Periodic Trends of Elements (Thai)

4-1 4:

4: 4.1:

1864 (John Newlands: 1838 1898) 8 Li Na, Ne Ar Ca

(Dmitri Mendeleev: 1836 1907) ( K Ar)

- (Eka-Aluminum: : Ga)

Eka-Aluminium () Gallium 68 amu 69.9 amu

29.78 C

5.9 g/cm3 5.94 g/cm3

Ea2O3 Ga2O3

Marvin 5.5.0 JChem 5.5.0 Chemaxon (http://www.chemaxon.com) 2011

4.2: 4-2

4.2:

(periodic table of elements)

1. (period) 7 *** n

2. (group) 18 *** (: valence electron)

4.3:

CAS (Chemistry Abstracts Service) IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)


4.1:

4-3 4.3:

IUPAC 1 (H, Li, Na, ) 18 (He, Ne, Ar, )

CAS n 2 A B

A: 2 (Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne) I VIII

B: Cu I Zn II Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn III VII 3 VIII

4.1:

( )

1. K (Z=19) _______________________________________________

2. Sb (Z=51) _______________________________________________

3. Cl (Z=17) _______________________________________________

4. Se (Z=34) _______________________________________________

4.4:

(reactive) (inert / noble)

(representative element) A (

) (alkali metal) IA (alkaline earth metal) IIA (halogen) VIIA (inert gas / noble gas) VIIIA (transition metal) B () (lantanide series) 57 71 (La Lu) (actinide series) 89 103 (Ac Lr)


4.5: 4-4

4.5:

( 8 )

(cation)

(anion)

4.5.1:

8 (1 3 )

Na 1 [Ne]3s1 1 3s [Ne] Na+

Ca 2 [Ar]4s2 2 4s [Ar] Ca2+

Al 3 [Ne]3s23p1 3 3s 3p [Ne] Al3+


4-5 4.5:

4.5.2:

8 (5 7 )

F 7 [He]2s22p5 1 2p [He]2s22p6 = [Ne] F

S 6 [Ne]3s23p4 2 3p [Ne]3s23p6 = [Ar] S2

N 5 [He]2s22p3 3 2p [He]2s22p6 = [Ne] N3

Fe Fe2+ Fe3+

s d ( d )

Mn Mn2+[Ar]4s23d5 [Ar]3d5

Mn2+ Mn3+[Ar]3d5 [Ar]3d4

4.2:

1.

H _______________________________________________

N3 _______________________________________________

Sn2+ _______________________________________________

Tl+ _______________________________________________

Tl3+ _______________________________________________

Fe2+ _______________________________________________

Fe3+ _______________________________________________

Ag+ _______________________________________________


4.5: 4-6

2. 3+

[Ar]3d3 _______________________________________________

[Ar] _______________________________________________

[Kr]4d6 _______________________________________________

[Xe]4f145d6 _______________________________________________

4.6: (effective nuclear charge)

( He2 ) ...

3.9410-18 J 8.7210-18 J

2 2

2 2

(shielding effect)

Z eff = Z (4.1)

: Zeff Z (sheilding constant)


4-7 4.7:

4.7:

4.7.1:

(atomic radius)

(diatomic molecule)

()

1. ...

Li3 F9 n 2 9 3 F

2. n n ...

Li3 Cs55 Cs 6 Li 2 Li

4.3:

1.

Na, Cs _______________________________________________

Be, Ba _______________________________________________

Ne, Xe _______________________________________________

Na, Al, Mg, P, Cl, S _________________________________________

N, P, Si _______________________________________________

C, Li, Be _______________________________________________


4.7: 4-8

4.7.2:

1. Li+ Li

2. F F

3. Al3+, Mg2+, Na+

4.4:

1.

Cl, Cl _______________________________________________

Na, Na+ _______________________________________________

O2, S2 _______________________________________________

Au+, Au3+ _______________________________________________

Mg2+, Al3+ _______________________________________________

N3, Na+, F, Mg2+, O2 ___________________________________

4.7.3: (ionization energy: IE)

1

X g energy Xg e : energy IE1

Xg Xg e H = IE1

Xg X2g e H = IE2


4-9 4.7:

X2g X3g e H = IE3

IE1 < IE2 < IE3 < IE4 < (4.2)

IE IE1

IE

IE (kJ/mol)IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7 IE8 IE9

H 1312.0He 2372.3 5250.5Li 520.2 7298.1 11815.0Be 899.5 1757.1 14848.7 21006.6B 800.6 2427.1 3659.7 25025.8 32826.7C 1086.5 2352.6 4620.5 6222.7 37831 47277.0N 1402.3 2856 4578.1 7475.0 9444.9 53266.6 64360O 1313.9 3388.3 5300.5 7469.2 10989.5 13326.5 71330 84078.0F 1681.0 3374.2 6050.4 8407.7 11022.7 15164.1 17868 92038.1 106434

Ne 2080.7 3952.3 6122 9371 12177 15238 19999.0 23069.5 115380Na 495.8 4562 6910.3 9543 13354 16613 20117 25496 28932Mg 737.7 1450.7 7732.7 10542.5 13630 18020 21711 25661 31653Cl 1251.2 2298 3822 5158.6 6542 9362 11018 33604 38600K 418.8 3052 4420 5877 7975 9590 11343 14944 16963.7Rb 403.0 2633 3860 5080 6850 8140 9570 13120 14500

1. IE IE IE

2. IE1

3. IE1 ()


4.7: 4-10

4.1:

IIA IE1 IIIA VA IE1 VIA

4.5:

1. 1 1s22s22p6 2 1s22s22p63s1

IE1 496 kJ/mol ___________________________ IE1 2080 kJ/mol___________________________

2. IE

Na, Cl, Al, S, Cs _______________________________________________

F, K P, S, Ca, Ne _______________________________________________

3. ***

(2.179871018J )Z2

n2 IE2 He


4-11 4.7:

4.7.4: (electron affinity: EA)

IE

1

X g e Xg energy : energy EA

X g e Xg H = EA

EA X X EA

1. EA ( IIA VA)

2. EA EA 1 F O

4.2:

1. EA IIA VA

2. EA F Cl EA O S


4.7: 4-12

4.6:

1. EA

Li, Na, K _______________________________________________

F, Cl, Br, I _______________________________________________

O, Si, P, Ca, Ba _______________________________________________

He, K, Co, S, Cl _______________________________________________

4.7.5: (electronegativity: EN)

EN () EN

EN EN

EN IE

1. EN IE IIA VA

2.

4.7.6:

...

1. 2.

IE, EA EN


4: 4.1: 4.2: 4.3: 4.4: 4.5: 4.5.1: 4.5.2:

4.6: (effective nuclear charge)4.7: 4.7.1: 4.7.2: 4.7.3: (ionization energy: IE)4.7.4: (electron affinity: EA)4.7.5: (electronegativity: EN)4.7.6:

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Periodic Trends of Elements (Thai)