Poverty and Social Exclusion Greece

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Copyright 2006 14-18, 115 27 .: 210 7491600 Fax: 210 7489800

ISBN: 960-7093-90-9

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WOW CREATIVE PROJECTS www.wow.gr

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The Social Situation in the European Union and social policy debates after the enlargement........................................ 159 Constantinos Fotakis

Poverty and Inequality: Greece and Mediterranean Europe in Comparative Perspective ................................................. 167 Teresa Munzi, Timothy Smeeding

The case for an EU-wide measure of poverty .......................................................................................................................... 193 Tony Fahey

Child poverty in France .............................................................................................................................................................. 205 Andre Bossard

Poverty and Social Stratification in Turkey............................................................................................................................. 209 Mehmet Ozmen, Ercan Dansuk, Guzin Erdogan

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TATKINSON, A.B., (1970), On the Measurement of Inequal-ity, Journal of Economic Theory 2, . 244-263.

ATKINSON, A.B., (1974), Poverty and Income Inequality In Britain, Wedderburn D. (.), Poverty Inequality and Class Structure, London, Cambridge University Press.

ATKINSON, A.B., (1985), n the Measurement of Poverty, Economic and Social Research Council Programme, Discus-sion Paper 90.

ATKINSON, A.B., (1992), "Measuring Poverty Differences in Family Composition", Economica, l. 59, pp. 1-16.

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FIELDS G., (1979), " Welfare Economic Analysis of Growth and Distribution in the Dual Economy", Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol 93, . 325-353.

GOEDEHART T, HALERSTADT V, et al. (1977). "The Pov-erty Line: Concept and Measurement", The Journal of Hu-man Resources, 12(4), . 503-520.

GORDON D., (1972), Theories of Poverty and Unemploy-ment, Lexington Mass, D.C. Heath.

HAGENAARS A.J.M., (1986), The Perception of Poverty, New York-Oxford, Amsterdam North.

21

, &

HAGENAARS A.J.M., (1987), " Class of Poverty Indices". International Economic Review 28, . 583-607.

HAGENAARS A.J.M., DE VOS K., ZAIDI M.A., (1992), Poverty Statistics Based N Micro-data, Results for Nine Member States of the European Community, Report Sub-mitted to Eurostat, Department of Economic Sociology and Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam.

KAKWANI N., (1980), "n a Class of Poverty Measures", Econometrica, 49, . 719-777.

KAPTEYEN A., VAN PRAAG B., (1980), "Family Composi-tion and family Welfare", Research in Population Econom-ics 2, . 77-97.

KAPTEYEN A., KOOREMAN P. et al, (1987). Some Meth-odological Issues in the Implementation of Subjective Pov-erty Definitions, Tilburg University, Department of Eco-nomic Researches Memorandum.

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UZNETS S., (1976), "Demographic Aspects of the Size Distribution of Income: An Explanatory Essay", Economic Development and Cultural Change 25(10), . 1-94.

KUZNETS S., (1982), "Distribution of Households by Size: Differences and Trends", Research in Population Economics 4, . 1-48, JAI Press INC.

KUZNETS S., (1989), Economic Development, the family, and income Distribution, Cambridge University Press.

LYDAL . F., (1976), Theories of the Distribution of Earn-ings, Atkinson ,B (), The Personal Distribution of Incomes, G. Allen & Unwin LTD.

MINCER J., (1974), Schooling, Experience and Earnings, Columbia University Press for the National Bureau of Eco-nomic Research

TSAKLOGLOU ., (1985), Economic Development and In-come Inequality: Some new evidence, Spoudai, . 57-94.

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YFANTOPOULOS J., BALOURDOS D., et al, (1989). Poverty Indicators in Greece, Maquette A, Presentation of Main Results. Athens, .

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YFANTOPOULOS J., (1999b), Social Protection for Depend-ency in Old Age in Greece, National Reports Series of the Social Protection for Dependency in Old Age in the 15 Member State and Norway. Project commissioned by the Commission of the European Communities and the Belgian Minister of Social Affairs. HIVA Institute University of Leuven pp. 91.

VAN PRAAG B., (1971), "The Welfare Function of Income in Belgium: An Empirical Investigation", European Eco-nomic Review 2, . 337-369.

UNICEF, Central and Eastern Europe in Transition: Crisis in mortality, Health and nutrition, No. 2 UNICEF Interna-tional Child Development Center, Florence, August, 1994

(1999) . . . -

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2.1 - - , 12. 130% - 30% . --

12 2, 15 .

. , , - , (540 . ) 1/3 . - , . , status , - - . 2.1 2.1 - (5,7%) - 4,6 26,6%, -. 40% (76%) - . - , , , . 2.1 2.1 . - 2,5 , - 30,8% 12,7% ( ). - 5,1% - 18,2% -, 39,1%, - .

2.1 2.1 , - , . . , - , , . 65 , - , . 65 . -

, , , - . 2.1 2.1 () - (19,9%) (26,2%) () - - . - - , , - .

, -, per se - . -, 2.1 - (26,2%) (19,9%), - (1.607 .) (576 .). - - - , 50% .

, , , , , , . . Osberg (2002: 15) , , , , , - .

