Upload
pollen-plain
View
215
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Pollen Plain from SAW Heigh School Dec' 2010
Citation preview
ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm 10wfrSkefvGifjyif
2 0wfrSkefvGifjyif ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm
t,f'Dwmhpum;
ykHeSdyfrSwfwrf;
tzGifhuAsm
0wfrIefvGifjyif . . . &eHY
0wfrIefvGifjyifqdkwJh eH&Huyfpmapmif (*sme,f) uav;
jzpfwnfarG;zGm;vmyHktaMumif;&if;ukd yxrOD;pGm rdwfquf
wifjyyg&ap/
SAW txufwef;ausmif;vdkYac:wJh rdkifh*&ifh pmoif
ausmif;uav;rSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pmay
vIyf&Sm;rIuav;wckukd vufawGYusus tumiftxnfaz:vdkwJh
taMumif; q&moD[u awmif;qdkajymMum;vmygw,f/
==tdk … aumif;vdkufwJh pdwful;? vSvdkufwJh tdyfruf++
'DvdkeJY pmapmifuav;udk trnfpay;zdkY pdwful;rdygw,f/
trnf (4) rsKd;udk tMurf;tm;jzifh &½SdcJhygw,f/ tJ'Dtrnf (4)
rsKd;udkyJ pmoifcef;xJu ausmufoifykef;ay: csa&;jycJhw,f/
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;awGudk wa,mufcsif; tBudKufqHk; trnf
ukd rJay;a&G;cs,fapcJhw,f/ &rSwftrsm;qHk; acgif;pOfukd pmapmif
uav;&JU trnfemrtjzpf a&G;cs,fr,f/ qdkawmh &rSwftrsm;qHk;
pmapmifuav;&JU trnfu …
==0wfrIefvGifjyif++
0wfrIefvGifjyifrSm t,f'DwmtzGJYxJ ausmif;ol? ausmif;
om;awG trsm;pk yg0ifapcJhw,f/ owif;vdkufol? jzefcsdol
pojzifh pmapmifuav; arG;zGm;vmrIudk t"du wm0ef,loGm;zdkY
twGufvnf; ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udkom tajccHcJhw,f/
'DuaeY rsufarSmuf urÇmBuD;udk ==ynmacwf++ vdkY ajymqdk
aeMuygw,f/
==0wfrIefvGifjyif++ [m nDnmjyefYjyL;wJh ajrjyifus,fay:rSm
tem*wftwGuf yef;yGifhuav;awG vGwfvyfpGm wm0ef,lrI&Sd&SdeJY
0wfrIeful;MuzdkYyg/
a0'emvnf;ygovdk? apwemvnf;ygr,f/ b0&JU azmfjy
rpGrf;EdkifwJh 'ku©awGyg0ifovdk? t½IH;ray;bJ &J&J&ifh&ifh wdkufyGJ0if
owådawGvnf; yg0ifr,f/ A[kokwawG yg0ifrSm jzpfovkd? pGrf;
orQtEk&oawGudkvnf; &uf&S,fxm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ vlqdkwm
pmemcHpm;em;vnfwwfwJh ajrurÇm&JU ouf&SdoauFwvdkY tcdkif
trm ,HkMunfw,f/
qdkawmh ...
==0wfrIefvGifjyif++ qdkwm b,frleJYrsm; yGifhvef;a0qmvm
r,fh yef;O,smOfopfjzpfygovJ/ olYjzwfoef;rIordkif;u olYwefzdk;
udk rSwfausmufwifvdrfhr,fvdkY cH,l ,HkMunf&if; ...n
Zlvdkifv v,f&JU
rGef;wnfhaea&mifatmuf
av;bufav;wef
0ef;&Hxm;wJh
ajrvGwf½dkif;wpfckrSm
wkef&DaewJh vufwpfpHk[m
tavhusyef;awGudk
pdkufysdK;aeav&JU/
aeavmifuGufrsm;pGmeJU
jynfhESufaewJh
ighausmjyif[m
tavUusawGtwGuf
t&dyfppfwck
jzpfapr,f
igh&ifrS jzpfaom
ightavhusawGtwGuf
aea&mifrvkdbl;
rdk;pufrdk;aygufwdkY rvdkbl;
ighcE¨mudk,ftESHY
vSnfhywfaewJh
omrnaoG;pufawG
t&m&mudk jyD;jynfhpHkvdrfhr,f/
uHZmwfq&m&JUtvdkus
ujytoHk;awmfcHae&wJh b0udk
rESpfNrdKUEdkifwJh ightwGuf
tavhusawGMum;rSm
udk,fhudk,fudk,f tqHk;pD&ifr,f/
igaoqHk;csdef
ightavmif;udk
ajrrjr§KyfeJU rD;roN*ØKvfeJU
jzpfcsif&mjzpf ypfxm;apr,f/
rdkufrJw,fvdkY ajymcsifuajym
½l;oGyfw,fvdkY qdkcsifuqdk
ykyfyGeHapmfaewJh ighcE¨m[m
umvtydkif;tjcm; wpfckrSmawmh
tavhusawG tpGrf;ukef
vSyapzdkYtwGuf
taxmuftyHhwck jzpf&apr,f/
'Dvdkvlom;qefrIawG twGuf
wrvGefb0uae ighudk,fig
auseyftm;&apr,f ...n
Social Action for Women (SAW)Education Coordinator n U Min MinManaging Editor n ThihaEditor - In - Chief n Ko PoukEditors n U Htein Win, Ko Pyae Sone, Ma Rome Htoo, Ma Myo Thinzar OoEthnic Editor n Daw Mi Chan Thar YarPOP Editors n Ma Yadanar Phyo, Ma May SnowReporters n Ma Nan Thin, Ko Naing Ko, Ko Min Thaw Maung, Ko Zayar Htun, Ma Khaing Zar Thwe, Ma Aye Moe KhaingGraphic Design n U Aung Ko Win, Ko Thein Ko Ko, Ma Ta Ma Lar Say, Ma Yadanar OoPublic Relation n Ko Ye Zaw Zaw, Ko Aung Paing Ooemail:[email protected]
ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm 30wfrSkefvGifjyif
1 'DZifbm 2010
'DZifbm 1 &ufaeYwGif usa&mufaom
urÇmh HIV/AIDS wdkufzsufa&;aeYwGif jrefrm
EkdifiHom;ESifh xdkif;ausmif;om;tcsKdU tygt0if
vlOD;a& 500cefY yg0ifaom vrf;avQmufcsDwuf
yGJ tpDtpOfESifh tcrf;tem;wckudk xdkif;-jref
rme,fpyf rJaqmufNrdKUü eHeuf 9 em&DwGif
jyKvkyfusif;ycJhonf/
rJaqmufNrdKU? aq; ½HkBuD;rSwqifh r,fawmf
urÇmhattdkif'Dtufpfwdkufzsufa&;aeY vrf;avSsmufyGJtcrf;tem;rJaqmufwGifusif;y
5 'DZifbm 2010? [def;aZmf
xdkif;EdkifiHbk&ifrif;jrwf\ oufawmf (84) jynfh
arG;aeYr*Fvmtcrf;tem;udk xdkif; EdkifiH rJaqmufNrdKU
xkHaxmif;&yfuGuf&Sd SAW txufwef;ausmif;wGif 5-
12-2010 we*FaEG aeY eHeuf 9 em&D 9 rdepfwGif
usif;yjyKvkyfcJhyg onf/ tqdkygtcrf;tem;odkY SAWtxuf wef;ausmif;rS ausmif;ol ausmif; om;rsm;ESifh
q&mq&mrrsm;pkHnDpGm wufa&muf*g&0 jyKcJhMuyg
onf/ SAW txufwef;ausmif;wGif xdkif;bmom
&yfudk oifMum;ay;aeaom xdkif;q&mr 'gveD;u
xdkif;EdkifiHbk&ifrif;jrwftaMumif;udk ajymMum;cJhNyD;
xdkif;bk&ifrif;jrwf\ arG;aehtcrf;tem;usif;y
aq;cef;odkY OD;wnfonfh
tqdkyg vrf;avQmufcsD
wufy G JwGi f r Jaqmuf
tajcpdkuf tvkyform;
tzGJUrsm;? a&TUajymif; jref
rmpmoifausmif; 15
ausmif;rS ausmif;om;
ausmif;olrsm;? xdkif; pm
oifausmif; wausmif;rS
tzGJY? MAP Foundation?World Vision E Si f h
tjcm;vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;
rsm; yg0i fc J h Muonf/
tcrf;tem;wGif HIV/AIDS ynmay; vuf
urf;pmapmif? jyu©'def? uGef'Hk;rsm; jzefYa0ay;
jcif;? tcsKd&nf? aomufa&oefYrsm; vSL'gef;
jcif;ESifh twD;tursm;jzifh {nhfcHajzazsmfa&;
tpDtpOfud k vkyfaqmifcJ h Muonf/ tcrf;
tem;wGif r,fawmfaq;cef;rS q&mapmaeOD;?
xdkif;aus;&GmvlBuD;ESif h a0'em&SiftrsdK;orD;
wOD;wdkYrS trSmpum;ajymMum;cJhNyD; tcrf;tem;
udk eHeuf 10 em&DwGif ½kyfodrf;cJhygonf/
tqdkygvrf;avSsmufcsDwufyGJodkY yg0ifcJh
onfh SAW ausmif;rS rarpEdk;u ...
==taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;eJYvnf; ul;pufEdkif
w,f? vdifqufqHjcif;? a&m*gydk;&Sdol&JY aoG;u
wqifhvnf; ul;pufEdkifw,f? aq;xdk;tyfawG
udk xyfrHokH;pGJjcif;uwqifh ul;pufEdkifygw,f/
vdifqufqHwJhtcgrS uGef'kH;udkokH;jcif;? rkwfqdwf
&dwf'g;udk trsm;eJYrokH;bJ wOD;wnf;udk,fydkifokH;
jcif;? aoG;vSL'gef;olawGudk HIV ydk; &Sdr&Sd aocsm
atmifppfaq;NyD;rS vSL'gef;apjcif;awG[m
HIV ydk; ul;pufjcif;udk taumif;qkH; tum
tuG,fay;EdkifwJh enf;vrf;awGjzpfygw,f++ [k
0wfrIHvGifjyifudk ajymonf/
EdkifiHwumrS urÇmh HIV/AIDS wdkuf
zsufa&;aeYudk 1995 ckESpfüpwif todtrSwf
jyKcJhNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif HIV/AIDS a&m*g ul;
pufcH&olaygif; 2 odef; 4 aomif; &Sdonf[k
etz ppftpd k;&usef;rma&;0efBuD;XmeESif h
WHO urÇmhusef;rma&;tzGJUBuD;wdk Y\ 2009
c kE Sp f w&m;0i fowif ;x kw f jye fc su ft&
od&onfn
bk&ifrif;jrwftm; *kPfjyKoDcsif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfoDcsif;
wdkYudk oHHNydKifoDqdkMucJhygonf/ xdkif;EdkifiHbk&if rif;jrwfBuD;
arG;aeYudk vnf; xdkif;EdkifiH\ zcifrsm; aeY[kowfrSwf
xm;ygonf/ SAW txufwef; ausmif;rS q&mBuD;
OD;xdef0if;u zcifwdkY\ arwåmBuD;rm;yHkudk ausmif;om;
ausmif;olrsm;tm; csD;jr§ifh ajym Mum;oGm;cJhygonf/
xdkYaemuf tcrf;tem;udk eHeuf 10 em&D 30 wGif
atmifjrifpGm ½kwfodrf;cJhygonf n
xdkif;bk&ifrif;jrwfBuD; blrdabmESifh rdzk&m;BuD; oD&dacwf
xdkif;bk&ifrif;jrwfBuD; arG;aeYtcrf;tem;udk SAWtxufwef; ausmif; ausmif;wGif usif;yaepOf
Photo by SAW
Phot
o by
Inte
rnet
Phot
o by
SAW
owif;vGifjyif
4 0wfrSkefvGifjyif ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm
owif;vGifjyif
olYtrnfu pifoD,marmif/ pifoD,m (Cyinthia) qdkwm uAsmrSmoHk;wJh vrif;&JU
trnf emrjzpfw,f/ vrif;qdkwmu avmuudk at;jrapw,f/ tarSmifudk pGrf;orQNzdKcGif;
tvif;a&mifudk ay;w,f/
qdkawmh ... a'gufwm pifoD,marmifqdkwm olYtrnfeJY olYb0 xyfwlusygovm;/
ol[m 8888 jynfolY ta&;awmfyHkBuD; aemufykdif; vGwfajrmufe,fajrudk a&muf&Sd
vmcJhw,f/ olwwfuRrf;wJh aq;ynmeJY vGwfajrmufe,fajru a&m*ga0'emonfawGudk
ukpm;ay;cJhw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm r,fawmfaq;cef;uav;udk wnfaxmifcJhw,f/ wnf
axmifpu aq;cef;uav;[m 0g;eJYtwdeD;yg;NyD;cJh&w,f/ ckqdk&if jynfwGif;rSm aq;rukEdkif
wJh tnw& jynfolawG? rdkifh*&ifhtvkyform;rdom;pk[m olY aq;cef;uav;qD tm;udk;wBuD;
vma&mufcdkvIH ukpm;aecGifh &aeMuNyDjzpfw,f/ olYudkawGYawmh rmomx&Dpmudk owd&vm
w,f/ olwdkY[m a&m*ga0'em&SifawGtwGuf rdcifppfppfawGyJ/ tarSmifurÇmtwGufvnf;
at;jrwJh 0if;yaiGvrif;awGjzpfMuw,f/ ckqdk a'gufwmpifoD,marmif[m (6? 12? 2010)
aeYrSm touf (51) ESpfjynfhNyDjzpfw,f/ a'gufwmpifoD,marmifqdkwJh rdcifvrif;wpif;[m
oufawmf&mausmf&Snfapr,fvdkY 0wfrIefvGifjyifu qkrGefaumif;ay;ykdYqufovdkuf&ygw,fn
owif;-0wfrIefvGifjyif? "mwfykH-udkvwf
arG;aeYtrSwfw&
'def;rwfEkdifiH ukdaya[*ifNrdKUwGif ratmif
rjrifjzpfcJ h&NyD;aemuf ukvor*¾ &moDOwk
ajymif;vJrIqkdif&m aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukd ruúqDukd
EkdifiH umuGefNrdKUwGif Ekd0ifbmv 29 &ufaeYü
pwif usif;ycJhonf/
qif;&Jaom EkdifiHrsm;E§ifh obm0ywf0ef;
usif\tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ukd t&if;wnfí &moD
Owkajymif;vJrI wkdufzsuf&mwGif rpaw;oifh
aMumif; tcsKdUvIyf&§m;olrsm;u wkdufwGef;aeNyD;
Oa&myor*¾uvnf; w½kwf? tar&duefE§ifh
tdEd,wkdYukd umAGef'kdifatmufqkduf xkwfvTwfrI
avsmhcs&mwGif rQrQwwaqmif&GufMu&ef wdkuf
wGef;cJhonf/ 12 &ufMum usif;yrnfh ,if;aqG;
aEG;yGJukd urÇmhEkdifiH 200 eD;yg; wufa&muf
aqG;aEG;Murnfjzpfonf/
2009 ckE§pf? 'DZifbmvu ukdyifa[*if
NrdKUwGif usif;ycJhaom xdyfoD; aqG;aEG;yGJwGif
2012 ckE§pfvGefumvtwGuf &moDOwk ajymif;
vJrI wkdufzsufa&; oabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfcsKyf
qkd&ef aqG;aEG;rIratmifjrifcJhay/ 2005 ckE§pfu
pwif tmPmouf0ifcJhaom usKdwkd oabmwl
nDcsufonf 2012 ckE§pfwGif oufwrf;ukefrnf
jzpfNyD; 2012 ckE§pf ausmfvGefoGm;vSsif umAGef
'kdifatmufqkduf xkwfvTwfrIE§ifh ywfoufí
oabmwlnDcsuf topfcsr§wf&ef vkdtyfae
onf/ csrf;omaom EkdifiHrsm; umAGef'kdifatmuf
qkduf xkwfvTwfa&;ukd t"duxm;aom usKdwkd
oabm wlnDcsufukd oufwrf;wkd;&ef qif;&J
aomEkdifiHrsm;u vkdvm;onf/ umAGef'dkifatmuf
qdkuf xkwfvTwfrI avsmhcs&mwGif csrf;omaom
EdkifiHrsm;udk t"du awmif;qdkxm;NyD; w½kwfuJhodkY
jzpfxGef;pEdkifiHrsm; ryg0ifaomaMumifh aphpyfrI
rsm; ratmifrjrif jzpfcJh&onf n
Eleven Media
ruúqDukdwGif &moDOwkajymif;vJrIwkdufzsufa&; aqG;aEG;yGJ pwif
Phot
o by
Inte
rnet
0wfrSkefvGifjyif umwGef;? edkif
ynma&Ttdk; vlrcdk;
ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm 50wfrSkefvGifjyif
0wfrSkef uAsm vGifjyif
ynmwefzdk;
b0twGuf ynmoif
ausmif;cef;wGif;ukd0if
ausmif;cef;wGif;rSm oifumjy
ynmrsKd;pHk&/
&wJhynm toHk;csum
b0vrf;aMumif;rSm/
BuHKawGYvmjim; tcuftcJrsm;
ynmoHk; ausmfvTm;/
b0rkefwdkif; Mur®m½dkif;
ynmeJY ,SOfEIdif;/
b0twGuf &nfrSef;avh
jynfh0vmwJh waeY/
NyHK;aysmf MunfEl; t&xl;
ynm&JU aus;Zl;/
Opömynm jynfh0vm
b0rSm aysmfp&m
vdkcsif&m&m udk,fzefwD;
==ynm wefzdk;csnf;++/
pEDpdk;
owårwef;
0wfrIefvGifjyifjzL? eD jym? 0g
zl;yGifhvm
pkaygif;nDnm pnf;vHk;um
t&nftaoG; pHkvSpGm
igwdkY SAW ausmif;rSm /
c½ki,f
tXrwef;
1920 0ef;usifavmufu tar&duefudk a&TUajymif;tajc csvmwJh
tif;'&pf0g[dk;vm[m olYEdkifiHuae ydkNyD; pD;yGm;&SmazGvdkY aumif;r,fh
EdkifiHwckudk a&TUajymif;tajccsrd½kH oufoufygyJ/ 'gayr,fh 1928
ckESpfrSmarG;wJh olY&JY av;a,mufajrmufom;i,fav;uawmh tar&duef
EdkifiHomru urÇmay:rSmyg xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSNyD; ayghyf tEkynmudk
