Phat Giao Va Tam Ly Hoc Hien Dai - TT Thich Vien Ly

8/3/2019 Phat Giao Va Tam Ly Hoc Hien Dai - TT Thich Vien Ly

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PHT GIO V TM L HC HIN IDch ga: TT.Thch Vin L

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http://www.thuvienhoasen.orgChuyn sang ebook 25-7-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc LcPhn IPhn IICHNG I - IM C SC C BN CA TM L HC PHT GIO LUNL HC V TM L HC

LUN L HC X HI V NHN TNH

L LUN CA TRI THCL LUN THC TI (THE THEORY OF REALITY)C S TR LIU CA TM L HC PHT GIOLNH VC CH YU CA TM L HC PHT GIONGUN T LIU TM L HC PHT GIOVN THUC TRN PHNG PHP LUNKHI NIM V TM (MIND)

CHNG II - TRI NHN TM L HC, NG C V TNH CMNH NGHA TRI NHN

TR THC AO HNTRI NHN V NG C

TRI NHN V TR LIUNG C (MOTIVATION)TNH T (EMOTION)TM L HC KHT CU (PSYCHOLOGY OF CRAVING)TIM THC NG C (UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION)

CHNG III - NHN CCH TM L HCNGHIN CU V NHN CCH TM L HC V NHN CCH PHT GIO

C CHT V LOI HNH NHN CCHXUNG T V TA CHIT (NGN TR THT BI) (CONFLICT ANDFRUSTRATION)PHNG THC PHNG V (DEFENSE MECHANISM)

NHN CCH V X HICHNG IV - TM L HC PHT GIO V TM L HC TR LIU TYPHNG

LI NI UTM L HC HON HNH PHIPHN TCH TM L CA SIGMUND FREUDTM L HC NHN TNH (THE HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY)HNH VI TR LIU (BEHAVIOR THERAPY)
http://www.phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Giao%20Va%20Khoa%20Hoc/http://www.phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Giao%20Va%20Khoa%20Hoc/


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TM L HC TN TI (EXISTENTIAL THERAPY)MC CH CA TM L HC PHT GIO TR LIU PHT GIO TR LIUTH H TR LIU CA PHT GIO V TM L HC TY PHNG

CHNG V - NGUYN L TM L HC PHTGIO V BNH L X HING TIN S CI QUAN CA TM L TR LIU

C TH CA V BIU TNH TRONG THGII BIN THINNGUY C NG NHN DI S PHN TCH TM L HC PHT GIOT LUYN (NARCISSISM)C N, C TCH (LONELINESS)CM TNH V PHIN CHN (SENSUALITY AND BOREDOM)TIU CC V TCH CC I PH VI TRNG RNG

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Phn I

Pht Gio v Tm L Hc Hin i do ban bin tp ca B Hc X binson, l mt ti liu gi tr cho nhng ai mun tm hiu s khc v ginggia Pht Php v Tm l Hc Tr Liu Ty phng.

Pht php l nhng phng php tu tp c th v mu nhim gii quytmt cch rt rt s kh au phin no ca con ngi. Do v s kh au cami mt con ngi cng nh trnh hiu bit, hon cnh tip cn v.v..ngn sai mun bit, nn gio php do c Pht ging dy cng c v lngv bin, v d v lng v bin nhng cu cnh vn quy v mt mi, l

gii thot tn gc s t sanh thng kh ca tt c mun loi. i vi PhtGio th phng tin chnh l cu cnh v ngc li. Trong phng tin vnc cu cnh, trong cu cnh vn c phng tin, phng tin v cu cnhkhng hai, khng khc, chnh l im sai bit to tt gia Pht Php vTm L Hc Tr Liu Ty Phng.

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Phn II

im khc bit to ln khc gia Pht Gio v Tm L Tr Liu Ty Phng l, cn tu tp theo phng php ca Pht Gio th bn ng cng b thu hpdn v cui cng b trit hy ton din t n tm thc gic ng, giithot t ti tuyt i. Ring Tm L Tr Liu ngy nay th gn nh ch xoadi, vut ve tm l con ngi con ngi tha mn c ng chp, v cuicng, vn kh c9au trm thng ca con ngi vn khng sao bng nh,


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dit tr mt cch tn gc r d cho c i nt, vi im gn nh tng t vcch nhn so vi Pht gio.

Tuy bn dch ny c cn trng xem duyt li, nhng, v dch gi angtrong giai k rt bn rn trong vic to mi c s xy dng tu vin hulm ni nng ta, tu hc cho mi gii, do vy, nn rt c th bn dch vncha c trn vn nh nguyn. Rt mong cc bc cao minh bi mn bchnh v ch gio ln ti bn dch phm ny c hon ho hn.

Dch gi cn bt,Thch Vin L

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CHNG I - IM C SC C BN CA TM L HCPHT GIO LUN L HC V TM L HC

Mt cch r rng, Pht gio kt hp hnh vi tm l v lun l luncp. Lun l hc Pht gio khng ch gii quan nim lun l v phntch l lun, m xa hn, cn ch dy nhng phng thc sinh hot v chuntc cho mi hnh vi. Lun l hc ca Pht gio dy con ngi khng lmnhng iu c, bi dng thin tm v thanh tnh tm . Ch cn hnh vi phhp vi chun mc, thc o quy phm ca vn ha x hi th l tm llnh mnh.

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LUN L HC X HI V NHN TNH

c Pht dy rng, s hi ha ca th gii nhn loi c t trn nntng tm l. V vy hnh vi x hi phi c ni kt vi tm l hc ca Phtgio phn tch. Nu vn c nhn c gii quyt th s khn trngv xung t ca x hi s gim thiu. To ra nhng cm tnh nh tham lam,kiu mn, sn hn v.v u c th nh hng n s quan h ca nhn t.

c Pht dy : Bo h chnh mnh l bo h ngi khc; bo h ngikhc cng chnh l bo h t thn. c Pht li nhn mnh, bi dng tcht tm l c nhn nhn l c gi tr vn ha x hi, nh t tit ch,tm l an bnh thanh tnh, t rn buc v.v..

Tm li, lun l x hi gm c hai mt tch cc v tiu cc : ng trnmt tiu cc ni th s tit ch trn phng tin nhn cch v thc tin


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lun l chun tc s c th lm gim thiu s xung t ca x hi; ng trnmt tch cc lun cp th, bi dng, pht trin nhn cch lnh mnh, cth kin lp c mt x hi lng thin. c Pht v d nhn tnh nh mtm vng, c nhng lc b ngoi tuy b v minh lm m hoc, nhng s hunluyn ca ni ti kh d chuyn ho v bin n thnh lng thin.

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L LUN CA TRI THC

ngha ca tri thc, nu ni trn mt ngha rng th gm c hai loi, l l tnh v kinh nghim. Kinh nghim c th c chia thnh kinh nghimcm quan (sense experience) v kinh nghim trc quan (intutive experience).Thng thng th con ngi bit s dng c kinh nghim l tnh ln cmquan; nhng, ch c nhng ngi pht huy k xo trc quan mi c th tn phng php s dng tri thc mt cch y . Loi s dng phng

php tri thc y ny, chng phi l mt loa/i thn b; trong Pht gio,nhng ai c s hun luyn c bit u c th t n mc ch ny.

Nhng k ci th tc u rng buc kinh nghim trn khi nim camt loi kinh nghim no , nhng, Pht gio th vt qua phm vi cc hnny. L do l v khi chng ta truy tm tri thc thng b chp trc(craving), v v minh (ignorance) d pht, cn Pht gio khi phn tch vkhi nim khng dng li ngn ng hoc trn tng thc ca lun l hc

m tin thm mt bc, Pht gio c th tim nhn vo cnh gii tm lchn tht. i vi phng din ny, Pht gio c th tm cu c mt loim thc mi ca nhn thc lun (a new model of epistemology).

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L LUN THC TI (THE THEORY OF REALITY)

Khi tho lun n vn con ngi v v tr. Pht gio cho rng hnhng ca con ngi l do ch t do ca chng ta i vi s phi tri v

khng b quyt nh bi bt c hnh thc no khc; Khi c Pht bin lunvi su nh t tng ni ting ng thi, Ngi nm ly ch trng ny.

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C S TR LIU CA TM L HC PHT GIO

Mc ch ch yu ca Tm l hc Pht gio l nhm gii p rt ronguyn nhn kh au m nhn loi phi tip nhn, v, vn l lm th no gii thot s thng kh . Trit hc v Tm l hc ca Pht gio u cmt th Th hng tr liu (Therapy oriented). Trit hc Pht gio cungcp mt loi gii tr khn hoc ca tri tnh; cn tm l hc Pht gio thcung cp phng php tr liu v s nhiu lon ca tnh cm.

Erich Fromm bo rng Sigmund Freud khng th tr liu tt bnh tm lm Sigmund Freud ch mun gii tr s lo u, nng ny khng hp l vtnh cng bc ca nhn loi m thi. Phng thc tr liu ca nhng nhtm l hc hin nay l m thc iu chnh vn v bnh l x hi mtcch rng ri hn. Trn thc t, nhng quc gia c nn cng nghip ha v

ang pht trin cao th nhng tm trng nh hoang vng trng rng,lnh cm, s thiu st v mt hng o nhn sinh trong lng nhn loi, ul khi nim v mc tiu ca tm l tr liu ngy nay. Pht gio thuyt minhrng tm cnh kh khn, xung t, bt mn, nng ny, lo lng, tham lam,ght hn, m chp v.v ca nhn sinh u c th cho l ph hp vi thng

bnh ca con ngi hin i; nhng, Pht gio cn c kh nng ch dy chomi ngi hng n con ng ln huy hong i gii thot, ti cc phclc, l cnh gii Nit Bn.

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LNH VC CH YU CA TM L HC PHT GIO

Nhng lnh vc nghin cu ca Tm l hc Ty phng u c ch trung tm ca n, nh tm l hc Hon Hnh Phi (Gestlat Psychology) chyu l nghin cu v tri gic (Perception); Phn tch tm l ca SigmundFreud th nhm vo s nghin cu ng c v nhn cch. V tm l hcHnh vi phi (Behaviourism) th ch yu nghin cu v l lun hc tp(learning) v.v

Nhng, vn quan thit nht ca tm l hc Pht gio l cn nguynkh au ca nhn loi v con ng gii thot; v th, ng c thc y(motivation) v cm xc (emotion) chnh l gio ngha ch yu; Tri nhn(cognition) l iu kin tin quyt phi c nghin cu thm; ngoi ra, nhtnh tnh, nhn cch (personality) k c s kt cu tr liu ca tm l hcPht gio; gio nghim trn phng din tm l hc, nh phn tch tm lca Sigmund Freud, tm l hc nhn tnh ca Carl Rogers v A. Maslow c


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th thy mt cch thu trit v cch tr liu ca ch ngha tn ti v cch trliu ca ch ngha hnh vi u l lnh vc ch yu ca s nghin cu tm lhc Pht gio.