41

, &

SST, - (1) , - - (Rate), ( ) (Gap) Gini ( - ) - (cube). -, - -, , , , , .

2.2.., 2.2, () - , SILC-2003. 2.2. - - - , (SST) . , - , 78,7% 21,3%, 21,2%,

, 15,7%13 - 5,6% - . , - , 2.2, 78,5% 14. -, , - .

(1+Gini Gap)

10,266 100.0% 2,181 100% 21.2% 100% 100% 15.7% 21.2% 39.2% 1.884

8,078 78.7% 1,607 73.7% 15.7% 78.5% 78.5% 15.7% 19.9% 41.8% 1.893

2,188 21.3% 574 26.3% 5.6% 21.5% 21.5% 15.5% 26.2% 32.0% 1.848

(.000)

%

SST

SST

: EU-SILC 2003, , : , ,

%

%

/

< 65

>= 65

=

(.000)

%

2.2 - - , , 2003

"" , , 2003 -

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

26.2%19.9%

32.0%

41.8% < 65

>= 65

2.2 - - , , 2003

13 - , 15,7% = 19,9% * 78,7%. - - 5,6% = 26,2% * 21,3%.

14 , , - 78,5% .

42

"" , , 2003 -

41.8%

32.0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% %

< 65 % = 78.7%

% = 15.7% = (15.7%) / (78.7%) = 19.9%

% < 65 = 78.7%

>= 65 % = 21.3%

% = 5.6% = (5.6%) / (21.3%) = 26.2%

15.7% 5.6%

2.2 - - , , 2003

, 2.2.. . , , - . . - , - . - . 2.2. - - -

- - -.

, - - - , - , (tax/ regulatory wedges), - . - 2.3, - ( SST) - ,

(1+Gini Gap)

%

/

SST

SST

(.000) %

(.000)

%

%

8,078 78.7% 1,607 100% 15.7% 100% 78.5% 15.7% 19.9% 41.8% 1.893

4,315 42.0% 398 24.8% 3.9% 22.9% 18.0% 7.0% 9.2% 38.6% 1.956

3,169 30.9% 996 61.9% 9.7% 59.9% 47.0% 23.2% 31.4% 40.4% 1.829

594 5.8% 214 13.3% 2.1% 17.2% 13.5% 34.7% 36.0% 54.0% 1.784

: EU-SILC 2003, , : , ,

= < 65

2.3 - , , 2003

43

, &

"" , , 2003

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% %

,

, ) ( ). - , . - , : () (progressivity or regressivity), () - . - , . - , , .

, - - - Beckermann15, - 18 - Laaken - . , 16 , (3) : () , () - ( , ) - () , , - . - (3) -, - -, . , .

15 . Beckermann, W. (1979, 1979a). Beckermann - -.

16 European Commission (2005), - 46% ( - 25% 62%) - -15, - 13% . - 51% 14% .

, - , 1 , - - , , , . , -, - , , , .

, , - . (2) - - : , , - , - - - , - , - - .

- . - , , , , - - - . .

45

, &

Beckermann (1979, 1979a) Atkinson (1995)

D

A1

BC

A2

3.1 -

3.1 - ( ), , 2003

(targeting) - (concentration) , - . , - . 3.1 ( 3.1 - ) - . , SILC-2003, 4,9 . , - 2,7 ., - 2,8% 12% .

, , ceteris paribus, , 21,2% (2,2 . ) 14,3% (1,5 . ). , , 0,85 , 4,9 4 . 21%. 2,7 . 0.,53 , . (20%) , 0,65 . (24%) 0,31 , (12%) - 0,33 .(12%), - 1,5 (56%) ( ) . , - 32% , 12% . ,, 12% - - 56% -

46

. , -, 68% 2% , - , , - , - .

, Atkinson, A.B. (1995:223-4), ( - , ) - , -, . , - , - -, - ( - ), - . - - .

(SST)

, - - , , . -. - , - . , Weisbrod (1970:) (vertical) (horizontal) - . - , Beckermann. ( ) ,

. -. - (. 3.1 3.1.), SILC-2003, - 31,5% [(0,53+0,31) / 2,68)], - 17,4% [(0,53+0,31) / 4,85)].

Laaken Beckermann - - , - , . . , - - , . , , - - , - , ( - -) -, . , - . , , , -, - .

(SST), , - () , () [. (2) (3) - 2 ] , - , . SST

47

, &

Laaken.

: -

, (2) , - -15. 2001 - , , (39%) -15, -, (23%) - (24%). , 5 - (20%) (15%)17.

SILC, , ESSPROS (European Sys-tem of integrated Social Protection Statistics) EU-ROSTAT. -, SILC , 16% - . ESSPROS, 77% - 23%, SILC-2003 88% 12%.

