Upload
jason-allen
View
244
Download
11
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Presentacion Fibra Optica Fluke Networks 2014(1)
Citation preview
• Empresa con mas de 30 años de experiencia en el mercado de
Instrumentos Electrónicos de Medición y Fusibles
• Representante exclusivo en Chile de las marcas lideres a nivel
mundial.
INSTRUMENTACION ELECTRONICA S.A.C.I.
REPRESENTANTE OFICIAL EN CHILE DE:
SOLUCIONES FLUKE NETWORKS
Verificación y Certificación de cableado de Cobre y Fibra Óptica Comprobación de Redes
Calificación xDSL Optimización de Procesos
Comprobación y administración de Acceso
Redes empresariales
Soluciones Portátiles y Distribuidas para comprobación y Análisis
LAN, Wireless y WAN
Infraestructura de Redes Proveedores de Servicios
PROBAR Y SOLUCIONAR
PROBLEMAS DE CABLES DE FIBRA
ÓPTICA DE LA EMPRESA
AGENDA
• Tendencias y requisitos de rendimiento en fibra óptica
• Inspección y limpieza de fibras
• Reflexión
• OTDR Tecnología y Herramientas
• Ejercicios prácticos
• Prueba MPO Cassettes y cables troncales
• Las mediciones de pérdida y Herramientas
11
REQUISITOS DE DESEMPEÑO
CONDUCTORES DE CRECIMIENTO
40/100 GB Ethernet
- Aprobado por el IEEE en junio de 2010
- La tendencia continúa ...
1000
40000
100000
4 10 16 100 10 52 26610010000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
To
ken
Rin
g 4
Mb
10B
AS
E-
FO
IL
To
ken
Rin
g 1
6
FD
DI/
TP
PM
D
10B
AS
E-
FL AT
M
Fib
re
Ch
an
nel
100B
AS
E-
FX
1000
BA
SE
-SX
10G
BA
SE
-
S
40G
BA
SE
-
SR
4
100G
BA
S
E-S
R10
1986 1987 1989 1992 1993 1993 1994 1995 1998 2002 2010 2010
Mb
ps
Higher Speeds
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
To
ke
n
Rin
g 4
Mb
10
BA
SE
-
FO
IL
To
ke
n
Rin
g 1
6
FD
DI/
TP
PM
D1
0B
AS
E-
FL A
TM
Fib
re
Ch
an
ne
l
10
0B
AS
E-
FX
10
00
BA
SE
-SX
10
GB
AS
E-
S
40
GB
AS
E-
SR
4
10
0G
BA
S
E-S
R1
0
1986 1987 1989 1992 1993 1993 1994 1995 1998 2002 2010 2010
Me
ters
Shorter Distances
1.9 1.9
13 12.5 13
11
12.5
10
6
11
3.56
2.60
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
To
ke
n
Rin
g 4
Mb
10
BA
SE
-
FO
IL
To
ke
n
Rin
g 1
6
FD
DI/T
P
PM
D
10
BA
SE
-
FL A
TM
Fib
re
Ch
an
ne
l
10
0B
AS
E-
FX
10
00
BA
S
E-S
X
10
GB
AS
E-
S IEE
E
80
2.3
ba
IEE
E
80
2.3
ba
1986 1987 1989 1992 1993 1993 1994 1995 1998 2002 2010 2010
dB
Smaller loss budgets
FACTORES QUE AFECTAN LA PÉRDIDA DE
SEÑAL
Intrínseco • Raleigh Scattering Pérdida por empalme • Fusión: alineación por Nucleo • Mecánica: la alineación de los núcleos, la suciedad en la
cara final, la reflexión • Diámetro del campo Modal en fibras monomodo • Discrepancia apertura numérica de las fibras multimodo Pérdida de conector • Par acoplado en el acoplador • La alineación de los núcleos, la suciedad en la cara final,
la reflexión
MÁS FACTORES QUE AFECTAN A LA
PÉRDIDA
Macrocurvaturas
• Radio de curvatura ~ 2-15 mm
• Afecta primero a longitudes de onda largas
• Afectado principalmente por el diseño de la fibra
Micro curvaturas
• Radio de curvatura ~ radio del núcleo
• Puede ocurrir durante el proceso de fabricación de la fibra óptica
• Puede ocurrir en la instalación debido a presiones del punto
