tkyfxdef;rI

r&SdbJ zkef;wpfvkH;? wufbvuf (Tablet)wpfvkH;ay;NyD;

vTwfxm;ygu uav;awG b,fvkdjzpfvmMurvJ/

'Dvkdt&G,fav;awGu twkjrif twwfoif BuD;jyif;

vmwmyJjzpfNyD; trSm;trSef? taumif;tqkd;ukd cGJjcm;

EkdifOD;rnfr[kwfay/ xkdYjyif enf;ynm&JU ab;xGuf

qkd;usdK;awGjzpfonfh t&G,frwkdifcif rsufrSefwyfqif

&jcif;? tm½kHaMumtm;enf;jcif;? txkdifrsm;NyD; tm;tif

csdeJY jcif;? ukd,fcE¨m aoG;auG;usHKvSDjcif;wkdYukdvnf;

BuHKawGUEkdifonfh tEÅ&m,fawG&Sdayonf/

trSefawmh rdbawGtaeeJU 'Dvk dt&G,f

ra&mufao;onfh uav;i,fawG? todÓPf r&ifh

usufEkdifao;onfh uav;i,fawGukd tifwmeufay;

okH;jcif;? Nidrfae&ifNyD;a&m zkef;tokH;jyKcGifhay;xm;jcif;

rsKd;ukd owdjyKqifjcifoifhygonf/ wu,fawmhvnf;

tckacwf rdbawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u 'g[m tEÅ&m,fvkdY

r,lqMuawmhbJ *kPf,lp&mvkdY vGJrSm;pGm ,lqaeMu

avonf/

'DvkdeJY wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pD&JU xifjrif

,lqcsuf (perception) vGJrSm;&muae vlUtzGJUtpnf;

wpfckvkH;\ xifjrif,lqcsuf (paradigm) rsm;vnf;

vGJrSm;ukefMuygonf/ xkdrSwpfqifh yg&m'kdif;rsm; edrfhus

rI (paradigm deficit) jzpfvm&ygonf/

pma&;olwkdY i,fpOfuqkd tkdifwDenf;ynm

awGaumif;pGm rzGHUNzdK;rwkd;wufao;onfhtwGuf

,if;\ aemufqufwGJaumif;usdK;qkd;usdK;rsm;ukd odyf

rcHpm;cJh&yg/ ausmif;aeonfht&G,f 1993 ckESpfrsm;rS

onf wuúokdvfynmroifMum;ciftcsdef (2005)

txd &GmrSm BudK;zkef;awmif r&SdcJhovkd tjzLtrnf;wDAGD

(black and white television) av;awGom &SdcJhonf/

umvmwDAGD&SdonfholqkdvkdY AD'D,kd½kHykdif&SifwpfOD;om

&SdcJhonf/ nbufawG apmapm tdyf,m0ifavh&SdMu

onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh uav;i,fawGukd vlBuD;rdb

awGu ntdyf,m0ifykHjyifawG ajymjyavh&Sdonf/ a&T,kef

ESifh a&Tusm;ykHjyif? ,kHESifhvdyfykHjyif? aumufuspfaom

ajracG;taMumif;? ½kd;ajzmifhaom opfckwform;ykHjyif

tp&Sdojzifh vli,fawG tysif;ajyapzkdUeJU vdr®ma&;jcm;

&SdapzkdY ykHjyifawGajymqkdqkH;rcJhBuonf/

tazh&JU ÓPftajrmftjrifBuD;rm;rIaMumifh

vnf; pma&;olwkdUuav;wpfokduf pmzwf0goemygcJh

Muonf/ i,fpOftcguwnf;u pmzwf0goemyg

atmif avhusifay;cJhonf/ a&TaoG;? awZ? rkd;aomuf

yef;? jr0wD? rPdaZmw? jrwfr*Fvm pmapmif ponf

jzifh uav;awGpdwf0ifpm;Ekdifonfh ÓPf&nfvnf;

rDrnfh pmtkyfpmayawGukd 0,f,lumol\wynfhawG

ukd zwfapcJhonf/ vufOD;q&mvnf;jzpf rlvwef;