3.2 , , - (3) -

(1+Gini Gap)

ln

ln

ln (1+Gini

Gap)

10,266 100.0% 4,252 100% 41.4% 100% 100% 47.5% 41.4% 66.5% 1.723

10,266 100.0% 2,509 100% 24.4% 100% 100% 18.8% 24.4% 41.2% 1.866 -0.93 -0.53 -0.48 0.08

10,266 100.0% 2,181 100% 21.2% 100% 100% 15.7% 21.2% 39.2% 1.884 -0.18 -0.14 -0.05 0.01

8,078 78.7% 2,535 59.6% 24.7% 49.2% 49.2% 31.3% 31.4% 54.8% 1.822

8,078 78.7% 1,860 74.1% 18.1% 78.5% 78.5% 18.9% 23.0% 43.6% 1.876 -0.51 -0.31 -0.23 0.03

8,078 78.7% 1,607 73.7% 15.7% 78.5% 78.5% 15.7% 19.9% 41.8% 1.893 -0.18 -0.15 -0.04 0.01

2,188 21.3% 1,718 40.4% 16.7% 50.8% 50.8% 88.8% 78.5% 83.7% 1.353

2,188 21.3% 649 25.9% 6.3% 21.5% 21.5% 18.6% 29.7% 34.3% 1.825 -1.56 -0.97 -0.89 0.30

2,188 21.3% 574 26.3% 5.6% 21.5% 21.5% 15.5% 26.2% 32.0% 1.848 -0.18 -0.12 -0.07 0.01: EU-SILC 2003, , : , ,

%

%

/

< 65

>= 65

=

(.000)

%

ln SST

SST (.000)

%

SST

SST

3.2 - , , 2003

17 European Commission (2004)

, ( 21% - ) 17 . - ala Laaken, 1% - 0,81 , , 1 , ceteris paribus, 1,24% - . (2,8% ) 3,2 , 1% - 1,14 , , 1 , ceteris paribus, 0,88% - . 1% - 0,85 , , , - - 1,18% . - - , 41% , , - , , - . 3.1 31% - ( ) 17% (- ). - , - (SST).

3.2 , (3) - , (SST) , -

48

"" , , 2003

41.2%

66.5%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% %

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

21.2% 24.4% 41.4%

39.2%

3.2 - , , 2003

3.2 - , ,, 2003

(1), . , - . (4) - - , , (3). - , SST . .

-

, 3.2 3.2., , - 20,2 -

27,3 , 47,5% 15,7%. 93% (-53%) - (-48%), - (+8%). , , - . 18% - ( 14 ) 5 . , - , , . , . - , creaming effect.

49

, &

3.3- , , 2003 , -

-

-

22.6% 62.4% 7.2% 20.3%

7.8% 45.9% 4.8% 8.9%

65.0% 72.9% 35.6% 62.5%

: EU-SILC 2003, , : , ,

< 65

>= 65

-

3.2 3.2.. - - . , - - , SILC-2003, - 6% , 88% 6% . , , 156% 96 89 . ( [1+Gini Gap] ) , - , - - .

, . 18%, 2/3 . - .

- , , -. , - ( ) , - - . -,

, , - .

3.2 3.2., , - , - - . 3.3, -, 45,9% . 51%, 31 - 21 - - .

, , 1/3 - , - 18%. , 4/5 - - , , - .

3.4, 3.4., , , . - . 83%, - , , - -,,

50

. - 3.5 2/3 (64,2%) -, . -

28%, , - - .

(1+Gini Gap)

ln

ln

ln (1+Gini Gap)

8,078 78.7% 2,535 100% 24.7% 100% 49.2% 31.3% 31.4% 54.8% 1.822

8,078 78.7% 1,860 100% 18.1% 100% 78.5% 18.9% 23.0% 43.6% 1.876 -0.51 -0.31 -0.23 0.03

8,078 78.7% 1,607 100% 15.7% 100% 78.5% 15.7% 19.9% 41.8% 1.893 -0.18 -0.15 -0.04 0.01

4,315 42.0% 607 24.0% 5.9% 17.7% 8.7% 11.0% 14.1% 40.6% 1.932

4,315 42.0% 494 26.6% 4.8% 22.8% 17.9% 8.3% 11.5% 37.4% 1.946 -0.28 -0.21 -0.08 0.01

4,315 42.0% 398 24.8% 3.9% 22.9% 18.0% 7.0% 9.2% 38.6% 1.956 -0.18 -0.22 0.03 0.01

3,169

3,169 30.9% 1,116 60.0% 10.9% 57.8% 45.4% 26.8% 35.2% 42.1% 1.806 -0.32 -0.24 -0.11 0.03

3,169 30.9% 996 61.9% 9.7% 59.9% 47.0% 23.2% 31.4% 40.4% 1.829 -0.14 -0.11 -0.04 0.01

594 5.8% 513 20.2% 5.0% 34.2% 16.8% 104.3% 86.4% 92.7% 1.302

594 5.8% 250 13.5% 2.4% 19.4% 15.2% 45.6% 42.2% 62.9% 1.721 -0.83 -0.72 -0.39 0.28

594 5.8% 214 13.3% 2.1% 17.2% 13.5% 34.7% 36.0% 54.0% 1.784 -0.28 -0.16 -0.15 0.04

: EU-SILC 2003, , : , ,

ln SST

SST

= < 65

%

/

SST

SST

(.000) %

(.000)

%

%

3.4 - , , 2003

"" , , 2003

100% 100%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

0% 5% 10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

, &

1/3 (30,9%) 46% () 1 . , , 2 - - , , . . - 32%, - . 3.5 1/3 (35,4%) -, . - 14 , ( ).