• Afecta a todas las longitudes de onda, pero aumenta ligeramente con la longitud de onda
• Orden de sensibilidad (menor a mayor): SM, 62,5 μ, 50 μ
• Afectado por la cubierta y el Diseño del Cable
FACTORES QUE AFECTAN AL
RENDIMIENTO
Dispersión Cromática (fibras monomodo)
• Salida de láser es distribuida en longitudes de onda
• Diferentes longitudes de onda viajan a diferentes velocidades
La dispersión por modo de polarización (fibras monomodo)
• Núcleo radialmente imperfecta
• Provoca retraso en 1 de 2 modos ortogonales
Dispersión Modal (fibras multimodo)
• Mode es el nivel cuántico en pulso de luz
• Cada uno de ellos ocupa un área diferente del Núcleo
• La imperfección del núcleo causa modos con diferentes velocidades
DISPERSION O ENSANCHAMIENTO DEL
PULSO
MEDICIÓN DISPERSIÓN
MODAL
Lanzamiento llenados en exceso (OFL) • utiliza LED
• Totalmente llena todos los medios de la fibra multimodo
Diferencial Dispersión Modal • utiliza láser
• Inyecta pulsos de luz desde un lado del núcleo a la otra a intervalos micras
• Mide la intensidad del pulso y el tiempo de llegada
• El Ancho de banda modal efectivo se determina a partir de esta prueba
DIFFERENTIAL MODAL DISPERSION
Received pulse at 10 GB/s over 300 meters
FDDI Grade 62.5µ fiber 10 Gb/s
Bit Period
Laser Optimized 50µ fiber 10 Gb/s
Bit Period
Fiber Core
Center
MULTIMODE PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AT 850 NM
Fiber Type
Bandwidth (MHz-km @ 850 nm)
1 GB/s Link Length (@850 nm)
10 GB/s Link Length (@850 nm)
FDDI 62.5 µ 160 220 m 26 m
OM1 62.5 µ 220 275 m 33 m
OM2 50 µ 500 550 m 82 m
OM3 50 µ 1500 (2000)* ~1000 m * 300 m
OM4 50 µ 3500 (4700)* ~1040 m * 400 m *
* Effective Modal Bandwidth
OM4 grade multimode fiber was approved in EIA/TIA 492AAAD on August 5, 2009
* Lengths unsupported by application standards
* Formally stated by the IEEE. Some manufacturers specify more (500-550m)
MULTIMODE FIBER PERFORMANCE
• 1000BASE-SX (850 nm VCSEL) MBW Loss Distance
- 62.5 micron multimode fiber: 160 2.38 dB 220 m
- 62.5 micron multimode fiber: 200 2.60 dB 275 m
- 50 micron multimode fiber: 400 3.37 dB 500 m
- 50 micron multimode fiber: 500 3.56 dB 550 m
• 1000BASE-LX (1310 nm laser)
- 62.5 micron multimode fiber: 500 2.35 dB 500 m
- 50 micron multimode fiber: 400 2.35 dB 550 m
- 50 micron multimode fiber: 500 2.35 dB 550 m - For multimode links >300 m, a mode conditioning patch cord may be required
- singlemode fiber: 4.70 dB 5000 m
20
LIMITES IEEE GIGABIT ETHERNET
21
• 10GBASE-SR (850 nm laser) MBW Loss Distance
- 62.5 micron multimode fiber: 160 2.60 dB 26 m
- 62.5 micron multimode fiber: 200 2.50 dB 33 m
- 50 micron multimode fiber: 400 2.20 dB 66 m
- 50 micron multimode fiber: 500 2.30 dB 82 m
- 50 micron multimode fiber: 2000 2.60 dB 300 m
• 10GBASE-LX4 (1310 nm laser)
- 62.5 micron multimode fiber: 500 2.50 dB 300 m
- 50 micron multimode fiber: 400 2.00 dB 240 m
- 50 micron multimode fiber: 500 2.00 dB 300 m
- 50 micron multimode fiber: 2000 2.00 dB 300 m
- singlemode fiber: 6.30 dB 10 km
LIMITES IEEE 10 GIGABIT ETHERNET
22
• 40GBASE-R4, 100GBSE-SR10 MBW Loss Distance
- 50 micron multimode fiber: OM3 2000 1.90 dB 100 m
