2016 © asnarul

Pembangunan

1

2016 © asnarul 2

Apa itu

pembangunan

Apa itu pembangunan

Konsep generic -

pertumbuhan; kemajuan;

evolusi; dikaitkan dgn

modenisasi; industrilisasi;

perbandaran

P'bgnan sebagai satu usaha

yg dilakukan secara sedar

oleh negara, kerajaan

bersama rakyat utk tingkat

taraf hidup

Satu proses yg terjadi pd

tahap atau tingkat sistem

sosial (Rogers (1964)

Development is not purely an

economic phenomenon but

rather a multi-dimensional

process involving

reorganization and

reorientation of entire

economic AND social system

(Todaro)

2016 © asnarul 3

Apa itu pembangunan

World Bank views

development as "a

transformation of society, a

movement from traditional

relations, traditional ways of

thinking, traditional methods

of production, to more

modern ways".

Stiglitz (1999) argues that a

characteristic of traditional

societies is the acceptance of

the world as it is; the modern

perspective recognizes

change, it recognises that we,

as individuals and societies,

can take actions that, for

instance, reduce mortality,

increase life spans, and

increase productivity.

2016 © asnarul 4

Apa itu pembangunan

Development should, then,

be viewed as a multi-

dimensional process

involving major changes in

social structures, popular

attitudes and a national

condition of life from

unsatisfactory to satisfactory

(Servaes 1999:77)

In this regard, argues

Servaes (1999),

satisfactory means

materially well to do and

spiritually happy or content

with what one (or country

with reference to this study

unit) has got.

2016 © asnarul 5

Apa itu pembangunan

Dudley Seers argues that

development is about outcomes,

that is, development occurs with

the reduction and elimination of

poverty, inequality, and

unemployment within a growing

economy

Pembangunan membangkitkan

masyarakat di negara

membangun drp keadaan

miskin, tahap celik huruf yg

rendah, pengangguran yg

tinggi dam ketidakadilan sosial

kpd keadaan yg lebih baik

(termasuk sosial, ekonomi dan

politik) (Seers, 1969)

2016 © asnarul 6

Apa itu pembangunan

Kemajuan, pembangunan

dan pemodenan sebagai

satu yang sama -

peralihan drp masyarakat

tani kpd masyarakat

industri (Tehranian, 1979)

Pembangunan sebagai satu

pembebasan; memerdekakan

rakyat drp kongkongan

kebodohan/ kejahilan melalui

usaha menggerakkan komuniti

yg berada dilapisan bawahan

sehingga dapat menguasai

tindak tanduk mereka dlm

menentukan kehendak ( Freire,

1972)

2016 © asnarul 7

2016 © asnarul

Apa itu objektif pembangunan

Ada 3 objektif utama pembangunan menurut Todaro:

Meningkatkan taraf kehidupan manusia – iaitu pendapatan,

kepenggunaan, makanan, perlindungan, kesihatan dan pendidikan selari dgn pertumbuhan

Mewujudkan suasana yang kondusif untuk perkembangan harga diri melalui pembentukan sistem sosial , politik dan ekonomi dan institusi yang menggalakkan maruah diri dan penghormatan

Meningkatkan kebebasan manusia membuat pilihan dengan melebarkan kepelbagaian parameter pilihan (seperti perkhidmatan pendidikan, rawatan

8

United Nations

United Nations documents

emphasize “human

development,” measured by

life expectancy, adult

literacy, access to all three

levels of education, as well

as people’s average

income which is a

necessary condition of their

freedom of choice.

In a broader sense the notion of

human development

incorporates all aspects of

individuals’ well-being, from their

health status to their economic

and political freedom.

According to the Human

Development Report 1996,

published by the United Nations

Development Program, “human

development is the end—

economic growth a means”

2016 © asnarul 9

The Human Development Index

The Human Development

Index (HDI) is the

measure of life

expectancy, literacy,

education, and standard of

living for countries

worldwide.