(42%) , . , , 18% , 400 . . ,

, .

, 3.5, 1/3 (31%) -, . -, , -

, - .18

- . -

-

%

4%

,

-

5.4

6.19.0%

, - Eurostat, ,

,

.19 .20 3.6 , , - . , (6) (6) - . 1 - -, 2 -, 3 % (25%) , 4 % (10%) , 5 % 6 - . (6) .

, () - , 64,4% , 4,5% -, 8,8% - (25%) , 16,1% (10%) 4,2% . 4,2 , 0,9 - , 3,3 - ,, 0,8 , 2,2 0,6 - .

, 138,1%, 20,4% , 50,3% - (25%) , 110,3% -

-

19 100 , - .

20 , , - .

(10%) 17,8% .

(ceteris paribus), , - , , . . , , - , , - - , - - -, - . , : 8,8% (25%) . 50% 4,4% , , , - - , . , -, - - 21 - - - - .22

21 (. Heckman, 1993), , - , .

22 , . -, - , .

53

, &

6.

- - , - . - , - ,. - , Laaken - , - , - , - (creaming). , - - , (SST), A.K. Sen, A.F. Shorrocks L. Osberg, , .

, , - , - . , - - , , -. , - - , , .

, - EU-SILC-2003 -

(SST) : () () - . -:

1. - , - 80%

2. , , - , . - , , .

3. ( 2 2 - 1 ) ( - ) , - : , -.

4. () - - , () , Laaken, .

5. , , , , . , 12% , - , , , creaming effects.

6. -, , - , , , .

7. - . 1/3 - 2/3 - , -

54

, .

8. , - - .

9. - 4,3% - , 0,9 - , 0.8 -, 2.0 - 0,6 . , 4,3%

, 8,8% (25%) 50,3% - .

10. , , - , - - , - - - -.

55

, &

: SST1

SST

:

- (n) - (yi) ,

, y1

SST (9), - - , ( ) - Gini - ( ). , , - , , - . , (9)

(10) lnP(y;z) = ln(Rate)+ ln(Gap) + ln(1+G(x))

, , , ( ) - ( ),

(11) lnP(y;z) = ln(Rate)+ln(Gap) +ln(1+G(x))

57

, &

Atkinson, A.B. (1987). On the Measurement of Poverty Econometrica, 55, 749_764.

Atkinson, A.B. (1995). Incomes and the Welfare State Essays on Britain and Europe, Cambridge University Press.

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Beckermann, W. (1979). The impact of income mainte-nance payments on poverty in Britain, 1975, The Eco-nomic Journal, 89: 261-79.

Beckermann, W. (1979a). Poverty and the Income Main-tenance Programmes, ILO, Geneva.

Besley, T. (1990). Means Testing versus Universal Provi-sion in Poverty Alleviation Programmes Economica, 57, 119_129.

Blackorby, C., and D. Donaldson (1980). Ethical Indices for the Measurement of Poverty Econometrica, 48, 1053_1060.

Donaldson, D., and J.A. Weymark (1986). Properties of Fixed Population Poverty Indices International Economic Review, 27, 667_688.

European Commission (2004). Joint Report on Social Inclusion 2004, DG for Employment and Social Affairs, Brussels.

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58

,

- , - - (EU-SILC 2003) .

- -, - . , , - - , . - -/ - , .

, , (the Open Method of Coordination) -, . (2001-2003) - - , , . - , .

- . - - . . -, , , , - - ,

(in-work poverty). 2003 - . - - , -, - , .

- , (- ), - , , - 1.

. . 16 - . ( ) - , - . - . , .

, - 2. ,

1 Eric Gazon - - . 2 Leaken, . Social protection Committee, Report on Indicators in the field of poverty and social exclusion, October, 2001.

59

, &

3, - .

- ( ) -, - (most frequent activity status)4. - , 16 60% - . - . - 7 .

- , - 5. , . , , - . , -

3 European Commission, EUROSTAT (2004), Common Cross-sectional EU indicators based on EU-SILC; the gen-der pay gap, Working Group on Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), 29-30 March 2004. EURO-STAT, Luxembourg.

4 Social protection Committee, Report on Indicators in the field of poverty and social exclusion, October, 2001. -, European Commission, EUROSTAT (2004), Common Cross-sectional EU indicators based on EU-SILC; , Loura Bardone, Anne-Catherine Guio, In-Work Poverty. New commonly agreed indicators at the EU level, Statistic in focus, population and Social conditions, 5/2005, Popu-lation and Living Conditions, EUROSTAT, 2005, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2004) Working poor in the European Union, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European communities.

5 .. , . . (2004), , - : (2004) , ., . (.), .., .

, - .

- (work intensity) , . - - - (, ). , (16-64 ) , ( 16 16-25 , - )6. ( ), . - - , - , .

1.