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NGUN T LIU TM L HC PHT GIO

Dng vn Pli tp thnh kinh in Pht gio nguyn thy (u c dchsang Anh Vn) lm gc, kinh in c chia thnh 3 loi : Mt l li dyca c Pht c gi l Kinh tng (Sutta Pitaka), hai l nhng iu mchun luyn, rn ch ca T Kheo v T Kheo Ni gi l Lut tng (VinayaPitaka) v ba l Lun tng (abhidhamma pitaka), trong gm c phn tchtm l ca tri thc. Nhng, Kinh tng li c th c chia thnh 5 loi :

Trng B

(The Digha Nikaya or Dialogues of the Buddha) :i thoi trng thin ca c Pht, bao gm 34 kinh in trng thin,

trong c th trng kin s tch bnh sanh ca c Pht v tht s v chnhtr, x hi v tn gio n ng thi. Trong Sigalovada Sutra ara nhng ch dn v quan im lun l hc Pht gio thc dng.

Trung B A Hm Kinh

(The Majjhina Nikaya of Middle Langth Saying)

Bao gm 152 kinh. Gi tr ca n ch l c th lm cho chng ta bitc tnh hnh tin ha thi k bt u ca Pht gio v nhng gio phpca c Pht cng nh tnh hung khi qut ca nhng t thn cn vnhng sinh hot ca x hi n ng thi. Kinh Trung A Hm cngcha ng mt s ti liu v Lut tng.

Tp B A Hm Kinh

(The Samyutta Nikaya of Kindred Sayings)Gm 2889 kinh do 56 chng tit hp thnh, trong y c rt nhiu ch

lp li, trng phc.

Tng Chi B A Hm Kinh


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(The Anguttara Nikaya of Gradual Sayings)

Thu tp 2308 kinh, chia thnh 11 chng tit v c thm phn tho lun.c im ch yu l s n gin, thanh khit v gm rt nhiu cu thc tnhnhn sinh.

Tiu B A Hm Kinh

(The Khuddaka Nikaya of Division of Small Works)

L mt loi on thin danh ngn s dng tn vn hoc hnh thc thi cavit nn, thng c dng k o, vnh thi, ca xng v.v ng trnquan im vn hc, Pht gio s v Trit hc nhn xt th Tiu B AHm Kinh l mt b kinh rt c gi tr.

Ngoi nhng s kin ny, nhng tc phm ni ting ca i Tha kinhin dng Phn vn, Hn vn, Nht vn v Tng vn vit thnh, cngc th tm c nhng t liu lin quan nh Kinh Dc S (Bhaisajya Guru Sutra of the Lapis Lazuli Radiance Tathagata). Kinh Diu Php LinHoa, kinh Duy Ma Ct v.v Truyn thng ca i Tha Pht gio c bitnhn mnh n s thnh Pht hoc nhng hnh hot ca cc bc B Tt.Cn c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni th c miu t trong kinh in Pli, nhl mt bc c kh nng tr liu v i, phng thc tr liu ca Ngi gm chai loi : Tr liu trn gio ngha v tm l hoc thn tch.

em kinh Pht v mt s nguyn l ca tm l hc Ty phng hin i,nht l mt s hc l ca cc loi hc phi y liu so snh tm hiu trntinh thn nghin cu th mi c th nhn thc mt cch su sc v Tm lhc Pht gio.

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VN THUC TRN PHNG PHP LUN

Trn phng din hin tng tm l, c Pht ch trng do kinhnghim m chng thc l lun. Nhng kinh nghim khng ch l kinhnghim cm quan m cn l cng phu ca trc quan (intuition) v ni tnh.Bi l c Pht nhn thc rng truyn thng nhn tp, hoc s dng lun lhc v l tnh u c s gii hn ca n v, ch c kinh nghim mi c s

bo him tt nht. Kinh nghim ca c Pht ngoi vic cn c vo ngquan cn ti dng Ni Tnh Php (Introspection) nh l mt gi tr cao


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t c k thut tri thc v pht huy thu th (qun st mt cch thu trit).Trc quan php l mt loi k thut Phn tch t ng (Self-analysis). Ty Phng ngi ta s dng trc quan php nghin cu hin tng tml v c cho l k thut khng ng c tin cy, bi v kinh nghimca ring mnh khng th lm cho ngi khc gic st c. Nhng, Phtgio cho rng do cng phu thin nh cao m c th t n nng lcvt qua cm quan, v chnh v th m n l phng thc kho nghimkhch quan. Nu c th t n k thut thin nh mt cch nht nh thkhng b v minh lm tr ngi v do vy m tm l c kh nng t n giaion ca s an bnh v thanh tnh.

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KHI NIM V TM (MIND)

c Pht ph nh bt c thc th no c tnh vnh cu tc Tm hoc Thc (Mind or Consciousness). Pht dy : ci c gi l tm l mt loi

phc tp th ca nhn th (a psycho-physical complex of nama-rupa), namal ch cho 4 loi qun th phi vt cht tc l cm gic, n tng ca cm gic(tng tng, quan nim, khi nim), ch hot ng (conative activity) v thc; rupa l ni v 4 nguyn t ln, tc l khuch i (extention), ngngt lc (cohesion), nhit (heat) v hnh trng vt cht (materialshape) c ct nhng nguyn t ny. V vy, c th ni, n l mt phc hp th c tthnh bi nhng thnh phn tm l v vt cht v c tnh cht tm th (hoc

th tm) nng ta ln nhau. Mun liu gii mt cch rt ro v hin tngtm l th cn phi xuyn qua lut nhn qu, bi v chng cng lm nhn vqu cho nhau.

Nhn duyn gi hp l s biu th ca iu kin h vi ca tm l v vtcht. Gio ngha v ng (egolessness) cng cn ch dy rng c ni ln ngoiu khng c ci gi l thc th tn ti. V th, hai gio ngha nhn duyngi hp v v ng l tm l hc Pht gio gii thch v tm (c th dng

phng php tng hp v phng php phn tch phn bit gii thch hailoi hin tng ny). Cn c theo tm l hc Pht gio, chng ta c th borng Tm l mt th loi lin tc ng thi (dynamic continuum), c thkhuch i n khi nguyn v kh m tnh m c, v li, n cn c th

pht trin bn ngoi ca s kt liu ca th mng.

Loi thuyt php ny hin vn cha c s tha nhn ca tm l hcTy Phng. Nhng, Tnh cht di truyn nguyn thy ca ngi (Archaicheritage of mind) ca Sigmund Freud v quan nim v Tp th v thc


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(Collective Unconsciousness) ca Carl Jung u mun thm d vo mtlnh vc su xa khc, trong tng lai, rt c th s khm ph mi s hi tcng ch trng tm l hc ca Pht gio.

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CHNG II - TRI NHN TM L HC, NG C VTNH CM

NH NGHA TRI NHN

Tri nhn (Cognition) c ngha Qu trnh ca s hiu bit (knowing),l mt vn hot ng tm tr, s dng ngn ng, tng tng v pht sinhquan nim (hon cnh kch thch v i vi kch thch ca phn ng c).

Loi qu trnh hiu bit ny l mt ci g khng th trng thy, chng takhng th thy c nhng ci c mnh danh l t kho, suy l hoc kc, nhng, chng ta c th quan st v nghin cu hnh vi do nhng hotng ny sanh ra. c Pht dy rng, qu trnh tri nhn ca chng ta l thcti ca qu trnh cm quan (reality of the sensory process), tri nhn cachng ta cng cng vi thnh phn quan nim v tng tng ca phi cmquan (non-sensory) kt hp ti mt ch. Ch th ca tri thc tm l hc cac Pht v khoa hc tnh ca tm l hc hin i c s ging nhau.

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TR THC AO HN

c Pht th qua cc loi phng php nh kh hnh (penance), tng kh tu (self-mortification). Cm gii (aroidance) v n n (seclusion)v.v pht trin t ng. Loi pht trin v nng lc cao ny, khng phi lmt loi thn b m chnh l s pht trin t nhin ca mt loi tim nngno ca mt con ngi, n khng phi l s xut hin t nhin ca mtlc lng thn b no m l s pht trin mt cch dn dn. Loi phngthc pht trin tim tin ny lin quan n 3 giai on : Tho th o c,cng phu nhn nh (samadhi or concentration) v s bi dng ca tr hu.Loi u nhp ny cn phi tri qua thi gian sut i th nghim, c Phtcui cng t n s ph tr v minh v nhng buc rng ca phin no.

Bt c ai tham cu, tm hiu v tm l hc tri nhn ca Pht gio th ukhng th th i vi nhng phm vi tm l tri gic cao ny.


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TRI NHN V NG C

Tm l hc tri nhn khng th tch ri ng c nghin cu. c Pht s

d phn tch ng c ca tm l nhn loi l v mun ch by nguyn nhnthng kh ca nhn sinh, v tm cu phng php lm gim khinh sthng kh y, iu cng chnh l yu cu chng ta cn phi c mt nnglc tri nhn bn nhy v t ci thin chng ta. Dc vng ca nhn loi nhhng nng lc tri nhn, nhng tri nhn cng c tc dng i vi dc vng.

c Pht khng ch trng ct c dc cu ca cm quan m l chtrng hun luyn dc cu ca nhng cm quan ny khin cho nhngkch thch ngoi ti khng th nhiu lon ni tm. c Pht khng tmcch nn p, co rt cm quan m ch mun lm cho cm quan pht trin, cithin v tnh ha.

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TRI NHN V TR LIU

c Pht dy rng c hai loi phng php c th t n s pht trintrn phng din tinh thn : Ninh Tnh (Tranquillity), s tnh lng an bnh;v ng Kin (Insight), s nhn thy xuyn sut bn trong s vt. Nhng,cng c 5 loi nhn t c th nhiu lon s pht trin ca s ninh tnh tr phidng cng phu thin nh th mi c th khc phc nhng nhiu lon ny.

Nm loi nhn t ny l dc cu, ch xu, li bing v chm lt, khngtrm trc v lo lng, hoi nghi. c Pht cng ch dy 7 loi nhn t caKhai ng c th bi dng tr thc v ng kin ca chng ta, l :chnh t duy, truy cu Pht Php, tinh thn, h lc, ninh tnh, thin nh vtrn nh (bnh tnh).

S dng nng lc tri nhn ca nhn loi tnh ho tri gic v t khoca chng ta th s hin ra mt khun thit k ca cu tng tr liu tm l

hc. V th, c Pht dy : i vi tm l hc th s tri nhn trn phngdin th h tr liu cn phi t v tr trung tm.