HDI measures the average achievements

in a country in three basic dimensions of

human development:

A long and healthy life, as measured

by life expectancy at birth.

Knowledge and education, as

measured by the adult literacy rate

A decent standard of living, as

measured by the gross domestic

product (GDP) per capita at

purchasing power parity (PPP) in

USD.

2016 © asnarul 10

The Human Development Index

It is a standard means of

measuring well-being,

especially child welfare. It is

used to determine and indicate

whether a country is a

developed, developing, or

underdeveloped country and

also to measure the impact of

economic policies on quality of

life.

The Human Development

Index (HDI) is a summary

measure of average

achievement in key dimensions

of human development: a long

and healthy life, being

knowledgeable and have a

decent standard of living. The

HDI is the geometric mean of

normalized indices for each of

the three dimensions.

2016 © asnarul 11

Millennium Development

Goals (MDGs)

The MDGs are the

eight international

development goals that were

established following the Millennium

Summit of the United Nations in

2000, following the adoption of

the United Nations Millennium

Declaration. All 189 United Nations

member states at the time (there

are 193 currently), and at least

23 international organizations,

committed to help achieve the

following Millennium Development

Goals by 2015:

The 8 goals are:

To eradicate extreme

poverty and hunger

To achieve universal primary

education

To promote gender equality

To reduce child mortality

To improve maternal health

To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and

other diseases

To ensure environmental

sustainability

To develop a global partnership

for development[

2016 © asnarul 12

Millennium Development

Goals (MDGs

2016 © asnarul 13

OECD wellbeing index (2013)

Well-being

OECD (2013)

• Pendapatan

• Pekerjaan

• Perumahan

• Alam sekitar

• Pendidikan &

kemahiran

• Kesihatan

• Keselamatan personal

• Perhubungan sosial

• Keterlibatan sivik

• Keseimbangan

pekerjaan & kehidupan

• Kesejahteraan

subjektif

2016 © asnarul 14

Indikator pembangunan Malaysia

Petunjuk

pembangunan

negara dihitung

berasaskan

Indeks Kualiti

Hidup

Ia dikira mengikut

domain dan

indikator

tertertentu

1999 –

10 domain; 38 indikator

2002-

1 domain; 41 indikator

2004-

11 domain; 42 indikator

2011-

11 domain; 45 indikator

2016 © asnarul 15

1999 2002 2004 2011

10 domain 11 domain 11 domain 11 domain

Pendapatan &

Pengagihan,

Persekitaran Kerja

Pengangkutan &

Komunikasi,

Kesihatan

Pendidikan

Perumahan

Alam Sekitar

Kehidupan Keluarga

Penyertaan Sosial

Keselamatan Awam.

Pendapatan &

Pengagihan,

Persekitaran Kerja

Pengangkutan &

Komunikasi,

Kesihatan

Pendidikan

Perumahan

Alam Sekitar

Kehidupan Keluarga

Penyertaan Sosial

Keselamatan Awam

Kebudayaan &

Liburan

Pendapatan &

Pengagihan,

Persekitaran Kerja

Pengangkutan &

Komunikasi,

Kesihatan

Pendidikan

Perumahan

Alam Sekitar

Kehidupan Keluarga

Penyertaan Sosial

Keselamatan Awam

Kebudayaan &

Liburan

Pendidikan

Pengangkutan &

Komunikasi

Perumahan

Kebudayaan &

Liburan

Pendapatan &

Pengagihan

Keselamatan Awam

Kesihatan

Penyertaan Sosial

Alam Sekitar

Kehidupan Keluarga

Persekitaran Kerja

38 indikator 41 indikator 42 indikator 45 indikator

105.7 mata 108.34 mata 109.82 mata 111.9 mata

2016 © asnarul 16

2016 © asnarul

Jenis pembangunan

Pembangunan ekonomi & ciri

Pembangunan sosial & ciri

Pembangunan politik & ciri

Pembangunan insan & ciri

Pembangunan lestari & ciri

17

2016 © asnarul

Pembangunan ekonomi

Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants.