OD;aqmifcJholwOD;tjzpf ordkif;opfa&;xdk;oGm;cJhygw,f/
ayghyftEkynmudk vrf;ab;tEkynmqdkNyD; uJh&JU½IHUcsaeMuwJh tcsdef
rSm rD'D,HtrsdK;rsdK;udkokH;NyD; zefwD;vdkufwJh olYtEkynmawGaMumifh ayghyf
tEkynm[m tEkynm wef;aphoGm;cJhygw,f/
*sufuvif;uae'D? rm&DvifrGef½dk;? tJvApfy&ufpav? rpf*suf*g
pwJh urÇmausmfawGudk ykHwlqGJwmrsdK;r[kwfbJ aq;qdk;yef;½dkuftEkynm
awGeJY ykHwlyGm;NyD; zef;wD;jyvdkufwm[mvnf; MunfholawG&JU tjrifudk qef;
opfoGm;apcJhygw,f/ aemufNyD; udkumudkvmykvif;awG? rufa':e,f
a&Ttrdk;ckH;? uif;bJvfpGyfjyKwfAl; pwJh &SdNyD;om; t&mawGudk xyfjyefwvJvJ
yGm;NyD;azmfjywmuvnf; tif'D0g;[dk;&JU udk,fydkif[efawGygyJ/
wu,fawmh tEkynmyJjzpfjzpf twwfynmyJjzpfjzpf wpdkufrwf
rwfvkyfudkifjcif;? udk,fvkyfwJhtvkyftay:rSm tm½kHpl;pdkufjcif;eJY
wefzdk;xm;jcif;awG[m udk,fh&JUordkif;udk xm0& urÜnf;xdk;vdkufjcif;yJjzpfyg
w,f/ a&TYajymif;tvkyform; wa,muf&JUom;[m tckvdkatmifjrifr,fvdkY
b,folurS tav;teufxm;Murdr,frxifygbl;/ 'gayr,fh olvkyfjy
EdkifcJhygw,f/ 'g[m aemifvmaemufom;awGtwGufvnf; pHjy wckqdk&if
rrSm;ygbl;/ 1987 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 22 &ufaeYrSm oluG,fvGefawmh
olYtouf 59 ESpfyJ &Sdygao;w,f/ olYtEkynmawGudk qufvufzefwD;Edkif
ao;wJht&G,frSm cGJpdwfrItrSm;wckaMumifh rarQmfvifhbJ uG,fvGefoGm;cJh
&wmyg/ olYtEkynmawGwayGYwydkufBuD; urÇmudkcsefxm;&pfcJhygw,f/ olY
trnfeJY azmifa';&Sif;wck &SdwJhtjyif? olYtrnfeJYjywdkufvnf; tar&duef
EdkifiH ypfpfbmh*fNrdKUrSmwnf&Sdygw,f/ ol[m pHjyKxdkufwJh tEkynm&SifwOD;
tjzpf urÇmwnfoa&GU olUtrnfusef&SdaerSm rvGJygbl; n
ayghyftEkynm&JY zcifBuD; tif'D0g[dk;vf
tif'D0g[dk;vf (tay:0J)uif;bJvfpGyfjyKwfAl; (tay:,m)rm&DvifrGef½dk;ykHwlrsm; (atmuf0J)*RefvifEGef (atmuf,m)
ayghyftwfrdwfquf
oD[armifarmif
6 0wfrSkefvGifjyif ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm
pmBudK;pm;jcif;jzifh rdrd\ &nfrSef;csuf
rsm;jynf h0vmNyD; atmifjrifrI yef;wd ki fod k Y
ta&muf vSrf;Ed kif&eftwGuf ,Hk Munfcsuf
tjynfhjzifhvkyfaqmif&ygrnf/ xdkuJhodk Yaom
tcsif;t&mrsm;onf pmudk wpkdufrwfrwfESifh
BudK;pm;olrsm;omvQif vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfjzpf
ayonf/ xdkYaMumifhausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;
taejzif h rdrdwdk Y ausmif;om;b0wGif vkyf
aqmif&rnfh t"duwm0efrSm pmBudK;pm;&efjzpf
NyD; urÇmBuD;twGuf taxmuftuljyKEkdifaom
olrsm;jzpfap&eftwGuf txl;BudK;pm;&ef vdk
tyfonf/
odkYaomf xl;cRefxufjrufNyD; vdr®m,Of
aus;aom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf
pmawmf½Hkwckwnf;ESifh rNyD;yg/ pdwf"gwf? pnf;
urf;? ynmqdkonfh tcsufrsm;omru tEk
ynmESifh tm;upm;zufwGifvnf; xl;cRefxuf
jruf&ef vdktyfygonf/ xdkuJhokdY NyD;jynfhpHkaom
ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfvdkygu trSm;? trSefudk
aumif;pGm cGJjcm;odjrifEkdif&rnf/ rdrdwdkYudk vl
awmf? vlaumif;uav;rsm;jzpfap&ef ap
wem? arwåm? u½kPm tjynfhjzifh oifMum;
ay;aeaom q&m? q&mrrs;\ qHk;rpum;ukd
vnf; ajr0,frusvdkufem&ayrnf/
teaEåm? teEåig;yg;wGif q&m? q&mr
rsm;rSm wyg;tygt0ifjzpfonfhtwGuf q&m
q&mrrsm;\ *kPfaus;Zl;onf txl;BuD;vSyg
onf/ xdkYjyif q&m? q&mrrsm;u vltrsm;
tv,fwGif rsufESmyGifhvef;ap&ef? rl;,pfaq;
0g; tEå&m,fxJod k Y rusa&mufap&ef? y&d
,m,f? rm,mrsm;ESif h jynfhESufaeaom vlY
avmuurÇmBuD;xJwGif wpuúefYuav;rQ owd
vufvGwf rjzpfMuap&ef emoHk;emESifh jynfh0
aom q&m? q&mrrsm;\ qdkqHk;rrIrsm;udk
ESvHk;om;xJrSm pGJNrJusifhoHk;tyfayonf/
xkdYtjyif taetxdkif tajymtqdkrsm;?
,Ofaus;odrfarG Y&efvnf; txl;yifvdktyfyg
onf/ xdk Ytwl ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;
taejzifh rdrdwdkY\ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpf
rsm;udk raysmufrysuf ap&ef xdef;odrf;apmifh
a&Smufxm;&efrSm txl;yifta&;BuD;ygonf/
==tma&m*sH y&rH vmbH++ qdkonfh Ak'¨
bk&m;&Sifjrwf a[mMum;cJhonfhtwdkif; usef;rm
jcif;onf vmbfwyg;jzpfayonf/ ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;rSefrSefwufí
ynmrsm;udk avhvmoifMum;Ek dif&eftwGuf
usef;rma&; aumif;rGefae&ef tvGefta&;BuD;
ygonf/ usef;rma&;raumif;ygu wuf<u &Tif
vef;rIr&Sdonfhtjyif tNrJwap av;vHxdkif;rIdif;
aernfjzpfonf/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;onf ynm
ukd vdkvm;ygaomfvnf; usef;rma&; raumif;
aomaMumifh trsm;enf;wl pmoifausmif;rsm;
wGif wufa&mufpmoifrMum;EkdifbJjzpf&onf/
xdkolrsm;udk rdrdwdkY vufwurf;wGif awGYjrif
Edkifygonf/ usrudk,fwdkifyif owårwef;ESpfu
usef;rma&;raumif;ojzif h aq;ykvif;rsm;
csdwfcJh&onftxdjzpfcJhonf/ avmuDpnf;pdrf
rsm; <u,f0csrf;omaeaomfvnf; usef;rma&;
raumif;vQif aysmf&TifrIudk r&Edkifay/ usef;rm
a&;udk aiGay;0,fí r&Edkifay/
,aeY wkd;wufaeaom acwfBuD;wGif
pepfwus taumiftxnfazmfaeaom buf
pHkynma&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif tm;upm;vIyf
&Sm;rIrsm;udk wGJzufxm;ygonf/ pmoif&if;
tm;upm;vkyf? tm;upm;vkyf&if; pmoifEkdif
&ef tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfxm;ygonf/
tm;upm;vkyfjcif;tm;jzif h cE¨mudk,f
onf oefrmxGm;BudKif;vmNyD; jyifyrS 0ifa&muf
xdktm;upm;enf;rsm;onf usef;rma&;? ynm
a&;wkdYtwGuf txl; taxmuftul jzpfapyg
onf/
usr tESpfoufqHk; tm;upm;enf;rSm
Muufawmif½dkufjcif;jzpfonf/
usronf Muufawmif½dkufjcif;udk ußGrf;
usifpGm rupm;wwfaomfvnf; tawmftwef
awmh ½dkufupm;Ekdifygonf/ usruJhokdY Muuf
awmif½dkufjcif;udk 0goemygaom olrsm;tm;
aemifwGif ußRrf;usifpGm ½d kufupm;Ek dif&ef
twGuf ausmif;aygif;pHk tm;upm;yGJrsm;wGif
yg0if,SOfNydKifEdkifa&;ukd ausmif;&Sd q&m? q&mr
rsm;rS txl;yif BudK;pm;oifMum;ay;Murnfjzpf
onf/ Muufffawmif½dkufjcif;omru abmvHk;?