ausmif;tkyfq&m aus;Zl;&SifzcifBuD;\ aus;Zl;rsm;u

BuD;rm;vSaypG/

tazhwynfhawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ynm

wwfbGJU&awGjzpfum avmuaumif;usdK; tvSqifae

MuNyDjzpfygonf/ tenf;i,faom pkef;jyL;av;awG

uvGJvkdYaygh/ wcsdKUvnf; rdbcsdKUwJhvkdY rwwfomwJh

tqkH; ausmif;xGufvkduf&jyD;wcsdKUus ukd,fwkdifu

ynmrvkdcsifawmh wpf0ufwpfysufeJU ausmif;xGuf

vkdufBuonf/



86

acwfum;t&Sdeft[kefrysuf wkd;wufaeyg

onf/ okdUaomf vlwkdY\ todÓPfrsm;um; vkdufyg

wkd;wufrvmyg/ qifjcifwkHw&m;awG uif;rJhvmMu

onf/t,kHvG,fvmMuonf/ pmempdwfawG enf;yg;

vmMuonf/ wpfa,mufu wpfckckvkyfr,fqk d

aemufwpfa,mufu raumif;ajymzkdY 0efrav;Mu

awmh/ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI tm;enf;vmBuonf/

tpkd;&½kH;XmeawGrSmjzpfjzpf? yk*¾vduvkyfief;awGrSm

jzpfjzpf? vltzGJUtpnf;wpfckvkH;rSm pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrI

NydKuGJaeMuonfukd pdwfraumif;zG,f&m awGUjrifae

&avonf/

pepfqkd;atmufrSm &SifoefBuD;jyif;cJh&NyD;

pDrHcefYcGJrItvGJrsm;aMumifh ynma&;pepf ysufpD;cJh&

onf/ tqifhedrfhynma&;aMumifh todÓPfcsdKwJhrI

(knowledge deficit) jzpfukefonf/ pm;0wfaea&;

usyfwnf;rIaMumifh ynmroifEkdif? ynmrwwf/enf;

ynmawGukd ZdrfcHwJhae&meJY tysif;ajyzkdYtwGufom

tokH;csNyD; pmrzwfBuawmh wpfckckqkd t,kHvG,f

ukefonf/ tusdK;quftaejzifh xpfceJ&Sd qJqkd &efjzpff

Muonf/ wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf taumif;rjrif

MuawmhbJ tqkd;oHo&m (vicious cycle)xJ vnf

ukefBuonf/

tm;vkH;yJod&SdMuonfhtwkdif; tpkd;&tae

jzihf ,aeYtcsdeftcgwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&SdzkdYtwGuf

tifwkduftm;wkduf vkyfaqmifaeygonf/ oufqkdif

&mtzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;uvnf; yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif

&GufaeMuonf/ jynfolwpfa,muftaejzifh aomf

vnf;aumif;? EkdifiH h0efxrf;wpfOD;taejzifhaomf

vnf;aumif; ppfrSefaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&SdzkdY arQmfvifh

rdonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;&rS ppftokH;p&dwfawG avQmhcsEkdif

rnf jzp fovk d ? pp fab;oif ha'oawGtwGuf

ukefusrnfh bwf*sufawGukd wkdif;jynftwGufta&;

BuD;vkdtyfonfh ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;u@awGrSm

wkd;jr§ifhokH;pGJEkdifrSmr[kwfvm;/ 'gukd tpkd;&taeeJY

aumif;aumif;odonfhtwGuf EkdifiHawmf\twkdif

yifcH yk*¾dKvfOD;aqmifNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf txl;BudK;

pm;aeygonf/

pma&;olwkdY jynfolawGtaeeJYvnf; Nidrf;

csrf;a&;twGuf wpfzufwpfvrf;u rulnDEkdifcJh&if

awmif zsufvkdzsufqD; rjyKvkyfoifhyg/ txl;ojzifh

xifa,mifxifrSm; ta&;tom;awG? tjyKtrl tajym

tqkdawGukd ukd,fwkdifvnf; rjyKvkyfoifhovkd wjcm;

olrsm;vkyfonfukd awGUyguvnf; csifhcsdefokH;oyf

,kHMunfMuzkdY tBuHjyKvkdygonf/

wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pDu todÓPfawG

jrifhrm;ae&if aoG;xkd;vIHYaqmfrIawG? oyfvQKdaoG;cJGrI

awGukd aMumufp&mrvkdawmhyg/ 'DhtwGuf pma&;olwkdY

pmzwfzkdYvkdygonf/ rdbawGukd,fwkdifvnf; pmzwf

oifhovkdrdrd&ifaoG;i,fawG pmzwf0goemygatmif?