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NG C (MOTIVATION)

ng c l mt ngun nng lc (source of energy) c trong c th, ngunnng lc ny c th sanh ra hnh ng, khin n t thnh mt loi khuynhhng ca mc tiu no . ng c c th chia thnh hai phn l sinh lv tm l. Trn phng din sinh l th n ging nh nhng ng c thcsc v t vong v.v Trn phng din tm l th n nh l mt gi tr quanthuc v tn ngng (tn gio) v.v

ng c ca tm l hc Pht gio ch yu l s phn tch nhng phngdin dn n s bt an, khn trng, cng thng, nng ny, lo lng, bn chnv cm th au kh v.v ca nhn loi nhm ra php mn bt nh hng dn mun loi t n con ng hnh phc, v th, ng c nghincu tm l hc Pht gio ba hm sc thi tr liu. ng trn quan nim ca

ty phng ngy nay nhn xt th ch tr liu ny thng thng cdng ch cho s cha tr nhng ngi c tt bnh tm l; Nhng nu lytm l hc Pht gio ni, th n c dng ch cho s gii tr tt c sxung t trn mt tm l v s bt an ca ni ti. Kinh in Pht gio cp rt nhiu n phng din ng c ca tm l hc.

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TNH T (EMOTION)

ca tnh t tc l s kch ng (Arousal), cm gic (feelings) hoctrng thi tnh cm (affective states) m cng chnh l do s chuyn bin caphng din sinh l nn sanh ra phn ng hnh vi. Tnh t quen thuc nhtl nhng tnh t yu, hn, bi thng, v sung sng, khoi lc. ng trnmt ni tnh ni th tnh t l trng thi thc ch quan; khc quan mni, tnh t l mt loi biu hin hnh vi. Trn phng din tm l hc ni th tnh t l mt loi trng thi khng thng bng v kch ng, nhngkhng th xem tnh t hon ton nh l v l tnh. Chng ta c th tm cs kin ton ca tnh t lun l nh thng i, tn knh, chnh ngha cm,quan tm chn l v.v l nhng tnh t t ng siu vit (self-transcending

emotion), nhng tnh t ny u thuc nhng tnh t tt. Trong gio l Phtgio c mt s tnh t c th c gi l tinh thn cao qu, ng tnh v t

bi, ni mt cch chnh xc hn, khng tham lam, khng sn hn, khng sim ca tm l hc Pht gio c cho l ngun tnh t kin ton, tch cc vsng to tnh. Di y chng ta phn chia mt s tnh t c bit nh sau :

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S st (Fear)

S st thng thng l ch cho s phn ng gy ra i vi s vt cmc ch nguy him no .

Dc cu qu mnh v s chp trc u c th to nn s s st. Bi vkhi chng ta quyn luyn khng th x b i vi mt s vt qu bu v cgi tr th chng ta s sn sanh mt loi tc dng c chp, lo lng v s st bmt n v nh mnh yu thng qu i mt ngi no n khi ngi y

b lm bnh trm trng th tm l thng yu s chuyn thnh s st lo u.Cng ging nh th, chp trc vo t ng, danh vng, quyn lc v. v us sinh ra tm trng s st hay tm l khng hong.

Mc cm ti c (sense of guilt), khin trch t ng (self-reproach), s st

b trng pht (fear of punishment) v s hi b a xung a ngc (fear oflower world) v. v kinh nghim tn gio u sanh ra s st.

S st c lc cng vi ght hn (thm ch t hn) v tnh t bt mn kthp v nhng lc nh th th lin sanh ra cm gic phm ti trn bnh l(pathological guilt) hoc cm thc bt an gi l ray rt lng tm(uneasiness of conscience).

c Pht dy rng nhng ai cha gic tnh th u c t ng trung tmch ngha, dc vng, ch v khuynh hng chp trc. c Pht ch

trng mun gii tr tn gc nhng c cht ny th khng cn thit phikhin trch ti li qu kh, bi v nu t mnh khin trch th i vi s phttrin tm l c rt nhiu phng hi. c Pht cng xng l cn tnhha tnh t t c tm l thng bng v lnh mnh.

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Bt an (Anxiety)

Bt an l mt loi ly vt khng c mc ch lm i tng s st. c

Pht dy rng ngun ci su xa ca loi s st ny c to ra bi schp trc t ng. Chuyn gia Pht hc Edward Conge gi n l s n tngca thng kh (concealed suffering). c Pht khm ph ra loi conngi bt an ny (anxious man) l do l bi h khng c nng lc nmvng chn l c bn V ng (Egolessness), cho nn mi dn n s btan; ch cn liu gii c V ng th c th nm vng c cha kha cas bt an i vi loi hnh thc.


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Khng ch v biu hin ca s s st

Hun luyn tnh t c th trnh by trn ba phng din : (1) Pht trin

tp qun st t ng i vi trng thi tnh t ca chnh mnh; (2) Khi tnh thng khi phi tm cch khng ch s xut hin ca tnh t; (3) Pht trinmt quan nim gi tr mi lm cho s s st vn c hoc phn ng ca s

phn n khng th ti pht. Nh th, tri qua s hiu bit v t ng, khngngng phn tch t ng v phn cu nhng cng phu ca chnh mnh, cuicng c th t n hiu qu ng nh s d k (thi k d tr).

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Th hn

Th hn cng l mt loi bi/U hin ca tnh t, c cc loi phng thcbiu t chng hn nh t tng (nh l ngh mong cho nhng ngi mmnh khng a thch cht i), li l th l v nhng hnh vi cng kch v. vTrn s tht, c Pht lun nhn mnh v phn i s th hn, thm ch

bao gm c nhng cuc chin chnh ngha (just war) hoc nhng phnn chnh ng (righteous indignation) i vi c nhn (v i vi x hi).c Pht xut s chuyn bin ni ti (cu pht trin tm linh ni ti)c th thun phc tm th hn tin thm bc na, l, dng s hiu

bit, ni tnh v t tng ch ng tnh t th hn, nh vy th c th tnhha t ng m ng thi cng c th lm cho x hi pht trin mt cch hiha.

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au kh v bi thng

Trn c bn, au kh v bi thng l tnh t phn ng i vi bit ly,ngoi ra nh mt mt cng s a n au kh v bi thng. Bi v i

vi ngi ch thn, chng ta u xem h nh l mt b phn ca chnhmnh, mt khi h mt i, ta s sanh ra tnh t au kh v bi thng, SigmundFreud gi n l Bi thng v cu mang (lo lng, ray rt, thc mc tronglng) Mourning an Melancholoy. Vi Pht gio th i vi s kin camc ch no lm sn sanh s tp trung tinh thn (cathexis) ca tnh tmnh lit cng chnh l lc chp trc v, mt khi mt i i tng mc tiuth s hin ra trng thi trng vng hoang vu, khn nhim tm l, tnh t ti


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c cm, b ph, t thng hi v t mt lp m nh mu xm ln cc loitnh cm bi thng.

i vi bi kch bi thng v au kh ny, T Diu v Bt Chnho trong trong gio ngha Pht gio c kh nng lm phng thuc tr liuhu hiu. Thi ca Pht gio l yu cu nhn loi hiu r v chn thtcm ca s tng thay th cho tnh t bi thng qu .

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i v t bi

i (Love), trn danh t bng Anh ng khng my r rng v rt mh, trong vn t Hy Lp nu dng tip u ng eros l biu th cho i dctrn cm quan, v nu dng agape th li biu th v i i vi phngdin tm linh.

S truy cu ca Pht gio l mt loi gi cu lun l (ethical framework)v s hy cu ca lnh vc tinh thn, v th trn phng din lun l Phtgio i vi quan h nhn loi th khng ph hp vi i dc ca o c,khng ph hp vi dc cu tit ch v try lc ca o c cm, v nhngth y u b cho l t c, bi l nhng th ny gy nn nhng a lcca x hi, nhng, ch c s hiu thun v kin thnh i vi tn gio mikh d hnh thnh mt cch c bn mt x hi lnh mnh. Ngi xut gia i

vi vn i dc cn phi dp tr, v l i dc c th a dn n s bt anv au kh ng thi lm phng hi n tinh thn hy cu. Ci m Pht giomun truy cu l mt loi tnh t ca sng to tnh v tnh t ca phnng ng tnh t nhin quan tm n chng sanh.

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TM L HC KHT CU (PSYCHOLOGY OF CRAVING)

i vi phng din tm l hc tnh t th gm c 3 loi hnh thc kht

cu, l kht cu tha mn cm quan, kht cu bo tn t ng (self-preservation) v kht cu hy dit v cng kch. Ba loi kht cu ny i vibn nng xung ng (libido), t ng bn nng (ego instinct), v bn nng tvong ca Sigmund Freud c s thng nht. Xin c chia thnh nhsau :

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Dc tnh (Sexuality)

Thng, Pht gio ch dng cm quan (nh mt, tai, mi, li, thn) vbao qut hn so vi tm l hc Ty phng (Pht gio cp n ng quan,nhng tm l hc Ty phng th ch thin nng v mt dc tnh, nht lPhin tnh lun ca Sigmund Freud).

i vi vn truy cu nguyn tc khoi lc (hedonism) ca cm quan,Pht gio a ra hai phng php nhn thc : (1) Truy cu cm quankhoi lc s mang li s bt hnh; (2) Th on truy cu cm quan khoi lc(hp php v khng hp php), nu hp php th cn phi suy tnh n vickhng th thi qu, ng thi khng ph hoi nguyn tc khoi lc lm iukin.

Pht gio cng cho rng s truy cu khoi lc ca cm quan ch bndi ca s tun hon c tnh ca nhu yu, khn trng v tha mn(want tension and satisfaction) xuyn qua s truy cu ca au kh m thi;v th, Pht gio ch trng dng bt chnh o ch ng s truy cu cacm quan khoi lc.

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Bo tn s t ng

y l mt loi thnh kin sai lm ca s ng trung tm ch ngha, honton t ni gi nh sai lm (tn ngng) tc t ng thc ti vnh tn (ego-entity). Nhn cch kt cu ca n l nhm vo ba loi : Kht cu, vngtng v gi tng nh sau :

Kht cu y l ca ta.Vng tng y l ta.Gi tng y chnh l t ng.

Nhng, Pht gio cng biu th mt cch r rng, nhu yu ca c bn duy

sanh nh khng kh trong lnh, nc, thc n, ng ngh v. v chng hn,u c xem nh l mt loi biu hin ca s kht cu.

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T ng hy dit v cng kch


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i vi phng php quan st v t ng hy dit v cng kch, SigmundFreud cho rng n l mt loi bn nng xung ng; nhng, c Pht th lidy rng n l mt loi hnh vi phn ng tnh. Khi mt loi tnh t th hn(i vi ngi hoc vt) th gii ngoi ti khng c pht tit th n lihng ngc v mnh, v th nn sn sanh s th hnh t ng (kh hnh) vt st. c Pht qu trch s pht sanh ca 3 loi hnh thc kht cu trny v cho rng v do khng hiu r o l kh au ca nhn sinh nn tothnh; ng thi, i vi vn thng kh ca nhn sinh v thiu cng phuni tnh nn ty tin tng phc vo s m hoc t ng v, kt qu l a dnn nhng bi kch.

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TIM THC NG C (UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION)

Tim thc ng c l ni v s thc y khin cho con ngi to ramt th ng tc no nhng li khng gic st c ng c chn chnh(real motive) s ti. Thng thng tim thc b k c v tnh t p bc,nhng c th l t trong gic mng, tht ngn, o gic, v trong nhngchng trng tm l tht thng thuyt minh s tn ti ca ng c tim thc.