- 50 micron multimode fiber: OM4 4700 1.50 dB 150 m
LIMITES IEEE 40/100 GIGABIT ETHERNET
ANSI/TIA-568-C.0 TEST LIMIT
La pérdida permisible depende de: • Número de adaptadores (pares de conectores)
• Número de empalmes
• Longitud de la fibra
• Longitud de onda medida
Se le permite: • 0,75 dB por adaptador (par de conectores)
• BICSI limita esto a 0,5 dB
• 0,3 dB por empalme
ANSI/TIA-568-C.0 TEST LIMIT
Para la fibra multimodo se permite:
• 3,5 dB por km @ 850 nm
• 1,5 dB por km @ 1300 nm
Para la fibra monomodo se permite:
• 1,0 dB por km @ 1310 nm y 1550 nm Planta interna (ISP)
• 0,5 dB por km @ 1310 nm y 1550 nm planta externa (OSP)
Ejemplo de cálculo del presupuesto de pérdidas
850 nm: Adapters Splices Fiber
= 0 * 0.3 dB
= 0.1 km * 3.5 dB
1.50 dB
0.00 dB
0.35 dB
Allowable loss = 1.85 dB
= 2 * 0.75 dB
ANSI/TIA-568-C.0 TEST LIMIT
26
REFLEXIÓN: EL ASESINO
SILENCIOSO DE REDES DE ALTA
VELOCIDAD
WHAT IS REFLECTANCE?
Estas reflexiones Fresnel son lo que se ve cuando se mira en una ventana.
• Causada por la diferencia de índice de refracción entre el aire y el vidrio.
• Si no está demasiado mal, todavía se pueden ver a través del cristal.
Un espacio de aire entre las caras de extremo de una fibra también causan que se produzca reflexiones de Fresnel.
Cuando la luz se mueve de un medio de un índice de refracción n1 dado en un segundo medio con índice de refracción n2, pueden ocurrir tanto la reflexión como la refracción de la luz.
WHAT DO THOSE NUMBERS MEAN?
La reflectancia es el término preferido al caracterizar un solo conector.
• Es una medida de la cantidad de potencia reflejada por una conexión.
• Se incluye un conector
• Siempre es negativo.
• Más pequeño es mejor (por ejemplo, -35 dB es mejor que-20dB)
Refl 10logPreflected
Pincident
Pérdida de retorno es el término preferido al caracterizar un link completo
• Es una medida de la cantidad de energía que no se reflejan por un enlace.
• Incluye todas las conexiones y fibra
• Siempre es positivo.
• Más grande es mejor (por ejemplo, 35 dB es mejor que 20 dB)
reflected
incident
P
Plog10ORL
WHY SHOULD YOU CARE?
Alta reflectancia provoca aumento de tasas de error de bit? (Errores CRC) en la red
• La luz del láser se reflejada hacia atrás incrementa la Intensidad de Ruido Relativa “Noise Intensidad relativa (RIN)” del láser transmisor.
• Si el reflejo es causada por la contaminación que resulta en pérdidas selectivas de modo (por ejemplo, causado por la suciedad), entonces se incrementa el ruido modal.
• Ruido en la red aumenta el “Bit error Rates” (afectando negativamente la experiencia del usuario)
CONNECTOR TYPES
REFLECTANCE IN CONNECTORS
• Si la luz ve un cambio en el índice de refracción, habrá una reflexión.
• Las causas más comunes son:
– Espacio de aire entre los conectores
– Polvo / contaminación
– Residuos dejados por la solución de limpieza
• En un mundo ideal, no habría ningún espacio de aire entre los conectores acoplados, pero en realidad, siempre hay un pequeño espacio de aire, también conocido como "corte sesgado":
• Los mejores conectores terminados en fábrica tendrán un corte mejor que 50 nm (que es 0,05 um).