pmzwfvmatmif jyKvkyfay;oifhygonf/ pmzwfjcif;

jzifh A[kokwawGwkd;yGm;vmNyD; ESvkH;om;awG El;nHhvm

rnf jzpfonf/ tcsif;csif;arwåmw&m;jzifh qufqHvm

Murnf/ wpfOD;ukdwpfOD; ,kHMunfrI&Sd&Sd em;vnfrI &Sd&Sd

jzifhtwlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMurnfqkdvQif vkyf

ief;rsm;atmifjrifjzpfovkd wkdif;jynfvnf; zGHUNzdK;wkd;

wufvmrnfrSm rvGJ{uefjzpfonf/

wpfa,mufcsif;pD\ todÓPfawG jrifhrm;zkdY

pmzwfzkdYvkdonf/ pmempdwfjzifh wpfOD;ukdwpfOD;az;r

ulnDay;zkdUvkdonf/ okdYrSom wpfa,mufcsif;pD\

xifjrif,lqcsuf (perception) awG aumif;vmrnf/

xkdrS wpfqifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpfckvkH;\ xifjrif,lq

csuf (paradigm) rsm;vnf;aumif;vmrnf jzpfonf/

vlrIyg&m'kdif;awG edrfhusaeonfESifhtrQ tcsif;csif;

jiLplapmif;ajrmif;? tjypfwif½Iwfcs? a0zefwkdufckdufae

rnfomjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlrIyg&m'kdif;awG jrifhrm;

zkdY pmzwfzkdYvkdygonf/ pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrI&SdzkdY pmzwfzkdY

vkdygonf/ rdrd&ifaoG;av;awGeJU aemufrsdK;qufopf

awGtwGuf pmzwfzkdYvkdNyDjzpfaMumif; tav;teuf

xm; wkdufwGef;vkduf&ygonf/

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


87

jynfolydkifypönf;[laom t"dyÜm,fudk oifodyg

ovm;/ trsm;olig od&SdaeMuonhf jynfolydkifypönf;

onf wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;tm;vkH; oGm;a&muf udkif

wG,f awGYxd tokH;jyKEdkifaomypönf;rsm;[k a,bk,s

tm;jzifh owfrSwfEdkifygonf/ jynfolrsm;u ydkifqdkif

onf[k qdk&m0,f wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; aexdkif&m

ae&m a'o EdkifiHwpfvTm;&Sd ywf0ef;usif? taqmuf

tOD? aetdrf? ½k H;? aps;? upm;uGif;? yef;jcHponfh

ae&mrsm;pGm wGif&Sdaom ypönf;wdkif;onf wdkif;oljynf

om;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifaeonfh jynfolydkif ypönf;rsm;yif

jzpfygonf/

Oya'ynm&yfwGif 1947 ckESpf jynfolydkifypönf;

umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; tuf Oya't& yk'fr 2(1)

wGif jynfolydkifypönf;qdkonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trI

xrf;vsuf&Sdonfh wyfrawmf Munf;? a&? av wyfzGJU

ujzpfap? jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&ujzpfap? Oya' wpf&yf&yf

t& zGJUpnf;xm;onfh a'oEÅ&tmPmydkifujzpfap

ydkifqdkifaom tokH;jyK&ef &nf&G,faom ¤if;wdkYudk vTJ

tyfxm;aom odkavSmifypönf;? tokH;taqmifypönf;

ud&d,m(odkY) tjcm;ypönf;wpfckckudk qdkvdkygonf/

tqdkygypönf;rsm;udk cGifhjyKcsufr&bJ vuf0,f

xm;&Sdjcif;? cdk;,ljcif;? tvGJokH;pm;jyKjcif;? tusKd;

