Phn Loi C Ph Tam Giang Cu Hai I

Nguyn Phong Hi (i Hc Nha Trang, T Vn IMOLA) Stefano Carboni (i Hc Bch Khoa Marche, T Vn IMOLA) Nhm Kho St Thuc Chi Cc Khai Thc V Qun L Ngun Li Thy Sn Tha Thin Hu

L Xun Hong dch

Ma ma

Mc lcMc tiu .................................................................................................................................. i VI THUT NG CHUYN MN V CCH O ..........................................................ii C IM HNH THI THNG THNG .....................................................................ii CCH PHN LOI VY THNG THNG ................................................................. iii AMBASSIDAE...................................................................................................................... 1 Ambassis kopsi (Bleeker, 1858) ............................................................................................ 1 Ambassis jacksoniensis (Macleay, 1881) .............................................................................. 2 SIGANIDAE .......................................................................................................................... 2 Siganus guttatus (Bloch, 1787) .............................................................................................. 3 Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797) ........................................................................................ 5 GERREIDAE ......................................................................................................................... 6 Gerres filamentosus (Cuvier, 1829) ....................................................................................... 7 Gerres oyena (Forsskl, 1775) ............................................................................................... 8 GOBIIDAE (C bng) ........................................................................................................... 9 Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton) 1822 .................................................................................. 11 Acentrogobius caninus (Valenciennes, 1837)...................................................................... 11 ENGRAULIDAE ................................................................................................................. 12 Thryssa hamiltonii (Gray, 1830) .......................................................................................... 14 Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823).............................................................................. 15 C trch CLUPEIDAE.......................................................................................................... 16 Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795).......................................................................................... 17 Sardinella albella (Valenciennes, 1847) .............................................................................. 18 SILLAGINIDAE.................................................................................................................. 20 Sillago sihama (Forsskl, 1775) ........................................................................................... 21 TERAPONTIDAE ............................................................................................................... 22 Terapon-perches (terapon-grunters)..................................................................................... 22 Terapon jarbua (Forsskl, 1775) .......................................................................................... 23 Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch, 1790) ................................................................................... 24 Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1842) ............................................ 25 LETHRINIDAE ................................................................................................................... 26 Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepde, 1802) ..................................................................................... 27 LEIOGNATHIDAE ............................................................................................................. 28 Leiognathus decorus (de Vis, 1884) .................................................................................... 30 Leiognathus daura (Cuvier, 1829) ....................................................................................... 31 Leiognathus equlus (Forsskl, 1775). .................................................................................. 31

Secutor ruconius (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) .................................................................... 32 Secutor indicius (Monkolprasit, 1973) ................................................................................ 33 Gazza minuta (Bloch, 1797) ................................................................................................ 34 PLATYCEPHALIDAE........................................................................................................ 36 Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758) .............................................................................. 36 MONODACTYLIDAE........................................................................................................ 38 Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758) .......................................................................... 39 LUTJANIDAE ..................................................................................................................... 40 Lutjanus johnii (Bloch, 1792) .............................................................................................. 42 TRICHIURIDAE ................................................................................................................. 43 Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier, 1829) ................................................................................. 45 SPARIDAE .......................................................................................................................... 46 Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn, 1782) ................................................................................ 48 HAEMULIDAE ................................................................................................................... 49 Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830) (Plate XV, 113) ............... 50 SCIAENIDAE...................................................................................................................... 52 Johnius (Johnius) carouna (Cuvier, 1830) ........................................................................... 53 SCATOPHAGIDAE ............................................................................................................ 54 Scatophagus argus (Bloch, 1788) ........................................................................................ 55 DREPANIDAE .................................................................................................................... 56 Drepane punctata (Linnaeus, 1758) ..................................................................................... 58 HEMIRAMPHIDAE............................................................................................................ 59 Hyporhamphus (Hyporhamphus) limbatus (Valenciennes, 1846)....................................... 61 BELONIDAE ....................................................................................................................... 62 Strongylura strongylura (van Hasselt, 1823) ....................................................................... 63 SCORPAENIDAE ............................................................................................................. 64 Paracentropogon longispinis (Cuvier, 1829) ....................................................................... 66 SERRANIDAE .................................................................................................................... 67 Epinephelus akaara (Temminck and Schlegel, 1842) .......................................................... 68 TRIACANTHIDAE ............................................................................................................. 69 Triacanthus nieuhofi Bleeker, 1852 ..................................................................................... 70 SOLEIDAE .......................................................................................................................... 71 Brachirus orientalis (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) ............................................................... 71 SYNGNATHIDAE .............................................................................................................. 72 SILURIFORMES ARIIDAE ............................................................................................ 74 Arius arius (Hamilton, 1822) ............................................................................................... 75

Mc tiuMc tiu ca cm nang ny l cung cp mt phng tin chnh xc xc nh cc sinh vt c tim nng s dng hoc nh bt trong cc hot ng thy sn vng m ph Tam giang Cu Hai, Tnh Tha Thin Hu, Vit Nam theo mt mc phn loi thch hp. Trong qun l ti nguyn, quan trng nht l nh danh chnh xc. Cht lng d liu v c ty thuc kh nng a ng d liu phn b v nh bt vo cc hng phn loi c th. Tn loi l cnh ca dn n tt c thng tin sinh hc v sinh thi c lin quan trong loi ti liu ny. Thng tin ny l nhn t quan yu trong qun l thy sn. nh danh ng cng l mt nhn t quan trng cho cc nh khoa hc thu thp d liu sinh hc lin quan n qun l ti nguyn bin. Nh qun l ngh c khng th t tin s dng d liu sinh hc lin quan nu nh khoa hc thu thp thng tin ny khng c mt phng tin xc nh loi chnh xc no bt u. V vy, cng c nh danh ny s c li cho ngi lm ngh c thu thp d liu sn lng nh bt v thng tin nh gi ti nguyn; v cho cc nh sinh hc bin nghin cu thng tin lin quan n qun l ti nguyn. i vi vng Trung Ty Thi Bnh Dng th cng c ny cng quan trng v vng ny gm nhiu sinh vt bin b khai thc nhiu hn bt k ni no khc trn th gii. Mt mc tiu khc ca cm nang ny l ch no c th th ghi chp li mc a dng sinh hc vng m ph vn d b ngh c tc ng, v trnh by mt mt ci nhn tng quan v kch c v khi lng trung bnh ca sn lng c vo ma ma (Thng Mi - Thng Mt 2006 - 2007). Trong ton b qu trnh phn loi, chng ti s dng tp hng dn nh danh loi thy sn ca FAO "Ti nguyn bin Vng Trung Ty Thi Bnh Dng".

i

VI THUT NG CHUYN MN V CCH O

C IM HNH THI THNG THNG

ii

CCH PHN LOI VY THNG THNG

CC LOI VY THNG GP

HNH DNG V NH MING

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AMBASSIDAE(= Chandidae) c im hnh thi: C nh (ln nht l 12 cm) thuc h Percoidae; thn thun hnh bu dc v dt. Mt to, ln hn chiu di mm. Ra v sng cc xng trc, di v trn mt, xng trc np mang v di np mang thng c rng ca. C rng dng nhung trn cc hm, xng l ma v xng vm ming. Ming rng va phi, c th dn rng t, hai hm cn nhau hoc hm di hi li, gc hm xin, khong 40 theo hng ngang. Xng mang th nht c 16 29 lc mang di. Vy lng khuyt su, phn trc c 7 gai cng, phn sau c 1 gai cng v 8 11 tia mm. Vy hu mn c 3 tia cng v 8 10 tia mm. Vy ui ch. Vy bng c 1 gai cng v 5 tia mm. Vy ngc c 11 17 tia. Tia mng np mang c 6. Vy to v trn, mc ln ti u v gc cc vy gia; hai m v np mang ph vy; ng bn ko di lin tc hoc t qung gia, vy phn gia ng bn c 24 34. Mu sc: hi trong sut, thng ti sm mp vy v sng bc u v bng. Cc ra v sng c rng ca ca cc xng u l nhng nt gip d nhn bit cc loi thuc h ambassid.

Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c. Bi c, my ca sng nc l, nc ngt, min l ch nc l. Ban ngy c tp trung khng hot ng di r c, khc g v cy sng nc. Ban m c tn ra kim n, n cc loi nh gip xc nh (cladocerans, ostracods, v copepods), cn trng sng nc hoc t v mt s loi c khc. C ny qu nh khng c gi tr thng mi, mc d hay phi kh v dm mui, hoc dng lm c mi. Cc h tng t c trong vng Apogonidae: vy lng c hai phn hon ton tch bit, ch c hai gai vy hu mn.

Ambassis kopsi (Bleeker, 1858)c im hnh thi: mt gai di mt; m c hai hoc hn hai dy vy. ng bn chy lin tc t khe mang trn n gc vy ui; c 13 - 15 tia vy ngc; c gai mi nhng thoi ha hoc n di da; gai vy bng tng i khe v cng; thng c 9 tia mm vy lng (him khi 10); c 9 10 tia mm vy hu mn; thn cao, chiu cao thn 33.4 44.7% chiu di chun; chiu di u 35.5 41.4% chiu di chun; c 81

11 vy trc lng; gai vy lng th hai di hn gai th ba; dy vy ngang c 11 12 vy, t khi im vy hu mn n gc vy lng.

Ambassis jacksoniensis (Macleay, 1881)c im hnh thi: C mt gai di mt; m c hai hoc hn hai dy vy. ng bn chy lin tc t khe mang trn n gc vy ui; c 13 - 15 tia vy ngc; c gai mi nhng thoi ha hoc n di da; gai vy bng tng i yu v mm; thng c 10 tia mm vy lng (thnh thong c 9 - 11); c 8 9 tia mm vy hu mn; thn mnh, chiu cao thn ti a 29.2 33.2% chiu di chun; chiu di u 32 34% chiu di chun.

SIGANIDAEc im hnh thi: Thn dt hai bn, thun, cao hoc mnh (di ti 55 cm). Mt s loi c mm hnh ng. Ming cn, rt nh; cc hm khng nh. C hai hm u c mt dy rng ch dy, rng kht, hi chng ln nhau, to thnh hnh mt m rng. Vy lng c 8 gai cng v 10 tia mm, trc vy lng c mt gai ngn, nhn cha v trc, thng hi nh ra khi ti nhng thnh thong hon ton n i. Vy hu mn c 7 gai cng v 9 tia mm (rt him khi cc c th khc nhau s gai v tia vy lng v vy hu mn). Cc vy bng c 2 gai (mt gai cng pha trong v mt gai ngoi, gia c 3 tia mm), y l c im ch c h ny; mng ko t gai pha trong n bng; hu mn nm gia nhng mng ny. Gai vy c mt cp rnh dc cha tuyn c. Vy trn v rt nh, thnh thong vng ngc v bng, v nu c u th ch gii hn vng di mt trn m. Mu: cc loi san h thng c mu sng v sc s, cc loi khc t mu hn v khi cht thng ni m nu.

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Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Gn y vng nc cn ven b, su 50 m. Mt s loi sng thnh cp gia san h, cc loi khc sng thnh n gia v rn san h, c, ca sng v m ph nc l. Mt s loi di chuyn theo thy triu kim n trong vng hoc rn san h ngp nc. m ng. Ch yu n c, khi cn nh th n n ng-thc vt ph du t u trng n to nh, trng thnh th n rong bin th v to c lp vi ngoi, v thnh thong c bin. Tuy nhin, a phn u n mi ng vt, c hai loi n ch yu bt bin v cc loi thn mm khng cung. Sinh cc loi sng theo n l phi i t trong n vo cc giai on nht nh trong tun trng. Sinh sn cc loi sng theo n vnh vin khng c ghi chp. Trng kt dnh. Th nhiu loi li by di y bt, hoc dng lao. T 1990 n 1995, Nin Gim S Liu Thy Sn ca FAO cho bit sn lng hng nm nh bt c vo khong 15 700 to 25 800 tn Siganidae vng Trung Ty Thi Bnh Dng. Thng bn ti, nhng c con mt s loi sng theo n thng phi kh hoc ch bin thnh st. Mt s loi sng thnh n c chn a vo nui trng thy sn. Mt s loi c mu san h sng rt c gi tr trong kinh doanh c cnh.

Siganus guttatus (Bloch, 1787)B: Perciformes Phn b:Acanthuroidei H: Siganidae Ging: Siganus Tn thng gi khc / Tn d nhm: Siganus concatenatus (Valenciennes, 1835) / Siganus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1835); S. stellatus (Forsskl, 1775). Tn Vit Nam: C Da Tn FAO: Anh - Orangespotted spinefoot.

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c im hnh thi: Thn cao v dt, chiu cao thn gp 1.8 n 2.3 ln chiu di chun. Phn lng trn u xui, trc mt hi lm, phn mi pha trc mng, dy dn v pha sau. Pha trc vy lng c mt gai hng v trc, gn vo gy; gai vy lng V VIII di nht, di hn gai vy lng cui mt t (gp 1.1 n 1.3 ln); gai vy hu mn cui di nht, di hn gai vy lng di nht t 1 ti 1.3 ln; vy ui ra lm, ch va c ln. Vy nh, m ph vy ln hn, c 20 25 hng vy gia ng bn v gc cc gai vy lng. Mu: xanh phn trn, bc phn di; hai bn c chm trn to mu vng sng (tr phn ngc v c khi vng bng di), phn gia to nht, to bng con ngi ca mt v to hn khong gia mt t, phn di nh hn. C mt chm vng sng to bng khong mt hai bn gc ca my tia cui vy lng (cng c Siganus lineatus). u mu vng c cc ng xanh cong chy t ming n mt v dc theo m, y l c im n nh nht. C mt ng chy t khe ming ngang qua m n sau mt, (cng c S. lineatus). Trng en mt vng trong, khng c chm. Gai v tia vy lng c mu xanh nht, mng gai vy c mu vng ng, mng tia mm xanh nht; gia mi tia vy c mt chm vng gc v mt vt vng hng ra ngoi, gai vy hu mn mu ti v vng vng sm, phn mm ca vy hu mn c mu nh phn mm vy lng. Hai bn c chm vng sng cho n vy ui, nh dn v pha cui sc, sp theo tng ct thnh 4 hoc 5 ng khi vy khng m (tng t S. lineatus); gai v tia ngoi ca vy bng c mu sng bc, phn cn li xanh nht; vy ngc trong sut. cc loi thng mi, c cc chm mu nu r st v vng, nn mu xanh sm trn v xm pha di; chm vng ln di vy lng mm thng phai thnh mu xm. Kch thc: Chiu di tng ln nht khong 45 cm, bnh thng 25 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: vng ven b nc cn, chu c hoc thm ch thch mn thp; c con tr vng rong bin gn cc ca sng, c ln theo thy triu i vo hoc ra cc sng; nhng cng c nhng vng nc su ti 6m c rn ngm gn b . Sng theo n sut qung i, s lng c th trong n t 10 n 15. n to y. Dng li hoc by bt, v theo nhiu ngi th c ny khng nh cc loi signadid khc, l sng v m. Thng bn ti ch.