ESifh tjcm;tm;upm;enf;rsm;udkvnf; yg0if
,SOfNydKifEkdif&ef avhusifhay;aeNyD jzpfonf/
Muufawmif½ d ku f jci f ;tm; jzi f h usr
twGuf pdwfnpfp&mrsm;? 0rf;enf;p&mrsm;
ay smufui f ;apí aysm f& Ti fap&ygonf/
wzufrSvmonfhMuufawmifudk *½kpdkuf Munfh
jcif;tm;jzifh pdwfwnfNidrfum vufudk vQifjref
pGm a&GYvsm;Edkifonfh tavhtusifhudkvnf; &&Sd
apygonf/ acßR;rsm;xGufum cE¨mudk,ftwGif;
vSnfhywfaeaom aoG;rsm;udk vsifjrefaEG;axG;
vmapygonf/
Information Technology qd konf h
owif;enf;ynmacwfBuD;wGif wckcsif;aom
taMumif;rl? taMumif;t&mwdkYukd pDrHaqmif
&Guf&mwGif uRrf;usifolwdkYu od&Sdem;vnf pDrH
cefYcGJwwfMuaomfvnf; taxGaxG ESD;aESmwdkif
yif&ef vkdtyfvmrI? ta&;BuD; udpöBuD;i,fwdkY
twGuf pDrHBuHqrIrsm;jyK&rnfhtcgrsm;wGif pm
ayESHYpyfolwdkYxHrSomvQif taumif;qHk; tawG;
tac:? tBuHÓPfrsm; ay:xGufvmwwf
onfjzpf&m pmayavhvmrI tm;enf;olrsm;
onf trsm;wum\aemufwGif usef&pfaecJh
ayrnf/
2010 urÇmhzvm;udk qGwfcl;EkdifcJhonfh
pydefabmvHk;toif;uJhodkY tm;upm;jzifh urÇmh
wvTm;ausmfMum;um EdkifiHh*kPfudkaqmifapcsif
ygonf/ xdkYaemuf Mix Martial Art wGif xl;
cRefausmfMum;aom *syefrdef;uav; SakotoShinashi uJhokdY jzpfap&ef ?SS 501 tzGJYuJhodkY
ausmfMum;aom tqdkawmfrsm; jzpfap&ef? Aef
*dk;ESifh yDumqdkwdkYuJhokdYaom yef;csDynm\ xl;
cRe fxufjrufaom ynm&Si frsm; jzpfap&ef
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh tzuf
zufrS jynfhpHkatmif BudK;pm;&ayrnf/ vuf&Sd
urÇmBuD;u xdkuJhokdYaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;
om;rsm;jzpfvmap&efESifh urÇmBuD;tm; tusdK;
jyKaomolrsm;jzpfap&ef vufurf;zdwfac:
vQuf &SdaeaomaMumifh txl;yif BudK;pm;Mu&ef
vdktyfygonf/
aemf½dkrDxl;
n
rsufESmzkH; ==ausmif;om;ESifh tm;upm;++ rStquf
vmEkdifaom a&m*gydk;rTm;rsm;\ 'Pfudkvnf;
tm[m&"mwfrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfí ckcHumuG,f
Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;
rsm;tzdk Y rdrdwdk Y jyKvkyfaom tm;upm;onf
ynmoifMum;a&;bufwGif taxmuftuljyK
jzpfaeap&ygrnf/ ==wefaq;? vGefab;++ [k
qdkouJhodkYyif tm;upm;ukdvnf; vdktyfonf
xuf ykdrdkjyKvkyfrnfqdkygu rdrd\ ynma&;tm;
xdcdkuf'ku©ay;vmEdkifygonf/ 0goemBuD;vGef;
um rdrdjyKvkyfaeaom tm;upm;wGif rdef;arm
pD;arsmaeygu usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;rsm;udk
xdcdkufvmEdkifygonf/ xdktcsufonf ausmif;
ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf txl;owdxm;
tyfonfh tcsufyifjzpfonf/
acwfrDwdk;wufaeaom enf;ynmacwf
BuD;wGif tm;upm; enf;ynmopfrsm;vnf;
tajrmuftjrm; ay:xGufvQuf& S dygonf/
xdktxJrS usr vuf&Sdaexdkifaeaom ywf0ef;
usifwGif awGYjrifaeus tm;upm;enf;rsm;rSm
abmvHk;? Muufawmif½dkuf? u&maw;? xkwf
pnf;wdk;? jcif;vHk;cwf? jrefrmhvufa0SYupm;jcif;
ponfjzifhtrsKd;tpm;pHkvifpGm awGY&ygonf/
0wfrSkefvGifjyif7Jh rsufeSmzkH;tajumif;
ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm 70wfrSkefvGifjyif
ynmonf avmuBuD;\ tvif;a&mif
jzpfonf/ ynmtvif;xuf yd kívif;aom
tvif;a&mif r&SdEdkifay/
ynmoif,l&mwGif tdkonfr&Sd/ ynm&Sd
jci f; jzi f h t&m&mud k atmif jrifE d ki fonf/
taumif;tqdk; taMumif;tusKd; trSm;trSef
udk cG J jcm;odEd kifjcif;onf ynmjzpfayonf/
ynmudk vdkvm;aom olwdkif;onf aumif;usKd;
udk tjrJcHpm;&ayonf/ vlwdkif;wGif ynmudk
vkdvm;csifpdwf &Sdoifhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ynm
onf avmuBuD;wGif tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/
ausmif;om;ausmif;olwdkYonf ynmudk
vdkvm;csifpdwf&SdaomaMumifh ausmif;odkYwuf
Muonf/ ausmif;om;ausmif;olwd ki f;wGif
waeYwmjyKvkyf&rnfh wm0efrsm;onf rsm;jym;
pGm&Sdygonf/ xdkwm0efrsm;onf pnf;urf;ESifh
wef;wlyifjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;ausmif;ol
wOD;jzpfvmonfh tm;avsmfpGm ynmudkvdkvm;
aompdwfjzifh q&mq&mrrsm;\ oifMum;jyo
ay;cJhaom pmrsm;udk tjrJBudK;pm; oif,lrSwf
om;&ayrnf/ rnfolrqdk uav;t&G,f i,f
pOfrS BuD;&ifhvmonfhwdkifatmif ausmif;om;
b0tawGYMuHKrsm;udk jzwfausmfavSsmufvSrf;cJh
Mu&onf/ rdrdb0 om,mvSyapa&; twGuf
ynmudk&,lvdkaom pdwfukdarG;um &ifqdkifMuHK
awG Yc J h Mu&onf/ xd ktawG YtMuH Kr sm;wGi f
taumif;ESifh tqdk;? trSm;ESifhtrSefudk buffpHk
&ifqdkifMu&onf/
ausmif;om;b0 tawGUtMuHKrS ausmf
jzwfjyD;í odxm;orQ ynmrsm;jzifh rdrdb0udk
taumif;qHk; &yfwnfvQif om,mvSyayvdrfh
rnf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;b0onf vlom;
wdkif;twGuf ta&;BuD;ygonf/
pmudk oif,lavhvmEdkif&eftwGuf oif
,lavhvm&rnfhae&monf pmoifausmif;yif
jzpfonf/
pmoifausmif;onf ausmif;om;wdkif;
twGuf ynmudk avhvmqnfyl;&m ae&mrSef
yifjzpfonf/ pmoifausmif;onf ausmif;om;
rsm;twGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygonf/ pnf;urf;
\ tponf pmoifausmif;uyif jzpfonf/
rdbrsm;u olwdkY\om;orD;rsm;tm; ynmwwf
rsm;jzpfap&ef? om;orD;\ b0a&SUa&; om,m
vSyap&eftwGuf pmoifausmif;rsm;odkY ydkYvTwf
ynmoifaponf/
acwfrsm;onf wacwfESifhwacwf rwl
awmhyg/ tcs K d Uv lr sm;u tb,f ha Mumi f h
ausmif;wuf&rnfenf;[laom tar;rsKd;rsm;
ar;wwfMuonf/ ynmwwfjzpfap&ef? A[k
okw tawG;tjrif todus,fjyefYap&ef? wyg;
ol\ tvdrfrcH&ap&ef ? trSefESifh trSm;udk
cJGjcm;odjrifoHk;oyfEdkif&ef ? rdrdb0a&SUa&; wdk;
wufom,mvSyap&ef ponfjzifh tajzrsm;
pGm pHkvifvsuf&Sdygonf/ xdkar;cGef;onf tvGef
a&;BuD;ygonf/ xdkar;cGef;twGuftajzrsm;pGm
&dSEdkifygonf/
odkYaomf xdktajzrsm;udk aygif;pnf;í
ajzrnfqdkygu tajzwckxGufvmrSm aocsm
onf/ pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif xl;cRefxuf
jrufaomolrsm;ud k arG;xkwfay;NyD; xd kod k Y
arG;xkwfay;Edkifap&eftwGuf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfavhvm&ef vdktyfygonf/
xdkodk Y BudK;pm;tm;xkwfEdkifap&ef ausmif;odk Y
rysufruGuf r Se fr Se fwuf&rnf jzp fonf/
ausmif;rSefrSefwufrS ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;udk
aeYpOfrSefrSef usufrSwf avhvmEdkifayrnf/
ausmif;rSefrSefwufjcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;&Sd q&m
q&mrrsm;\ qdkqHk;ronfh pum;rsm;udk aeYpOf
tNrJem,lí A[kokwrsm; &&SdEdkifayonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ wm0ef
rsm;udk tcsdefZ,m;jzifh wdwdusus wdkif;wm
owfrSwfí aeYpOfyH krSefvkyoGm;rnfqdkvQif
taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ b0
wGif wm0eftvkyfrsm;jzifh jynfhvSsHaewwfyg
onf/ þwm0efrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifonfh enf;
vrf;rsm;pGm &Sdygonf/ þwm0efrsm;udk yHkrSef
vkyfonfomvsif taumif;qHk; jzpfygonf/
wm0efrsm;udk pdwf&Snfvuf&Snfjzifh ajz&Sif;Edkif&
rnf/
wm0efrsm;udk ajz&Sif;vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef
twGuf usef;rma&;aumif;&ef? pdwf½Tifvef;
wuf<uap&ef vdktyfygonf/ xddkwm0efrsm;udk
tcsdef&SdvQif&SdorSs wpfcgwnf; avmbMuD;pGm
jzifh rvkyfoifhay/ trSm;ESifh trSef cGJjcm;odjrif
Edkif&eftwGuf rdrdudk,fwdkif qifjcifawG;awmí
ra0zef rawG;awmEdkifao;aom udpö&yfrsm;?
wm0efrsm;ESifh MuHKawGYvm&vSsif rdrdwdkYudktNrJ
a&SUaqmif vrf;jyay;aevQuf&Sdaom rdrd\
rdb? q&morm;rsm;tm; ar;í aqG;aEG;wdkif
yifoifhayonf/ ausmif;om;wpfa,muftzdkY
tvkyfwcktm; rjzpfrae vkyf&awmhrnfqdk
vQif OD;aESmufudkoHk;í qifjcifoHk;oyfjcif;onf
trSm;enf;apjyD;? wcgrSm;xm;vQif aemifrrSm;
ap&eftwGuf rdrdudk,fudk tNrJowday;wm;jrpf
xm;oifhayonf/ vl&,fvdkY jzpfvmjydDqdkvSsif
trSefESifh trSm;udk cJGjcm;odjrifEdkifrSom awmf&m
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf vSyaomtem*wf*RdKif;ta&;eD;,m;e,fvD
ausmif;om;wa,muftzdkY usef;rma&; aumif;zdkYonf t"dutcsuftcsmusaom tcsufyifjzpfonf?? ausmif;om;wa,mufonf usef;rma&;aumif;vQif ol\ avhvmqnf;yl;rIrsm;udk yHkrSeftwdkif; vkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf??