zsufpD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfygu þOya'yk'fr-6(1)t&

axmif'Pf(7)ESpftxd ta&;,l tjypfay;jcif; cH&

rnfhtjyif iGa'Pfvnf; csrSwfcH&rnfjzpfonf/

xdkodkYqdkav&m ae&mtESHYtjym;&Sd jynfolydkifypönf;

tm;vkH;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&rnfh wm0efonf

vnf; wdkif;oljynfom;wdkif;wGif &Sdayonf/

jynfolydkifypönf;udk wdkif;oljynfom;wdkY rnfodkY

rnfykH xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEdkifoenf;/ vltrsm;udk

rpOf;pm;bJxm;OD;? wpfOD;wnf;udk,fwdkif rnfodk Y

xdef;odrf;oifhygoenf;/ rdrdonf 0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpfí

0efxrf;e,fy,frS pwifvdkygonf/ EdkifiHtESHYtjym;

wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;onf

vnf; wdkif;oljynfom; rsm;jzpfay&m jynfolydkifypönf;

xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;onf 0efxrf;wdkif;ESifhvnf;

oufqdkifaeygonf/ 0efxrf;wpfOD;csif;onf rdrdESifh

qufpyfywfoufaeaom ywf0ef;usif? vkyfief;cGif?

taqmuftODpaom jynfolydkifypönf;wdkif;udk udk,f

ydkifypönf;uJhodkYyif wefzdk;xm;wwf&efvdkayonf/

&efukefNrdKUrS ½kH;rsm;tm;vkH;eD;yg; aejynfawmfodkY

ajymif;a&TUvmMuNyDjzpfaomaMumifh 0efxrf;wdkif;onf

vma&mufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ojzifh EdkifiHawmfrS

tdrfaxmifonfrsm;tm; tdrf&mrsm;wGifaeapí

vlysKd? tysKdrsm;udk taqmifrsm;wGif aexdkifapcJhygonf/

0efBuD;Xme½kH;rsm;odkY pDpOfay;onhf BudK^ydkYum;rsm;jzihf

at;csrf;pGm ½kH;wufMu&ayonf/ xdktcg xdef;odrf;

apmifha&Smuf&rIonf ½kH;rsm;wGifomru tdrf&mESifh

taqmifrsm;wGifyg wm0efwpf&yftaejzifh &Sdvmay

onf/ rdom;pktdrf&mrsm; wnfaqmufxm;ykHtaejzifh

88

txyfjrifh wdkufrsm;jzpf&m qif0ifatmufwGif¤if;?

avScg; twuftqif;avsmufvrf;rsm;wGifvnf;

aumif;? rD;vkH;rsm;udk vrf;rD;jzifh oG,fwef;ay;xm;

onfudk awGU&ygonf/

xdkodk Y vrf;rD;rsm;tm; tcrJhtokH;jyKcGif h ay;