Quan nim v tim thc ca tm l hc Ty phng c sng to biSigmund Freud, v ngi hc tr ca ng l Carl Jung li khai sng ra thuyt

Tp th tim thc (Collective unconsciousness), Carl Jung cho rng tim thc c c th. Tim thc (personal unconsciousness) tc l mt s tml c th no b p ch hoc b s b qun; ngoi ra, cn c loi khc tcl tp th tim thc, l ch cho tm l con ngi ngay khi va cho ivn sn c mt loi trng thi tm l phc tp, Carl Jung gi lnguyn hnh (archetypes), n l quan nim vn ha c truyn tha ti ny qua i khc bi t tin ca chng ta, nhng kinh nghim u c

bo lu trong tim thc c th ca chng ta; mt cch r rng hn, theo sgii thch ca Carl Jung th nhn cch c cu thnh bi 3 loi thnh phn :T ng, c th tim thc v tp th tim thc. Tp th tim thc lnguyn hnh ca b su. Cn c theo thuyt ca Carl Jung th tp th tim thc vn c sn t cht di truyn, lm cho c th v ngi ca i trc trn

phng din tri nhn v th gii, c cch nhn tng i ging nhau.

Nh nhn loi vo thi k rt sm lo s s hc m, v en ti smang n nguy him; ngy nay, loi nguy him ny mc d bin thnhqu kh, nhng nhn loi vn cn s hi s en ti. Khi nim tnh ph bin


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hi s ca tp th tim thc hoc nh tng c gi l nguyn hnh.Nguyn hnh l kinh nghim ca tnh t n t b c ca s truyn thatin ha. Nh nguyn hnh ca ngi m hin t xa n nay vn l biu thcho s m p, bo bc, dng dc, m cng cn l s tng trng cho imu; nguyn hnh ngi cha l lc lng, quyn oai v tng trng choquyn lc. Nhng nguyn hnh khc nh nh tng n tnh (anima), nhtng nam tnh (animas), t ng (self), anh hng, thn, sanh, t v. v cngu nh th c. Th quan nim ny hi ging vi quan nim A Li Da thchoc chng t thc ca Pht gio (storehouse consciousness).

Dng thc ca Pht gio (Stream of consciousness) cng lin quan vitim thc ng c. Pht gio dy chng ta rng nu c kh nng tu tp kthut thin nh th c th s dng lp trong ca tim thc en ti to rathnh s pht trin nhn cch mt cch kin ton.

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CHNG III - NHN CCH TM L HCNGHIN CU V NHN CCH TM L HC V

NHN CCH PHT GIO

ng trn phng din tm l hc ty phng ni th nhn cch(personality) l m thc n nh hnh vi c th mt cch c c, ng this dng t tng, cm gic, tri gic lm c s thch ng vi hon cnh.Khi nh tm l hc nghin cu v nhn cch thng ch n c cht cac th, hnh th ca thn th, th lc ca tim thc, qu trnh tri nhn vcc loi x hi hc tp v. v v nhng nhn t ny u l nhng nhn t cth nh hng n hnh vi ca nhn loi.

Tm l hc hoc tm l phn tch hc (Psychoanalysis) ca SigmundFreud cho rng c ba loi tng th tm l, l hnh thnh nhn cch tc thc, tin thc (preconsciousness) v tim thc. Ni dung ca ba tnthc ny da theo s kt hp ca ba sinh vt v th lc hon cnh m hnh

thnh ba loi h thng tm l, tc bn ng (id), t ng (ego) v siu vit(superego). Hc thuyt ca Sigmund Freud ch trng Tnh l hch tmca ng c nhn loi. Theo Sigmund Freud th Tnh trong x hi vnminh thng do cc loi p lc ca x hi v tht kh c th c thamn, bi vy m bin thnh nhn t ch yu lm nh hng n nhn cch.

Nhn cch ty thuc vo s pht trin ca tnh m pht trin, v th nn c


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tng giai on pht trin nh khu khang k, giang mn k, tnh kh k,tim phc k v sanh thc k.

T v sau, bao nhiu hc thuyt, l lun v nhn cch u pht ngunt hc thuyt ca Sigmund Freud v c tu chnh thm, v c gi lhc phi mi Sigmund Freud (Neo Freudian School). Cui nm 1930 nu nm 1950, c rt nhiu hc sinh ca Sigmund Freud pht biu vnhng kin gii v l lun v tm l phn tch hc. Trong hc s dng

phi Phn Tch Tm L Hc (nh Carl Jung ch trng) nhn mnh nhncch l s thng bng ca th lc thc v tim thc. Phi C Nhn TmL Hc (nh ch trng ca Alfred Adler) th cho l vai tr (role) v squan h ca x hi hnh thnh nhn cch. Hc thuyt Tm L Nhn Tnh(Humanistic theory) tc nhng v nh Carl Rogers v A. Maslow th nhnmnh rng nhn cch l tnh c c v kinh nghim sinh hot c th ca

c th. L Lun Hc Tp X Hi (nh B. F. Skinner) th ch trng n thlc ca hon cnh i vi s nh hng ca nhn cch, c th s dngphng thc m phng cng thm tc dng tri nhn c th hc tp vhnh vi. V cn c mt s l lun khc v nhn cch rt ch trng v kinhnghim ch quan v. v

Pht gio i vi s gii thch v nhn cch c s bao hm ca trithc tnh, lun l tnh v tm l tnh. Pht gio ph nh con ngi vn ct ng thun ty c nh (ego) v n ch l nhn duyn ha hp. Do s quanh ca nhn duyn ha hp m mi con ngi u c thc, k c v thuc

tnh ca thn th c th phn bit Ta, Ngi (ch th, khch th). Phtgio tip nhn quan im cho rng con ngi c mt nhn cch ng thi,gi hp bin ng bt thng, nhn cch ch l mt loi danh t ca phngtin c s dng phn bit gia Ngi v Ta m thi. ng trn LunL Hc ni th nhn cch ny c th l l tnh v phi l tnh nhng chutrch nhim v hnh ng ca chnh mnh. Ngay trn phng din ca TmL Hc gii thch th rt c ngha, bi v nhn cch c k c, t tng,cm gic thng cu vi ngi khc.

Phn tch mt cch nghim chnh v tm l hc th, nhn cch cng ch lmt phng tin gi danh, bi n biu th cho mt loi cng nng thng nhtno (unity of function) nh i, ng, tri gic, t tng, quyt nhv.v ging nh chic xe nga, do s kt hp ton th ca cc b phn mic th gi l xe nga c; Nhn cch cng th, do thn th, cm gic, thc v tnh hng v. v t hp m thnh v nh th mi c th gi l nhncch. Tm li, nhn cch l mt loi thng nht th ca cng nng, ch c


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gi danh ca tnh tm thi. Nhn cch khng th n c tiu biu cho thnth, tri gic, cm gic m ch c trong s t hp thch ng mi c th cgi l nhn cch. S gii thch ny hon ton c s ph hp cng vi Phtgio.

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C CHT V LOI HNH NHN CCH

c cht nhn cch (Persoanlity traits) l ni n tnh c sn c ni minhn cch c th, loi c sc ny c th xc nhn c. Loi hnh nhncch (Personality types) l ch cho s hu nhn cch; loi hnh u c thquy loi thnh rt nhiu hnh thc c bn.

Trong Tng Chi B A Hm Kinh (Anguttara Nikaya), chng ta c thpht hin bn loi c sc ca nhn cch, tc l nhng loi hnh nh Mc (Virtue), Thnh Thc (Integrity), Cng Ngh (Fortitude) v Tr Huv.v

Do s c ng c cu lu di ti mt ni chn m c th bit rng trnphng din o c ca ngi thng tr ny l tt hoc c khuyt im,iu cng c ngha bo rng c th nhn xt r l ng ta c o c ttp hay khng; x l s vt vi ngi khc khin c th nhn thy r rngh l ngi khng thnh tht; trong nhng khi nguy him ging xung hoc

bt hnh xy n th c th on nh c trnh cng ngh ca mtcon ngi; giao m vi ngi th c th tri nhn c l h c tr hu haykhng.

S phn loi c cht nhn cch ch yu ca Pht gio l nhm vo xchl lun l v tm l o lng.

Kinh Pht (Visuddhimagga) cng chia nhn cch lm 6 loi hnh ln, l tham lam (tham), ght hn (sn), vng tng (si), trung thc, thngminh (hu) v tn mn.

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XUNG T V TA CHIT (NGN TR THT BI) (CONFLICTAND FRUSTRATION)

Xung t cng tc l hai ci hoc hai mc tiu (goals) hoc nhu yu(needs) a dn n tnh cnh bt an khi khng th tng dung ln nhau.Xung t c th/ chia lm ba loi, l chnh-chnh xung t (approach-approach conflict), tc loi xung t khi mun ly mt trong hai mc tiuca ngh mun; Ph-ph xung t (Avoidance-avoidance conflict) l haimc tiu u khng ngh mun, xung t xy ra khi mun ly mt; Chnh-

ph xung t (Approach-avoidance conflict) l loi xung t ca mt mctiu m c hai loi thnh phn chnh ph trong y (v d nh, mt ngi n

b p nhng mang nhiu bnh tt). Gii quyt s xung t ng nhin linh n nhn t quyt nh ca n v khong cch xa gn ca mc tiu, ngc c nhn, cng nhu yu c nhn, h quyt tm, thi gian tnh, k vng

c nhn v.v

S trc tr, tht bi i vi nhng quyt nh hoc mun t n mcch nhng phi chu s tr ngi gia ng. Cng c s trc tr bi honcnh nh ngi nh b cht; c nhng trc tr bi yu t th cht, nh quthp ln sinh ra tng t xu x kh coi; c nhn t x hi nh ly hn, thtnghip v.v

Phng thc i ph vi s trc tr, tht bi gm c cng kch (gin tipcng kch v trc tip cng kch), o tng v co rt (t nh, n b xu x

gp phi nhiu trc tr tht bi, c o tng mnh l ti t Elizabeth Taylor,v tr v vi nhng hnh vi tr con nh khc lc n o, lnh lng v tiutrm v.v)

c Pht dy rng trn c bn, s xung t v bnh an, thanh tnh c thkim nghim t hai tng th : Nit bn (Nirvan) l thanh tnh, hi ha mtcch tuyt i; cn au kh (dukkha) th dy y s bt an, khn trng vxung t. Gia s hi ha (mc tiu truy cu l tng ca ngi ti gia) vthanh tnh tuyt i (l l tng truy cu ca ngi xut gia) cng c rtnhiu khc bit. Ngi ti gia chnh trc nu tun theo th on hp php lm giu, khng tham lam th c cng c v hn na c th t c shi ha; nu ngi ti gia khi ln tm tham lam, kht cu s hng th qu th chc chn l b xung t vi ngi khc. Ngi xut gia v x b ttc, khng nhng c kh nng gii tr au kh m hn na cn c th truytm s thanh tnh cao nht trong ni tm ca h.


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Pht gio cho rng khu lc (drive) mnh m truy cu tha mn cm quan,truy cu s tn k, hng phn, vt s hu, u l my pht in ca s xungt.