0wfrSkefvGifjyif aqmif;yg;
pmrsufESm (8) odkY
8 0wfrSkefvGifjyif ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm
usayrnfjzpfonf/ ausmif;om; ausmif;ol
wdkif;wGif awG;awmqifjcifEkdifonfh OD;aESmuf
rsm;ESifh jzLpifaom pdwf"mwf udk,fpDudk,fiS
&S d Muygonf/ ausmif;olausmif;om;aumif;
yDoEdkif&ef rdrdwdkYtm; apwemxufoefpGmjzifh
tcsdefukefcH? tyifyef;cHí pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf
oifMum;jyoay;aeaom q&morm;rsm;\
0ef;usifodkY a&mufonfjzpfap? tcsdefumvrsm;
rnfrSsyifajymif;vJoGm;onfjzpfap? pdwfxJwGif
r dr dq&morm;rsm;ud k rarhavsm hbJ q&m
orm;wdkY\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk tNrJraoG rSwfom;
xm;oifhayonf/
q&morm;rsm;onf avmuBuD;wGif
aumif;rGefaomvrf;udkom tvif;a&mifjzifh
nTe f jyay;jy D; ynmay;olrsm; jzpf Muonf/
q&morm;rsm;\ *kPfaus;Zl;onf BuD;jrwfvS
ayonf/ xdk YaMumifh rD;tvif;a&mifudk jrif
awGYwdkif; q&morm;rsm;udk jrifawGY&onfh
tjzpfudk xifay:apcsifygonf/ ausmif;om;
ausmif;olrsm;u q&morm;wdkY\ tMudKufudk
vdkufjyD; q&mrsm;uauseyfoabmusap&ef
vkyfaqmifay;&rnfhwm0efonf vdr®ma&;jcm;
&SdpGmjzifh pmBudK;pm;&efom jzpfonf/ q&mrsm;
onf tNrJwrf;tepfemcHí wynfhwdkYtm; vdr®m
xufjrufap&ef oGefoifqHk;rvsuf &Sdonf/
xdkUaMumifh q&morm;wdkYonf "m;aoG;ausmuf
rsm;yrm jzpfNyD;? wynfhwdkUu "m;oGm;yrm jzpf
aeygonf/ q&morm;wdk Y\ qdkqHk;rcJhaom
pum;rsm;udk tckvnf;vdkufem? aemifudkvnf;
vdkufem rSwfom;oifhonfhtjyif q&morm;
rsm;tm; av;pm;½dkaooifhonf/
ausmif;om;wa,muftzdkY usef;rma&;
aumif;zd k Yonf t"dutcsuftcsmusaom
tcsufyifjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;wa,muf
onf usef;rma&;aumif;vQif ol\ avhvm
qnf;yl;rIrsm;udk yHkrSeftwdkif; vkyfEdkifrnfjzpf
onf/ ausmif;om;wdkif;onf pmar;yG JwGif
trSwfrsm;rsm; &apcsifMuonfrSm ausmif;
om;rsm;\ qE´yifjzpfonf/ vdktyfcsufvnf;
jzpfonf/ tu,fí usef;rma&;raumif;vQif
xdkausmif;om;onf ausmif;ysuf&ufrsm;jyD;
avhvmqnfyl;rItm;enf;oGm;rnf jzpfonf/
tcsKdUwuúodkvf0if ausmif;om;rsm;onf aq;
ausmif;om;rsm;jzpf&eff &nfrSef;Muonf/ rdb
rsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkY\ om;orD;rsm;udk q&m0ef
rsm;jzpfapcsifMuonf/ wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yJG
wGif trSwfrsm;rsm;&í aq;ausmif;wufEdkif&ef
txl;BudK;pm;MujyD; q&m0efjzpfcsifaom qE´
wckwnf;ESifh ausmif;odkY aeYa&mnyg wufap
NyD; yifyef;um usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufvmonf/
aemufqHk; q&m0efvnf;rjzpf toufygqHkk;½IH;
&awmhrnfh tajctaeodkY a&muf½SdoGm;awmh
onf/
ausmif;om;rsm;tzdk Y pmar;yGJajzcgeD;
wGif usef;rma&;udk txl;*&kpd kufoifhonf/
usef;rma&;udk BudKwifxdef;odrf;EdkifrSom pm
ar;yGJudk aumif;pGmajzqdkEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ zsm;
emaevQif pmrsm;udk OD;aESmufuaumif;pGm
rod kr S D ;xm;Ed ki fawmhay/ ausmif;om;rsm;
twGuf udk,fpdwf ½Tifvef;wuf<uap&ef usef;
rma&;ESifh nDnTwfaom udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
udk yHkrSefjyKvkyfoifhayonf/
xdkaMumifh udk,fvufavhusifhcef;rsm;udk
aeYpOfeHeufwdkif; yHkrSefjyKvkyfjcif;? ajyvTm;ckef
upm;jcif;rsm;udk tcsdefowfrSwfí jyKvkyfjcif;
tm;jzifh cE¨mudk,fudk wufMuGvef;qef;apjyD;
usef;rma&;ESifh nDnGwfaprnfjzpfonf/
pmrsm;ud k avhvmuswfrSwf&mwGif
vnf; rwuf<u? r&Tifrvef;jzpfaeygu pm
usufjcif;rS&yfqdkif;í OD;aESmufudk tem;ay;
oifhonf/ xdkodkYaomtcsdefwGif pmrsm;udk zd
usufaeygu OD;aESmufrS vufrcHEd kifonfh
tjyi f tEå&m,fyi f jzp fapwwfygonf/
ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;onf pmar;yJG ajz
qdkcgeD;rS pmrsm;udkzdusufvSsif usufrSwfxm;
orQpmrsm;rSm a&maESmoGm;jyD; tm;vHk; arh
ukefwwfygonf/
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
jyKvkyf&ef tm;upm;enf; trsdK;rsdK;&Sdygonf/
xdktxJrS uGsefrodaomtm;upm;enf;rsm;rSm
BudK;ckef? a*gufoD;&dkuf? wif;epf? bwfpuuf
abm? Muufawmif ? abmvH k ; ? vufa0 S Y ?
tav;r? u&maw;? abmvDabm? tajy;?
jcif;vHk; ponfhtm;upm;enfrsm;yif jzpfonf/
tm;upm;enf;wd ki f ;onf vlwd ki f ;
twGuf ta&;ygt&ma&mufygonf/ tm;
upm;vkyfEd kifzd k Y rdrdudk,fudk,f tyifyef;cHí
udk,fhtwGufomru udk,fhEdkifiHudk,fhvlrsdK;rsm;
twGufyg *kPfaqmif jyKvkyfMuygonf/ usr
onf tm;upm;udk 0goemvnf;yg? ESpfvnf;
ESpfoufygonf/ xdkodk Yaom tm;upm;enf;
rsm;xJrS usrESpfoufonfh tm;upm;enf;rsm;
rSm abmvHk;? u&maw;ESifh abmfvDabm wdkYyif
jzpfonf/ þoHk;rsdK;xJrS usrtMudKufqHk; tm;
upm;rSm abmfvDabmjzpfygonf/ abmfvD
abm tm;upmudk usm;r ra&G; upm;cGifh&Sd
onf/ abmfvDabmtm;upm;onf pdwf0ifpm;
p&mtvGefaumif;onf/ abmfvDabm upm;
&mwGif upm;olwdkif;onf t&yfjrifh&rnfjzpf
onf/ abmfvDabm upm;jcif;jzifh ukd,fcE¨m
oefrm? oefpGrf;apygonf/ rsm;rsm;upm;jcif;
jzifh vufarmif;&Sd <uufom;rsm;omru cE¨m
udk,fwckvHk;&Sd <uufom;rsm;tm;vHk;udk oefrm
apygonf/ abmvDabmykwf&mwGif ckef&
onfhtwGuf cE¨mudk,ftwGif;&Sd tqD"mwfrsm;
ukd avsmhusapygonf/ yg0ifupm;aeoltm;
vHk; wajy;nD vIyf&Sm;ae&ojzifh oufvHkudk
aumif;apygonf/ xdktjyif cE¨mudk,ftcsdK;
tpm;udk ajyjypfvSyapygonf/
ausmi f ;olausmi f ;om;rsm;twGuf
usef;rma&;onf ta&;BuD;vSayonf/ tm;
upm;rsm;udk aeYpOfyHkrkef jyKvkyfay;oifhygonf/
rdrdjzpfcsifaomt&mtwGuf pdwful;aumif; rsm;
vufawG Yaumif;rsm; jzi f h vky faqmifoif h
ayonf/ ausmif;om;wdkif;twGuf trSm;trSef
udk cGJjcm;odjrifEdkifap&ef MudK;pm;oifhayonf/
q&mq&mrrsm;oifjyaom pmrsm;udk aeYpOf
zwf½Iavhvmae&ayrnf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;udk
½d kaoav;pm;oifhayonf/ olwdk Y\ Mo0g'
qHk;rpum;rsm;udk ajr0,frus ckvnf;vdkufem?
aemifvnf;vd kufemoif hayonf/ r dr d jzp f
csifaomqE´u rdrdb0udk qHk;½IH;oGm;aprnfh
tjzpfudk tjzpfrcHMuygESif h[k ausmif;om;
tcsif;csif; apwemxufoefpGmjzifh av;pm;
pGm todrQa0vdkuf&ygonf/
*RdKif;ta&;eD;,m;e,fvD
n
pmrsufESm (7) ==ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf vSyaomtem*wf++
rStquf
0wfrIefvGifjyifudk
uAsm? 0wÉK? aqmif;yg;? tufaq;? umwGef;
pmrlrsm;ay;ydkYvdkwJh
ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG
twef;ydkifq&mq&mrawGuwqifh
t,f'DwmtzGJYxHodkY qufoG,fay;ydkYEdkifygw,f ...