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Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797)Tn thng gi khc / Tn d nhm: Siganus oramin (Schneider, 1801) / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Whitespotted spinefoot; Php - Sigan pintade; TBN - Sigano pintado.

c im hnh thi: Thn dt, thon va, chiu cao thn 2.3 - 2.8 ln chiu di chun. u hm t n nhiu pha trn mt, mm nhn ch khng trn, trc mi ca c con c np di, cng ln cng ngn dn v hon ton thoi ha c ln, np mi che cha ti na sau ca mi cc loi c chiu di chun hn 12 cm. Trc vy lng c mt gai hng v trc, gai IV-VII ca vy lng di nht, di hn gai cui cng 1.7 2.2 ln, gai cui cng ca vy hu mn ngn hn gai vy hu mn di nht (thng l gai III) 1.2 1.5 ln; phn mm ca vy lng v vy hu mn thp, tia di nht ca vy lng ngn hn 0.7 1 ln so vi gai di nht ca vy lng, vy ui gn nh lm ra i vi cc loi c chiu di chun nh hn 10 cm, khuyt c ln (nhng cc tia trung bnh khng bao gi ngn hn chiu di ca tia di nht). Vy nh; m khng c vy, hoc c t hoc c nhiu vy li ti; c 16 26 (him khi 27) dy vy gia ng bn v gc cc gai vy lng chnh. Mu sc: hay bin i, nht l do nh hng ca trng thi, mu c bn l xm bc trn chuyn dn sang bc di, trn gy v mt trn ca u c vt mu xanh l cy; trn gy v thn c rt nhiu (100 200) m mu xanh ngc chuyn dn sang trng, cc m ny mt di th to bng u que dim, trn ng bn th nh hn v trn gy ch to bng u ghim; trn, bu dc hoc hnh que, rt nh hn khong cch cc vy, sp xp gn theo ng ngang; c 2 3 hng gia gai th nht ca vy lng v ng bn (vng ny gn mt c khong 6 m), v khong 10 dng gia im cao nht ca ng bn v gc gai vy hu mn th nht; thng c mt bt sm, nh hn mt ngay di khi im ng bn; hai bn ca c b hong hoc b thng ni cc chm sng, mu nu hoc kem, to thnh 6 hoc 7 vng cho xen k u vi cc vng nht hn, vng ny c th lm cho mu c bn ca cc chm m i; di cm c vch mu nu, c hai eo ngang, mt5

chy ngang ngc (c im ngy trang ny khng ch c duy nht loi Siganus canaliculatus, m cn c loi S. fuscescens v S. argenteus); vy ui c 4 6 vch nht khng ng u trn nn mu nu. Kch thc: Chiu di tng ln nht khong 25 cm, thng l 20 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Vng nc ven b cn c su 50 m. So vi loi S. fuscescens c nhiu im chung th loi ny c v chu c nc c hn, sng nhng vng ca sng, nht l quanh nhng lp tng rong bin, v cng c nhng vng nc su, sch cch b bin vi km. C con sng thnh n rt ln nhng vnh cn, v trn nhng lp rn san h; cng ln th n c nh dn, chia thnh nhm khong 20 c th trng thnh. Vo khong k sinh sn th xut hin nhng n ln hn. n to y bin hoc t hn l to bin nc cn. Bt bng li r hoc li ko; bt ph bng nhng by li t su di nc. Bn ti theo s lng ln. Phn b: t Vnh Ba T n vng In -M Lai, pha bc Qun o Ryukyu v pha nam ca na bc Australia.

GERREIDAEc im hnh thi: Thn dt hai bn, thun, hnh bu dc, hoc lng cao thy r (khong 35 cm). Ming cn, d chu v trc, nhn xung khi chu ra. Hai hm c rng nh v sc, khng c rng ca, rng ch hoc rng cm. C mt vy lng di, c 9 (hoc c khi 10) gai cng, gai u tin rt ngn (tr Parequula, trong vng khng thy c), v c khong chng (9 - 11 Gerres) hoc nhiu hn (12 - 15 Pentaprion v 17 Parequula) tia mm; gc vy lng c ph mt dy vy tm thi. Vy hu mn thng c 3 (hoc him khi hn l 2) gai cng, nhng 5 hoc 6 Pentaprion, tt c cc loi gai u tin u rt ngn, ch tr Parequula; 6 - 8 tia vy hu mn, nhng Pentaprion c 12 - 14 ci v Parequula c 16 - 18. Vy ngc di v nhn. Vy ui ch, c th ch rt su. Vy ln, c t nhin nhng tm thi, trn hoc dng lc mn, mc ln ti mt bn ca u. Mu sc: bc sng ni bt, vng l chui gi, mt s loi hai bn c chm sm, vt sm hai bn ch c c c con mt s loi, ra v/hoc u phn gai ca vy lng thng en.

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Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Gn y nhng vng nc ven nhng bin m, su su 70 m; c vi loi sng vng n ha; c rt nhiu vng vnh cn; ca bin v m ph ven bin. Chu c nhng iu kin mui cao hoc thp, mt s loi vo sng nc ngt, mt s loi sng c trng trn y nhng vng ct sch, mt s loi khc sng nc c y bn, mt s loi sng vng ct trng trn rn san h n theo n nh hoc n ring, phn ln sng theo n ln. n nhng loi khng xng sng bt ri rc trn y bng cch ngm t do ri nh ct v rc vn ra. Nhng loi n ha ch c mt ma sinh sn vo cc thng m; mt s loi hai nm mi mt ln, u trng ca nhiu loi hn hp c nhiu mt s a phng vng m ph ven bin nhit i quanh nm. Bt bng li c nh, r, li qung, v li ko; v l sn phm ph bt trong cc li r di y; tht ngon, nhng mm i rt nhanh nu khng lm lnh; bn ti hoc sn phm ch bin ng lnh.

Gerres filamentosus (Cuvier, 1829)B: Perciformes Phn b: Percoidei H: Gerreidae Ging: Gerres Cc tn khc / Tn d nhm: Gerres punctatus Cuvier, 1830; ? G. macracanthus Bleeker, 1854 / Khng c. Tn Vit: C Mm Tn FAO: Anh - Whipfin silverbiddy; Php - Blanche fil; TBN - Mojarra de hebra.

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c im hnh thi: Thn dt, lng nh cao, di, nhng loi ln th thn di 2 2.5 ln chiu di chun, loi nh th ti 3 ln. Phn lng trc cong to thnh gc 40 so vi trc ngang. Gai cng th hai ca vy lng dt hai bn, to thnh tua gai, u tua di ra t nht ti gai th nht ca vy hu mn, ngoi tr nhng loi rt nh, cn nhng loi c chiu di chun di 6 cm th gai ny ch bng chiu di u (tua gai thng mt, nhng gai c dng p cho bit gc ca tua); gai th ba ca vy lng cng dt tnh t chp mm n ra xng trc np mang, gai th hai ca vy hu mn ngn hn chiu di gc vy hu mn; cc vy ngc di, u ca nhng vy b p di ra ti gai th nht ca vy hu mn; vy ui ch su, tia di nht vy ui di gp 3 ln tia trung bnh v hi di hn chiu di u. Vy trn ng bn n gc vy ui c 43 46 ci, v c 2 5 vy h trn bc vy gc vy. Mu sc: bc, pha lng c pha mu nu sng; na trn hai bn c 7 10 ng chm trn mu nu nht, lin li thnh vt nhng loi nh hn; mng mt mu bc, phn lng trc c mt mng trn ti, vy lng trong sut, tr phn cui c gai t, mu en; cc vy hu mn, ui, ngc v bng u trong sut sm, ngn vy hu mn, thy di ca vy ui v bng mu trng. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i khong 30 cm, thng thng l 15 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc, v ngh c: Sng nhng vng ven b nc cn c su t nht 50 m, y ct, quanh nhng vng to san h, hoc vng nc ngt ca sng. Sng theo n, n sinh vt nh nh gip xc, polychaetes (giun bin?) v foraminiferans1 sng trn y ct hoc bn ct. cc ch nhiu vng nhit i hay bn nhng loi thng thng nht thuc h Gerreidae. Bt bng li ko trn bi bin v li r y. Tht rt ngon nhng mau h.

Gerres oyena (Forsskl, 1775)Tn thng gp / Tn d nhm ln: Khng c / Gerres argyreus (Schneider, 1801). Tn FAO: Anh - Common silverbiddy; Php - Blanche commune; TBN - Mojarra comn.1

sinh vt nguyn sinh bin mang v vi c tua mc ra ngoi 8

c im hnh thi: thn dt, thun, mnh, chiu cao thn 3 3.3 ln chiu di chun; phn lng trc hi li. Vy lng ch r, gai cng cui cng bng 2/3 chiu di ca tia mm u tin; gai cng th hai ca vy lng khng qu di cng khng qu ngn; gm khong 0.6 0.7 ln chiu di u (khng bao gm hm); cc gai cng th hai v th ba ca vy hu mn mnh v ngn; chng hn gai th hai ngn hn chiu di gai th hai hoc th ba ca vy lng mt t; vy ui ch rt su, nhng cc thy tng i ngn, chiu di ca tia di nht gn bng chiu di u; cc vy ngc ngn, nh ca cc vy b p ch ra ti gia gc ca tia th nht v tia th hai ca vy ngc. Vy trn ng bn n gc ca vy ui c 35 39 ci, v c 2 4 vy h trn bao vy ca gc ui; c 3.25 3.5 vy gia ng bn v gc ca gai th nm vy lng. Mu sc: bc, ng bn c mu vng l chui nht; c 7 hoc 8 vt hi sm trn mt bn ca thn c nh, c ln khng c; t chp n phn gai ca vy lng en ni bt, thng gii hn phn ra ca mng gia gai th hai v gai th nm nhng c mp mu en lin tc dc theo ton b vy lng. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i 25 cm, thng thng l 15 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Sng trong vng ni a gn b trn nhng y bn-ct sau t nht 30 m, tm thy trn nhng b bin cats nhng thng cc ca sng v m ph nc l. Sng theo n, ly thc n bng cch lc li sinh vt khng sng sng t cc ngm cht y. nh bt ch yu bng li ko hoc li r. Bn ti, cng dng trong ba n. Phn b: c nhiu vng Indo Ty Thi Bnh Dng, t b bin pha ng chu Phi v Bin chy theo pha Ty sang Samoa vng Nam Thi Bnh Dng v Qun o Caroline Bc Thi Bnh Dng; sang pha bc n pha Nam Nht Bn v sang pha nam n vng Australia nhit i v Tn Caledonia.

GOBIIDAE (C bng)c im hnh thi: Cc loi c dng Gobiidae u nh (30 cm, thng di 10 cm); thn cng (nhng c nhiu ngoi l). u ngn v to, thng c nhiu vy, tiu biu9

c cc khe v l xc gic, v cc nh trn da. Mm trn. Rng thng nh, sc, hnh nn; phn b trn 1 n nhiu dy trn cc hm. Mng mang ni lin vi bng. C hai vy lng ring bit, vy th nht c 5 n 10 gai mm, vy th hai c 1gai mm v 5 37 tia mm; vy hu mn c gai mm v 5 n 36 tia mm (c bit tia cui cng ca vy lng th hai v ca cc vy hu mn tch hai n tn gc nhng ch tnh thnh mt); cc vy ngc to c 12 25 tia; cc vy bng di c 1 gai cng v 5 tia mm, cc gai vy bng thng kt dnh bng mt mng tht, v cc tia ca vy bng pha trong nht thng kt dnh bng mng, to thnh a (cc loi c bng c vy bng khng lin kt thng sng nhng vng rn san h); vy ui to v trn, c 16 17 tia ri nhau. Vy to, dng trn hoc dng lc. Thn khng c ng bn. Mu sc: bin i.

Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: C bng l h c bin ln nht, c hn 220 ging v 1,500 loi. vng Ty Trung Thi Bnh Dng, c bng c khong 100 ging v gn 500 loi. Cc loi ny tp tnh thng kn o v thn rt nh (Trimmatom nanus, mt trong nhng loi xng sng nh nht pht hin, 8mm thnh thc). H c c gi tr kinh t cao ny sng ch yu nhng vng nc nhit i v cn nhit i cn, nhng chim gn ton b sinh thi y t nc ngt cho n ven b c su hn 500 m. Cc loi c bng sng nhiu tng t bn cho n si, cc rn san h c bit c nhiu loi c bng sinh sng. Mt s loi c bng sng trn i nc ngt, mt s khc chuyn c qua li gia mi trng nc ngt v nc l; hoc gia nc bin v nc l. C thuc phn h Sicydiinae sng trn thng ngun cc sng, thng ni c cao ln, v di c h ngun sinh ; sinh xong, trng th tinh tri theo dng nc pht trin ngoi bin, c trng thnh tr v mi trng sng thng ngun, thng l phi bi ngc dng chy. Mt s loi c bng quan h vi sinh vt khc nh tm, bt bin, san h mm v cc loi c khc. mt s loi, mi quan h cng sinh vi sinh vt khc l mt tp tnh sng cn thit ca c bng. Chng hn, c bng lm sch nc vng Ca-ri-b (Elacatinus) n cc loi k sinh trn cc loi c khc, cn c bng Indo Thi Bnh Dng thuc ging Amblyeleotris v Cryptocentrus sng chung hang vi mt loi tm n p (Alpheus). Thng thng, c bng ci mt khi trng nh, mi trng dnh vo mt di ca mnh v cht hoc mt cng ca cc lp treo bng mt cung dnh. Trng c c c bo v v chm non. Phn nhiu c bng khng c gi tr thng mi hay gii tr no ngoi vic lm thc n cho c ln hn. Tuy nhin, c con thi k sau u trng ca10

ging Awaous v cc loi Sicydiinae l nhng mn n ph bin ca ngi bn a trong vng ny. C con bt bng li khi bi vo ca sng v sui trong cc cuc di c t ngoi bin vo nc ngt, thng l vo ma trng trn.

Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton) 1822B: Perciformes Phn b: Gobioidei H: Gobiidae Phn h: Gobiinae Ging: Glossogobius Tn Vit: C Bng c im hnh thi: Gai lng: 7; tia mm vy lng: 8 9; gai hu mn: 1; tia mm hu mn: 8 9. u dt, hm di nh; thn nht, khng c ng bn. Vy lng c chm nh to thnh cc sc. Vy bng kt dnh nhng ch c phn trc lin vi thn. Thn mu vng nu c 5 6 chm trn hai bn. Mt s loi sng tng ti cng c mu ti. Mt s loi sng tng sng c mu sng. Vy lng sng, c chm nu. Vy bng trong sut. Vy ngc v ui mu xm v thng trong sut.

Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: tng y, lng c nc mn v nc ngt, tm thy ch yu nc ngt v ca sng, nhng cng di c ra bin. Cng c knh lch v ao h. Tm thy nhng dng nc trong ti c c y , si hoc ct. C gp cc sng trung bnh n ln h ngun Mekong. n cn trng nh, gip xc v c nh. C sng nc mn pht trin n kch thc ln hn c sng nc ngt. Bn ti. n tht ln nhau l hin tng thng thy loi c ny. Tam Giang Cu Hai (Vit Nam) thng bt c trong n so.

Acentrogobius caninus (Valenciennes, 1837)

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B: Perciformes Phn b: Gobioidei H: Gobiidae Subfamily: Gobiinae Genus: Acentrogobius Tn Vit Nam: C Bng

Phn b:

Indo-Ty Thi Bnh Dng.

Kch thc cc i: 13.0 cm chiu di tng Hnh thi: Mt to. Vy ui trn. C 4, 5 chm to gia mt bn.

Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: sng dc theo ng b, ca bin v cng. Thng c nhng vng thy triu nc l. n ng vt khng xng sng. Pht hin c cha tetrodotoxin (TTX) v anhydrotetrodotoxin (anh-TTX), nhng cht ny gy triu chng suy lit ng c thc n (Lin., S.-J., D.-F. Hwang, K.-T. Shao v S.-S. Jeng, 2000. "c tnh ca cc loi c bng i Loan" Fish. Sci. 66:547-552 (Tn s dng: Radigobius caninus). Bn ti trn th trng ng bng Mekong.

ENGRAULIDAEc im hnh thi: C clupeoid kch thc trung bnh hoc nh (chiu di tng 10 20 cm) c c im tiu biu l mt mm nh ni bt nh mm ln, nh ra qu chp hm di; hm di gn nh lun di, mnh v di qu hm trn; hm di khp vi mp sau ca mt, v thng khp ti mt im sau mp sau ca mt. Mt c trng l c hai hm trn. Rng hm thng nh hoc rt nh ( Lycothrissa l rng nanh). Mt to, m m mt hon ton ph mt. Lc mang thng ngn v khng c nhiu cc ging Indo-Thi Bnh Dng. Lun c gai bng (pelvic scute) vi hai cnh bn nng cao; a s cc loi Indo-Thi Bnh Dng u c gai trc bng hoc thng l gai sau bng, v c mt cung nh ging gai mc ngay trc gc vy lng (Engraulis v Encrasicholina khng c12

nhng cung ). Vy lng n, ngn v thng mc gn gia lng ( Coilia mc xa v trc); khng c vy m; cc vy ngc mc thp trn thn ( Coilia c 5 - 19 tia vy trn khng phn nhnh); vy bng mc trc, ngang hoc sau chiu vi gc vy lng; cc vy bng c 1 tia mm khng phn nhnh v 6 tia mm phn nhnh (tr Coilia ramcarati c 1 tia mm khng phn nhnh v 8 hoc 9 tia mm phn nhnh); vy hu mn thng di trung bnh (c khong 15 25 tia vy mm), nhng di Thryssa (c ti 50 tia vy), Setipinna (c ti 80 tia vy), v Coilia (c ti trn 100 tia vy) Vy trn, trung bnh, c 30 60 cu cc dy ng bn, c cc sc pha sau, thng rng i khi b bt. Mu sc: c trng, lng xanh bin-xanh l cy v cnh sn bc (thnh thong c mt di mu bc ni bt hoc mt mng ti m trn gy); cc vy trong sut hoc vng nht, nhiu khi vng m hoc cam, cng nh ming hoc khoang mang; thnh thong c vt en trn chp hoc mp vy, hoc trn thn ngay sau khe mang, nhng tuyt nhin khng loi no c cc chm en bnh cnh sn (cng nh cc loi clupeid) Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: C trng (anchovy) l nhng loi c bin v ven b sng theo n tiu biu; c tt c bin t khong 60Bc n 50Nam, nhng mt s loi di chuyn vo nc l hoc ngt n hoc v c loi sng vnh vin ti . a s loi n ng vt ph du (nht l gip xc), bt bng cch sn tng c th mi hoc lc thc n. a s, hoc c l tt c, ri nhiu trng v trng n ra u trng ph du. C trng c gi tr thng mi, sn lng nhiu khi ng gp 25% tng sn lng clupeoid. Theo tng khu vc, mt s loi cha xc nh thuc h Stolephorus v Encrasicholina ng gp 6% tng sn lng hng nm ca c trng. Khng c thng k ring l i vi a s cc loi, nhng thng k ring l c th m bo cho tng loi (hoc nhm loi) thuc ging Thryssa vng Indo-Thi Bnh Dng. i vi nm 1995, Nin Gim Thng K Thy Sn ca FAO bo co tng sn lng ca c trng t vng Trung Ty Thi Bnh Dng l khong 365,500 t.

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Thryssa hamiltonii (Gray, 1830)B: Clupeiformes Phn b: Clupeoidei H: Engraulidae Phn h: Coilinae Ging: Thryssa Tn Vit Nam: C Lp Tn thng gp / Tn d nhm ln: Scutengraulis hamiltonii (Gray, 1830); Thrissocles hamiltonii (Gray, 1830) / Thryssa mystax (Bloch v Schneider, 1801); T. spinidens (Jordan v Seale, 1925). Tn FAO: Anh - Hamiltons thryssa; Php - Anchois-moustache mamata; TBN Bocarte bolinado.

c im hnh thi: Thn dt, di bng c 16 19 (him khi 15 hoc 20) cung trc bng v 10 hoc 11 (him khi 9 hoc 12) cung sau bng; tng s cung bng l 26 31 (a s l 27 29). Ngay pha trc gc vy lng c mt cung nh, hnh ging cy gai. Chp mm nm pha trn trung tm mt, thng ngay khong ra trn ca mt. Hm trn ngn n trung bnh; ko di ra ti hoc qu ra np mang mt cht; hm trn th nht nh, hnh bu. Rng nh hoc rt nh, khng c dng rng ch. C 12 14 lc mang di (t thy hn l 11 hoc 15). Mang gi n di da. Gc vy lng nm khong gia thn. Vy hu mn tng i di, tia iii (him khi th iv) khng phn nhnh v c 32 39 (a s l 35 37) tia vy phn nhnh, gc ca n nm pha sau vy lng v di n tia vy lng cht. Vy trung bnh, c 41 46 ci (him khi 41 hoc 46) trn cc dy ng bn; cc sc thng ng b ct ngang gia thn. Mu sc: u c sc vng, nht l hm trn v np mang; thn trng bc, xm-nu nht pha trn, dc lng c cc ng sc t, ngay trc phn trn khe mang c mt vt ti gm cc ng ln sng en nm ngang; vy lng vng sm, tiay vy lng th nht v ng vin pha sau vy en than; vy hu mn trng; vy ngc v vy bng vng nht; vy ui vng, vin trn v vin di vy ui en than. Kch thc: chiu di chun cc i 20 cm, thng l 17 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Bin, bin khi, v chc l sng theo n; gn b v vo cc ca sng. L mt trong nhng loi Thryssa ln, cn nh danh ng c thm s liu chnh xc. Cc con mi chnh c th l tm panan (prawn) v cc loi chn kim (copepod - thuc b gip xc); b sung vo l giun nhiu t14

(polychaetes) v gip xc chn hai loi (amphipod). Tui th di nht c on l 4 nm. C bt u hp qun vo thng Mi v kt thc vo thng Hai. C ci 4 nm tui (chiu di tng khong 25 cm) ln nhanh hn v t kch thc ln hn c c (chiu di tng 21 22 cm). Gp phn vo sn lng nh bt clupeoids th cng v hnh nh l mt loi ph thng thuc h Thryssa. Bt ch yu bng li ko bao, li ko bi v n so. Bn ti, phi kh, phi mui hoc lm bt c, nc mm hoc vin bt c.

Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823)Tn thng gi/tn d nhm: Engraulis indicus van Hasselt, 1823 / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Indian anchovy; Php - Anchois indien; TBN - Boquern indio.

c im hnh thi: Thn mnh, thun di, gn trn phn giao gia u v bng; bng trn, c 2 - 6 (thng l 3 - 5, a s l 4) gai ging kim nh trc bng; khng c gai sau bng. Khng c cung hnh ging gai trc vy, cung bng khng c gai. Thp u pha sau vn m c ln. Ru hm trn nhn, di ra sau ti hoc qu mp trc xng trc mang; hm trn rng qu xng hm th hai. Ra sau xng trc np mang li, trn. C bng tht u li t trc ra n ra sau mng mang. Cc nhnh ca khe trc np mang di ra n np mang. Lc mang mnh; lc mang di c khong 20 28 ci. Vy hu mn ngn, tia th ba thng khng phn nhnh, v c 16 18 tia vy phn nhnh, gc vy hu mn ko di t im thng ng ti gia gc vy lng. Chp vy bng khng di ra sau ti im thng ng vi gc vy lng. Vy trung bnh, c khong 38 - 42 ci cc dy ng bn. Mu sc: thn c m, pha trn vng nht, bc pha di; c mt di bc sng chy t trn xung bn sn; xng trc mang mu vng, pha u trn im nu m, gia u v vy lng khng c cc ng sc t, vy lng v vy ui vng c, im dy chm nu m; gc vy lng v vy hu mn c hc t nht; cc vy khc mu vng nhc. Kch thc: Chiu di chun cc i 15.3 cm, thng thng t 10 n 12 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Ven bin, bin khi, sng theo n (nhng c th t nh vy hn cc loi Stolephorus khc); c thy vo cc vng ca sng v c l chu c nc l. n phn ln cc ng vt ph du, nhng cn thm d liu. Vnh Manila, c di c vo nhng vng nc su v mn hn sinh (khi di chun l 9 cm hoc hn), v tr vo b ngay khi xong. Trng hnh bu dc, hai u c u nh. Khng hnh thnh n ln; cho nn cng t ngi , cc loi Stolephorus ln nht cng khng thnh n ln. nh bt bng li ko, r, li ko dng trn bi v15

li y. Bn ti, phi kh v phi mui hoc ch bin thnh bt c, nc mm, hoc vin bt c. Dn v khng thch hp lm mi cu c ng. Phn b: Rt ph bin vng Ty Thi Bnh Dng (t Vnh Thi Lan i v pha ng n Hng Kng, t b bin bc v ng bc Australia i v hng nam n o Mackenzie, Queensland; ln hng bc n qun o Caroline v qun o Mariana, v hng nam n o Tn Caledonia, v hng ra pha ng n Samoa v Tahiti), v ph bin n Dng (Ty Bc Australia, Sumatra, Java, qun o Lesser Sunda; ton b b bin pha ng chu Phi, t vnh Ba T v Bin chy v pha nam Natal, Madagascar, v Mauritius).

C trch CLUPEIDAEC trch -herrings (cc tn ting Anh khc l sardines, shads, sprats, pilchards, v menhadens) c im hnh thi: c hnh thoi tiu biu, phn gia u v thn hnh bu dc hoc nhiu khi dt nhiu; dc theo bng c mt di cung (cung bng lun c); ming cn, thng c 2 xng hm trn, rng hm nh hoc rt nh. Khng c tia gai vy lng; c mt vy lng n, ngn v gn trung im thn. Vy ngc mc thp trn thn; vy bng nm ngay trc, di hoc ngay sau gc vy lng; vy hu mn ngn (tia mm thng di 28 ci) c gc nm hn sau gc tia vy lng cht so vi hng thng ng; vy ui lun lun khuyt su. Vy hnh trn, kt dnh v c kch c trung bnh (c khong 35 - 68 ci dy bn). M mt gia c khe m thng ng (ch loi Etrumeus mi che ht mt). Khng c ng bn. Vy khng c k vn pha sau. C nhiu bin th v hnh dng c th, chiu cao thn (thn cc c th khc nhau bin dng t trn n nn dt v lp), v cung (c mt vi ci hoc tt c u thoi ha dc theo bng, nhng thng c mt vi cung hoc ton dy cung trc vy lng), hnh dng ming (hm di li hoc ming lm loi c trch dy -gizzard shad), hm trn (c mt ci, hoc c hai u mt), rng (mt mt s loi, rng nanh mt s loi khc), vy (rng i mt s loi, cc loi khc th rt nh). Mu sc: xanh dng-xanh l cy tiu biu trn lng v bc bn cnh sn; pha sau np mang c nhiu du m c chm, c chm trn sn, chm trn gc vy lng, v sc t m trn mt phn vy lng, ngc, hu mn v ui.

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Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: H c trch (Clupeids) l nhng loi c bin sng theo n tiu biu, n cc loi ng vt ph du nh (ch yu l gip xc). C ny lm thnh n ln v ri mt s lng ln trng ngoi bin khi, trng ny lm n u trng sinh vt ph du. c im sinh hc v sinh thi ca c trch clupeids rt a dng. Mt s loi vo nc ngt n, mt s loi bi ngc vo sng v sng vnh vin nc ngt, mt s loi va kim n va lm lc nc ton phn hoc bn phn, mt s loi ch sn cc loi c khc (v c th khi trng thnh ch lm thnh n khng cht hoc nh), v mt s loi (loi nh) ch 200 hoc t hn 200 trng, hoc cho trng dnh vo th nn. Trong sn lng nh bt c trch clupeid th nhng ging sng nc lnh chim s lng ch yu. Tnh ring th c t loi c trch clupeid sng nc nng chim s lng ln trong sn lng nh bt (tr cc loi Sardinella lemuru v S. longiceps), nhng tnh tng hp th ngh nh bt c trch clupeid c th chim ti 1/3 tng sn lng c mt s vng. Pht hin tt c bin t 70Bc n khong 60Nam. Thng thng c trng thnh c kch thc bin ng 10 20 cm chiu di chun. Tuy vy, c nhng loi dao ng ln v kch thc, t loi c trch dy Tenualosa ilisha (di ti 60 cm) n nhng loi nh sng sng (Sierrathrissa leonensis v Thrattidion noctivagus) m n trng thnh ch di khng ti 2 cm. by T.A. Munroe, T. Wongratana, v M.S. Nizinski

Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795)Tn thng gi/tn d nhm: Chatoessus chrysopterus Richardson, 1846; Clupanodon nasica Lacepde, 1803; Dorosoma nasus (Bloch, 1795) / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Blochs gizzard shad (c trch dy ca Bloch); Php - Chardin gros nez; TBN - Machuelo narign.