xm;vQif xdktdrf&mwGifaexdkifaom vlwdkif;onf

rDvkH;uRrf;oGm;vRif rD;vkH;tpm;jyefwyfzdkYwm0ef r&Sd

aybl;vm;/ xdk Ytjyif rdrdrDwmcxJrSrygí reuf

rdk;vif;ae&ifawmifrS rD;ydwfjcif;r&SdbJ arhavsmhía&m

aeoifhygovm;/ rdrdoGm;rnfh ywfvrf;wpfavsmufESifh

qif0ifoGm;&mvrf;wpfavsmufudkvnf; oefY&Sif;ae

atmif rvkyfoifhbl;vm;/ opfyifyef;rmefpdkufysKd;zdkYa&m

rvdkaybl;vm;/ xdktodpdwf"mwfonf jynfolydkif

ypönf; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k ,lq

aom pdwf"mwfyifjzpfygonf/ rdrd wpfudk,fpmvkH

atmif xdef;odrf;EdkifygrS xdkxufydkBuD;us,faom ae&m

udk xdef;odrf;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/

0efxrf;rsm;onf vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk tcsdef

jynhf xrf;aqmif&ojzihf ydwf&ufrsm;wGif rdom;pkESihf

at;at;vlvlaevdkMuayvdrhfrnf/ xdkodkYaom tcsdef

rsm;wGif wdkufoefY&Sif;a&;vkyf&? yef;yifpdkufysKd;&jzihf

tcsdefukefonf[k tvkyf½IyfrcHvdkolrsm;vnf; &Sday

vdrhfrnf/ 'gqdkvQifvnf; em;aevdkYvnf;a&tmif? oefY

&Sif;rIvnf;&Sdatmif rnfodkY vkyfrnfenf;/ pkaygif;

aqmif&Gufonhf pdwf"mwft& tvSnhfusxGufí oefY

&Sif;a&; vkyfrnfvm;/ oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfEdkifonhf tjyif

vliSm;í tvkyfvkyfcGihfay;rnfvm;/ qkH;jzwfcsuf csNyD;

vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfygonf/ oefY&Sif;a&; aqmif&Guf

rI p&dwfudkawmh wdkuf&Sd tcef;tm;vkH;rS a0ykHus rQcH&

rnfjzpfygonf/ [dkvnf;r[kwf? 'Dvnf;rygqdkvQif

awmh rdrdwdkYwdkufom epfemayvdrhfrnf/

tdrf&m&Sdtxyfjrifhwdkufrsm; wnfaqmufxm;ykH

t& a&wdkifuDrsm;onf acgifrdk;rsm; ay:wGif&Sdí

a&jynf h? rjynfhudk a&vQHaygufrsm;rS a&rsm;usvm

onfudk Munfhí od&SdEdkifygonf/ tcsKdUonf a&rsm;

vQHusvmygu csufjcif;ydwfí a&tv[ó jzKef;wD;

rI rjzpfap&ef *½kpdkufrIrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; tcsKdUrSmrl

arhaeívnf;aumif;? owdrxm;rdívnf;aumif;

tcsdeftawmfMumatmifa&rsm;vQHusaeonfudk

awGU&ygonf/ xdkodkY a&rsm;vQHusaejcif;onf rdk;&moD?

aqmif;&moDrsm;wGif owdrxm;rdMuaomfvnf;

aEG&moD yljyif;jyif;a&mufvQifjzihf owdtaetxm;

jzihf apmihfMunhfae&mrS a&udk ESarsmwGefYwdkpdwfjzihf

a'gopdwfodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;wwfMuygonf/

tcsKdUtcsKdUaom pdwful;ÓPfaumif;aom olrsm;

vnf; &SdMuygonf/ þodkYvQHusvmaom a&rsm;udk

atmufqkH;wGif Zvm;uJhodkYaom wdkifuD ta[mif;rsm;

cHxm;jcif;jzifh xdef;odrf;xm;um pkaygif;pdkufysKd;xm;

aom tyifrsm;udk avmif;apaomaMumihf tyifrsm;

vnf; &Sifoefap? a&vnf; tv[órjzpfatmif

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk awGU&ojzifh tvGef0rf;omp&m

aumif;vSygonf/ a&csKdudk *½kwpdkuf xdef;odrf;apmifh

a&Smufjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ pma&;q&m wuúodkvf

yGifholatmifa&;onhf aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fwGif 20 &mpk

ESpfrsm;wGif a&eHtwGuf ta&;tcif; jzpfcJh&ouJhodkY

21 &mpkESpfrsm;wGifvnf; a&csK d&Sm;yg;rIaMumih f

a&wdkufyGJ jzpfEdkifaMumif; a&;om;xm;onfudk jrefrmh

tvif;owif;pmxJwGif aqmif;yg;tjzpf zwf&cJhyg

ao;onf/

xdkUtwlyif aps;rsm;wGifvnf; a&ydkufacgif; zGifh

vsufom; a&rsm;usaeonfudk jrifawGU&onfrsm;