16 , . : 2003 - 31,42% , 26,51% 24,97% , 20,55% 16 14,20% -. , ( 1 1). - . , , -

6 European Commission, EUROSTAT (2004), Common Cross-sectional EU indicators based on EU-SILC; the gen-der pay gap.

60

8.359.758 1.718.307 20,55 3.935.041 558.767 14,20 3.625.683 462.895 12,77

309.358 95.872 30,99

431.695 135.659 31,42 1.736.075 460.309 26,51 2.256.947 563.572 24,97 , ,

717.221 189.867 26,47 1.539.726 373.705 24,27

4.036.468 794.560 19,68 2.406.544 370.290 15,39 2.309.332 328.986 14,25 97.212 41.307 42,49

190.766 63.979 33,54 984.946 224.331 22,78 454.212 135.960 29,93 , ,

347.929 90.632 26,05 106.283 45.328 42,65

4.323.290 923.767 21,37 1.528.497 188.477 12,33 1.316.351 133.909 10,17

212.146 54.568 25,72

240.929 71.680 29,75 751.129 235.978 31,42 1.802.735 427.612 23,72 , , 369.292 99.235 26,87

1.433.443 328.377 22,91

1 - 16

, , 2,5 - (30,99%) - (12,77%) - .

, - - 2001 (European Community Household Panel ECHP) - , -

7.

7 Loura Bardone, Anne-Catherine Guio (2005).

61

, &

1 - 16

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

, 16 . , 51% - , 18,6% , 25,4% , 122% ( 2,2 ) -. , , .

- - , ( - 8,3% ). -, , - ( 2). , 25% - , 12,4% 27%. , ( 38%). - , - - . -

, - -.

2 - *

69 75 60 62 69 50

151 207 125

153 163 145

*

62 129 111 153

122 146 115 100 96 104 100. () = 100

, , - , . , - 16 ( 558.767 ) - - / ( 2). , , 7 .

- , . . -

; 32,5%

; 7,9%

;26,8%

; 32,8%

2 - -

- ( 2, 3 ). - , - - ( 7 ). 3 , , 7 - 7 , , - 7 15% .

3 - - 7

.

. 7

20,62 20,55 15,09 14,20 27,26 31,42 26,56 26,51

23,67 24,97 19,77 19,68 16,17 15,39 26,70 33,54 22,73 22,78

29,44 29,93 21,42 21,37 13,39 12,33 27,68 29,75 31,59 31,42

23,23 23,72

2.

( 16 ) -/ , . - , - .

, , -.

,

- - (25-54 ), - , , . - , - 55 (, 55 - 51% - 16-24 38% 25-55 ). , - 55 , - . - - , - , ( , - ).

, . 7 2,5 - . - - -, 4.

4 - ( 16 )

16-24 14,91 27,02 28,94 19,7225-54 11,81 28,68 31,38 14,4755+ 17,79 39,49 43,64 21,92 * 26,64 43,30 50,30 30,55 9,22 22,33 27,48 12,13 3,18 6,64 18,61 4,43

* = = + = + + +

5 - , ,

63

, &

- . , , - - . , - - , - - . , 3,7 - ( - - ). -, - , . , , , - -, .

5 -

3.780.914 537.604 14,22 2.252.939 136.028 6,04 1.230.275 278.388 22,63 / 258.003 27.288 10,58

/ 972.272 251.100 25,83

297.700 123.188 41,38

3.

, . -, , , . , , - , - , 8.

8 Gallie, D. & Paugam, S. (.), (2002a), Welfare Regimes and the Experience of Unemployment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, : . (2004).

- , - - .

(work intensity) , - , . - - , . , (16-64 ) , - . , , : - - , . - , . WI=0 , WI=1 - - (full-year work) 0

9, - , . , , , . , - - ( - WI=0 - - 0

, &

8 - (16-64 )

%

1 723.660 20.785 2,872 1.028.865 57.454 5,583 771.851 111.302 14,424 739.082 141.271 19,115 268.907 54.536 20,286 90.841 18.131 19,96

7 41.184 6.133 14,89 3.664.390 409.612 11,18

- - - 16 . - , , -.

9 - 16 (%)

/ .

1 5,40 4,10 8,402 18,10 12,40 21,803 26,90 25,00 19,504 31,20 37,00 26,505 12,10 13,20 13,806 4,20 4,30 6,20

7 + 2,10 4,00 3,80 100,00 100,00 100,00

- (EU-SILC 2003) 2002-2003 - 60% , 16 - 2003.

, .

- - - . , 2003 31,42% , 26,51% - 24,97% , 14,20% -.

- - , - . (558.767), - . - - 32,5% 16 .

- - , , (30,99%) 10 .

- - - . , - - .

- . - , - 3,7 -.

- , , . -, , - .

- . -, 55 -.

66

- .

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67

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1.

(Karantinos, Koniordos, Tinios, 1990), . , - 70 (Lenoir, 1974) - (Lessof, Jowell, 2000), (..) 1989, (- ., 1999, . 305).

- - (Duffy K., 1998). , - .

, - - , - , , - (, 1999, . 49).

, - - , - , - , - , , , , ... (, ., 1999, ).

- , - -, . - - -

69

, &

(Karantinos, Koniordos, Tinios, 1990, . 8.).

, :

) ,

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) , , .