• La cantidad de rebaje que vea dependerá de la técnica de pulido.
FIELD POLISHING – NOT THE BEST WAY
La calidad de pulido campo depende en gran medida de la habilidad del operador y el proceso de pulido que se sigue.
• Deben tener una buena conexión para todos los conectores.
Los problemas a menudo se encuentran: • Durante el pulido del conector (espacio de aire, falta de reflectancia)
• Tratando de ahorrar dinero o tiempo al no cambiar el papel pulido final de forma regular (papel pulido final sólo es bueno para 5 pulimentos)
• Saltarse el documento final porque la pérdida / longitud pruebas probablemente pasar con un límite de 0,75 dB por conector
El logro de una conexión de baja reflectancia es más difícil que lograr una conexión de baja pérdida.
• Usted puede conseguir lejos con algunas prácticas "descuidados" y todavía pasar las pruebas de pérdida / longitud, pero las pruebas de OTDR revelará las prácticas descuidadas.
MEJOR MANERA
Utilice un conector terminado en fábrica pulida, los ejemplos incluyen:
• Thread-Lock ®
• Corning ® UniCam
• CommScope OptiCam ® – Hay muchos otros
Por lo general garantizan un mínimo de reflectancia
• -35 DB para multimodo
• -40 DB para monomodo
• A menudo mejor que esto
Pero aún así requiere habilidad del usuario en
El corte con precisión de la fibra y Obligadamente de
De un Cortador de Precisión. No usar un Cleaver precisión
es a menudo donde está el problema.
CLEAVE ERRORS
SHEARI
NG
CONC
AVE
CONV
EX
MORE CLEAVE ERRORS
HACKLE /
MIST SHATTER SUB-SURFACE
CRACK
EVEN MORE CLEAVING ERRORS
SURFACE
CRACKS
SURFACE
PITS
BEST WAY
• Pigtails terminados en Fábrica.
• El conector se pule en la fábrica de máquinas automatizadas, tiene muy poca pérdida y excelente reflectancia.
• Es entonces fusión empalmada sobre la fibra instalada donde el empalme es típicamente 0,003 dB y mucho mejor que el requisito de 0,3 dB en las normas.
• Menos propenso a errores de instalación, pero el costo de los componentes y el equipo al principio es más.
SMART TESTING & TROUBLESHOOTING
Elimine los problemas comunes con las buenas prácticas durante la instalación y el mantenimiento
• Verifique la continuidad, la polaridad, la adecuada condición de fin-cara con las herramientas básicas para garantizar la buena terminación y prácticas de instalación
Realizar certificación de cableado completo por TIA-568C • Certificación básico (Tier 1)
• Certificación extendida (Tier 2)
39
TWO-TIER TESTING
Nivel 1 (TIER 1): OLTS (Optical Loss Tes Set) pruebas de pérdida óptica)
• Cumple con TIA-526-14B y TIA-526-7
– (Más cerca del sistema Simulado )
• Mide la pérdida total de un canal de fibra
• Verifique la polaridad utilizando OLTS o VFL
Nivel 2 (TIER 2): OTDR (Reflectómetro óptico de dominio en el Tiempo)
• OTDR puede mostrar longitudes de segmento, ubicación de los conectores y las pérdidas, y los eventos de pérdida sin conector
• Proporciona evidencia de que el cable se instaló sin eventos degradantes (por ejemplo, curvas, conectores sucios o rotos o malos empalmes
• Es una sola prueba terminó
EJEMPLO DE PRUEBAS: TIER 1 (OLTS)
TR
MC X
X X X
Backbone Cables
Horizontal Cables
50/125 m cabling 104 m backbone cable 3 m patch cord 102 m to the wall outlet
Light Source
Power Meter
2.00 dB
2.60 dB for 10GBase-SR per IEEE
PMLS measures total link loss
EJEMPLO DE PRUEBAS: TIER 2 (OTDR)
TR
MC X
X X X
Backbone Cables
Horizontal Cables
OTDR characterizes link details
42
EVENTMAP & EVENT TABLE FROM OTDR
EventMap Event Table
INTRODUCCIÓN AL
OPTIFIBER® PRO OTDR
Company Confidential
¿QUÉ HAY DENTRO!