&Sdygonf/ rnfolrSydwfrnfholr&Sd? xyfrHtokH;jyK&ef

twGuf vma&muf rnfholrsm;&Sdrvm;[k tawmfMum

atmif apmifhMunfhaeonf h wdkifatmif rnfolrQa&muf

rvmbJ tv[ójzpfaeom a&rsm;udkvnf; ESajrm

wopGm awGUjrif&ayonf/ raeEdkifolu oGm;ydwf

jyefawmhvnf; a&ydkufacgif;u raumif; ponfjzihf

BuHKMu&ygonf/ þtcsufudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh rdrd

udk,fydkiftokH;jyK&onfr[kwf ]bkH}okH;&wmyJ[laom

pdwfjzifh ukefcsifukef? ysufcsifysuf oabmrsKd;xm;

twJG(4)? trSwf-3


89

vQifjzifh rdrdywf0ef;usifudk tvGefyif tusKd;,kwfap

rnf jzpfygonf/

½kH;odkY a&mufvmvQifa&m rdrdxdkif&m ukvm;xdkif?

pm;yGJckH? uGefysLwmrS tpjyKí ½kH;cef;twGif;&Sd bD'dk?

yefum? avat;ay;puf? rdwåLul;puf? rD;yvyfayguf

tp&Sdaom ypönf;tm;vkH;udk rdrdydkifypönf;uJhodkY xdef;

odrf;apmifha&Smuf&efvdktyfayonf/ rdrdudk,fwdkif

okH;pGJaeomypönf;rsm;udk udk,fydkifqdkifaom om;orD;

uJhodkY wefzdk;xm;oifhayonf/ rdrdudkifwG,ftokH;jyK

aeaomypönf; wpfckckcsKdU,Gif;aevQif rdrdonf wef;í

odEdkifojzifh ysufpD;rI BuD;BuD;rm;rm;rjzpfcif jyKjyifEdkif

vQif Xmeydkifypönf;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&m

a&mufouJhodkY jynfolydkifypönf; xdef;odrf;jcif;vnf;

jzpfygonf/

EdkifiHawmfrSvnf; jynfolU0efxrf;rsm;udk csrSwf

xm;om pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;udkem;vnfap&efESifh

jynfolYopömapmifhodrI&Sdap&ef A[dk0efxrf; wuúodkvf

(azmifBuD;)ESifh A[dk0efxrf;wuúodkvf (ZD;yifBuD;)

wdkYwGif avhusifhoifMum;ay;vsuf&Sdygonf/ oifwef;

wGif ,cifu ppfa&;bmom oifMum;cJh&aomfvnf;

,cktcg jynfolYtpdk;&opfvufxufwGif ppfa&;

bmom ryg0ifawmh/ EdkifiHa&;odyHÜ? pD;yGm;a&;? pdkufysKd;

a&;? arG;jrLa&;? ½kH;vkyfief;? Oya' paom bmom

&yftvdkuf ae&mpkH? XmepkHrS oifwef;om;ôl rsm;u

tkyfpktvdkuf rdrdESpfouf&m pmwrf;zwfMum;um

tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; &S dygonf/ xdkod k Y

tawGUtBuHK zvS,fí aqG;aEG;a0zefaxmufjyjcif;

tm;jzifh vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrsm;udk ydkrdk yGifhvif;

jrifomrI&Sdapum rdrdwdkYXmetvdkuf? ae&mtvdkuf

A[kokwrsm; wdk;yGm;apedkifygonf/

xdkuJhodkY xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;onf tod

tjrif <u,f0rIESifhvnf; oufqdkifvsuf&Sdygonf/

xdkodkY todynm<u,f0ap&efvnf; a[majymyGJrsm;?

ynmay;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk ae&ma'otvdkuf? vlrI

ywf0ef;usiftvdkuf? tzGJUtpnf;tvdkuf vkyfoifhay

onf/ i,f&G,faom tajccHynmoif,laeonfh

ausmif;om;t&G,f uav;i,fb0rS pwifum em;

vnfod&Sdae&ef vdktyfayonf/ ausmif;xJwGif rdrd

xdkifaom pma&;pm;yGJ? xdkifckHponfwdkY rusKd;yJhap&ef

pepfwusxdkifjcif;? aeYzuftvif;a&mif&aeaom

tcef;xJwGif rD;acsmif;rsm;ydwfxm;jcif;? obm0av

&&Sdaomae&mwGif yefumrsm;ydwfxm;jcif;? vufaq;