, , , , - (- ), - , - (. 1).

1 -

, , , . , , , - . , (Karanti-nos, Koniordos, Tinios, 1990, . 11), , - .

- - 1. , - (, , 2005)

, - - . - - . - - , - (, 2002, . 152).

, - - . -, (Kohl,1996, . 253-254). () , - (, . ., . 153).

, - - (.. , -, , , ...) , . , -

1 G. Room (1992) (Kohl, 1996, . 253)

70

-, (, 2002, . 87).

, - , - ( - ) , 2. , - -, - , - -.

, - - . - , , , , - , -, , .

- .

- - . - - .... :

)

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2 16 .

3 Nordic Council, 1984, . 43.

, . - , - - .

2.

- - ( -, .., 1999). , - , - . , - , - , (, 1999, . 111).

- (EU -SILC 2003) - -, (68,2%) - (,2005, . 120).

- EU-SILC 2003 (...., ), 16 , - - . - - - -.

71

, &

1 -

(%) (%) (%)

33,68 46,54 43,57 37,55 33,23 34,97 28,21 26,71 27,44 20,99 22,46 21,63 13,28 14,62 13,96 ... 10,3 7,63 8,91 ... 5,77 4,37 5,05 ... 5,82 8,09 6,92 3,77 - 2,41 3,01 - 2,18 20,2 21,3 20,7

: ...., , EU-SILC 2003, ( )

, - EU-SILC 2003, - - (43,57% 34,97% ). (27,44%), - (21,63% 20,7% ). 13,96% 8,91% ..., .. ... (5,05% 6,92% ) ( 2%) (. 1).

2 , - 10 4 . -, -. , () , . , 2, - - ( ) (30,45% 30,32% ).

2 - -

30,39

21,63

13,32

6,09

20,7

30,45

22,46

13,71

6,66

21,3

30,32

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12,91

5,56

20,2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

(%) (%) (%)

: ...., , EU-SILC 2003, ( )

EU-SILC 2003 - - ( ) 15-44 - . 15-24 (48,24%) 25-34 35-44 31% (. 2).

- - - -. - - - .

- 21,56% 24 7,56% 65 . -.

, - (..., ..., ...) - U. -

72

3 -

15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

45,6 37,41 43,55 39,78 34,02 45,61 43,57 82,94 46,06 59,28 37,01 28,77 32,72 34,97 48,24 31,04 31,45 26,24 21,37 28,01 27,44 27,47 20,34 23,69 14,28 21,31 10,36 21,63 21,56 11,19 12,08 12,57 8,13 7,56 13,96 ... 12,69 8,59 5,83 4,25 12,75 9,43 8,91 ... 6,34 5,52 1,81 5,64 12,9 5,05 ... 22,07 8 4,48 4,56 4,4 9,71 6,92 4,86 2,41 9,43 2,18 25,1 14,1 17,6 18,1 19,1 27,7 20,7

: ...., , . . ( )

( 24 ) , - .

- , - , - - , , , - . ,

, (61,61%

4 (6,01% 21,36%).

- - . , - 3 - (38,79%) - (19,15%), - (15,90%) - (13,23%). -

-

- .

-, - , - .

- EU-SILC 2003 - - . , 3, - 15 , ( ) 36,63%). , 3,5 -

(6,92%) (6,01%).

.

4 ..., ..., ...

.

73

, &

4 -

... ... ...

: ...., ,

, 4 , 39%), (53,5%).

, 19% 15-44 , 15-24 25 34

... ... ...

74

(%) (%) (%)

6,92 2,29 3,24 15,9 7,57 9,27

38,79 26,27 28,8213,23 12,28 12,4719,15 30,23 27,971,77 4,63 4,040,83 4,02 3,373,27 11,25 9,620,1 1,04 0,850,04 0,42 0,34100 100 100

. . ( )

-

, -, - . - , - ( . . ., .351).

3.

- 23% 65 (77% 64% -). , (- 15-54

- ( ) (80%) - (41,95%) -34 (20,3%). , - 34 .

, - (, , ) -, ( , , , ).

- , J. Mincer (1974):

ln = + 1duc + 2 - 3 + iXi (i) :

- : - 15 64

- duc: ( ) - 15 64

- : ( : -

5 -

15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

3,12 2,67 2,92 3,72 10,06 77,52 100 5,49 3,53 7,46 5,65 13,89 63,97 100

6,26 8,44 17,18 21,65 19,17 27,29 10040,55 19,1 19,58 8,94 7,77 4,06 10041,95 20,3 17,71 12,78 4 3,26 10034,57 39,77 9,39 5,77 7,5 2,99 10013,5 40,29 9,11 16,96 20,14 10015,71 35 17,73 11,42 6,69 13,45 100

100 100100 100

: ...., , . . ( )

Educ 6) - : - Xi: (

)

5 - Mincer -.

- 5 -, . , Mincer5, - t ( ).

, , - (R), Min-cer. (1), , (2) , R - (R = 0,15) . , Mincer, . , (6), , (=1, -=0) R (0,164). - - . , - (3), (4) (5), (-=1), ( = 1, =0) ( = 1, =0), R (R: 0,186, 0,188 0,200 ). , (7) (8) , (9),

5 - - (lnY) (15-64 ) (. , 2001, .119).