q&mq&mrawGvnf; pmrlawGa&;om;ay;ydkYEdkifygw,f/
a0zeftMuHjyKpmawGvnf; ay;ydkYEdkifygw,f/
yxrqkH;xGuf&SdwJhpmapmifjzpfwmaMumifh
trSmt,Gif;wpkHw&m&SdcJh&ifem;vnfcGifhvTwfay;MuzdkYarwåm&yfcHtyfygw,f/
t,f'DwmtzGJY
ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm 90wfrSkefvGifjyif
b0[lonf ==tl0J++ [k atmfwwfonfh
tcsdefrSpí xm0& tdyfpufonfhtcsdeftxd
rsuf&nfykvJrsm;jzifh tpjyKcJh&ygonf/ b0
onf tcsdK;rrQwpGm yg0ifa&maESm azsmfpyf
xm;onfh aumfzDcg;cg; wcGufyifjzpfonf/
b0onf vlom;rsm;twGuf avQmufvSrf;&
rnfh prf;w0g;0g; BudK;wHwm;av; wpfpif;vnf;
jzpfonf/ usrtwGufawmh b0qdkonfrSm
csdKcsOfwvHk;uJhodkYyif xyfwlusapcsifygonf/
b0onf ql;wHwm;r[kwfovdk yef;
wHwm;vnf; r[kwfay/ odkYaomfvnf; vlom;
rsm;onf pdkjynfom,maom yef;a&mifpHkrdom;
pk urmÇi,fav;tm; &,lawmif;wydkifqdkifvdk
Muonf/ ==&avvdkav tdkwapä++[laom vl
om;rsm;\ avmbw&m;rsm;aMumifh qif;&J
jcif;? csrf;omjcif;[laom b0ESpfckwdkY ,SOfjydKif
íxGufay:vmcJhonf/ xdkaMumifh i,fpOfuyif
b0udk okcrsm;ESifh jynfh0aysmf&Tifaeonfh b0
uav;wckudk &,lydkifqdkifcsifcJhonf/ xdkaMumifh
vlom;rsm;onf rdrd&&Sdaeaomb0ESifh rdrdwdkY
ywf0ef;usif&Sd vlom;rsm;udk MunfhjyD; rdrdb0udk
em;vnfoifhayonf/ vlom;rsm;tzdkY odrSwf
xm;oifhonfrSm aumif;uifudkomrMunfhbJ
ajrjyifudkom Munfhoifhonf/ xdkUaMumifhb0udk
cHpm;em;vnfap&ef? b0qdkonfh t&mudkodap
&ef vlYavmuxJodkY ac:aqmifvmaom vl
om;ESpfOD;&Sdonf/ xdkvlom;ESpfOD;rSm aus;Zl;&Sif
jzpfaom tpOfxm0& rdESifhzwdkYjzpfonf/
taronf &ifaoG;i,frsm;udk udk;vvG,f
q,fvzGm;Mu&ygonf/ taronf &ifaoG;
i,frsm;udk arG;zGm;&mwGif aorif;ESifh ppfcif;
cJh&onfhtwGuf tarhudk,fpm; pmemcHpm;aerd
ygonf/ odkYaomf ==tl0J++ qdkonfhtoHonf ao
rif;udk ppfcif;tEdkif,lEdkifvdkufonfh tvHxlEdkif
aomtcsdefuav;yifjzpfonf/ zGm;jrifh½H kom
rubJ om;orD;rsm;twGuf tpma&SmifusOf
jcif;? tdyfysufjcif;? rpifrsm;udk udkifwG,favQmf
zGyfjcif;? tp&Sdaomt&mrsm;udk rNidKrjiifbJ
apwemarwåmtjynfht0jzifh jyKvkyf cGifhudk&cJh
aom b0uav;ud kyi f tarwd k Y
twGuf wyfrufaysmf&TifzG,f&m jzpfcJh
onf/
xdk Ytjyif tarwdkY\b0onf &ifaoG;
i,frsm;udk arG;zGm;&mwGif tm;tifrsm;ukefcrf;
onfhtjyif udk,fvufrsm;rSmvnf; emusifcJh&
ygonf/ xdktcg cHpm;aeaom tarh\ em
usifrIonf tvGefrSyif oem;zG,f&maumif;yg
onf/
reufrdk;aomufrS nae ae0efcsdeftxd
ezl;rSacR;pufrsm; ajrodk Yusonfhwdkifatmif
ravQmhaom ZG JvH k Yvjzif h rdrd\rdom;pkb0
uav; om,mpdk jynf&eftwGuf 'ku©trsdK;
rsKd;udk &ifqdkifum rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf
&SmazGay;olrSm azazyifjzpfonf/ xdk Ytjyif
xrif;0dkif;udkjrifvSsif tvGef0rf;enf;vmrdonf/
waeYwGif uHMur®mu awGYcsifaeaom azaz?
ararwdk YESif htwl aexdkifcsifvdkvSaom b0
av;udk usrtwGuf jznfhqnf;ay;cJhygonf/
xdkodkYvdkcsifaeaom b0av;udk &vdkufcsdefwGif
rMumrD tcsdefav;twGif;rSm jyefvnf uG,f
aysmufoGm;rSmudk tvGefrSyif pdk;&drfxdwfvefY
aerdonf/ usrxifonfhtwdkif;yif uHMur®m
onf &ufpufavawmhonf/xdktcsdefwGif usr
cPwmcdkvIHcGifh&vdkufaom &ifcGifeSpfckonf
usrukd ausmcd kif;oGm;cJ h jyefygonf/ usr\
aMuuGJqdkYepfrIonf aq;xnfhí rusufaom
temwpvdk jzpfvmygawmhonf/ tpdwfpdwf
trTmrTm yJha<ucJh&aom usr\ eSvHk;om;onf
urf;rjrif vrf;rjrifatmifyif azazeJh arar
udk emusnf;rdcJhonf/ ,cktcg ajyavsmhoGm;cJh
ygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ,ckusrae
xdkifaom ywf0ef;usifwGif usrb0xuf pdwf
emp&m aumif;aom b0rsm;pGmudk ykdifqdkif
xm;Muonfh uav;i,frsm; &SdaeaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ rdom;pk\ b0udk xrf;ydk;&if;? aeYpOf
0rf;pmtwGuf rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;udk wdkuf
cdkuf½kef;uef ae&aomvli,ftcsdKU\ b0udk
usr pmemwwfcJhonf/ xdkvli,frsm;\ b0
onf vrf;avQmuf&if; vrf;aysmufMuolrsm;[k
usr trnfay;cJhygonf/
usrESifh b0wl uav;rsm;vnf; &Sdyg
onf/ ,ck uGsefr SAW abmf'gaqmifwGif
aexdkifaeygonf/ usraexdkifaom abmf'g
aqmif&Sd uav;tcsdKUonf/ olwyg;\ vSL
'gef;xm;onfh tpm;tpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;&if;
tem*wfudkapmif h MudKaeMuaom vli,frsm;
jzpfMuonf/ ausmif;ydwfaom&ufrsm;wGif
uav;wdkY\ b0udk usr ydkípmemwwfvm
onf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ausmif;ydwf&uf
rsm;wGif uav;rsm;onf taqmifa&SUrS rdrd
wdkY\ rdbaqGrdsK;om;csif;rsm; wa,muf wav
vmavrnfvm;vdkY ai;&if;apmifharQmfae wwf
Muonf/ vmEdk;Edk;ESifh apmifharQmfaeMuonfh
uav;rsm;\&ifxJwGif rnfodkYjzpfaernfvJ/
rdbr&Sdaom uav;rsm;twGuf yd kí
pmemrdonf/ xdkt&mrsm;onf b0ukodkvfuH
[k uGsefrowfrSwfcsifaomfvnf; ... /
a&SUavQmufvSrf;rnfh b0ajcvSrf;rsm;udk
pepfwuspDpOfjcif;onf aumif;rGefaom t&m
wckjzpfonf/ &nf&G,fxm;onfh yef;wdkifudk
a&mufatmif vSrf;Edkif&ef BudK;pm;Muapcsifyg
onf/ b0udk todw&m;rsm;jzifh tvSqifap
csifygonf/ arQmfvifhcsufjzifh ½kef;uefouf0if
touf&Sifaeolrsm; jzpfap&ef BudK;pm;aexdkif
Muapcsifonf/ pmemrIuif;rJhaom vlom;rsm;
rjzpfap&ef arwåmw&m;rsm;udk a&SUxm;jyD;
t&m&mudk nDrQpGm a0zefydkif;jcm;Edkifonfh pdwf
"mwfrsm;&&S d&ef txl;ta&;BuD;onf[k ,kH
Munfygonf n
ydkifqdkifcJh&onfhb0rkefwdkif;
ESif;ESif;a0
vlYavmutv,fwGif rdrd\om;orD;rsm;udk
xGef;um;aom Mu,fpifuav;rsm; jzpfap&ef
ausmif;xm;ay;zdkYtwGuf ydkrdkí tvkyfudk vkyf
udkifcJh&ygonf/
usronf xdkodkYaom rdbESpfyg;ESifh twl
wuGaexdkifcsifvSygonf/ usrcHpm;cJh&aom
b0\ twdwfyHk&dyfwpfckudk BudK;pm;ajymjycsif
ygonf/ tarh&ifcGifonf usrtwGuf i,fpOf
uyif b,faomif b,furf; qdkufaerSef;udk
rodcJh&yg/ zcif\aEG;axG;apmifha&SmufrI qdk
onfrSmvnf; &SmvdkYrawGYcJh/ waeUaeU jyefawGY
Murnfqdkonfh wrf;wtawG;jzifhom ararESifh
azazudk tNrJwrf; owd&vGrf;qGwf aecJhrdyg
onf/
zdk;zdk;ESifhzGm;zGm;wdkY\ ,k,aEG;axG;aom
&ifcGifxJwGif aysmfarGUaeaomfvnf; azazESifh
ararwdkYESifhom rdom;pk twlwuGaexdkifcGifhudk
&csifygonf/ pdwfrSm azsmufzsufr&ay/ wcg
w&H rdpHkzpHk &SdygvQufESifh twlrae&aom b0
av;tm; pdwfemrdygonf/ oli,fcsif;rsm;\
rdom;pkrsm; aysmf&TifpGm pm;aomufaeaom
a&SUavQmufvSrf;rnfh b0ajcvSrf;rsm;udk pepfwuspDpOfjcif;onf aumif;rGefaom t&mwckjzpfonf??&nf&G,fxm;onfh yef;wdkifudk a&mufatmif vSrf;Edkif&ef BudK;pm;Muapcsifygonf??