ae&m? tdrfom ponfwdkYwGif a&okH;NyD;ygu ydkufacgif;

udk jyefydwfjcif;? trdIufrsm;udk trdIufykH;twGif;pepf

wus pGefYypfjcif; paom tajccH oabmw&m;rsm;udk

pepfwusem;vnfae&ef vdktyfayonf/ xdkrSwpfzef

tqifhjrifhynmoif,laeom umvwGifvnf; xdkodkY

xdef;odrf;jcif;rsm;aMumihf ywf0ef;usif avxk? a&xk?

ajrxk npfnrf;rI avsmhusjcif;? opfom;ESifhpyfquf

aom ypönf;wpfcktwGuf opfawmrnfrQ qkH;½I H;

onfudk od&SdEdkifjcif;? a&udkpepfwus tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh

obm0a&t&if;tjrpf xdef;odrf;EdkifrIudk od&Sdapjcif;?

rvdktyfonf vQyfppftokH;jyKrIrsm;udk acRwmjcif;jzihf

obm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;paom tod

ynmrsm;udk jrifhrm;pGm&&Sd&efvnf; vdkayonf/

,cktcg EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSvnf; bufpkH? u@

pkHtwGuf Oya'? pnfrsOf;? pnf;urf;rsm;? yk'frrsm;xkwf

í umuG,fapmihfa&Smufvsuf&Sdygonf/ odkYaomfvnf;

vdkufemolrsm;&SdouJhodkY rvdkufem zsufpD;vdkolrsm;

vnf; &Sdaeygao;onf/ xdkodkY tjypfay;jcif;&SdrS vdkuf

emjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ EdkifiHawmfudk jrwfEdk;wefzdk;xm;

pdwfjzifh rdrdEdkifiH&Sd obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifhwuG

jynfolydkifypönf;rsm;udk wm0efodod?odpöm&Sd&Sd xdef;

odrf;apmifha&Smuf&ef vkyfaqmifMuvQifjzifh ae&m

a'otvdkuf? ywf0ef;usiftvdkuf? ynmt&nftcsif;

tvdkuf? &mxl;tqifhtwef;tvdkuf? touft&G,f

tvdkuf vSayom? om,maom? at;csrf;aom vlU

abmif0ef;usifwGif aexdkif&if; aysmf&Tif&rnfrSm rvGJ

{uefyif jzpfaMumif; wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/



90

reuf tdyf,m uAsmu,m xNyD; xHk;pHtwdkif;

&Hk;oGm;zdkYjyifqif &avjyD/ um;rSwfwdkifa&mufawmh

um;apmifhaeMuwJhvlawGuvnf; wpfyHkwpfyifBuD;?

Zlvdkif rdk;uvnf; onf;MuD;rJBuD; &Gmcsavawmh xD;u

vnf; wpfzuf? xrif;csdKifheJY vufqGJtdwfuvnf;

wpfzufeJY um;vm&if b,fvdkwuf&rvJ awG;aerd

w,f/

um;vmawmh vltkyfMum;xJ tvkt,uf

wuf&wmaygh/ YBS pepfopft& um;ay:wufwmeJY

aiGyHk;xJ xnfh&rSmjzpfawmh ydkufqHtdwfxJudk zGifhMunfh

vdkufw,f . . . 200 usyfwefuvnf; rawGUbl;/

500 usyfwefyJ awGUw,f/ 500 usyfwef xnfhvdkYvnf;

rjzpfbl;/ py,f,mrygawmh jyeftrf;r,fholr&Sdbl;av/

'DvdkeJY ukd,fu Mumaeawmh aemufu wufr,fholu

tjrifuwfaejyD/

uJ . . . bmvkyf&rvJawG;prf;? aemufqHk;

wpfacguf ykdufqHtdwfxJ aocsmMunfhawmh &ufvGef

xDwpfapmifawGUw,f/ xD wpfapmifu 500 usyfwef

w,fav/ &ufuav; vGefoGm;NyDqdkawmh 200 usyf

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