- (R : 0,214, 0,223 0,224 ) .

- (1) (2) - , 6,2%, ( 1%), (. 5).

, - , 3,8% (8) (9). , - - , - (9) 13,6% , 9% 28,5% - , - 17,5%. , (9) , (6,3% )6.

, - .

, - - - Mincer, - EU-SILC 2003 (...., -). , (R) - ( 0,071 0,117)

6 (2001) , - - .

75

, &

6 - (ln),

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8,832 8,828 8,475 8,638 8,73 8,822 8,685 8,677 8,646

() (295,66) (291,2) (223,3) (227,945) (227,226) (297,814) (220,771) (221,847) (217,57) ( ) 0,062 0,062 0,068 0,06 0,048 0,056 0,041 0,038 0.038

(1) (31,259) (31,2) (31,2) (25,227) (18,64) (28,106) (15,214) (14,364) (14,132): 0,09 0,008 0,028 0,026 0,026 0,009 0,026 0,026 0,025

(2) (7,518) (7,459) (14,891) (13,909) (13,981) (7,771) (13,793) (14,077) (13,758)2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(3) (-12,403) (-12,349) (-13,981) (-14,272) (-14,791) (-12,725) (-14,109) (-14,352) (-14,122) : 0,178 0,159 0,135 0,136

=1 (4) (11,077) (9,61) (8,143) (8,226): 0,2 0,092 0,089 0,094

=1 (5) (11,748) (5,088) (4,945) (5,218): 0,306 0,286 0,277 0,285

=1 (6) (16,617) (15,13) (14,721) (15,095): 0,25 0,176 0,175=1 (7) (-12,725) (10,42) (10,634)

0,11 0,063=1 (8) (0,857)** (4,255)

R2 0,15 0,15 0,186 0,188 0,2 0,164 0,213 0,223 0,224

F 884,564 663,595 518,007 522,646 564,556 740,676 409,444 370,641 327,187

:

* : 15.066 ** p> 0,05

7.

, - , - Mincer, - 8 - - -

7

(

8

9

(

. , - , - -10.

-

--- , -

-- -

--

79. , - - . , - ,

- (natural experiment approach) . Griliches (1977) J. Heckman 1977).

- ( -), S.P.L. ( -).

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, , ' . .

, , ,

10 (, Psacharopoulos 1977 MacNabb and Psacharopoulos 1981), Psacharopoulos 1977 1995). (. 1995).

6

, - Mincer .

, -, , , (S..), - ( 1997):

SI = ----------------------------- x 100

11 - , :

ln SI= + 1duc + 2 - 3 + iXi (ii) :

- SI: 16

- duc: ( ) - 16

- : ( : - Educ 6)

- : - Xi : (

)

6 - - . (LnSI), 6 Mincer .

6, , - - 7,5%, - , 4,8% - .

(R) - (R: 0,196 (1)

11 (SI) : ) S > 100: - , ) SI = 100: - ) SI < 100: . , , .

0,290 (8). , - - . , (9) 4,8% , ( : 15,3%, -: 8,9%, : 28%, - : 18,5%), - - (. 6).

, - , , - ( ). - , , , - (., Bowels 1971. owels, Gintis 1973. Cain 1976. Doeringer, Piore 1971. 1989. 1995. 1997. - 2001). , - - , - ( ), , , - .

- - - ( , 1999).

, (E.U.-SILC 2003) , - , -, (68,2%) - (,2005, . 120).

77

, &

7 - (lnS.I.),

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -0,49 -0,489 -0,497 -0,32 -0,229 -0,494 -0,292 -0,289

() (-25,901) (-25,572) (-15,931) (-10,282) (-7,266) (-26,49) (-9,212) (-8,965) ( ) 0,075 0,075 0,078 0,07 0,058 0,069 0,048 0,048

(1) -60,208 -60,085 -43,611 -35,813 -27,535 -55,687 -22,177 -22,175: 0,014 0,014 0,04 0,002 0,002 0,014 0,002 0,02

(2) -20,323 -19,993 -2,598 (1,322)* (1,336)* -20,116 (1,338)* (1,375)*2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(3) (-13,497) (-13,498) -2,282 (1,932)* (1,406)* (-13,804) -2,255 -2,221 : 0,197 0,153 0,153

=1 (4) -14,932 -11,366 -11,353: 0,208 0,089 0,089

=1 (5) -14,827 -6,131 -6,081: 0,311 0,281 0,28

=1 (6) -20,554 -18,404 -18,242: 0,23 0,185 0,185=1 (7) -23,821 -13,5 -13,507

-0,003 -0,007=1 (8) (-0,372)* (-0,576)*

R2 0,196 0,196 0,237 0,237 0,253 0,218 0,29 0,29

F 1631,057 1223,275 706,706 704,67 769,54 1399,6 530,215 463,946

: (S.I.)

* p> 0,05 ** : 20.112

, 16 E.U.-SILC 2003, - () - - 30,32

(15-54

, - - - , -, U. , (..., ..., ...), (

. - , -

, - -

78 - (30,45% % ).