0wfrSkefvGifjyif tufaq;
10 0wfrSkefvGifjyif ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm
b0qdkkonfrSm arG;uifp uav;t&G,frS
pí vl&,fvdkYjzpfvmonfh tcsdefwGif rdrd\
b0woufwm a&SUa&;twGuf at;csrf;om,m
apzdkY ynmoifMumNyD;vQif rdrdoifhawmf&m vkyf
ief;wckckudk &SmazG vkyfudkif&ygonf/ xdkYtjyif
wpfaeYwmpm0wfaea&; 0rf;pmtwGufudkvnf;
½kef;uef vkyfudkif&ygonf/
avmuBuD;rSm vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf vl&,f
vkdYjzpfvmonfhtcgwGif rdrdudk t&rf;cspfMuyg
onf[kqdkMuonfh rdbESpfyg;ESifhwuG aqGrsKd;
csif;rsm;onfvnf; rdrdtem;wGif tjrJvm
a&muf jyKpk ,k,ay;Edkifonfr[kwfay/ rdrd\
b0a&SYa&;twGufudkom tjrif hqH k;ae&modk Y
a&mufatmif tm;opftifopf? ZGJ ?owådwdkYjzifh
rdrdudk,fwdkif ½kef;uefavQmufvSrf;&ygonf/
usr\b0jzpfpOfrSm usr\taronf usrudk
arG;zGm;&eftwGuf rD;aecef;xJwGif (7 &uf)
wywfMumjyD;rS usrudk arG;zGm;cJhyg
onf/ usrudk arG;zGm;aomaeYwGif
usr\tazonf t&ufawG t&rf;rl;
aeygonf/ tazonf aoG;tvGefqdk;yg
onf/ txl;ojzifh tazt&ufrl;onfhtcg
wdkif;wGif tarhqDu ydkufqHawmif;wwf
onf/ taru ydkuf qHr&Sdbl;[kqdkjyef
vQifvnf; tazonf tarhudk &ef&Sm
wwfonf/ waeYtazonf tarhem;
&GufrS em;uyfudk aoG;xGufonfhwdkif
atmif qGJjzKwf NyD;,laqmifoGm;ygawmh
onf/ tazonf taysmftyg;vnf; vdkuf
pm;wwfonf/ waeYwGif taru usrudk
csDNyD; tazhudk vdkuf&Smaomtcg tazu rdef;
uav;wa,mufESifh aysmfyg;aeonfudk awGY&SdcJ
hygonf/ xdktcg tazESifhtar pum;rsm;&if;
&efjzpfMuonf/ aemufqHk;rSmawmh wa,mufESifh
wa,muf ausmcdkif;cGJcGmcJhMuonf/ tazESifh
taruGJoGm;NyD;aemufydkif;wGif taronf bm
tvkyfudkrS &SmazGNyD;rvkyfwwfawmh rif;opf
OD;\tazjzpfonfh OD;vSatmifESifh awGYqHkjyD;
tdrfaxmifopfxlaxmifcJh hygonf/ usronf
tar\a,mufsm;udk ==OD;++ [kac:cJhonf/
OD;ESifhtar vufxufNyD;onfhaemufydkif;
wGif uGsefrtwGufupm;azmf upm;buftjzpf
armifav;wa,muf&&SdcJhygonf/ armifav;\
trnfrSm rif;opfOD;jzpfonf/ armifav; BuD;
jyif;vmaomtcg uGsefrwdkYrdom;pkonf buf
rdkifrS r,fawmifodkY a&GUajymif;aexdkifcJhygonf/
r,fawmifodkYa&mufaomtcg OD;onf yef;&H
tvkyfudkvkyfukdifum taruvnf; tdrfazmf
tvkyfvkyfjyD; uGsefrwdkYarmifESrESpfa,mufudk
xdkif;ausmif;wGif ausmif;xm;ay;cJhygonf/ OD;
onf uGsefrwdkY rdom;pkay:wGif tepfemcH&m
wGif yef;&HtvkyfrS jyKwfaomtcg rdom;pk
pm;0wfaea&; tqifajyapa&;twGuf olwyg;
rvkyfcsifonfh trdIufum;vdkuf&onfh tvkyf
udkvkyfNyD; usrwdk Yrdom;pkudk auGs;arG;apmifh
a&SmufcJhygonf/ OD;onf usr\ tazt&if;
wa,mufr[kwfayrJh usrwdkYtay: wGif rSJ Y
waygufrp Ge f ;xi f ;atmi f tazt&i f ;
wa,mufuJh odkY ,aeYxdwdkif jyKpkapmifh a&SmufcJh
ygonf/ OD;onf trIdufum;tvkyfudk vkyf&
onf htwGufaMumif hvnf; xd ki f ;ausmif;& S d
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;u usrwdkY armifESr
ESpfa,mufudk trIdufum;tdrfrSmaejyD; trIduf
um;u&onfh t<uif;tusefawGudk aumuf,l
NyD;pm;onf[k uJh&JUajymqdkjcif;udk cHcJh&ygonf/
OD;onf uGsefrwdkYarmifESrESpfa,mufudk uJh&JUjcif;
uaevGwfajrmufzdkYtwGuf xdkif;ausmif;uae
xkwfNyD; SAW ausmif;wGif qufvuf xm;
ay;cJhyg onf/ usrwdkYarmifESr ESpfa,mufonf
SAW ausmif;odk Ya&mufaomtcg t&rf;udk
0rf;om aysmf&Tifrdygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
ausmif; &Sdausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;onf usr
wdkY armifESrESpfa,muftay:wGif tqifhtwef;
rcGJjcm;bJ &if;&if;ESD;ESD; qufqHajymqdkaom
aMumifh jzpfygonf/ xdkYtjyif SAW ausmif;wGif
jrefrmbmom wrdsK;wnf;udkom oif½Hkomru
tjcm;bmom&yfrsm;udkvnf; oifaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ SAW ausmif;&Sd q&m? q&mrrsm;
uvnf; pmoifaumif;NyD; pdwfaeoabmxm;
vnf; aumif;Muonf/ xdkYaMumifh SAW ausmif;
wGif ynmoifMum;cGifhESifh uGsefrwwfajrmuf
csifonfh xdkif;bmomudk oifMum;cGifh &&SdcJhaom
aMumifh tvGefYudk0rf;omrdygonf/
wwd,wef;ESpf aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&uf
wGif usronf tjyifavmuodkY xGufNyD; tvkyf
vkyfcJh&ygonf/ uGsefrvkyfcJh&onfhtvkyfrSm MuH
pdkufvkyfief;jzpfonf/ MuHpdkufvkyfief;rSm aeyl
xJwGif&yfjyD; aygufwl;ayguf&onf/ MuHpnf;udk
vnf; xrf;&onf/ xdktcg uGsefr aygufwl;ukd
aumif;aumif;raygufwwfonfhtwGuf vuf
awGrSm aygufjyJukefygawmhonf/
MuHpnf;udkvnf; rEdkifhwEdkifxrf;&onf/
MuHpdkuf&if; yifyef;rIawGudk MuHKawGU&ovdk aysmf
&TifrIawGudkvnf; MuHKawGUcJh&ygonf/ waeYrSm
usrMuHpdkufae&if; trSwfw& tjzpftysuf
wckudk &&SdcJhzl;ygonf/ xdkaeUu usronf pyefY
abmif;bD&Snfudk MuHpdkufvkyfief;xJodkY 0wfqif
oGm;cJhygonf/ MuHpdkuf&mwGif ajrmif;udkcGjyD;
MuHudk pdkufxnfh&onfrdkY usronf ajrmif;udk
tm;&yg;&cGjyD; MuHudk tm;ukefpdkufonfhtcg
abmif;bD*Gudk xdk;rdoGm;NyD; *Grf;ueJ abmif;bD*G
jyJoGm;ygawmhonf/ tcsdefuvnf; aeYvnfrGef;
wnfh xrif;pm;csdefjzpfaeonf/ vlawGu usr
udk 0dkif;vkdYMunfhaeMuygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpjyD;
uGsefr\trnfrSm tvkyfcGifxJwGif ==r*GjyJ++ [k
trnfwGifoGm;ygawmhonf/
pwkwåwef;ESpf ESifh yOörwef;ESpfawG
wkef;u aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufudk
a&mufvQif usronf tdrfpuf½Hk
uav;w½HkrSm 0ifa&muf pufcsKyf
cJh&onf/ puf&Hktvkyfudk vkyf&
wmrdkY (OT) qdkvQifvnf; n
10 em&D 11 em&D qif;&jyD;
txnfta&;BuD;onfhaersm;qdkvQif rdk;
vif;aygufqif;&onf/ n (OT ) qif;csdefwGif
vrf;ray:u aetdrfudkjyef&aomaMumifh vrf;
o&JawGESifh awGYrSmudkvnf; aMumufae&ygonf/
usrtjzpfcsifqHk;qE´rSm SAW ausmif;
wGif usrausmif;NyD;vQif SAW ausmif;&Sd armif
nDrav;rsm;udk q&m ?q&mrrsm;udk,fpm; pmjyef
oifay;rnf[k pdwful;xm;ygaomfvnf; usr\
qE´wdkY rjynfh0Edkifawmhyg/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf uGsefrwdkYrdom;pk\
pm;0wfaea&; tqifajya&;twGuf taru
usrudk ausmif;xkwfjyD; tjyifavmurSm tvkyf
vkyfzdkUtwGuf yOörwef;ESpfuwnf;u usrudk
MudKwifajymxm;NyD;om;jzpfygonf/ xdkpOfu usr
onf tarhudk
==tar&,f orD;udk orD;&Jhb0 ynmoif
cGihf aemufqHk;ESpftjzpfeJY orD;udk 'DwESpfawmh
ausmif;qufxm;ay;ygaemf++ [kawmif;qdkcJhyg
onf/
taronf uGsefr\qEudk vkdufavsmay;
cJhygonf/
usrvdk ynmoifcsifpdwf&Sdae&if;eJU ynm
udkqHk;cef;wdkifatmif oifMum;cGifhr&wJh tjzpfrsdK;
aemifvmrnfh rsKd;qufopf nD? nDrav;rsm;udk
vHk;0 rjzpfapcsifyg/ ausmif;wufcGifhudk &cJhvQif
pmud k BudK;pm;jyD; rdrdwd k Y jzpfcsifonf h ynm
wwfBuD;rsm; jzpfatmif BudK;pm;Muapcsifonf/
b0\taEG;"mwfjzpfaom? vlYb0\ pm
ayoifMum;cGifYudk &&Sdolwdkif;onf avmu"H\
&dkufcwfrIudk MuHhMuHhcH&if; rdrdb0\ &nfrSef;csuf
wckjzpfonfh ynma&;yef;wdkifqDodkY ra&muf
a&mufatmif avSsmufvSrf; BudK;pm;Muapvdkyg
onf n
rdrdb0pmrsufESmaEGOD;0wfrIef
0wfrSkefvGifjyif 0wxKwdk
ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm 110wfrSkefvGifjyif
rGefwdkif;&if;ol q&mrwa,muf
taeeJ Y 0wfrIefvGifjyifpmapmifrSm
rGefvlrsdK;taBumif; awGwifjy&rSmrdk Y
0r f ;omr dygw,f/'gayr,f h o k
awoeeJ Y pma&;jcif;enf;ynmawG
rwwfwJY omref rGeftrsdK;orD;wa,muf
&JUpmrd k Y tm;i,frdygw,f/ 0wfrIefvGif jyif
pmapmifudk waxmifhwae&mu tm;jznfYcGifh&
wmrdkYBudK;pm;wifjyygr,f/
==rGef++ vdkYqdkuwnf;u aumif;rGefonf?