Pht gio gii thch v nhng trc tr, tht bi rng l : khoi lc v kchthch mt khi ci m chng ta truy tm kt qu bin thnh rng tuch thsanh ra trc tr, tht bi nng n. Loi trc tr tht bi su nng hn nykhng tc khc xut hin qua tri gic ton din ging nh s trc tr tht bikhi mt i mc tiu c bit.

Ngoi s trc tr v truy cu tha mn cm quan gy nn, Pht giocn ra s xung t tm l ca t ng bo tn (cm quan, quyn lc, av, danh vng), mt ngi c khu lc quyn lc mnh m th s xung ttm l cng to ln v s trc tr, cm gic tr ngi cng tng i to ln.

Khi cm gic trc tr ln n cao im l khng th tip nhn th con ngihin nhin lp tc gp mt loi hin tng hy hu l dc vng v khtvng mun hy dit t ng.

V th, s xung t m tm l hc Pht gio cp nh phn tchng c cn nguyn dc cu truy cu tha mn cm quan, bo tn t ng,hy dit t ng v tham lam, ght hn v.v cng vi tm l hc hin itng i c im tng thng.

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PHNG THC PHNG V (DEFENSE MECHANISM)

Phng thc phng v l tinh tm kit tc ca Sigmund Freud v Anna,con gi ca ng; phng thc ny ni v qu trnh nhn loi li dng tim thc nn i vi s liu gii chn tht b bp mo, thay i v ci bin,nht l khi chn tht v cm gic ti li (feelings of guilt), kinh nghim bithng, xung ng, khng th tip nhn, tht , v khi nhng s vic khcc lin quan dn khi mt cch khn trng.

Tuy nhin, phng thc phng v khng c bin php duy h ca plc tm l c th, v th cng c th ni l mt loi di la t ng v trctrc t ng (self-deceptive and self-defeating), khng c bin php no cth gii quyt s p lc ca tm l, bi v qu trnh ca phng thc phngv pht sinh ngay trong tng th tim thc, con ngi s dng n lm bnh

phong v ni nng ta kin c ln lao mi khi pht sinh nng ny, lo lng,bt an v khng cm thy l mt th th on ca s tht b b cong


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bp mo; l do l trong s sinh hot ca mi mt con ngi u s gp phinhng tnh cnh btan nh ti c, s st khng hong, bt an, mc tiu b trngi v.v v th, dng nh mi c nhn u s li dng phng thc

phng v bo h chnh mnh.

Nhng phng thc phng v gm c :

p ch (regression), mc ch l khin cho au kh, t tng ca tnh uyhip, cm gic, k c v qu trnh o tng khng tin vo c trong thc hoc tri gic c th.

Hp l ha (Rationalization) l tm kim l do hp l thay th thtvng, ni mt cch khc, tm l l khng thc thay th l do chn chnh.V nh mt hc sinh gian ln trong vic thi c th thng bin h l hc sinh

no m chng gian ln; mt c gi khng c mi tham d d hi th bocha cn bn l c y khng bng lng chp nhn li mi.

u X (Projection) l s tha ni ngi khc, tt c u din gii rng l s sai lm ca ngi khc.

Tc dng nghch thi (reaction formation) l s kinh hi i vi xung ng vt tng, khng nhng ch c gng p ch m cn pht trin mt thi mthc v hnh vi hon ton tng phn che y ng c v hnh vi chnchnh ca tim thc y, trng hp nh mt ngi c tnh nng ny bc

xc, lo lng, bt an c th xin vo vin thn hc chun b lm mc shoc n tu chng hn.

ng Nhn (Identification), s nhn qung quen bit ny l v bo v gi trcm nhn ca chnh mnh, c th thng a ra nhng bnh lun chungchung vi mt s nhn vt c danh vng hoc oai quyn, nh Tng ThngM Carter l bn thn ca ti v.v

Thng hoa (Sublimation), l mc tiu hot ng li dng x hi c th chpnhn nhm tha mn ng c p ch ca x hi y, chng hn nh lm mt

kim tra vin in nh c th xem phim X m khng cm thy c mccm ti li.Ph nhn hin thc (denial of reality) l nhng g khng vui hoc t tnga n s bt an, bt cn (th ), th ph nhn bng cch ngh rng vic nycha tng c tn ti.


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Cn c theo tm l hc ca Pht gio, th vic s dng phng php nhttm chuyn ch s khin cho con ngi c th t n b phn n ti vthm tng nht ca tm linh; cng phu thin nh c th gip chng takim tra t m t tng ca chng ta, v th m khng cn phi s dng n

phng thc phng v.

Tc dng nghch thi (Reaction formation) trong phng thc phng v,thi dng i vi k ch ngha cm dc (sinh hot kh hnh), dng tnhha cm quan nhng c Pht khin trch phng php ny, l do l vch ngha cm dc l con ng cc oan khng c ngha no c. Thnghoa l iu c c Pht nu ra gii thiu, bi l dc cu trung tmt ng c th c thay th bng dc cu Nit bn.

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NHN CCH V X HI

i kht l phn ng ni ti ca sinh l, dc tnh th c khuynh hngsinh l v x hi, ngoi ra dc vng quyn lc, khu lc (drive for power),danh vng v a v l qu trnh hot ng x hi h tng.

c Pht tip nhn ngha trng yu v s quan h h tng ca conngi v hon cnh x hi.

c Pht tn thn rng lun l x hi c th gip cho con ngi kin lpmt quan h nhn t lnh mnh v mt l tng x hi hi ha. Mc tiu trliu (nhn tm) ca c Pht t trn tm l kh cht ca c nhn bin ha,c Pht truy tm tung tch v s xung t cn bn ca x hi v tri nhnl n c bt ngun t tham lam, th hn v vng tng v t ng.

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CHNG IV - TM L HC PHT GIO V TM LHC TR LIU TY PHNG

LI NI U

Thi xa, i vi nhng ngi c hnh vi tht thng hay tm thn rilon (behavior disorder) th thng hay tm cu ma thut (witchcraft), quthn hc (demonology) v cc loi phng thc tr ma ui qu khc nhau(diverse means os exorcising evils and demons). C mt s tn gio xen


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trn hoc t nhiu nhng phng thc ny vo lm nghi thc y liu tngio, mt s khc ph nhn nhng th on trn v cho rng tt bnh tinhthn l v cng nng ca no b hn lon gy nn, nhng, mi n sau 20 thk mi c phng php khoa hc r rng hn phn tch v nhng hnh vitht thng.

u tin c hai phi a ra gi thuyt dng thay th cho quan nimTrng Ma (Demonic possession) :

Gi thuyt thn nhn tnh (Somatogenic hypothesis), tc l bnh tt tinhthn c th c xem l s ph hoi ca thn kinh kh quan, tc dng traoi bi tr ph vt tht thng v.v nh nhng ch trng ca Kraeplinev nhng ngi khc.

Gi thuyt tm nhn tnh (Psychogenic hypothesis) l ch cho qu trnh tml tht thng, nh ch trng ca Mesmer, Charcot, Janet, Breuer vFreud.

on ny ch trng phn sau, dng k thut tm l hc gii quyt sthng kh ca nhn loi.

Gestalt hoc Tm L Hc Hon Hnh Phi (Gestalt Psychology) nhnmnh n chnh th tnh ca hin tng tm l, cng tc l c im lnnht ca hin tng tm l, l tnh thng nht khng th chia ct ca n,

hnh vi cng th, tc l s thng nht ca mt hnh vi no , l phn ngca chnh th.

Sigmund Freud l l lun gia ca tinh thn tt bnh, cng tc l ngisng lp u tin s Phn Tch Tinh Thn (psychoanalysis) v nhhng mt cch ln lao cha tng c trc .

Ngoi hc phi Signmund Freud (Neo-Freudians) ra, Nhn Tnh TmL Hc (humanistic psychology) ca Carl Rogers and A. Maslow, HnhVi Tm L Hc (beheviourist psychology) ca John Watson v B. F.

Skinner, Tn Ti Tm L Hc (Existiential psychology) ca Rollo Mayv.v u l ch tho lun ca chng ny.

S tht, mi c nhn trong x hi t nhiu u t trong Bnh thi xhi (Sick society) v Bnh thi chnh thng (Pathology of normoly) nhErich Fromm ni. Erich Fromm cn bo rng bnh thi x hi ng thi

bao gm nhng chng trng nh : S ly (Alienation), nng ny, lo lng, bt


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an (Anxiety), cm gic s st cp su xa (the fear of feeling deeply),tnh b ng (passivity), thiu hoan lc (lack of joy) v.v v th bo rng

phng php tr liu ca nhng nh tm l hc khng ch gii hn c thbnh nhn m ng thi cn bao gm c bnh l x hi ang thi. ngnhin, ch yu chng ta vn ly h thng tr liu tm l hc ca Pht gio so snh vi tm l hc tr liu ca ty phng hu c c s hiu bit susc hn.

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TM L HC HON HNH PHI

Phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh pht trin vo nm 1912 c quc, vvo nm 1930 c a vo Hoa K. Nhn vt ch yu ca phi ny lMax Wertheimer (1880-1943), Kurt Koffka (1876-1941 ?) v WolfgandKohler kt cu v ch ngha hnh vi (ch trng hnh vi nhn loi c chiathnh tng on phn tch nhm hiu bit thm). Phi ny cho rng

phng php hc gia m ch ngha kt cu s dng l nhn v khng thi biu cho tnh cht chn chnh ca kinh nghim thc. Chng ta cn suytnh n s phc tp ca b phn tuyt i khng i biu mt cch honton hon chnh. Hnh vi ch ngha cng b ph bnh nh th. i vi

phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh th hnh vi chng qua ch l mt tp hp caphn x m thi (bundle of reflexes).

Gestalt, c ng c l hon chnh (whole), hnh thc (form) hoc hnhmo (configuration). Phi ny nhn mnh rng th gii m chng ta nhnthc l dng s kt cu ca chnh th, nhng khng phi l phng thc ca

phin on m chnh l s quan thit, l hon chnh, lin tc v l nghaca hnh vi chnh th. V d : chng ta nghe m nhc l nghe m lut, mgiai (melody) ch khng phi ch nghe tng m ca m tng ging iu(pitch) v cng (intensity).

Phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh nh hng n s pht trin ca Tm LHc Nhn Tnh (Humanistic Psychology) sau ny; nhng, so vi hc phi

Hnh Vi thi hc k v hc phi Phn Tch Tm L th nh hng caphi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh khng c xem l to ln.

Phng php tr liu ca phi Tm l hc hon hnh nu cn c vo nini 60 th Fritz Perls, i s tm l hc ca phi ny cho rng trn

phng din tr liu th nn gip c th nhm vo s lin quan n ccphng din v nhn cch v kinh nghim ca h nhn thc thm hu


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tin ti vic gip cho t ng thc hin v t ng ph trch; ngoi iu nyra, cn nn khuyn khch nhng s nghip cha hon thnh (unfinished

business) - gii quyt nhng vn thuc qu kh. Bi v nhng vn caqu kh c th nh hng n hnh vi hin ti. Nh vy th, c th mt cchsu sc hn, ch n c th v th gii chung quanh gim thiu s nngny, bt an v khn trng nhm t thnh hiu qu r rt trong x hi cnhtranh.