- , - - , 65 (77% 64% ). , - 39%), (53,5%) --, , / .

24 ) , , , , , .

, Mincer, . , , , .

, , - , - - , - -, - - . , - .

, , - . - , , - - (, 2001, .293).

, -, , -, - ' -. , -.

, - :

) :

- -

- -

- - -

) -:

- - -

-

, - , - - , , , - (, , ).

.

., 1989, , . (.): - , ...., -.

T., 1999, : , , , , 1999 ( ), .

K., ., ., 2001, , ...., .

., ., ., ., ., ., ., 1996 ( ), , , , .

., 1995, : , -: , . 10/95, . 43-78. .

., 1997, - , .

., .,2001, , ' , - , . 104-106.

., ., 2005, - : , - 2003-2004, , .

. (), 2005, , : - : (EU-SILC 2003), - 2003-2004, , .

79

, &

., 1999, - : -, ., . (), 1999, , , .

, 2002, : , . (), 2002, - : -, , .

., 1999, - , - , , 1999 ( ), .

, 2001, -, , - .

, 2002, - , . (), 2002, : -, , .

.

Bowels S., 1971, Unequal education and the reproduction of the social division of labour. Review of Radical Political Economy 3(4).

Bowels S., Gintis H., 1973, I.Q. in the U.S. class structure. Social Policy, January- February.

Cain G. (1976). The Challenge of Segmented Labour Market Theories to Ortodox Theory: A Survey. Journal of Economic Literature pp. 1215-1257.

Doeringer P.B., Piore M.J., 1971, Internal labour markets and manpower analysis, Lexington Mass, D.C. Heath.

Duffy K., 1998, Projet Dignit humaine et exclusion sociale Phase de recherche. Opportunit et risque: les tendances de lexclusion sociale en Europe. Rapport final, in COE (ed.):

http://social.coe.int/fr/cohesion/strategie/debats/HDSE/rfsomm.htm.

Heckman, J. J. (1997), Instrumental Variables: A Study of Implicit Behavioral Assumptions Used in Making Program Evaluations", Journal of Human Resources, Summer.

Griliches, Z. (1977), Estimating the Returns to Schooling: Some Econometric Problems", Econometrica, V.45 N.1, Pp. 1-22.

Karantinos, Koniordos, Tinios, 1990, E.C. observatory on national policies to combat social exclusion: First national report, Greece, N.C.S.R., Athens.

Kohl,1996, The European Community : Diverse Images of poverty, in Oyen E. et al (editors), 1996, Poverty: a global Review, Scandinavian University Press, Oslo.

Krelle A., Sorrocks A. (edit.). Personal income distribu-tion. Proccedings of a conference held by the Interna-tional Economic Association. Noorwijk aan Zec, Nether-lands, April 18-23.

Lenoir, R., (1974, Les Exclus: Un Francais sur Dix, Editions du Seuil, Paris.

Lessof C., Jowell R., 2000, Measuring Social Exclusion Working Paper, CREST, http://www.crest.ox.ac.uk.

McNabb R., Psacharopoulos G., 1981, Further evidence of the relevance of the dual labour market hypothesis for the U.K., Journal of Human Resources v. 16.

Mincer J., 1974, Schooling, Experience and Training, New York, NBER.

Nordic Council, 1984, Levels of living and inequalities in the Nordic countries, N.C. & N.S.S (Nordic Statistical Secre-tariat).

Psacharopoulos G., 1977, Labour market duality and in-come distribution the case of U.K.

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80

:

,

1. :

, . - , : ; , - - ad hoc . . - 1 - - - - ( ).

- , " (De Haan, Maxwell 1998). - , - - - .

- , , , , - , -, - 2. - - , , -

1 - : , , , , , .

2 -.

, , , - , . . - , / .

, - - . - , - -.

J. Berghman (1995, .19), 3, (Commins, .. 1993) - . 3 , , -4. , - (-) .

, - , -

3 -, . , - . , - . (D Ambrosio, Papadopoulos, Tsakloglou, 2002). 4 H. Silver (1994) - -: , (- ) ( ). D Ambrosio, Papadopoulos, Tsakloglou (2002), : , .

81

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( , ) :

- ( ), .

- , .

- ( - : , , , - ), .

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, - -. , - - - , , , , , , , , - , . , 6 , - .

G. Room (1995) , -:

1. 2. . 3. 7 . 4. , -

. 5.

.

(Burchard, 2000). , - 8.

5 , . 6 , .

7 - , - (Room, 1995).

8 , - ( - ),

- , - ad hoc , / . Sen9 (1992, 2000).

S. R. Chacravarty C. DAmbrosio (2003), (Duffy 1995. Rowntree Foundation 1998. Paugam Russel, 2000), - (Room 1995) (Akerlof 1997). , - - (Brad-shaw .. 2000), -.

, - . - . Sen - , - :

) 10;

) -;

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. .. - , . , -, 2001 18 , - . 18 : , , .

9 .

10 ( ) : . -. , - - ( ).

82

. (Sugden 1993). Brandolini D' Alessio (1998) - - . ' ,

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Poverty and Social Exclusion Greece