rGefjrwfonf? rGef&nfonf pojzif hcspfp&m
aumif;wmav;awGom jzpfwmrdkY rGefvlrsdK;jzpf&
wm 0rf;omrd? aysmf&Tifrd? *kPf,lrdygw,f/ ajym
&&ifawmh usrrGefudkcspfygw,f/b,fvdktajc
taersdK;rSmjzpfjzpf usrrGefudkcspfygw,f/ 'g
usrwdkYrGefawG &JU pdwf"mwfpdwf&if;ayyJvm;vdkY
usrawG;rdygw,f/
usrwdkYrGefvlrsdK;awG[m w½kwfjynfawmif
yd kif; &d kzdoJuEÅm&rSm oHvGifeJ Y rJacgifjrpf
wavQmuf pHkqif;vmjyD; tif'dkcsdKif;em;uRef;
qG,f a'otESHYtjym;rSm tajccsaexdkifcJhMuNyD;
rGefeJY crm (urfyl;csm;) wdkY[m rsdK;EG,fwlvlrsdK;
awG jzpfMuNyD;avm vlrsdK;awG[mvnf; rGefeJY
crm tkyfpk0ifvlrsdK;awG jzpfygw,f/
a&S;tusqkH; rGefEdkifiHawmfuawmh oxHk
jynfjzpfygw,f/ ok0PÖblrd oxHkjynfvdkYvJac:
ygw,f/ yxrqkH;bk&ifu oD[&mZmrif;jzpfjyD;
(BC-543) aemufqHk;bk&ifuawmhrEl[mrif;
(AD-1050) jzpfygw,f/rEl[mrif;[m yk*H
bk&if taemf&xmrif;vufxuf ygawmfrljyD;
E Sp faygif; (350) tMumrSmawmh omrv
0drvrSef nDaemifESpfyg;[m yxr [Hom0wDudk
wnfaxmifcJhygw,f/ wwd, rGefEdkifiHawmf
uawmh (AD -600) avmufrSm wnfaxmifcJhwJh
Nakhon prathom(avmhyl&D) t&yfu tdk&owD
EdkifiHawmfjzpfygw,f/ 'Gg&0wDEdkifiHawmfeJY ra&S;
raESmif;rSm t&dyGefcs, rGefjrdKYjyEdkifiHudk rGefrif;
orD; csrma'0D wnfxm;cJhygw,f/ oxkHjynf
usjyD;wJh aemufrSmawmh r*'l;rif; (0g&D½l;rif;)
wnfaxmifcJhwJh 'kwd, [Hom0wDEdkifiHawmf
acwfjzpfygw,f/ aemufqkH;rif;qufuawmh
&mZ"d&mZfrif;ygyJ/ &mZ"d&mZf rif;vufxufrSm
(1368-1425) rGeftif;0 jrefrm tESpfav;
q,fppfyGJjzpfcJhygw,f/ [oFmiSuf[m rGefwdkY
jrwfEdk;wefzdk;xm;wJhiSufyg/aumif;uifrSm ysH
oef;Edkifovdk? a&jyifrSm ul;cwf? ajrjyifrSm ajy;
avQmufEd kifwJhiSufyg/ae&mtrsdK;rsdK;rSm vIyf
&Sm;oGm;vmEdkifwJh owåd&Sdygw,f/at;at;aq;
aaq; aexdkifwufjyD;? jidrf;csrf;a&;udk jrwfEdk;wJh
towf (10) &Sdygw,f/pmvHk;aygif; tvDwdkif
rsm;udk oHpOfjzifh nDnmom,mpGm oifMum; ykdYcs
Muygw,f/
vlrsdK;EG,fcGJrsm;udk bmompum;ajymqdkrI
jzifh owfrSwfcGJjcm;avaom ppfr[mAsL[m
avhvma&;tzGJUu etztpdk;&vufxuf xkwf
jyefcsuft& ucsif (12) rsKd;? u,m; (9) rsKd;
u&if (11) rsK;d? csif; (53) rsKd;? jrefrm (9) rsKd;
ESifh &cdkif (7) rsKd;[kazmfjyxm;&m rGefvlrsKd;
tm;vHk;twGuf rGefbmompum; wrsKd;om&Sdí
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIudk *kPf,lzG,f&m awGYjrifEkdifyg
w,f/
udk;uG,frI bmomw&m;rsm;udk rGefwdkYonf
vGefpGmwefzdk;xm;ygw,f/ xdkpOfu wGifus,f
tm;xm;chJ&aom a&vrf;c&D;rsm; twGuf qdyf
urf;rsm;rSm rGef a'orsm;wGif &Sdojzifh oD[kdVf
(oD&DvuFm) jynfrS &Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo aus;Zl;
awmfaMumifh ok0PÖblrd oxHkjynfodkY yifhaqmif
vmaom yd#duwfoHk;qludk OD;pGm&&SdNyD; Ak'¨
omoemudk&&SdcJhygw,f/ taemf&xmrif;vuf
xuf ok0PÖblrdoxHkjynfudk wdkufcdkufodrf;
,lNyD;rS yk*HodkY ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom pwifjyefY
yGm; a&muf&SdcJh&ygw,f/ rGef vlrsKd;wdkY&JU a'o
[m ,cifu tm;xm;cJh&aom a&aMumif;c&D;
ESifh qufpyfwJh yifv,fqdyfurf;a'ojzpfwm
aMumifh c&pf,mefomoemudkvnf; &&SdcJ hyg
w,f/ odkYaomf xdkpOfu Ak'¨bmomrSm tajccdkif
aeNyDjzpfvdk Y c&pf,mefbmomrSm odyfrjyef Y
yGm;cJhyg/ c&pf,mef omoemwGif Armbmom
jzifh a&;om;xm;aom yxrOD;qHk; or®musrf;pm
udk a&;om;olOD;aemrSm rGefvlrsKd; c&pf,mef
bmom0ifjzpfygw,f/ c&pf,mefomoem\
aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh acwfrDaq;ynmudk t*Fvef
wGif qnf;yl;um jrefrmEdkifiH\ yxrOD;qHk;
q&m0ef jzpfcJh&ol a'gufwma&Smvl;rSmvnf;
rGeftrsKd;om;yifjzpfygw,f/
*DwtEkynmbufwGifvnf; rGefwdk Y\
wl&d,m? aw;oDcsif;ESifh tajccHuBudK; (10)
rsK d;udk tajccHí om,memaysmf½IarmbG,f
*DwtEk okckrESifhvnf; jynfhpHkvSygw,f/
rGefvlrsKd;wkdY[m rGefwdkY jrwfEdk;wefbdk;xm;
aom [oFmiSufuJhodkYyif at;csrf;jidrf;csrf;pGm ae
xdkifvdkMuygw,f/ rdrdwdkY bmompmay ,Ofaus;
rI "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udk jrwfEdk;xdef;odrf;NyD; vGwf
vyfpGm aexdkifvdkMuygw,f/ rdrdwdkY\ b0 uHMu
r®mudk rdrdwdkYbmom zef;wD;wnfaqmuf vdkMu
ygw,f/ okdY&mwGif ...
rGefvlrsdK;rsm;onf yxrydkif;u azmfjyxm;
ovdkyif Nidrf;csrf;jcif;udk vdkvm;onfh vlrsdK;rsm;
jzpfMuovdk wdkif;&if;om; nDtudkarmifESrrsm;
pnf;vkH;nDnGwfpGm aexdkifjcif;udkvnf; txl;
yifvdkvm;ygw,f/ xdkuJhodkY aexdkifEdkif&eftwGuf
tEkynm tm;aumif;aom acwfrD ynma&;
pepfwdkYjzifh tem*wfudk wufnDvufnD wnf
aqmufMuygpdkYvdkY qE´jyK&if; ...n
waphwapmif; rGeftaMumif;(rGeftaMumif;odaumif;p&m)
iSufrsKd;yg/ 'dG,H'dG,H armifESHwGJ ae
xdkifjyD; waumifaumif ½kwfw&uf
aoqH k ;&i f tazm f jzp fo l use f
waumifu aumif;uif,H tjrifhqHk;
udk ysHwufjyD; tJ'DurS tawmifudkpk OD;
acgif;udkpkdufcsjyD; aoqkH;ol tazmf&JU eHab;
rSm ajrjyifESifh wdkufjyD; vdkufaoonf[k qdk½dk;&Sdyg
w,f/ cspfjcif;arwåmeYJ opömw&m;yg/ [oFm
iSufuav;awGu vSvnf;vSw,f/ owådjynfY0
w,f/ Nidrf;csrf;rIudkjrwfEdk;w,f/cspfjcif;arwåmeJY
opöm&Sdw,f/ vSyw,fqdkwJh [oFmiSufwdk Y&JU
0daoovu©PmawGu rGefvlrsdK;wdkY&JU vu©Pm
awGtwdkif;rdkY trsdK;om;vu©Pmtjzpf jrwfEdk;
wefzdk;xm;Buygw,f/ rGefpmay[m jrefrmpm
ESifh wrsKd;wpm;wnf;jzpfjyD; ydkrdka&S;usw,f/
a&S;tusqHk; jrefrmpmayjzpfwJh yk*Hacwf jrap
wDausmufpmxuf xdkif;EdkifiH y&yxHk? avmyl&D?
vefyef; ponfha'o&Sd rGefausmufpmu ydkrdk
a&S;usygw,f/
ok0PÖblrd oxHkjynfudk yk*Htaemf&xm
rif; odrf;pOfuyif yd#duwfoHk;yHk? pmay? tEk
ynm&Sif? &[ef;awmfrsm;udk yk*HodkY ,laqmif
oGm;ygw,f/ rGefpmay,Ofaus;rIwdkYrS jrefrmrIjyK
ajymif;,lcJhonfrsm;vnf;&Sd ygw,f/ rGefpmwGif
Armpmyg =u+ rS =t+ txd (33) vkH;aom
Asnf;rsm; tjyif 0
.
ESifh r (Arm toHxGuf
r&Sdyg) ESpfvHk;ydkygonf/ a&;cs? wpfacsmif;iif?
vHk;MuD;wif? oa0xdk;ponfwdkU tjyif ydkrdk xl;
jcm;aom o&rsm; yg&Sdygw,f/ 0qGJ? [qGJ ([
xdk;) ? &&pf (&qGJ) ? ,yifh (,qGJ) rsm;tjyif
vqGJ? rqGJ ? eqGJ ponfjzifh tqGJrsm; ydkrdk
yg0ifygw,f/ uowf? iowf?wowf ponfh
jrefrmEdkifiH\ yxrOD;qHk;q&m0ef rGeftrsdK;om;
a'gufwma&Smvl;
nDaemifom;csif;vGifjyif
om,mrGef
12 0wfrSkefvGifjyif ynma7; owif;eSifh tekynm