Tm li, ch th ca Fritz Perls ch l gip ngi ta dng Tr thc tng (Self-knowledge) y v c nng lc bo tr t ng v sau cng dno ngi ta theo hng t n cnh a c lp (Tnh t thnh thc).

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PHN TCH TM L CA SIGMUND FREUD

Bng vo t liu c tch ly nhiu nm gip cho Sigmund Freudqun xt tm trng trong lng ngi mt cch su sc v qun trit. ng khng nhng nghin cu v bnh thi m kho st n c nhng b phn

bnh l tm l chnh thi nh tht ngn (l li), di vong (qun mt), vit saich, mng m v.v, ng thi ng cng nghin cu v cc lnh vckhc nh ngh thut, vn hc v thn thoi v.v Sau , ng tng hp mikinh nghim thc t v vit thnh hc thuyt l lun. Trong quyn Tm LPhn Tch i Cng (An Outline of Psychoanalysis) ng thuyt minh

rng mt con ngi b bc bch bi ba loi bn nng c bn l : tnh bnnng (sexual instinct), t ng bn nng (ego instinct) v khu lc t ng hydit (self-destructive urge).

Sigmund Freud s dng sc tt a (libido) tc dc lc trong bao gmcc loi khoi cm ca thn th, iu ny c nhn nhn l tng i gingvi s tham dc ca tm l hc Pht gio. Sau ny, Sigmund Freud li tipnhn quan nim t luyn (narcissism) (B phn t ng ca bn nng bo tnt ng). Dc lc c th do t tha mn, p ch hoc dng tc dng nghchthi, ng nhn v.v nhng phng thc phng v gii quyt; khi xung

ng b p ch th c lu tr ngay trn tng th ca tim thc; tuy nhincng c lc b y vo trng thi thc; nhng, i b phn hot ng can nm trong tng th su hn do vy m sn sanh tm trng khn trng v

bt an. Sigmund Freud cho rng triu chng ca bnh l l mt loi tr hnhtha mn ca s xung ng khng c tip nhn (disguised gratification).


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Bn thn ca khu lc t ng bo tn c rt nhiu phng thc biu hin : l truy cu quyn lc, danh vng, a v, lm ngi c chim nghng,t luyn v.v Bn nng ca t vong, trn c bn l phn t ng, sau min nhn vt v vt mc tiu khng a thch. Sigmund Freud cng tng cp rng chnh ngay s hot ng nhn th cng l khuynh hng nm nguyn tc truy cu khoi lc nhm trn trnh kh au. Nhng, truy cu ttha mn ca cm quan mt cch tc khc l iu kh c th c m ngcli l s c hi. V th, c th cn phi hc t n vic ko di s thamn bng cch dp b mt s khoi lc no ng thi tn trng php lutv o c ca x hi, nh th th bin php hin thc trong qu trnh truycu khoi lc khng th hon ton b ph hoi.

Trong tc phm Ngoi Nguyn Tc Khoi Lc (Beyond the PleasurePrinciple), Sigmund Freud cho rng : ngoi khu lc tha mn khoi lc

mnh lit cn c s ch to ca thin kin tm l khng vui sng (PsychiPreoccupation) nh ngc i, khi d (sadism) v b ngc i, khi d(machosism). C rt nhiu nh tm l hc tha nhn rng nhn loi cmt th tnh c chiu hng cng kch c bn, nhng khng c mt loikhu lc t ng hy dit, c mt s ngi cho rng cng kch chng qua chl mt loi tnh phn ng phng v m thi.

Sigmund Freud li phn tch nhn cch c hp thnh bi ba loi yut, l : Bn ng (Id), tc l kho tng ca xung ng; T ng (Ego), tc skhng ch xung ng hin thc; Siu ng (Super-ego), tc l biu th cho s

cng cu ca lng tm ni ti i vi o c, tn gio v nhn loi.

Trn phng din tr liu, phn tch tm l ca Sigmund Freud ch yul s khm xt v truy cu ng c tim thc ca bnh nhn, tc l vn xung t v p ch giai on pht trin tm l tnh dc ca thi to k, nuc th c gii phng t s p ch th bnh nhn s lnh bnh. Mc tiu trliu ca n ch l tim thc ca k c b p ch c chuyn sang thc gii. K thut c s dng bao gm nhng phn tch c lit k sauy :

Phn tch v t do lin tng (analysis of free associations)

ngi bnh ni ra nhng iu ngh, nguyn vng, cm gic ca thnth, nh tng ca tm l trong lng mt cch ton b v s dng iu thm d tng ni bng lnh gi ca tim thc.

Phn tch s khng c (analysis of resistances)


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Trong t do lin tng, ngi bnh khng sc v khng mun tho lunv dc vng, kinh nghim v.v, v iu ny c cho l mt loi chngngi trn tm l (gia tim thc v thc); mc tiu ca s phn tch tml ch l ph v s khng c, ngi bnh i din vi nhng quannim, dc vng v kinh nghim v nhng au kh ny.

Phn tch v gic mng (analysis of dreams)

Phi phn tch tm l cho rng phn tch v gic mng c th thu r ngc tim thc ca ngi bnh. Mng l tim thc xung ng, biu hintng trng ca xung t v dc vng.

Phn tch v s chuyn di tc dng (analysis of transference)

Khi ngi bnh tip nhn phn tch tm l tr liu th thng pht trin mtloi phn ng i i vi k phn tch tm l. Ngi phn tch tm l cth b cho rng l mt ngi bnh, l mt nhn vt quan yu ca s xungng trnh t qu kh, tnh hnh ny c gi l chuyn di tc dng. Chuyndi gm c ba loi : Chnh chuyn di (Positive transference), tc l ngi trliu c ngi bnh ngh v xem l ngi m h yu thng hoc nhn vt h t duy ngng m; Ph chuyn di (Negative transference), tc ngitr liu tr thnh l i tng i dch ca ngi bnh; Chnh ph chuyn di,tc bao gm hai loi tnh t chnh v ph. Phng php ny c th hiu bitc kinh nghim v thi ca ngi bnh trong thi k trc . Nhng,

phng php ny cn phi ch n tc dng chuyn di phn hng(counter transference), tc ngi tr liu mang tc dng tnh t ca tim thc v ly ngi bnh lm i tng biu hin; nh th th an tnh trng l chng ngi i vi vic phn tch tm l.

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TM L HC NHN TNH (THE HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY)

Phng thc tr liu Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh thuc v Tn hc phi

Sigmund Freud (Neo-Freudian). Tn hc phi Sigmund Freud nu so vihc phi Sigmund Freud th c s mi m hn :

Tng thm phn phn tch v hon cnh x hi ca ngi bnh.Khng nhng ch ch trng n giai on thiu thi ca ngi bnh m cnch trng n s pht trin tnh tnh thi hu k.Vai tr quan h nhn t hot ng h tng (yu cu ca sinh vt tnh t


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hn). ngha ca cng nng t ng v quan nim t ng (i vi xung t bnng v siu ng t nhn mnh hn). Tm li, phng php tr liu ca TnSigmund Freud t nhn mnh n qu trnh tim thc, ng thi ly tnhv cng kch lm nhn t ca quyt nh bnh l; nhng, h vn da vong (gp nhau) m tr liu (talking therapy) vch r ng thi nhncch.

Gia Sigmund Freud v Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh c th thy c cchtr liu ca Sigmund Freud ch trng v s bt mn v bt hnh ca nhntnh, cn Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh ca Carl Rogers v A. Maslow nh c nu trn th nhn mnh n mt nhn tnh tch cc, c nng lc l tnh,t do v t ng hng o.

i tng nghin cu ca Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh l ngi chnhthng, s thnh tu c th ca c nhn v ngi thch ng vi hon cnhni ti khng tt. Carl Rogers, A. Maslow v nhng hc gi ca phi nyu cho rng nhn loi truy cu gi tr, ngha v c th trng thnh l mtn lc i vi khn cnh ca nhn loi (nhng tm l hc tn ti th chorng x s v hon cnh ca vn lm ngi l s ly, phin chn v thiu ngha).

Th h tr liu ca Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh l Tr liu khch hng l trnht (Client-centered therapy). H cho rng ngi bnh khng cn s dng

phng thc ch o bin i thm hoc ci bin hon cnh ca h, ngibnh c th t gii quyt vn ca mnh. Cho nn Tm L Hc Nhn Tnhl mt loi th h tr liu khng c tnh ch o (a non-directive system oftherapy). C th nu so vi mt vn c th th cng trng yu hn, hinti trng yu hn qu kh, tnh cnh tr liu l tng l tnh t trng thnh.

Ni mt cch tm lc, khi nim tr liu ca Tm L Hc Nhn Tnhl : Con ngi t trch nhim v mnh vn ca chnh mnh, mc tiu ca nl lm cho ngi bnh bin i tri gic ca mnh; phng php ny i vinhng ngi chnh thng c vn iu thch th rt c hiu lc, nhng,i vi nhng ngi bnh c vn tnh t phc tp cn c s nng ta thgp phi mt s vn .

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HNH VI TR LIU (BEHAVIOR THERAPY)

c khi nguyn t John Watson v tm l hc phi Hnh Vi ca B. F.Skinner say ny. John Watson v hc gi ca phi ny cho rng nu ni mtcch nghim tc th, tm l hc l khoa hc nghin cu hnh vi nhng phni k thut Ni Tnh Php (Introspection), cng tc l ph nh i vi vicnghin cu trng thi tm l ni ti s dng quan nim hot ng ni ti.Ch ngha hnh vi nhn mnh n k thut khch quan quan st php (Thyc, nghe c, c cm gic) v c bit ch trng n s hc tp tm lhc (Psychology of learning), quan h phn ng kch thch (stimulus-response relation) v qu trnh tm l tnh ch c (Process pf psychologicalconditioning) v.vc Pht tip nhn ngha trng yu v s quan h h tng ca con ngiv hon cnh x hi.

Ngi tr liu hnh vi cho rng bnh l ch l ngi bnh i vi skch thch ca hon cnh m hc c phong php i ph vi nhngtrng hp khng thch ng gy nn. V th, cng tc tr liu hnh vi lgip ngi bnh dp b i nhng hnh vi hc tp mt cch khng thchng thay th vo hnh vi hc tp thch ng. K thut c s dng

bao gm trong cc tit mc c lit k nh sau :

Gim thiu mn cm (descutization)

Dy ngi bnh thay th nhng tnh t bt an, hi s mc ch vt hocs kin bung th bng mt loi phn ng c ch mi vui v thoi mi.Phng php ny c pht minh bi nh tm l hc Nam Phi tn lJoseph Wolpe.