From a policy perspective, economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and the tax base.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development

18

2016 © asnarul

Ciri-ciri pembangunan ekonomi

Peningkatan dalam kadar KDNK

kenaikan dalam pendapatan perkapita

produktiviti juga meningkat bagi memenuhi permintaan

peningkatan dalam pelaburan berlaku - seperti pembinaan jalanraya dan lebuhraya, sekolah, terusan dan pengairan, klinik dan hospital, penyediaan kemudahan bekalan air dan elektrik, komunikasi, pembukaan pusat kediaman dan bandar baru yang mana dalam jangka panjang dapat menyumbangkan pula kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi negara. Contoh lain - pembinaan jalanraya , sekolah, hospital

simpanan atau tabungan meningkat (oleh individu, agensi kerajaan, kerajaan/negara)

Pembangunan ekonomi adalah merupakan sumber kepada pelaburan pembangunan sosial melalui mana peruntukan (modal) dan belanjawan pengurusan dapat disediakan

19

Pembangunan sosial & ciri

Istillah pembangunan

sosial itu merujuk

kepada perubahan

kualitatif dalam struktur

dan kefungsian

masyarakat yang

membantu mereka

memahami matlamat

dan objektif

pembangunan itu.

Sering dikaitkan dengan

penyediaan kemudahan awam

atau infrastruktur sosial

(Kemudahan ini tidak mampu

disediakan oleh rakyat) oleh

pemerintah dan dimanfaatkan pula

oleh rakyat yang tinggal di desa,

bandar, mukim,

• Antaranya ialah penyediaan

kemudahan seperti sekolah,

hospital dan klinik, kediaman, balai

polis dan bomba, jalan raya,

jambatan, telefon, bekalan air dan

elektrik serta balai raya.

2016 © asnarul 20

Pembangunan sosial

Kemudahan sosial memberikan

perkhidmatan tertentu iaitu

pendidikan, kesihatan,

perlindungan, keselamatan,

perhubungan, komunikasi,

kelengkapan moden dan pusat

perkumpulan komuniti.

Jika dimanfaatkan dengan bijak

kemudahn sosial dapat

memberi faedah kepada

komuniti sehingga mengizinkan

perubahan sosial berlaku.

Tujuan:

meningkatan mutu penyediaan

perkhidmatan sosial

meningkatkan pula kualiti hidup

komuniti & meningkatkan

kesejahteraan hidup

Meningkatnya kesejahteraan

membolehkan komunti berusaha

dan bekerja dengan lebih giat

bagi menyumbang kepada

peningkatan produktiviti akhirnya

menyumbang pula kepada

ekonomi negara.

2016 © asnarul 21

Pembangunan politik & ciri

Cari sendiri -

homework

2016 © asnarul 22

Sustainable development

Development is sustainable if it

“meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own

needs.”

It is usually understood that this

“intergenerational” justice would be

impossible to achieve in the absence

of present-day social justice, if the

economic activities of some groups of

people continue to jeopardize the

well-being of people belonging to

other groups or living in other parts of

the world (United Nations World

Commission on Environment and

Development in 1987)

2016 © asnarul 23

Sustainable development

2016 © asnarul 24

Pembangunan insan & ciri

Cari sendiri -

homework

2016 © asnarul 25

2016 © asnarul

Apakah tujuan pembangunan?

Tingkat taraf hidup

Tingkat kualiti hidup

Kesejahteraan hidup

Basmi kemiskinan & pengagihan

Wujudkan keadilan sosial

Perubahan sosial

Tradisi -> moden

Tingkat produktiviti

26

2016 © asnarul

Kesimpulan mengenai

pembangunan:

“Development in the new perspective has been referred

to as an overall process of transforming men and societies leading to a social order in which every human being can achieve moral and material well being” (FAO)

“Development has also been referred to as a whole, integrated, value-loaded cultural process encompassing the natural environment, social relations, education, production, consumption and well being” (Dag Hammarskjold Report, 1975)

27