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c im hnh thi: L mt loi c trch dy sng bin, kch thc trung bnh, thn hnh bu dc, c ln thn cao hn, chiu cao thn vo khong 34 - 41% chiu di chun; bng c nhiu cung, 17 ti 19 (thng l 18) cung trc bng v 11 ti 13 (thng l 12) cung sau bng; tng s cung c 28 ti 31 (thng l 30) ci; cung bng c kim hng ln. C 6 11 sc tin nh. Ming tr, hm di cha mnh ra ngoi. Xng trc hm trn ngn, hm trn rng ra pha u chp v thc hoc nhn nh cong xung di. Hm trn khi nhn pha trc thy c ng khe gia; v c mt xng nh trn hm. Hm trn di ra pha sau thng ti ra trc ca mt. Mp sau khe mang khng c lp tht ngoi. Np mang nhn khng c sc bng xng. Kim trc ca xng trc np mang c xng trn mt th ba nm lin n, khng c khe tht gia. Lc mang mn, nhiu. T mang hi ngn gc khung mang u tin. C 6 tia mang. Gc vy lng nm gn trc n trung im thn; tia cui cng ca vy lng c dng t. Vy hu mn ngn hn u; nm hn sau gc tia vy lng cht trn hng thng ng; c 19 22 tia vy. Gc vy bng nm ngay gc cc tia vy lng trc trn hng thng ng; vy bng c mt tia mm khng phn nhnh v 7 tia mm phn nhnh. Vy trc vy lng mc thnh cp v xp chng ln ti ng gia. Ra sau ca vy c hnh dng r rt. C 1 hoc 2 vy nch vy ngc. Vy ng bn 46 49 ci. Mu sc: lng nu xanh, hai bn bc, khng c chm; c mt chm en pha sau khe mang. Kch thc: Chiu di chun cc i 21 cm, thng thng 13 - 15 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Bin, bin khi, c th vo sng cc ca sng. n mnh vn. C ghi chp cho bit c ny sinh H Chilka, b bin pha ng n , vo thng Tm. Khng c ngh c g c bit, nhng ng gp vo sn lng c trch clupeid; -rp Saudi c ny bt bng li c nh v so, nhng ch c gi t thp trung bnh trn th trng. Cc ng c khc gm li ko. Bn ti, phi kh hoc phi mui, luc hoc ch bin thnh vin bt c. Phn b: Thi Bnh Dng n -Ty t Vnh Ba T sang n v Bin Andaman, Vnh Thi Lan, Bin Nam Trung Quc sang Philippines; pha bc Hng Kng v pha nam Nht Bn hoc mi nam Hn Quc. Vic loi Nematalosa nasus phn b rng c th cho bit nhng c th xc nh thuc loi ny c th i din cho nhiu loi khc na.

Sardinella albella (Valenciennes, 1847)

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Tn thng gi/tn d nhm: Clupalosa bulan Bleeker, 1849; Clupeonia perforata Cantor, 1849; Harengula dollfusi Chabanaud, 1933 / Sardinella perforata (Cantor, 1850); S. bulan (Bleeker, 1849). Tn FAO: Anh - White sardinella; Php - Sardinella blanche; TBN - Sardinela blanca.

c im hnh thi: Thn hi dt nhng nhiu bin dng, t mnh n hi cao, chiu cao thn 25 - 40% chiu di chun; bng lt ln v c cc cung trc bng v sau bng; tng s cung 29 - 33 (thng 30 - 32); mnh bng c kim hng ln trn. Hm trn trn, khng c k hay khe gia r rt. C hai xng trn hm; ci th hai cn i, c hnh m cho. Hm trn ko di thng ra ti ra trc ca mt. Rng trong vm ming v xng m (pterygoids) km pht trin hoc hon ton thoi ha. C 7 - 11 sc tin nh trn nh u. C hai lp tht trn ra sau ca khe mang. Xng np mang nhn khng c sc xng. Rng di lc mang c 41 68 ci (khi c ngang chiu di chun 4 - 15 cm, tng mt t vi kch thc c). Thng c 6 tia mng np mang. Gc vy lng mc t pha gia trc n trung im thn. Gc vy hu mn ngn v mc hn sau gc tia vy lng cht trn hng thng ng; 2 tia vy hu mn cht to hn r rt. Gc vy bng nm ngang gc cc tia trc ca vy lng trn hng thng ng; vy bng c 1 tia mm khng phn nhnh v 7 tia mm phn nhnh. Cc sc thng ng trn vy b ngt qung v khng giao nhau ti chnh gia; phn sau ca vy c mt s l xuyn qua v hi nm v pha sau. Vy ng bn thng c 41 43 ci. Vy trc lng mc thnh cp. Mu sc: lng v u pha trn c mu xanh dng-l cy v sm dn thnh trng bc pha di; hai bn mu bc; khng c chm trn thn; c mt chm sm gc vy lng; nu khng vy th cc vy mu vng nht. Kch thc: Chiu di chun cc i 14 cm, thng thng l 10 cm.

19

Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Ven bin, bin v sng thnh n. Do nh danh nhm nn d liu sinh hc xut bn c kh nng khng ng tin cy. C m t trong thng k chung v loi Sardinella, nhng c phn quan trng dc theo b bin pha ty n (mc d thng k ngh c c th gm hai loi S. fimbriata v S. gibbosa). Bt ch yu bng li ko, r v li c nh. Bn ti, phi kh, phi mui v ch bin thnh vin bt c. Phn b: vng n -Ty Thi Bnh Dng t Bin , Vnh Ba T, b bin ng Phi, t Madagascar sang hng ng n Indonesia, Vnh Thi Lan, Philippines, ln pha bc n Tnh i Loan thuc Trung Quc, v v nam n Papua New Guinea v bc Australia.

SILLAGINIDAEc im hnh thi: Kch thc trung bnh (ti a 51 cm), l loi c vc thn di. Xng np mang c gai nhn sc v nh; phn di ca xng trc mang thng ngang. Mm di v hnh nn. Ming nh, cn; phn cui hm trn lch di xng trc mt. Rng c dng nhung, mc trn cc di rng; rng nh trn vm ming ch gii hn phn trc ca xng l ma, xng vm ming khng c rng. C hai vy lng ring bit, vy th nht c 9 - 12 gai mnh; vy th hai c 1 gai v 16 - 27 tia mm; vy hu mn di, c 2 gai yu v 14 - 27 tia mm. Vy nh, dng lc; ng bn hi cong. Bng bi thng phc tp. Mu sc: bc cho n xm ct hoc xanh l cy, nhiu lc c chm en trn thn v gc vy ngc. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: H ny ph bin rng n Dng v Ty Thi Bnh Dng. Tt c cc loi u sng trong b, di y, sng thnh n; v c mt s loi pht hin nhng ch nc su n 180 m. Thng bt bng li ko v cu nhng vnh ct cn, thng vo ca sng, vo su trong nc ngt trong mt thi gian ngn. Tht c rt trng, mm v c mi rt thm; rt t du v d tiu ha. C c phi-l (sillago fillet) hp lm thc n cho ngi tn tt v tr con rt tt. T 1990 n20

1995, Nin Gim Thng K Thy Sn ca FAO bo co sn lng hng nm vng Trung Ty Thi Bnh Dng vo khong 12,100 16,600 tn.

Sillago sihama (Forsskl, 1775)B: Perciformes Phn b: Percoidei H: Sillaginidae Ging: Sillago Tn Vit Nam: C c Tn FAO: Anh - Silver sillago; Php - Pche-madame argent; TBN - Silago plateado.

c im hnh thi: Vy lng th nht c 11 gai; vy lng th hai c 1 gai v 20 23 tia mm; vy hu mn c II gai mnh v 21 - 23 tia mm. ng bn c 66 - 72 vy. t sng 14 + 2-8 + 12-18 (tng l 34). Bng bi c hai phn ph pha trc, r ra v kt thc trn mi bn ca xng chm trn nang thnh gic; 2 ng bn ph khi u pha trc, mi ci c mt ng nh m hai bn pha trc v ko di dc theo thnh bng bn di thnh bng bao quanh cho n sau ci u c hnh ng; 2 phn ph nh dn pha sau ca bng bi hng vo vng ui, hai phn ny c mt phn di mt ngn. Nhng phn ph hai bn thng c dng xon v c ng nh nht mc ln dc nhng ng bn ny. Mu sc: thn nu nht, vng-nu bc, nu-ct, hoc mu mt; pha di nu nht n trng bc; thng c mt di dc gia ng bn, mu bc; vy lng sm cui, c hoc khng c cc hng chm nu sm trn mng vy lng th hai; vy ui sm cui; gc vy ngc khng c vt sm; cc vy khc trong sut, vy hu mn ra thng trng c; c nu gi kn lu c th c mt mu nu sng. Kch thc: Chiu di chun cc i 30 cm; thng l 20 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc, v ngh c: L mt loi sng gn b, dc nhng b bin nc cn, bi ct, bi c, ca sng; rt him khi nh bt uc bng tu li tm. nh bt bng cu, li ko, chi, so hot ng trn cc bi bin. Bn ti v p mui.

21

TERAPONTIDAE Terapon-perches (terapon-grunters)c im hnh thi: y l cc loi c ging c r, kch thc nh n trung bnh (n 35 cm); thn hnh thun hoc thun hnh trng, hi dt hoc dt va hai bn. Ming va, hoc ko di, protractile, ngp ming thng xin, thnh thong thng; hm cn c trng, thnh thong hm trn di hn; hm trn khng di qu gia mt; rng hm thng mc theo di dng nhung (gim cn 2 hoc 3 hng r rt mt s loi), rng dy ngoi to hn rng dy trong thy r; rng hm hnh nn, dt, hoc c 3 nh nhn; c nh thuc nhiu loi trn vm ming cng c rng (xng l ma v xng vm ming), thoi ha c trng thnh ca a s loi. Ra sau v ra gia ca xng trc np mang c rng ca theo mc khc nhau, rng ca mc r hn c nh, v thng pht trin hn mp thng ng; xng mt c rng ca trn mp gia, mt s loi cng ln rng ca cng thng km pht trin, xng np mang c 2 gai nm pha sau, gai di ln v mnh hn, mc ra sau ra ca thy np mang mt s loi. Pha sau xng hu thi dng li v mc ln ra mt s loi, ra sau c rng ca. Vy lng n, cong, c XI - XIV gai v 8 - 14 tia mm; gai vy lng th IV VII di nht, nhng gai tip theo n gai k cht chiu di gim dn, gai k cht ngn hn gai cht rt nhiu mt s loi, kt qu l vy lng nhiu gai nhng b khuyt; vy hu mn c III gai cng khng u nhau v 7 12 tia mm; gc vy bng mc sau gc vy ngc trn hng thng ng; vy ui thng khuyt (ct hoc trn mt s loi c nc ngt). ng bn n v y . Vy dnh, dng lc mn (s vo thy nhm). Mu sc: thn nu vng hoc xm sng, thng bc sut i v c nhiu vt sm; a s loi bin c 3 hoc hn 3 di thng hoc cong xung mu sm trn thn; nhiu loi bin c di sm chy ngang trn cc thy vy ui.

Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: C terapontids bin sng nhng vng nc bin v nc l gn b, mt s loi cn vo sng nc mn cao v nc ngt. Nhiu loi terapontid sng hn ch nc ngt Australia v New Guinea. Thnh vin bin ca h ny l nhng loi c lm thc phm ngon, nh bt bng cch phng php th cng gn b. Khng c loi no c tm quan trng h tr mt ngh c c bit. Mt s h tng t pht hin trong vng: Serranidae: ming rng, hm trn ko di ra di ra sau ca mt (khng vt qu22

gia mt h Terapontidae); vy ui trn c trng (thng c kha h Terapontidae bin); c 3 gai cng trn np mang (2 gai h Terapontidae). Kuhliidae: vy lng c X gai (XI - XIV h Terapontidae).

Terapon jarbua (Forsskl, 1775)B: Perciformes Phn b: Percoidei H: Terapontidae Genus: Terapon Tn thng gi / Tn d nhm: Therapon servus Bloch, 1790 / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Jarbus terapon; Php - Violon jarbua; TBN - Baraonga jarbua.

c im hnh thi: Loi kch thc trung bnh. Thn thon di, dt va. Hai hm cn u, ming xing; phn cui hm trn di ra ti dc gia mt c ln; rng hnh nn, un cong, xp thnh dy dng nhung, hng ngoi to hn; xng l ma v vm ming c rng c nh, c ln khng c rng. Xng trc np mang c rng ca, c bit l gc; gai np mang di rt di v cng, di qu ra thy np mang. Xng sau thi dng rng, li v c rng ca sau; xng np mang( cleithrum) c rng ca pha sau. Khung mang u tin c 6- 8 lc mang trn chi trn, 12 15 trn chi di. Vy lng c XI hoc XII gai v 9 11 tia mm, phn gai ca vy cong v khuyt su, gai IV VI di nht, v gai k cht khong bng na gai cht; ra phn mm vy lng thng hoc c kha; vy hu mn c III gai v 7 10 tia mm, gai th hai ca vy hu mn gn bng gai th ba v ngn hn cc tia vy hu mn di nht, ra ca phn mm vy hu mn lm; vy ui c kha. C 75 100 vy c l trn ng bn; c 13 17 hng vy trn ng bn v 19 34 hng pha di. Mu sc: thn hoc pha lng xm bc v pha bng trng bc; c 3 hoc 4 di cong xung dc thn mu nu hoc en; phn gai ca vy lng c vt sm trn pha lng trn cc mng gia gai th ba v th su; phn mm ca vy lng c mng trn 3 tia u tin, chp mu en, mng gia tia th nm v th by hon ton en; vy ui c cc tia gia nhim sc t; hai thy vy ui c chp sm v c mt di23

nm ngang. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i khong 35 cm, thng thng l 20 - 27 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Sng vng nc ven b, l v ngt nhng hnh nh ch sinh sn nc bin. n c nh hn, ng vt khng xng sng, v n c chn lc ty theo kch c n c. nh bt bng tt c ng c ni a nh li chn, n, cn cu v r y. Bn ti v p mui kh.

Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch, 1790)B: Perciformes Phn b: Percoidei H: Terapontidae Genus: Pelates Tn thng gi / Tn d nhm: Khng c / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Fourlined terapon; Php - Violon crpuscule; TBN - Baraonga aurora.

c im hnh thi: Nh va; thn thon di, dt hai bn. Hm cn, ming xing; ra sau ca hm trn di ra ti ng thng ng chy ngang qua l mi sau; rng chp nu, c hai hng trn hm di v 3 hng hoc mt di dng nhung trn hm trn, hng rng ngoi hm trn to; xng l ma v xng vm ming khng c rng. Xng trc mang c rng ca, rng ca trn ra thng ng di hn cc ra khc, c bit c ln; gai di ca np mang di v cng hn, nhng khng di qu ra thy np mang. Xng hu thi dng khng to ra hoc khng li ra pha sau, c da v vy. Khung mang u tin c 16 18 lc mang trn chi trn, 22 27 trn chi di. Vy lng c XII hoc XIII gai v 9 11 tia mm, phn gai ca vy cong, cc gai th nm n th by di nht; v hai gai cui gn bng nhau; vy hu mn c III gai v 9 hoc 10 tia mm, gai th hai vy hu mn gn bng gai th ba v ngn hn cc tia hu mn di nht. C 66 75 vy c l trn ng bn; c 9 11 hng vy trn24

ng bn v 19 23 hng di . Mu sc: Phn lng ca thn xm bc, phn bng trng bc; c 4 6 di hp, nu sm hoc en dc thn, di gia di ra ti gc vy ui; ngoi ra c nh c 6 hoc 7 vch thng ng mu xm nht; phn gai ca vy lng c mt vt en trn cc mng gia cc gai th III n VII ca vy lng; pha bn thn sau gy c mt vt cng sm nht khng c nh; thy vy ui khng c cc di en ngang ni bt; ming v hc mang khi cn sng. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i khong 30 cm, thng thng l 20 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Pht hin cc vng nc ni a, nhiu khi c nhng vng nc l. n c nh v ng vt khng xng sng. nh bt bng tt c loi ng c ni a, nh li chn, n, cu v r y. Bn ti v p mui kh. Phn b: C nhiu vng n Thi Bnh Dng t ng Phi, gm c Bin v Vnh Ba T, sang hng ng n Philippines, Nht Bn, v t Trung Quc n New South Wales v qun o Solomon.

Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1842)B: Perciformes Phn b: Percoidei H: Terapontidae Genus: Rhyncopelates Tn thng gi / Tn d nhm: Pelates oxyrhynchus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1842); Terapon oxyrhynchus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1842) / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Blotched terapon.

c im hnh thi: Kch thc trung bnh; thn thon di, cao va, dt hai bn, c nh dt hn c ln. Hm cn, ming hi xing; ra sau ca hm trn di ra ti ng thng chy ngang qua l mi sau. Rng dng nhung, xp thnh dy trn mi hng, hng ngoi ca rng to hn cc hng trong nhiu; xng l ma v vm ming khng c rng. Xng trc mang c rng ca, rng ca trn ra thng ng di hn cc ra khc; gai di ca np mang di v cng hn, nhng khng di qu ra thy np mang. Xng hu thi dng khng to ra hoc khng li ra pha sau, ra hu c25

rng ca. Khung mang u tin c 7 hoc 8 lc mang trn chi trn, 14 16 trn chi di. Vy lng c XII gai v 9 11 tia mm, phn gai ca vy cong, cc gai th ba n th su di nht; v hai gai cui gn bng nhau; vy hu mn c III gai v 7 9 tia mm, gai th hai vy hu mn di nht v ngn hn cc tia hu mn di nht. C 60 75 vy c l trn ng bn; c 10 11 hng vy trn ng bn v 20 24 hng di . Mu sc: Phn lng ca thn xm, phn bng trng bc ti bc trng; c 4 ng nu sm hoc en dc thn, mt s c th c cc vch khng u gia 2 vch lng v 2 vch bng chnh; phn gai ca vy lng en sm gc v ra, phn mm ca vy lng c mt di gc na trc v sc t trn cc tia pha sau. Phn gai ca vy hu mn khng c sc t; vy ui khng c mu c con, thy vy ui c ln c vi di hp song song khng u. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i khong 30 cm, thng l 20 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Pht hin cc vng nc ni a, nhiu khi c nhng vng nc l. n c nh v ng vt khng xng sng. nh bt bng tt c loi ng c ni a, nh li chn, n, cu v r y. Bn ti v p mui kh. Phn b: C nhiu vng n Thi Bnh Dng t ng Phi, gm c Bin v Vnh Ba T, sang hng ng n Philippines, Nht Bn, v t Trung Quc n New South Wales v qun o Solomon. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i khong 33 cm, thng gia 18 v 23 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: C nh vo sng nc ngt. C ln pht hin vng nc bin v nc l ni a. n c nh v cc loi khng xng sng. nh bt bng n, cu v cc ng c ni a khc.

LETHRINIDAEEmperors (emperor snappers)

c im hnh thi: Ging c r (kch thc 100 cm). Vy lng lin tc, c X gai v 9 hoc 10 tia mm; vy hu mn c III gai v 8 10 tia mm; vy ngc c 13 15 tia mm; vy bng mc di ngc, c I gai v 5 tia mm; vy ui c kha hoc26

khuyt, c 7 9 tia vy ui ng v cng hng. Vy dng lc mn hoc va; m khng c vy ging Lethrinus v c vy cc ging cn li. Ming nh ti trung bnh, cn; mi thng mm v nhiu tht; hm trn nh ra c, u thuc xng hm trc giao vi u thuc khp (articular process), thng di hn hoc bng tia rng; khng c u sau hm trn; dy chng ni vm ming v xng trc mang rt pht trin; np mang n di xng di mt, khng khp vi ra ca xng trc mang, khng c xng h tr; dy chng gia xng sng (ethmoid) v np mang khng c; trc hai hm u c mt hm rng nanh, rng hai bn dng nn hoc ging rng ci; pha trong c mt dy rng dng nhung pha trc; vm ming v xng l ma khng c rng. Mng mang gn nhiu vi nhau nhng tch ra ti eo; c 4 mang, sau mang th t c rnh; mang chia nhnh gi; lc mang ngn v trn chp; c 4 tia mng mang gn vo gc sng nh, tia th nm nm gia gc sng v xng gc mang sau (epihyal), tia th su nm trn xng gc mang sau (epihyal). C ba xng gy, cu to nh sau: xng th nht ng vi t sng thn kinh th nht, xng th hai v xng th ba ng vi t sng thn kinh th hai; xng vy lng (pterygiophore) th nht 2 gai vy lng u tin, xng vy lng th hai gai vy lng th ba v t sng thn kinh th ba, xng vy lng th ba gai vy lng th t v t sng thn kinh th t; c 2 hoc 3 xng vy lng tam on vy lng v vy hu mn; c 11 xng cnh sn; accessory subpelvic keel absent; u sau hu mn pht trin. Mu sc: thn v u mu bc, xm, xanh xoi non, xanh l cy nht, nu hoc nht, thng c vt hoc vch sm; u thnh thong c vt hoc chm xanh nht; vi c th c du sng trn hoc gn gc vy ngc, trn mng vy bng, hu mn v lng gn gc vy, trn ra xng np mang v xng trc mang, v trn u, nhng du ny thng khng nht nh trong cng loi; vy khng mu, nht, xanh nht, vng nht, hoc nht, thng c du, ra vy thng nht.

Bi ca by K.E. Carpenter

Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepde, 1802)Tn thng gi / Tn d nhm: Lethrinus opercularis Valenciennes, 1830 / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Redspot emperor; Php - Empereur lentilles; TBN - Emperador de27

lentejuelas.

c im hnh thi: Thn cao va, khong 1/2.5 1/2.8 ln chiu di chun. Chiu di u 0.9 1 ln chiu cao thn, 1/2.6 1/3 chiu di chun, phn lng gn mt nhn ngang thy gn thng; mm ngn va, di khong 1/1.9 1/2.4 chiu di u, khng tnh mi th mm bng 0.8 1 ln chiu di m, mt lng nhn nghing thy thng, gc mm vi hm trn khong 60 - 70; khong gia mt li; l mi sau l mt khe thon di, gn mt hn l mi trc; mt nm gn hoc xa lng, chiu di 1/3.3 1/4.8 chiu di u; m khng cao, khong .4 1/3.1 chiu di u; rng hai bn trn hm trn, thng c chp nn, rng ci thng c chn rng; b mt ngoi ca xng mang c sng dc. Vy lng c X gai v 9 tia mm, gai vy lng th t thng l di nht, di khong .4 1/3.4 chiu cao thn; vy hu mn c III gai v 8 tia mm, tia mm th nht thng di nht, di gn bng hoc ngn hn chiu di gc phn tia mm vy hu mn v 1 1.2 ln chiu di ton gc vy hu mn; c 13 tia vy ngc; mng gia cc tia vy bng st thn v khng c nhiu t bo hc t. Thng c 46 47 vy ng bn; m khng c vy; c 5 hng vy gia ng bn v gc ca gai gia vy lng; c 15 16 hng vy ngang gia gc vy hu mn v ng bn, thng c 15 hng vy di quanh cung ui; c 4 9 vy trn mng trn thi dng; mt trong ca gc vy ngc c nhiu vy, t vy hoc trn; gc sau ca np mang nhiu vy. Mu sc: thn xanh nht hoc xm, nht dn v xung di th trng, tm vy hai bn pha trn thng trng; ra sau ca np mang v gc vy ngc c mu ; vy ngc thng trng, vng, hoc hng nht; vy bng v hu mn trng ti cam; vy lng trng v cam c im ra nht; vy ui im cam hoc nht. Kch thc: Kch thc cc i khong 50 cm chiu di tng; thng khong 30 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: nhng y ct vng ven b, m ph su, v gn cc rn san h, su khong 50 m. C nh v c mi ln thng sng thnh n cc vng rong bin, m c v vng ct cn; c ln thng sng tch bit v pht hin nc su. n ch yu l gip xc v nhuyn th, cn n ng vt da gai, giun nhiu t, v c. nh bt ch yu bng cu, n, li r, li ko v li chn. Bn ti.

LEIOGNATHIDAESlipmouths (ponyfishes)28

c im hnh thi: Nh ti trung bnh (t khi vt qu 16 cm); thn thon hoc trn, dt va hoc nhiu. Mt va ti to, trc mt l mm ngn v hch. Hm trn n di xng trc mt, tr phn sau m rng ra v cong xung, gn vo khe di mt (lm cho c c dng ming thp). Ming d nh, khi nh to thnh ng hng ln (Secutor spp.), thng (Gazza spp.), hoc hng xung (Leiognathus spp.). Rng nh, c m nh, xp thnh mt hoc nhiu hng (cc loi Gazza cn c thm mt cp rng nanh cong trc hm trn v nhiu cp hm di). C mt cp sng xng trn nh u gia mt, trc mi sng xng c mt gai n hoc mt cp gai nh, v gia hai sng xng c mt sng nh khc, phn cui ca sng gia ny nh, thng hay gi l gai gy. Tt c gai vy v tia mm u dn; c mt vy lng n c VIII (t khi VII hoc IX) gai, gai u tin rt nh, v 16 17 tia mm; vy hu mn c III gai v 14 tia mm; vy ui c kha su hoc khuyt su; vy ngc ngn; vy bng rt ngn. Thn c vy trn nh, tr ngc v, t thy hn, mt vng ngay sau u mt s loi; u khng c vy, nhng mt s loi c mt mng vy nh di mt. Mu sc: bc, c du c trng trn hai bn thn pha trn, gip nhn bit d dng.

Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Sng y nhng vng nc cn ven b, vi loi vo sng nc l, nht l ca sng, mt s loi vo tn nc ngt. C nhng su 0.5 m cho n 160 m; nhng loi sng su ban m thng bi ln tng nc gia. Nhng loi kho st u c mt b phn pht sng cha vi khun pht sng cng sinh; mnh da trong sut lin quan ti b phn ny thng pht trin tinh vi hn c c, c th va c vai tr sinh sn va c vai tr dn n, v nhng c ny ni chung sng thnh n rt ln, thng l nhng vng nc ti. Leiognathids gp mt phn quan trng vo cc m li r thng mi ca nhiu nc chu trong qu kh, nhng mt s vng th sn lng c gim t 20 - 30 % tng sn lng y gim xung cn 4 hoc 5 % trong hai chc nm qua. Nhiu nc bt buc phi hn ch nh bt. Nm 1995, Nin Gim Thng K Thy Sn FAO bo co tng sn lng ca Leiognathidae nh c Trung Ty Thi Bnh Dng l 120 268 tn. Thng bn ti hoc lm kh mui, nhng sn lng tha, nht l c con, th a i ch bin vin bt c, hoc dng cho vt hoc c nui n, hoc dng lm phn. Nhiu khi b coi l sn lng phin toi, nht l i vi ng dn ko tm. n copepod v thc vt ph du, c ln n nhiu sinh vt y khng xng sng.29

Thnh vin thuc ging Gazza c rng nanh, n c v tm nh; cn cc loi Secutor c ming nh hng ln th ch n sinh vt c trong vng nc c sng. C tui th thp, 1 2 nm, ma sinh sn ko di. (bi ca D.J. Woodland, S. Premcharoen, v A.S. Cabanban)

Leiognathus decorus (de Vis, 1884)Tn thng gi / Tn d nhm: Khng c / Leiognathus brevirostris (Valenciennes, 1835); Equula nuchalis Temminck and Schlegel, 1845. Tn FAO: Anh - Yellowfinned ponyfish.

c im hnh thi: Thn cao v dt va, chiu cao 1.8 - 2.3 ln chiu di chun; nhn t mt bn lng trn hn bng. Ming khi nh th hng xung. Lc mang ngn hn chiu di l mang tng ng, tng s lc mang trn khung mang th nht l 21 24. Gai vy lng v vy hu mn cng, hi nhn, gai vy lng th hai nm gia 1/3 v 1/2 chiu cao thn. u v ngc khng c vy. Mu sc: bc, na trn c mt s ng dc ln sng hoc cong ch chi mu nu sm khng u; hai bn gy c bt nu (m dn nhng c th bo qun lu); nch vy ngc c chm vng, v trn bng gia gc vy ngc v vy gai hu mn c mt chm vng khc gn bng kch thc mt (nhng c th Australia u khng c hai chm ny); phn ngoi ca vy gai bng v vy gai hu mn mu vng, phn ra v phn mm ca hai vy u mu vng, vy ui c ra vng sm, cc vy khc khng mu. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i 15 cm, thng l 10 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Sng nhng vng nc ni a ven b rt cn (su lm l khong 30 m) trn nn y ct bn gn nhng vng c; di c vo cc ca bin ln; c con sng nhng lch gia cc dy c. n cc loi giun t, gip xc nh (mysids, copepods, amphipods, ostracods, v cladocerans), gip xc ln (u trng macruran), euphausids, nhuyn th, v detritus. Sng thnh n; tp trung rt ng vo ma sinh (thng Chn ti thng Mi Hai bc Australia). Bt c ch yu bng li r y, nhng cng c th dng cc li ko bi, li y, n so, v vt nh bt. ng Nam th loi ny c th bn ti hoc lm kh mui, nhng30

thng thng th dng cho vt n hoc ch bin bt c, cn Australia th b b i.