Ch tr m (tin kiu) (token economy)

Ngi bnh mi ln thc hin thnh tu mt vic c hc tp (nhn cm ng gi) th c cho tin kiu, sau c th i tin kiu bngthc vt hoc s tng thng, t c s th p mt cch thch ng

(nh ngh ngi cui tun), nhm khch l.

Thn th tr liu (Somatic therapy)

S dng nhng phng thc nh thuc men, (drugs), in kch (electricshocks), ng th thut (surgery) v.v


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V c mt kin gii tn gio nn y theo tng lun im so snh giatm l phn tch hc, hc phi hnh vi v nhn tnh tm l tr liu ca tml hc tn ti (Tm l hc nhn tnh hp li mt ni) nh mu so snh ctrnh by nh sau :

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MC CH CA TM L HC PHT GIO TR LIU PHT GIOTR LIU

Phng php tr liu ca Tm L Hc Pht Gio l s thu ht ton b vtng hp tinh hoa hc thuyt ca cc phi, bi l trn c bn, Pht giochnh l Tr liu th hng (Therapy Oriented). Trn phng din trithc th Pht gio c th a ra nhng khi th i vi vic nhn loi b mm v nh mt hnh thi thc, v khn hoc trn mt thc. Trn phngdin tm l hc, Pht gio c th ch r l v dc vng rng buc nn nngny, lo lng, au kh v cn ch dy nhng phng php c kh nng giiquyt c nhng khuynh hng cng kch nhn cch. V th Pht gio, trn

phng din tr liu bao gm c trit hc v tm l hc, v c th mrng tm mt ca tm l tr liu.

Pht gio r rng ch ra c s ti (ngun gc ni chn) ca vn au kh ca nhn loi, vi s chn on ca Pht gio th ci ngun ca aukh l dc cu (craving) v v minh (ignorance), v con ng gii quyt

chm dt au kh l Bt Chnh o, v, mc ch chung cc ca s trliu chnh l Nit Bn (Nirvnna) gii thot.

au kh s d hin hu l do dc cu (cn nguyn trn mt tnh t) v vminh (cn nguyn trn bnh din tr thc). Dc cu khi sanh t kht vng,ght hn, cn v minh th li n t vng tng. Cho nn con ng tr liul : i vi nhng ngi c kh cht dc cu th cung cp cho s Ninh Tnh(Tranquility), thanh tnh; cn i vi ngi khn hoc trn phng din tmtr th cung cp cho s Ni Tnh v ch c nh th mi l con ng giiquyt ti cn bn.

S khc nhau r rng nht gia tm l hc Pht gio v hc phi tr liuty phng ch l mc ch tr liu. Pht gio khng trc tip quan tmn c th hu hn, iu thch bt lng, nhng li quan thit n vn khn cnh ca ton th nhn loi. c Pht dy rng tt bnh c th cchia thnh tt bnh trn thn th v tt bnh trn tm l. Nhn loi chng ta

b tt bnh trn thn th trong mi mt st na (thi gian ngn nht), nhng,


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tt bnh trn tm l th ngoi tr n Thnh Cnh (Sainthood) v nu khngth th khng th no c th tiu tr c. y c Pht a ra l tngca hnh phc v khi nim v s bt an : Ngi xut gia c th x b tt c tm cu s ninh tnh hon ton ca ni tm; ngi ti gia c th sng mti tht hnh phc, rt hi ha (thch ng hon cnh) trn ci i, nhng

phi trnh xa s qu bng cch hn ch nhu yu, thng xuyn phn tcht ng v gip ngi khc.

So vi tng th cao hn trn thc Pht gio l phng din thinnh thc tin, quan nim ny vn cha c a s cc nh tm l hc ty

phng hp th; nhng, i vi thc pht trin tng th cao hn ny lichnh l tinh tm kit tc ca c mt cuc i ca c Pht, tic thay, mt snh tm l hc Ty phng vn cn cm thy xa l i vi khi nim ny.

---o0o---TH H TR LIU CA PHT GIO V TM L HC TY

PHNG

Thng thng, Pht gio tr liu l phng php t hp cc hc thuytca nhng nh tm l phn tch hc, nhn tnh tm l hc v tn ti tm lhc; nhng, hc phi ch ngha hnh vi th li hi c s khc bit i viquan nim tr liu ca Pht gio. Pht gio ch trng Ni Tnh Php, cn trliu hnh vi th ch trng v hnh vi ngoi hin (hin l bn ngoi). Nhng,

trit hc Pht gio cng trng ly t thi thc chng, nhn mnh n squan st v chng thc. Pht gio cng ph bnh v l lun Hnh NhiThng (siu hnh hc gii thch tm linh). Pht gio ph nh s hin huca l lun thun ty t ng. Quan h ca kch thch phn ng, cn c vonhng li dy ca c Pht l nhm khi ln mt th on ght hn v vngtng ca nhn loi. c Pht dy rng kch thch phn ng trong tm linhca nhn loi gc r bm su t nhiu i nhiu kip trong sanh t lunhi.

Phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh ch trng n tm l hc ca by gi v

y (here-and now psychology). Pht gio cng rt ch trng n thi khctu hnh. Phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh v Pht gio u s dng mt cchthin xo v qun tng (visualization) hiu bit v o lng nhu yu v

phn ng ni ti ca chng ta. Ni cch khc, ch ng s qun tng th cth pht trin thc ti. vo th k 12 Ty nguyn, i s ca Pht gio TyTng l Gampopa s dng s qun tng phn din ty tr vn cmtnh, iu cng c ngha l khi chng ta pht hin tnh cm mnh lit


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nht, cn phi tm cch sa li, nh s chp trc khi c khoi lc trongcm quan th hy qun tng n phn din, mt xu ngc li ca n.

Phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh v Pht gio c th thu bit mi bin ngkhng ngng ca hin tng th gii l khng th nm bt. Fritz Perls tng

bo : Bin thin, khng thc th l thc ti duy nht. Fritz Perls cnkhuyn khch ngi ta phi kinh nghim v khai ng (enlightenment). Biv n c th s dng thn tm, cm tnh, hp l v k thut hnh nhi thng(siu hnh hc) t n mc tiu ny. Nh th l chng ta c th pht hintrong Pht gio mt loi tm l hc cao siu rng ri hn c ph thm phntrit hc, ngh thut m nhc v Du Gi cng nh s hu ca cc phngdin vn ha ca nhn loi, nhm a dn n mt l tng cao qu.

Mc tiu tr liu cui cng ca tm l hc phi Hon Hnh l hng dn

n mt tha mn ln hn trong vn hng th t tc v c nhn, nhngPht gio th tri nhn nhng s hu ca th gii ngoi ti u l nhng quanh nhn duyn ha hp, sau khi nhn thc c nhng li dy ca c Pht,chng ta c th trnh c nhng au kh do s rng buc bi t t v dcnim; l tng ca Pht gio l B Tt, l ng tn lc gii tr au kh chott c chng sanh v lm cho chng sanh c th t n cnh gii cu cnh

Nit Bn thanh tnh, y l cnh gii cao nht ca Pht gio.

Dc lc (Libido) trong phn tch tm l ca Sigmund Freud, bn nng tng v bn nng t vong cng vi ba loi dc cu biu hin m Pht gio

ch trng, l dc cu tha mn cm quan, truy cu dc vng t t vdc cu hy dit c s ging nhau.

Khi nim ca Pht gio v ng c hu v thc, chnh l hngc sai khin ca tng su xa bi dc cu hng phn ca cm quan. Schp trc i vi vt mc ch d hng cm gic khoi lc v c v cmquan tham cu tim ti; cm gic au kh dn pht kch n tim ti v s uyhip ca v thng i vi sanh mng nn c khuynh hng chp trc kchthch tim phc tn ti. Nhng hng ca tnh tim phc ny nng caolng tham cu, kch n, kiu ngo, k v cc loi nn tng c bn ca s

bt an mt cch vnh vin khng gin on. V th m bo rng tm linh lmt lin tc th ca ng thi k c tng tr thi k th u, (thm ch v si trc qu kh). c Pht dy rng t ng do nh s gip lu di ca thc tim ti nn to nn c s ca s khn trng v bt an.


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Mc ch phn tch tm l ca Sigmund Freud ch l cao l tnghnh phc hu hn v c th t n, cn Pht gio th ra mt con ngchn chnh nhm vo lnh vc tm linh v trn lun l hc, gip cho thnhn tun hnh.

Carl Gogers v.v ch trng rng nhn loi phi c trch nhim i vimnh h ca chnh mnh, la chn tin cho chnh mnh v cn phi cchn la, trch nhim cm, iu ny c s ging nhau vi kin gii caPht gio trn phng din tm l hc v lun l hc.

Pht gio l mt tn gio ph nh t nhin Mnh nh lun v Thn nhlun. Nhng Pht gio ch trng i vi tr liu khc hnh trn ht c skhc bit. Pht gio ra con ng gii thot cho tm linh bt an v

phng thc sinh hot l kim ch nam mt cch ht sc tch cc, nhng ch

trng k thut tr liu khch hng trn ht th v mt ni dung khngc r rng lm. Quyt nh v trch nhim cm ca tm l hc Pht giov tm l hc nhn tnh nhn mnh cng c i ch khc bit : cchnhn ca Pht gio nu so snh th thy r l giu ng lc tnh hn, ccht ca ngun gc su xa ca n ch l c khuynh hng ca qu kh vv lai.

Pht gio v tm l hc tn ti i vi phng din tr liu c imtng ng nh : Sanh mng bi kch cm ca tm l hc tn ti v Nhnsanh l au kh ca Pht gio d khng c s mu tnh nhng vn gp

nhau. Ngoi bi kch cm cn c s nng ny lo lng c bn. Pht gio ra phng php dng quan nim v ng c th tr liu s nng ny, lolng, kh au v phin chn. Pht gio cng cho rng con ngi s d nngny lo lng bt an l bi v bm vu vo s chp trc ni t ng. Tm lhc Tn Ti nh thc nhng con ngi v ang ng say trong xcnh ca chnh tm mnh, nhng Pht gio th ra tinh thn v ng giiquyt vn mt cch rt ro.

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CHNG V - NGUYN L TM L HC PHTGIO VBNH L X HI NG TIN S CI QUAN CA

TM L TR LIU

Rollo May tho lun n vn khu vc (problem areas) khi bin imt cch trng i trn phng din Bnh L Hc tm l, ng gic st


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n 20 th k ca thi k u tin, s ch trng n vn kh khn cacon ngi ngay trn phng din bn nng, nht l vn phng din tnh chim c ton th tm t ca Sigmund Freud. Otto Rank v Alfred Alderth bin i hng th i vi s chuyn mn nghin cu vn t ti cm, ticm v vn khng thch ng trn mt tinh thn. Ch ca n tng catn phi Sigmund Freud, b Karen Horney, th li t trn s xung t c thv on th. im nng bng ch yu trong i sng hin nay th li t trnvn bt an, c n qunh qu (loneliness) v trng rng hoang vu(emptiness).