Leiognathus daura (Cuvier, 1829)Tn thng gi / Tn d nhm: Leiognathus gerroides (Bleeker, 1851) / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Goldstripe ponyfish; Php - Sapsap dor; TBN - Motambo dorado.

c im hnh thi: Thn hnh thoi v dt, chiu cao 2 - 2.5 ln chiu di chun; nhn ngang th lng v bng u cong bng nhau. Mm hi cn; ming khi nh ra th tr xung. Lc mang c di hn 1/2 chiu di phin mang tng ng, tng lc mang trn khung mang th nht l 18 - 22. u v ngc khng c vy. ng bn t cong hn ng lng nhn ngang, v kt thc pha di gc vy ngc; vy ng trn ng bn c 59 - 65. Mu sc: lng xm xanh, bng bc; pha trn ng bn c sc ng rt nht, cng v gi th nhng sc ny bin mt hon ton; bn thn bng ph ton chm en; bn thn lng v u c sc vng; chp mm mu en; na ngoi ca mng vy ni gai vy lng th hai v th su mu en huyn, pha trn nhum mu trng kem; trn ng bn c mt di vng ln, di ny s bin mt khi c b gi lu; na ngoi ca vy hu mn mu vng kim; ra ngoi ca thu vy ui di cng vng. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i 14 cm, thng l 9 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Sng nhng vng nc ni a ven b rt cn trn nn y ct bn, a phn su 10 - 15 m. Sng thnh n. nh bt ch yu bng li ko y. C th lm mui kh bn, nhng a s th b coi l c tha, hoc b vt b, hoc dng lm thc n cho vt hoc xay lm bt c. Phn b: T vnh Aden chy dc b bin n v Sri Lanka sang vng Trung Ty Thi Bnh Dng.

Leiognathus equlus (Forsskl, 1775).

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Tn thng gi / Tn d nhm: Khng c / Leiognathus dussumieri (Valencienne, 1835). Tn FAO: Anh - Dussumiers ponyfish; Php - Sapsap vaguelette; TBN Motambo de onda.

c im hnh thi: Thn hi mnh v dt, chiu cao 2 - 2.3 ln chiu di chun; nhn ngang th phn lng pha trc cong hn phn bng. Mm nhn, hi di hn ng knh mt; ming khi nh tr xung. Vy ngc hi di, di ra ti gai ca vy hu mn. u khng c vy, nhng trn ngc c vy ni bt. C khong 60 vy ng trn ng bn. Mu sc: lng xanh nht chuyn dn sang nu nht, bng mu bc, vy vng nht (thng l xanh l cy ln xanh da tri do sng vng to, gi trong formalin th mu ny cng ni m thm); hai bn thn c sc ng un sng mu xm, ko t lng xung qu ng bn mt t; c mt chm thun di trn bng gia gc vy ngc v vy gai hu mn. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i 14 cm, thng l 11 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Sng y nhng vng nc ven b gia su 10 40m. C ngi cho l c ny thch sng y rn ct, nhng cng vo sng ca sng. n gip xc nh, polychaetes, foraminiferans, nhuyn th, gastropods, v nematodes. Sng thnh n. N l loi ni tri trong cc m c bt c vng nam n , nhng thng k dnh ring cho n th khng c. Bt ch yu bng li ko y. V n l loi kch thc ln nn nhng c th ln thng bn ti, c vn th lm bt c, cho vt n hoc vt i. Phn b: C ghi chp l Madagascar, Runion, b bin India v Sri Lanka sang ti Indonesia v Philippines. C l phn b rng hn th na, nhng b mt s tc gi nhn lm vi Leiognathus equulus.

Secutor ruconius (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)Tn thng gi / Tn d nhm: Secutor interruptus (Valenciennes, 1835) / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Deep pugnose ponyfish; Php - Sapsap bouledogue; TBN 32

Motambo buldog.

c im hnh thi: Thn bu dc, dt, rt cao, chiu cao bng 1.4 - 1.7 ln chiu di chun. u lm su pha trn mt. Ming khi nh tr ln trn. Lc mang di v mnh, di gn bng phin mang tng ng, tng s lc mang trn khung mang th nht l 18 - 28. Vy ca than tng i, 10 - 16 hng gia gc vy ngc v vy hu mn; c vy trn m; ngc ph y vy, thm ch eo bng. ng bn kt thc pha di on gia phn mm ca vy lng; s hng vy ng trn ng bn ti im ny l 28 - 32, nhng nu m ti cung vy ui th c 54 - 60 hng vy. Mu sc: mu bc, c khong 10 vch ng trn lng ko xung qu ng bn; c mt di cong, en sng chy t ra di ca mt ti qu gc sau ca hm di; mt phn ba trn ca mng gia cc gai cng th hai v th nm ca vy lng c mu en; phn mm ca vy lng v vy hu mn khng c mu; vy ui c mu vng; pha di ca gc vy ngc c mu en. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i gn bng 10 cm, thng l 6 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Sng nhng vng nc ven b ni a trn cc nn y ct bn su 60 m; c c nh v c ln u vo sng ca sng. n copepods, mysids, v detritus thc vt. Ngi ta pht hin c ny t thng Ba bc Australia, nhng theo t. nh bt ch yu bng li ko y, hoc li vy b. ng Nam , bn ti hoc lm kh mui, nhng a s b xem l c vn hoc lm bt c hoc cho vt hoc c nui n. Australia th b xem l c vn v dng.

Secutor indicius (Monkolprasit, 1973)Tn thng gi / Tn d nhm: Khng c / Secutor insidiator (Bloch, 1787). Tn FAO: Anh - Dots-and-dashes ponyfish.

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c im hnh thi: Thn hnh bu dc, cao v rt dt, chiu cao 2.2 - 2.6 ln chiu di chun. u lm su trn mt. Ming khi nh th tr ln trn. Lc mang di v mnh, gn bng chiu di vi phin mang tng ng, tng lc mang trn khung mang th nht l 24 - 30. Vy thn rt nh; m khng c vy; ngc khng c vy phn bng v phn eo. C ghi chp l ng bn kt thc pha di phn gia ti on th ba ca vy lng; s hng vy ng trn ng bn ln ti 80 - 92, nhng nu tnh n cui cung vy ui th l 87 - 111 hng vy. Mu sc: bng sng bc, lng xanh bic, c 17 22 sc thng ng mu sm trn na thn trn, nhng sc ny ct ngay ng bn v ni li pha di ng , c vi hng chm dc theo ng bn tng ng vi nhng giao im gia cc sc ng v ng bn, sc ng l nhng nhng du gch ng hoc di chm nh; c mt ng en nh ko t ra di ca mt ti gc sau ca hm di; mng gia gai th hai v th nm thuc vy lng c mu en mt phn ba pha trn, cng v sau th mng ny cng gim chiu rng, ngay di mng ny c mt di vng hp; phn mm ca vy lng v vy hu mn khng c mu; vy ui vng nht, ra vy c mu sm; mt di ca gc vy ngc mu en, mng vy vng nht. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i 10 cm, thng l 10 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Sng nhng vng nc ven b, trn nn y ct bn su 20 - 70 m; cng vo cc ca sng. n ch yu l copepods, mysids, v detritus thc vt. Sng thnh n. nh bt ch yu bng li y. Bn ti hoc lm kh mui; ng Nam th a s l b xem l c vn v dng lm thc n cho gia sc gia cm, nh vt hoc c nui.

Gazza minuta (Bloch, 1797)Tn thng gi / Tn d nhm ln: Khng c / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Toothpony; Php - Sapsap dentu; TBN - Motambo dentudo.

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c im hnh thi: Thn hnh bu dc hi dt, chiu cao thn 1.9 - 2.7 ln chiu di chun; phn lng v bng nhn t mt bn c hnh cong bng nhau, than cao va. Ming nhu v trc khi b dn ra, c hai hm u c rng dng nanh. Lc mang c chiu di gn bng l mang tng ng, c 17 - 20 ci trn xng mang th nht. u khng c vy, nhng khp than u ph vy tr phn ngc pha trc mt ng chy t gc vy ngc n gc vy hu mn. C khong 45 51 vy ng trn ng bn. Mu sc: bc; lng hi xm, c nhiu chm vng sm khng u pha di ng bn. Mng vy lng nhiu gai c kha mu en; phn mm ca vy ui v vy hu mn c kha mu xm; phn trc ca vy hu mn mu vng; vy ui vng nht, mp sau ca vy ui sm; vy ngc v vy bng khng mu; pha di gc vy ngc c chm en. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i 14 cm, thng l 10 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc, v ngh c: Sng nhng vng nc ni a ven b trn nhng y bn su 75m, c con sng nhng vng nc cn hn, su khong 10 m, quanh cc bi c; di c vo cc ca sng. n c nh, tm, giun t v gip xc nh; c con cn n sinh vt ph du v cn trng. Sng thnh n. nh bt ch yu bng li y, hoc bng li ko ven b. C ln c th bn ti hoc phi mui, nhng ch yu l bn dng lm thc n cho ng vt nui (nh vt) hoc ra bin. Phn b: C ti liu cho bit c ny phn b t b bin pha ng chu Phi v Bin n cc b bin nhit i n Dng n qu qun o Indo-Malayan; vng Thi Bnh Dng c ny tm thy nhng vng t Micronesia i theo pha bc ln Tnh i Loan ca Trung Quc v t Okinawa i v pha nam n Bc Australia, v pha ty sang Vanuatu, nhng ti liu cha xc nh cho bit c ny c vng o Cook v Tahiti. (S phn b ny c th gm nhng loi lin h rt gn nhau nhng cha c m t.)

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PLATYCEPHALIDAEc im hnh thi: Thn thon di, u dt va n nhiu. Ming rng, hm di di hn hm trn. Mt hi hng ln trn; ng knh mt gn bng hoc nh hn chiu di mm. a s cc loi u c rng dng nhung hoc dnh nanh nh trn hm, xng l ma, v xng vm ming, mt s loi c rng nanh kho. Sng xng u thng c gai hoc rng ca. C 7 tia mng np mang. Lc mang t, tng i ngn hoc ct ngn; eo (isthmus) khng c mng mang. C hai vy lng, tch bit hn; vy lng nhn c VI - X gai, gai th nht ngn, tch bit hoc ni s vi gai th hai; vy lng th hai c 10 - 15 tia mm; vy hu mn c 10 - 15 tia mm (khng c gai). Vy hu mn nm hng v pha ngc, sau gc vy bng, mc v pha hai bn thn, c 1 gai v 5 tia mm. C 27 t sng, thng l 11+16 hoc 12+15. ng bn di trn vn, c vy thng, dao ng t 28 loi Onigocia n hn 100 loi Elates; nhiu loi c gai nh hoc sng trn vi vy trc ng bn, v mt s loi th tt c hoc a s vy ng bn u c gai. Mu sc: thng sm pha trn v nht pha di, nhng ch mu sm thng c pha mu nu, xm hoc en; c nhng vt , ta hoc xanh l cy mt s loi.

Bi ca L.W. Knapp

Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758)Tn FAO: Anh - Bartail flathead; Php - Platycphale indian; TBN - Chato ndico.

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c im hnh thi: Thn thon di, u dt hn. Ra sau ca hm trn di ra ti di im gia mt. C 2 gai trc np mang, gai di di hn; trn gc gai trn c du vt ca mt gai ph. Sng trn mt nhn. Khng c gai trc mt; c mt gai n. Khng c gai trc mt; c mt gai trc mt, nhng mc khng r c ln. Sng sau mt nhn c ln, c mt gai pha di sau mt c nh. Rng trn xng l ma mc thnh mt di ngang. Pha di u x thnh hai sng. Mi mt l mt thy ko di n gin. C np gia cc mang, hnh nh ngn tay. Tng s lc mang trn xng mang th nht l 7 - 10 (thng l 8 - 9). Gai vy lng I,VII,I, I,I,VII,I hoc I,VIII; tia vy lng l 13 ci; tia vy hu mn thng l 13 ci; tia vy ngc 17 - 20 (thng l 18 hoc 19). Cc dy vy ngang nghing v sau trn ng bn c 83 107 ci. Vy ng bn c t 65 ti 81 ci, nhng vy pha trc thng c mt gai hoc sng nh. Khe vy ng bn c mt khe n m ra ngoi. Mu sc: y v thn ph m nu li ti, pha di trng, c vi di sm kh phn bit chy ngang qua lng mt s loi; vy lng, ngc v hu mn c chm nh trn cc tia; vy ui c 2 hoc 3 ng sm ngang, c mt bt vng ni r gn gia vy, thy trn v ra di c cc vng trng. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i khong 50 cm, thng thng l 35 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Bt bng cu hoc li nhng vng nc cn ven b; bt bng li bn hoc ct c su 30 m, thng th cn hn. Thng tm thy ca sng, c nh b nh bt vng nc ngt. Phn b: Rng ri, t pha ng a Trung Hi, Bin , n Nam Phi, pha Bc n Dng n Indonesia, Hn Quc, Nam Nht Bn, Philippines, v bc v ng Australia.

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MONODACTYLIDAEMoonfishes c im hnh thi: Thn hnh xoan, cao v rt dt, (kch thc ln ti khong 25 cm). Mt to va, ng knh ln hn chiu di mm. Ming nh v xin. Hm c cc di rng hnh nn nh; xng l ma, xng vm ming v li c rng dng ht. Mng mang khng c eo, tch bit. C 6 mng np mang. Vy lng c V - VIII gai v 26 - 31 tia mm; cc tia mm vy lng di, mc gia thn v c nhch ra pha trc, y l loi n m cc tia mm vy lng ny di t nht bng chiu cao thn. Vy hu mn c III gai v 26 - 31 tia mm; tia mm trc ca vy hu mn di, mc di khc gia thn v hi nhch ra trc, di hn tia mm di ca vy lng. Vy ui ct hoc khuyt. Thn, u v cc vy khng cp i c ph vy nh, ph du. Mu sc: thn v u mu bc, a s loi u c 1 hoc hn 1 thanh thng ng mc ngang mt, trc gc vy ngc (thng tip ni vi mp mu en dc theo ra trc ca vy hu mn) v trn thn; a s loi chp vy lng v vy hu mn mu en.

Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Xut hin theo n cc ca sng, m ph v cc rn san h cn, nc l v nc bin, nhiu khi nc ngt. C t gi tr thng mi, thng bn ti th trng a phng. Mt s dng lm c cnh trng by. Nhn xt: C mt s tc gi t loi Schuetta vo h Monodactylidae, nhng Tominaga (1968) xem loi ny l mt h ring. C mt loi n c xc nh trong vng: loi Monodactylus argenteus. Gn y, M. kottelati c pht hin Sri Lanka v qun o Laccadive (n ); loi ny c v him hn nhiu. Sri Lanka, c hai loi u xut hin trong cng a im, M. kottelati chim nhng vng su c lu lng thy triu cao hn. C trn 1 loi xut hin quanh vng Sumatra v mt loi trong c xc nh l M. kottelati nh c th nh; ny khm xt cc c th ln xc lp iu ny. Bi ca M. Kottelat

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Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758)Tn thng gi / tn d nhm: Khng c / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Silver moony; Php - Lune dargent; TNB - Ramball plateado.

c im hnh thi: Thn thon, cao v dt. Chiu cao thn 1.2 - 1.6 ln chiu di chun; khong cch gia chp vy lng v vy hu mn 0.8 - 0.9 ln chiu di chun. Mt to trung bnh, ng knh mt di hn chiu di mm. Ming nh v xin. Hm c cc dy rng hnh nn nh. Cc mng mang tch khi eo, ri nhau. Vy lng c VII hoc VIII gai v 26 - 31 tia mm; cc tia mm trc ca vy lng di, mc trn khc gia thn. Vy hu mn c III gai v 26 - 31 tia mm; cc tia mm trc ca vy hu mn di, mc di khc gia thn, di hn tia mm di ca vy lng. Ra sau ca vy lng v vy hu mn lm r. Vy ui c ra hi lm. Vy bng thoi ha hoc bin mt c ln. Thn, u v cc vy n ph vy nh ph du. Mu: c ln bc, chp vy lng v vy hu mn sm; c nh bc, ngang mt c ru cong mu en mc theo hng thng ng v trc gc vy ngc cng c mt ru nh vy; chp vy lng v vy hu mn en; ra trc ca vy hu mn c mt mp en rng. Mu sc: thn v u mu bc, a s loi u c 1 hoc hn 1 thanh thng ng mc ngang mt, trc gc vy ngc (thng tip ni vi mp mu en dc theo ra trc ca vy hu mn) v trn thn; a s loi chp vy lng v vy hu mn mu en. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i khong 25 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Sng cc ca sng v m ph, thng nc cn, thng thnh n, thch sng quanh hoc di nhng khc g tri hoc lm. Bn ti th trng a phng. C nh nh bt lm cng ngh c cnh.

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Phn b: Rng ri vng Indo-Ty Thi Bnh Dng nhit i, t Nam Phi v Bin n Australia, Samoa, v cc o Ryukyu pha nam.

LUTJANIDAEC hng (jobfishes) c im hnh thi: y l h c ging c r tiu biu, hnh thon, dt va (kch thc 160 cm). Mt thng trung bnh. Xng trc hm trn thng cha va ra ngoi (c nh Aphareus v Randallichthys). Hai mi nm hai bn mm. Ming cn v hi rng. Hm trn thu vo ht hoc gn ht di tuyn l khi ming ng. Khng c xng trn hm. Cc hm thng c rng nanh r rt (Aphareus, Parapristipomoides, v Pinjalo rng nanh). Xng l ma v vm ming thng c rng. Xng m (Pterygoids) thng khng c rng. M v np mang c nhiu vy; hm trn c hoc khng c vy; mm, tuyn l v hm di trn. C 2 gai xng np mang. C 7 tia mang. Vy lng n, phn c gai cng nhiu khi b khc su pha sau pha sau ti ch tip ni vi phn tia mm. Vy ui b ct hoc khuyt su. Vy lng c X - XII gai v 10 - 19 tia mm. Vy hu mn c III gai v 7 - 11 tia mm. C 17 tia vy ui chnh (9 thy trn v 8 thy di ca vy). C 14 - 19 tia vy ngc. Vy bng c I gai v 5 tia mm. Vy trung bnh n hi nh, dng lc. ng bn hon ton. L nch bng thng pht trin mnh. C 24 t sng (10+14). Mu sc: bin ng nhiu; ch yu chuyn t sang vng v xanh da tri; thng c nhiu bt, ng hoc cc hnh mu khc.

Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: C nhng bin nng trn khp th gii; c con ca mt s loi thuc h Lutjanus vo sng cc ca bin v h ngun nhng dng nc ngt; mt s loi n-Thi Bnh Dng thuc h Lutjanus sng nc ngt. a s l c sinh hot y, nhng vng ven bin cn ti nhng vng c su 500 m; ch yu trn nhng rn ngm. L nhng loi sn mi tch cc, ch yu vo ban m, n c, gip xc (nht l cua, tm, stomatopods v tm hm); nhuyn th (gastropods, cephalopods), v urochordates bin; sinh vt ph du c bit quan trng trong ba n ca nhng loi c rng thoi ha v lc mang pht trin. (Gonochoristic (sexes40

separate), khi chiu di c th t ti khong 40 - 50% chiu di c th cc i th c t tui trng thnh sinh dc, c ci ln nhiu trng. Nhng n c sng cc vng nc lc a ko di ma sinh sn n ht ma h; cn nhng loi sng o quanh nm, nhiu nht vo ma xun v thu. C hng theo t; tng c ci ring l thng nhiu nm trong ma sinh sn. Hnh nh c vo ban m, mt s dp trng vi triu ma xun. Hnh ng giao cu kt thc khi c bi xon c i ln, giao t tit ra di b mt nc. Trng v u trng ca c hng sng bin; u trng trnh nc b mt vo ban ngy, nhng ban m th phn b theo ct dc. y l loi c sng lu, chm ln, t l t vong t nhin tng i thp v c nguy c b nh bt qu ti. C hng quan trng vi ngh c th cng, nhng him khi l mc tiu chnh ca cc hot ng nh bt thng mi ln; nhiu loi nu n ngon, hay c bn ch, nhng c mt s loi c nhim c hu c mt s vng. C hng nh bt bng cn cu, n, nhiu loi li, v li r. Nhng loi c kch c ln l c gii tr quan trng mt s vng, trong c nhng vng nc ngoi b bin pha ng Australia. Nm 1995, Nin Gim Thng K Ngh C ca FAO bo co tng sn lng C Hng khong 93,200 tn bt c vng Trung Ty Thi Bnh Dng. Mt s h c trong vng: Caesionidae: ming nh (kh ln c hng); xng trc hm trn li thy r (li va hoc c nh c hng); rng nh hoc rt nh (hm thng mc rng nanh r c hng); hm trn khng c rng, c xng l ma, mt s loi c xng vm ming (rng pht trin mnh trn nhng xng ny c hng); vy ui khuyt su, thy nhn (hnh dng vy ui thay i c hng thng ct, c kha, hoc li lim). Haemulidae: mm v tuyn mt c vy, vy trn tuyn mt thng mc vo trong ( c hng th mm v tuyn mt khng c vy); rnh hm di trc np mang thng vi cm bng rnh dc trung tm hoc bng cc l rng hoc bng c hai (c hng khng c l cm); thng khng c rng trn xng l ma, khng c rng trn xng vm ming (nhng xng ny c hng thng mc rng); c 26 hoc 27 t sng (c hng l 24).

Lethrinidae: mng mang lin kt vi nhau (khng lin kt c hng); ra trc np mang nhn (thng l rng ca c hng); c 6 tia mng np mang (7 c hng); c 9 hoc 10 tia mm vy ui (thng l 11 hoc nhiu hn c hng); khng c rng trn xng l ma hoc xng vm ming (c hng thng c rng trn hai xng ny); a s loi l khng c vy trn m (c hng c vy m); mi thng c tht (c hng th khng c). Nemipteridae: ra trc np mang nhn (thng l rng ca c hng); c 9 tia mm vy lng (thng l 10 hoc hn c hng); c 7 tia mm vy hu mn, t khi c 841

(thng l 8 hoc hn c hng); c 6 tia mng np mang (c hng l 7); khng c rng trn xng l ma hoc xng vm ming (c hng thng c rng trn hai xng ny).

Sparidae: ra trc np mang nhn (thng l rng ca c hng); c 6 tia mng np mang (c hng l 7); rng mc trn hm c nhiu dng: hnh nn, rng ca hoc rng ci (c hng khng c rng ca, cn rng ci ch c trn hm ca mt loi c hng ng Thi Bnh Dng, rng nanh ch c trn hm ca loi c hng Ty Thi Bnh Dng l Symphorichthys spilurus).

Bi ca W.D. Anderson, Jr. v G.R. Allen

Lutjanus johnii (Bloch, 1792)Tn thng gi / tn d nhm: Khng c / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Johns snapper; Php - Vivaneau ziebelo; TBN - Pargo jaspeado.

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c im hnh thi: Thn cao va, b cao 2.4 - 2.9 ln chiu di chun. nh u nhn ngang dc ng, chiu rng trc mt bng ng knh mt hoc to hn (4.9 6 ln chiu di u); rnh v nh u km pht trin; nu rng xng l ma hnh li lim, khng c phn ni gia pha sau; li c mt nhm rng hnh ht. Khung mang u tin c 17 hoc 18 lc mang th 11 ci (gm c lc cha pht trin) nm chi di. Vy lng c X gai v 13 hoc 14 tia mm; vy hu mn c III gai v 8 tia mm; phn sau ca vy lng v vy hu mn trn. Vy ui ct hoc hi c vin. Vy ngc c 16 hoc 17 tia mm. Cc hng vy trn lng song song vi ng bn. Mu: tng th l vng c mng sng ng chuyn dn sang bc, di bng v u c mu trng bc; chnh gia vy c chm nu , lm cho c nhn tng th c nhiu hng chy ngang thn; trn lng trn ng bn v di cc tia mm pha trc ca vy lng c mt chm en trn, to hn mt (nhiu khi khng c c ln). Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i khong 70 cm, thng thng l di 50 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: C t thng tin v ni sng ca c ln, c th hay c mt cc vng rn san h. C nh sng cc ca bin c nc l. C ln bt c su 80 m. C n c v sinh vt y khng xng sng gm tm, cua v cephalopods. Sinh ri vo thng Chn vng Bin Andaman. Thng c bn ch. nh bt bng cn cu, li y, so v li r y. C ti rt ngon, thng bn ti hoc p mui kh. Phn b: C nhiu vng n-Ty Thi Bnh Dng t qun o Fiji n ng Phi v t Australia qun o Ryukyu.

TRICHIURIDAECutlassfishes c im hnh thi: Thn di v dt, dng di bng, ui thon hoc vy ui nh v khuyt (kch thc cha ti 225 cm). Hai bn u mi bn c mt khe mi. Ming rng, hm khng dn di, hm di di ra trc ngang vi hm trn. Rng rt khe, rng pha trc hm trn v c nhiu trng hp hm di dng nanh. Vy lng thp v di, khi u gn sau mt, phn gai pha trc ngn hn phn gai pha sau; hai phn gai ni tip nhau hoc cch nhau mt rnh hp. Vy hu mn ngn hoc thoi ha thnh gai nh. Vy ui hoc l nh v khuyt hoc khng c. Vy ngc ngn v mc thp. Vy bng thoi ha thnh gai dng vy ( loi Benthodesmus c43

thm mt tia c bn) hoc hon ton khng c (Trichiurus v Lepturacanthus) Chiu di trc hu mn ngn hn 1/2 chiu di chun. ng bn n. Khng c vy. Mu: tng th thn c mu bc hoc nu loi Aphanopus v Lepidopus.

Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: L loi sng y bin cc thm v dc lc a v cn di nc, t b mt xung su khong 2,000 m, tm thy nhng vng nc nng v m. L loi sn mi phm n; n c, mc cho ti gip xc. Sinh quanh nm nhng vng nc m. Trng v u trng sng bin. Hairtails (Trichiurus) quan trng i vi ngh c, loi thuc cc ging khc b khai thc thng mi a phng. n rt ngon, mc d tht t. Bn ti hoc p mui, hoc c khi ng lnh. Nm 1995, Nin Gim Thng K Ngh C ca FAO bo co tng sn lng Trichiuridae khong 40,800 tn bt c vng Trung Ty Thi Bnh Dng. Mt s h tng t c trong vng Gempylidae: khe mi gp i, vy lng mm (vy th hai) lun lun tch bit v ngn hn vy lng gai (vy th nht), vy hu mn rt r, tia mm ca vy lng v vy hu mn th hai cng v sau cng gim v chiu cao, v ni tip cc tia ny l 2 7 vy nh a s ging, chiu di trc hu mn hoc hn chiu di chun (di chiu di chun loi Trichiuridae), thng c vy nh hoc bin dng. Vy hu mn thoi ha, vy ui thon nhn phn cui thn.

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Bi ca I. Nakamura v N.V. Parin

Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier, 1829)Anh - Savalani hairtail; Php - Poisson sabre cimeterre; TBN - Pez sable savalai. Tng chiu di cc i 100 cm, thng thng ti a l 70 cm. Sng y bin, nhng vng nc ven b su khong 100 m, thng bi gn mt nc vo ban m. n nhiu loi c v gip xc nh. Phn b n -Ty Thi Bnh Dng t n v Sri Lanka sang Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Thi Lan, Trung Quc, New Guinea, v bc Australia. nh bt ch yu bng li ko trn b, vt, v li r y ven b nhng nc chu . Bn ti, p lnh hoc phi mui.