Rollo May tng bo : Vn ca hin ti khng nm ch x hicm k v hot ng tnh hoc l ti cm ca bn thn tnh m trn thc tnu i vi rt nhiu ngi ni th tnh l kinh nghim, c gii thc ltrng khng v v mc ch. ng ta cn nu r rng loi ni tm trng

vng ny khng nn ch gii hn phng chn on ca bc s tm l trliu m nn su tp thm nhiu t liu x hi hc chng thc mt cchrng ri s tn ti ca hin tng ny.

Bnh l x hi ngy nay nh c ra vi kin tng tn hc phiSigmund Freud l Erik Erikson l nguy c ng nht, ng dng (identitycrisis) tc trong 8 giai on (t nh n gi) ca s pht trin nhn cch, cth cn phi t thnh ng nht cm mt cch chnh din (nh t ng xcnhn, thnh tu k vng, tnh ng nht v.v), nu khng nhiu lon vaitr ca c th, th cng sn sanh ra s xa la, cch bit (bnh tinh thn)

(alienation). Ci gi l s ly (mi bt ng, s xa lnh) chnh l lc khngth no gii quyt c nguy c ng nht, nn bn sanh ra s khng tnnhim ngi khc, v nng cm v.v do vy li cng cho rng th giichung quanh l hin tng lnh but nh bng v y chnh l im c scca s ly (s xa lnh). Hc thuyt Erik Erikson khng ch l tm l hcm cn c thm x hi hc, quan im v sc thi ca nhn loi hc

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C TH CA V BIU TNH TRONG THGII BIN THIN

Trong x hi hin i v di th ch kinh t, vi phn nhn tnh l mts kin rt r rng : c gii ha v phn cng lao lc khin cho cngnhn tr thnh n l mt cch my mc, cng tc bin thnh on iu, phinchn v khng c my may ngha no. S hng khi to ln ca cngxng c vn tc di th ch quan liu, cng tc tp qun ca c giithc lm cho cng nhn cm nghim mt cch su sc v tm bt xng


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i vi cng vic ca chnh mnh. Thm vo sau khi b th ha, sinhhot ca th b ri vo tnh trng khn trng, thiu an lc, lu ng dii lun lun khin cho con ngi hnh thnh cm gic v cn v vnng.

Thiu mc tiu ni ti ch o sinh mng c th khin cho cch iusinh mng ca s khng chn tht dm nt tm linh. Thng xuyn c tuytnhn thc ca chnh mnh, khin s trng thnh ca t ng nhn (self-knowledge) b cn tr. Thiu t ng nhn thc v t ng hng o (self-direction) l c sc ca con ngi hin i ca chng ta. Tnh th ny,khng nhng ch sng to ra mt loi nhn cch l nt v thng tn, m cnkhin cho chng ta v ngi khc trong vn kin lp s quan h m p s

bin thnh nh bt (bo bt v hnh bng), v th khin cho con ngi binthnh mt loi ngi bnh thi ca o hnh (other-oriented). Do s cn

cng trng vng ca ni ti v v trn trnh mt ni ti trng hoang nn khin cho con ngi hng theo ngi khc v c tm n nhngni cn vin tr, nhng, kt qu l c hai bn u trng rng, y chnh l th bnh thi (sick cities) ca tm cnh nhn loi.

C th, x hi v khng gian tm l m x hi sng to l mt loibnh thi x hi, cho nn tm bnh l hc (vn l cha tr nhng ngic hnh vi c th tht thng) hin ti cn phi m rng c s v ci binmc tiu tr liu.

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NGUY C NG NHN DI S PHN TCH TM L HCPHT GIO

Pht gio ra hai phng din nhn xt :Gia tng trng kin ngi chn chnh (authentic person), v con ngi xhi hin i thiu t ng nhn thc v t ng hng o. Do vy ch trnglm cho con ngi c c s thm tnh ca Pht gio c th ng hp vinhu cu ca con ngi hin i, hn na, ch trng ny ca Pht gio c

th phi hp ln nhau vi Tm l hc nhn tnh v Tm l hc tn ti.ng dng ca tm l hc Pht gio, tc l dng quan im v ng i

ph vi nguy c ng nhn, dng v ng ph tr t ng ln i (self-love),t ng ght hn (self-hatred), t ng trng pht (self-punishment) v t ngchp trc (ego-attachment) v.v

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T LUYN (NARCISSISM)

Cn c theo Orrine Klapp th sau khi kim nghim c s lin quan nchng trng cng ng ca vn ng nhn ch r : T ng quan tmqu ng vi t luyn l khi nhn ca vn nhn ng. T luyn phtngun cu chuyn ca mt nhn vt thn thoi Hy Lp l Narcissus m

bng hnh ca s tic thng v gieo mnh xung nc. Sigmund Freud lidng cu chuyn ny gii thch v tm l bnh hon i vi s chp trc

bnh l bn thn. Ngi t luyn khng nhng i vi thn th mnh cmthy kiu ngo, m cn pht trin c chp a v x hi, ti sn, phongthng, khi nim v thc hnh thi. c Pht tng dy tn gi A Nan(Ananda) rng : Do bi thn th nn dn ln gi tng ng v cm gic, trigic, hot ng v thc khc, y l do gi tng hu ng m suy dinra.

Ngoi ra, t hn (self-hatred) l phn ng c to tc bi tiu trm vu ut i vi t luyn, l mt ph nh ca t luyn. T hn cng c th nil ng nhn tuyt vng (Identity despair), thng thng xy ra thi kcui cng ca sinh mng. ng nhn tuyt vng c th a n vic t st,rt nhiu ngi cng tri qua mt loi liu lnh tuyt vng mt cch lngl (quiet desperation).

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C N, C TCH (LONELINESS)David Riesman trong sch Qun chng C n (Lonely Crowd)

cp n tnh trng nhn loi b cng bch x giao tnh (compulsivegregrariousness) nh tham gia cu lc b v nhng tnh hnh cung nhit

b vo nhng hot ng trong lc h nhn. Chng ta c th pht hin chin tng qui g ca nhn loi l s trn chy t ng v gia nhpon th c hnh vi hnh lit. Rollo May cho rng loi bnh l ny l hnhvi ngoi o hnh (other-oriented), l hnh vi c to tc bi s hi s ivi s c n ca nhn loi.

Cn c theo s phn tch ca Pht gio th c s khu bit gia c tch(being lonely) v n c hoc c c (being alone) khng c nnglc i qua kinh nghim c c v khng thch ngh ngi mt mnh l do e ss n c. Bn thn c tch gm c nhng phng din nh : c lp dis ch c ca vn ha, ni c tch v mt s tn trng ca ngi khc,


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trng thi c n di s p buc ca bnh tt v.v Tnh trng trn trnh tng l hnh thc c tch i vi s so snh thng thng.

Pht gio cho rng kinh nghim c c l s tm cu phng thc nitnh tn gio mt cch su sc, loi kinh nghim ny c s khc bit vi nhucu c c nn thn cn vi sn thy t nhin. Ngi xut gia n n, ngiti gia thin nh thc tin v phn tch t ng, hng th mt th diu lcc x l im Pht gio tn thn, bi v sinh hot thin nh c th giplm phong ph thm i vi s quan h x hi gia ngi v ngi v ngthi cng con ngi cng c c thm kin v pht hin c nghaca sanh mng cng c th pht huy c tc dng tinh thn th c th xa lac s c liu v phin chn.

Pht gio li ra mt loi kin gii khc : Trn x hi, cn kin lp s

quan h nhn t thnh thc v s tn knh ln nhau v quan tm n ngikhc. Nhng, quan h ca loi nhn t ny v s chung sng ln nhau vnng ta vo nhau hot ng ca bnh thi ngoi o hnh c s khu

bit.

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CM TNH V PHIN CHN (SENSUALITY AND BOREDOM)

S truy cu khoi lc cm quan v s truy lc bi hoi nhn tnh ca tnh

sinh hot u c th khin cho nguy c ng nhn thng tin; nhng, phttrin mt loi cch iu sinh hot Pht gio (Buddhist life-style) mi lnhim v chnh yu i vi hin ti.

Theo ui s bin thin nhanh chng, khng ngng tm cu s bin ha,v sau th phin chn, o dit, c th tm thy trong sch Hoc y Hoc (Either Or) tc phm ca Soren Kiekegard, Don Juan - ngi anh hngca sc tnh lng mn trong cu chuyn truyn k ca Ty Ban Nha, l nhnvt i biu cho mt loi hnh khc, ng ta c quy loi l nhn vn thucsc dc hnh (lustful type).

Ngi thanh nin hin i, sau khi ui theo nhng m thanh v hnh sc,k n l pht hin rng s quan h ca nhn loi v ang thiu vng squan tm chn chnh v i tnh v mc thn thit. Nhng, t trong ngnhn tnh thy c tm l hc nhn tnh v lun l hc ca Pht giorng l chng a c th c thng yu mt cch chn chnh, lng thin vtn knh vi tm t bi su xa v lng.


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Kt qu theo ui ca Don Juan s sanh ra s phin chn, u ut, au khv tuyt vng; v vy m bo rng l tng ca Don Juan khng th binthnh trit hc nhn sinh trng k mt cch thng nht (consistent

pholosophy of life). Phin chn l mt chng trng su nng nht trong vn ng nhn ngy nay. Phin chn gm c hai loi l do mc tiu cth gy nn (nh h kch, sch v v.v) v khng c mc tiu no c, v l s phin chn c dn pht t chnh mnh. Nu chng ta c th dng nitnh nm vng ci rng tuch ca v danh (nameless emptiness) nhmtin vo ca ng tr tu th c th khc phc tt c mt cch trit .

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TIU CC V TCH CC I PH VI TRNG RNG

Trng rng, phin chn, c n, c tch v e ma ni ti bin thnhngh thut v vn hc cho n ngay c trong b phn lnh vc ca trit hcng kim.

Pht gio i vi kinh nghim ca khng v cng thi dng ly hailoi phng php, l ph nh i ph vi trng rng v phin chn.Mt loi khc l tch cc dng Ni Tnh Php liu gii mt cch rt rorng tnh cht ca thc ti l hon ton khng c bn cht ni ti, khng ckinh nghim ca t ng vnh hng v tm linh i vi khng tnh.

Do s ngho nn ca ni ti m con ngi hin i khng c nnglc bin i tnh tiu cc thnh tnh tch cc nhm tin ti qun st mtcch thu sut tnh cht ca thc ti.

T ng v khng v l ch trung tm ca gio ngha Pht gio, chuyngia Pht hc Edward Conze tng bo rng khng tnh theo Phn vnsnya cng c ngha l n ln (trng i) (svi or swell), tc l nhn tngoi biu ca mt vt v a dn n s trng i; nhng, ni b th li lKhng. ng trn thut ng Pht hc ni th Ng Un thuc b phnngoi biu (biu l bn ngoi) n ln nhng bn trong th hon ton v ng,

l Khng.

Ch khi no i su vo thc ti mi liu gii c mt cch trn vn nhnsinh l thng kh v quan nim v v ng, v, nh th chng ta mi c thvt qua tm thc phin chn tiu cc v bnh trng vng, KHNG V cathi i mt cch rt ro.


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