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SPARIDAEPorgies (seabreams) c im hnh thi: Thn hnh bu dc, cao va v dt (khong 75 cm). u to, nh u nhn ngang thy nghing dc; mm khng c vy, hai m c vy, xng trc np mang c hoc khng c vy, ra khng c gai hay rng ca; np mang nhiu vy, khng c gai. Ming gy v hi nh, hm trn khng bao gi ngp lui qu chnh gia;ra sau ca xng trc hm trn trng vi hm trn; khi ming ng th hai xng bao quanh mt hnh thnh v bc bc ly hm trn; rng hm pht trin, phn ha thnh dng nn (nh rng nanh), hoc lp (nh rng ca), v thng l trn (nh rng cm); vm ming khng c rng (xng l ma v xng vm ming). Lc rng khng nht nh, 7 20 lc trn chi di ca khung mang u tin. Vy lng n, X - XIII gai v 9 - 17 tia mm (tia cui mc i, nhng m thnh 1), nhng phn gai v mm khng c rnh tch bit, nhng gai trc nhiu khi di hoc c dng si; vy hu mn c III gai v 7 - 15 tia mm (tia cui mc i, nhng m thnh 1), cc gai, c bit l gai th hai, thng chc nch; vy ui c kha va hoc khuyt; vy ngc di v nhn; vy bng di hoc sau gc vy ngc, c I gai v 5 tia mm, v c mt vy nch mc gc (vy nch). Vy trn (nhn) hoc vy lc (s vo thy nhm); c mt ng bn lin tc chy di ti gc vy ui. Mu sc: mu tng th khng nht nh, t hng hoc sang vng ho xm, c nh bc hoc vng, thng c chm, di hoc vt en hoc mu.

Ni sng, sinh hc, v ngh c: C trp sng vng nc ven b nhit i v n i. y l loi sng chm trn thm lc a v dc lc a. Nhng loi nh cng nh c con ca loi ln thng sng thnh n; c ln t hp thnh n v sng nhng tng nc su hn. Thng hay thy c nhng ca sng l ni c sinh dng. Hermaphroditism is widespread in this family. a s c trp lm thc phm rt ngon, c gi tr thng mi cao. Nin Gim Thng K Ngh C ca FAO bo co tng sn lng Sparidae vo khong 2,170 4,020 tn bt c vng Trung Ty Thi Bnh Dng. Mt s h c trong vng Haemulidae: ra xng trc np mang c rng ca; xung quanh mt c vy; c t nht 2 l thy r nm di cm; khng bao gi c rng ci. Lutjanidae: ra xng trc np mang c rng ca, v thng lm cha mt u46

xng; khng c rng ci hay rng ca; vm ming thng c rng (tr loi Aphareus). Lobotidae: ra xng trc np mang c rng mc chc chn; khng c rng ci; vy lng, hu mn v ui trn, nhn nh mt vy n c ba thy (ui ba).

Serranidae: ra xng trc np mang c rng ca; xung quanh mt c vy; loi tng t khng c vy nch vy bng; vy ui thng trn v khng khuyt; khng c rng ci. Lethrinidae: chp sau ca hm trn trng vi xng trc hm trn ( Sparidae th ra sau ca xng trc hm trn trng vi xng hm trn); m v ra xng trc np mang khng c vy (nhng trn m ca loi Wattsia, Monotaxis, Gymnocranius, v Gnathodentex th c vy); c 8 - 11 tia mm vy lng (9 17 Sparidae); khng c rng ca.

Kyphosidae: ton u c vy, tr mm; rng hm ging rng ca, kn v c dng u gy hockey, chn rng xp ngang nh mt di xng nm thng trong ming. Cirrhitidae v Cheilodactylidae: cc tia di ca vy ngc n gin v cng.

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Bi ca by K.E. Carpenter

Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn, 1782)Tn thng gi / tn d nhm: Sparus latus Houttuyn, 1782; Mylio latus (Houttuyn, 1782) / Khng c. Tn FAO: Anh - Yellowfin seabream; Php - Pagre nageoires jaunes; TBN - Sargo aleta amarilla.

c im hnh thi: Thn hi cao v dt, chiu cao khong bng na chiu di chun. u bng mt phn ba chiu di chun, nh u nhn ngang thy li v c gc cnh do mt li; mt to va. Trn hai hm u c 4 - 6 rng to v hi dt pha trc, tip theo l 3 - 5 hng rng hm; rng bn ca hng trn-ngoi hnh nn v cn. Vy lng c XI gai v 11 hoc 12 tia mm, gai IV VI di nht (gai mc rng hp xen k trn c hai bn). Vy hu mn c III gai v 8 hoc 9 tia mm, gai th nht ngn hn ng knh mt, gai th hai dt hai bn, di v chc hn gai th ba rt nhiu; ra phn tia mm ca vy hu mn gn nh thng. Vy bng c I48

gai cng. Vy ui hi khuyt, c ra nhn. Vy to, c khong 48 - 50 ci trn ng bn (cho n gc vy ui); c 3 (t khi 4 ) hng gia ng bn v gai vy lng th t; ti gc vy lng v hu mn c mt bc vy; c mt vi di nch ti vy bng. Mu sc: t xm nht n trng, pha trn sm hn, bng thng vng; nh vng theo cc hng vy dc thn; ti gc ng bn c mt vt sm khuych tn; gia hai mt c mt di sm ni lin v dc theo np mang mt ra sm; vy lng xm n trong sut, vy bng v hu mn vng v trng, nhiu c th c vng sm trn mng ni cc tia; vy ui c vin en, phn di ca vy ny c c lm vng. Kch thc: Chiu di tng cc i 45 cm, thng l 30 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc, v ngh c: Sng nhng vng nc cn ven b su khong 50 m; i vo ca bin. L loi n tht, n cc loi khng xng sng, ch yu l ng vt da gai, su b, gip xc, v nhuyn th. nh bt bng li r y v cn cu. Khai thc ch yu l ngh c th cng. Bn ti. Phn b: n -Ty Thi Bnh Dng t vnh Ba T v dc theo b bin n ; pha ng ko di n Philippines, Nht Bn v bc Australia.

HAEMULIDAEGrunts (cn gi l sweetlips, rubberlips, hotlips, and velvetchins) by R.J. McKay c im hnh thi: Di, dt nh c r (kch thc 120 cm). u nhn ngang rt li; trn ton u c vy tr chp mm, mi v cm. Ming nh hoc trung bnh, Plectorhinchus mi dy, chp hm trn khut khi ngm ming; di cm c hai l nh v mt lm trung bnh (Pomadasys), hoc su l v khng c lm (Plectorhinchus). Rng hnh nn, mc thnh di hp trn mi hm, nhng rng ngoi to hn, khng c rng nanh; vm ming khng c rng. Xng trc mang hi lm, ra sau c rng ca; np mang c 1 gai ring bit. Vy lng n, c IX - XV gai cng v 12 - 26 tia mm; vy hu mn c III gai (gai th II thng rt cng) v 7 9 tia mm; vy ui ct hoc c kha ( c con th trn); vy bng nm di gc vy ngc, c I gai v 5 tia mm; vy ngc di. Vy lc (s vo thy nhm), nh hoc va. Mu sc: bin thin nhiu, t kiu ng mu cho n mu phn di, vt v chm; c nh c th khc c ln rt nhiu v hnh dng, tin ha ca mi v mu sc.

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Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Thng hay lui ti cc rn san h (Plectorhinchus), vnh ni a, v ca bin (Pomadasys). n ch yu vo sng sm hoc chiu ti, di c t rn san h ra nhng y ct kim n; nhng cng c th dng cn cu, lao hoc li bt vo ban ngy. Tt c l c tht tt, tht trng, c grunt ln lm c th thao. Nm 1995, Nin Gim Thng K Ngh C ca FAO bo co tng sn lng Haemulidae trong vng vo khong 12,000 tn (nh bt Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore). Ch : Ging Hapalogenys b loi ra khi h Haemulidae. Ging ny rt gn vi 2 loi thuc h Dinopercidae, nhng khng c c c bn trn phn sau ca bong bng bi. C hai loi thuc h Hapalogenys tm thy trong vng v a ra y cng xem xt trc khi c kt lun chnh thc.

Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830) (Plate XV, 113)Tn thng gi / tn d nhm: Khng c / Pomadasys hasta (Bloch, 1790). Tn FAO: Anh - Javelin grunt; Php - Grondeur javelot; TBN - Corocoro jabalina.

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c im hnh thi: Thn cao 2.5 3 phn chiu di chun. u trn, nh trn nhn ngang li; ming nh; hm trn di ti mt; rng trn hm mc thnh nhiu dy dng nhung (nh bn chi); di cm c 2 l v mt lm gia. Vy lng c XII gai v 13 15 (thng l 14 ) tia mm; vy hu mn c III gai v 7 tia mm. Vy lc (s vo thy nhm); ng bn c 43 50 vy; c 7 vy gia ng bn v gc vy lng; c 20 vy quanh cung ui, c 9 vy trn v 9 vy di ng bn. Bong bng bi khng c phn u mc ra pha trc. Mu sc: c nh c mu xanh lc bc rt sng pha trn, hai bn sng vng v bng trng bc, c 12 hoc hn 12 vt sc ng gm nhng chm nu sm nh hoc vt khng u nhau; vy lng c chm nu en na gai pha di v trn 3 hng tia; ra vy lng mm sm hn, mp di ca vy ui trng sa. C ln pha trn ng mu xanh vng, pha di bc v c vi vt mu thng ng khi c cn sng, trn vy lng c chm khng r. Kch thc: Tng chiu di cc i khng 80 cm, thng thng l 45 cm. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Nhng vng nc ni a ven b cc vng v ca bin m, vo su trong vng nc l sng. nh bt bng cn cu, r, n v lao. Bn ti, ch c mt s t p mui hoc hun khi. Phn b: Vng n -Ty Thi Bnh Dng t Transkei ti Bin , Vnh Ba T, n ; Indonesia ti Trung Quc (gm i Loan), t Vnh Exmouth n Vnh Moreton bc Australia.

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SCIAENIDAECroakers (drums) Bi ca K. Sasaki

c im hnh thi: Hi thon, dt va, l nhng loi c vc nh ti to (chiu di chun 200 cm). u v thn ph y vy (c vi c th vy cng c), tr chp mm. L gic quan thng hin r trn chp mm (l trn mm) v ra di ca mm (l ra mm), v trn cm (l cm); thng c 3 5 l trn mm, 5 l ra mm v 3 cp l cm; nhng l ny thng r nhng loi n y c hm di tr hoc cn tr v khng r nhng loi n tng nc gia c ming cn v mm. Thnh thong c mt ru trn cm. V tr v kch thc ming khng nht nh, c th l tr hoc mm; rng hn nhng loi c ming mm. Rng phn ha thnh to v nh trn hai hm hoc ch trn hm trn; rng to xp thnh dy pha ngoi trn hm trn v thnh dy pha trong trn hm di; rng nanh pht trin (to hn gp i cc rng khc) c th c pha trc ca mt hoc hai hm; xng l ma v vm ming khng c rng. Vy lng lin tc, gia phn trc (gai) v phn sau (mm) c khe su; phn trc c VIII X gai mm (thng l X), phn sau c I gai v 21 44 tia mm; gc phn sau di, di hn gc vy hu mn nhiu; vy hu mn c II gai v 6 12 (thng l 7) tia mm; vy ui c kha v nhn, khng bao gi khuyt su, thng nhn c nh v hnh thoi c ln; vy bng c I gai v 5 tia mm, tia52

mm u tin thng c mt si ngn. Vy trn (nhn) hoc dng lc (nhm); vy ng bn ko di ti ra sau ca vy ui. Pha lng ca u (s) lm dng hang v c mt dy thanh bc cu bng xng; xng di mt v xng trc mang c nhiu ln xng pht trin khng u, che h ng bn u. C 7 tia mng np mang th 6 ci nm trn xng gc mang trc (ceratohyal) v 1 ci nm trn xng gc mang sau (epihyal). Bong bng bi pht trin v dy; dng c c-rt hoc dng ba, c nhiu ria dng sng, ng hoc dng tn cy. Nhng ria ny c th mc gii hn sau vch ngn hoc vn qua vch ngn ra ti u. C mng trng (c pht m thanh trn thn) thng pht trin c c, t pht trin hoc thoi ha c ci. Si thnh gic to; nm trong nang thnh gic phng to, b mt trong c mt du hnh con nng nc. Mu sc: bin thin nhiu t bc cho n nu sm hoc en, hoc ng mu hoc c chm v vt sm trn thn ca mt s loi; c nh thuc nhiu loi c nhiu dy v/hoc chm trn thn. Ni sng, sinh hc v ngh c: Sinh sng ch yu nhng vng nc ven b trn thm lc a, nhng cng c ca bin v sng, c bit l vo ma sinh sn v khi cn nh. Khng c cc qun o ngoi i dng tch bit vi thm lc a (nh Qun o Mariana v Qun o Solomon trong vng.) a s pht hin c nhng y ct hoc bn. Mt s loi sng thnh n ln v l mc tiu ca ngh c c ln. T 1990 1995, Nin Gim Thng K Ngh C ca FAO bo co tng sn lng hng nm ca Sciaenidae vo khong 36,800 50,900 tn bt c vng Trung Ty Thi Bnh Dng. Sn lng hng nm tht c th cao hn na v thng k trn khng tnh n ngh c c nh. a s c l n gip xc nh, c v sinh vt y. Thng bt bng li y hoc li chn c nh.

Johnius (Johnius) carouna (Cuvier, 1830)Tn thng gi / Tn d nhm: Khng c / Johnius australis (Gnther, 1880); J. belangerii (Cuvier, 1830); J. weberi Hardenberg, 1936. Tn FAO : Anh - Caroun croaker; Php - Courbine caroune; TBN - Corvina caruna.

c im hnh thi: L loi nh ti trung bnh, chiu cao thn 26 33% chiu di chun. Mt to, 21 28% chiu di u. Khong cch gia hai mt 22 28% chiu di u. Mm trn, hm trn hi nh; ming nh, tr; hm trn di ra sau ti di ra gia v ra sau ca mt; cm khng c ru; c 5 l trn mm, 5 l ra mm; 3 cp l cm, cp th nht nm st sau mng chn trong mt h chung; rng phn ha thnh to v nh trn hm trn, rng to kn v khng ging rng nanh to thnh dy53

rng ngoi; hm di c mt dy rng dng nhung. Lc mang ngn, thng, bng khong chiu di si mang mc gc khung mang, c 10 12 lc trn chi di ca khung mang th nht. Vy lng c X gai, sau gai l mt kha su, phn th hai ca vy c I gai v 26 30 tia mm; vy hu mn c II gai