• La unidad central OptiFiber con
módulo Quad Pro con NOTA: Los
módulos monomodo y multimodo
también disponible
• Cables de lanzamiento / Tail fibra
retráctil
• Factor de forma más pequeño
• Inspector de la fibra con consejos
• interfaz USB
• OneClick Cleaners
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR
10.6 x 5.0 x 2.5
inches
5.7 inches
touchscreen display Smartphone user
interface
EventMap 8-hour battery life
Singlemode,
Multimode and
Quad modules
47
FIBER INSPECTION AND CLEANING
48
#1 PROBLEMA: SUCIEDAD!
• Conectores con su extremo contaminado: Principal causa de fallas de los enlaces de fibra.
• Las partículas de polvo y suciedad atrapada entre las caras frontales de las fibras causan pérdida de la señal, la reflexiónes, y equipo dañado
• Muchas fuentes de contaminación: • Los lugares de instalación y salas de telecomunicaciones en entornos
de suciedad • Útiles de limpieza inapropiados o insuficientes, materiales,
procedimientos • Los escombros y la corrosión de los manguitos de fijación de baja
calidad • Las manos de los técnicos • Transportado por el aire
49
¿POR QUÉ MOLESTARSE FACES
INSPECCIÓN FINAL?
• Para evitar daños • Escombros incrustará en el vidrio cuando se acoplan los conectores
contaminados • Cuando se quita los escombros embebidos, hoyo permanece en el vidrio
como un daño permanente • hoyos causan pérdida de la señal y la reflexión hacia atrás
• Escombros provoca otros daños, como los quiebres y arañazos
Good Connector
Fingerprint
on Connector
Dirty Connector
INSPECTION IMAGES
Las imágenes reales tal como se captura de las redes de fibra con un
Fluke Inspector
COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS
• Tapas protectoras mantienen caras frontales limpia- NO
– Caps son una fuente de contaminación: compuesto de liberación de molde de la fabricación
– Finales rostros no están limpios cuando vienen pre-terminados de la fábrica en una bolsa sellada
• Aire comprimido arruinará la suciedad- NO
– Es ineficaz en partículas más pequeñas, y en particuas con carga estatica
– Sopla las partículas más grandes alrededor en lugar de eliminarlos
– Es ineficaz en aceites y contaminantes de compuestos
• El alcohol isopropílico– NO
– IPA no funciona en los contaminantes no polares
– Pulling lubricants, buffer gels, etc.
– IPA deja un residuo cuando no se utiliza correctamente
CLEANING WITH IBC CLEANERS
• IBC™ OneClick Cleaners for cleaning different
end faces/connectors — no training required
• 1.25 mm LC and MU connector and end faces
• 2.5 mm SC, ST, FC, E2000 connector and end
faces
• MPO/MTP connector and end faces
• Cleans Ports on devices and patch panels
as well as Cords ….with an adapter
• Limpieza en seco es menos eficiente para la
limpieza de grasa (aceite de la piel seca) de
limpieza en húmedo con un disolvente y hisopos
/ limpieza de cubos
CLEANING WITH SOLVENT PEN
• Start with a clean, lint-free wiping surface every time
– Material left exposed accumulates ambient dust
– Material used once should not be used again
• Use a minimal amount of specialized solvent – Important that solvent be removed after cleaning
– Move the end-face from the wet spot into a dry zone Cleaning with a saturated wipe will not fully remove
solvent
Cleaning with a dry wipe will not dissolve contaminants and can generate static, attracting dust
• Proper handling and motion – Apply gentle pressure with soft backing behind cleaning surface
– Hold end-face perpendicular to cleaning surface
– No figure-8 motion as that’s for polishing only
• Inspect both end-faces of any connection before insertion
– If the first cleaning was not sufficient, then clean again until all contamination is removed
Company Confidential
FIBER INSPECTION
Company Confidential
PROBE TIPS
• Connect the FiberInspector to
the OFP USB port
• Examine the probe tips
• “FS” tip is for FC and SC
bulkheads. Note that it is
asymmetrical
• LC tip for bulkheads
• 2.5mm tip for SC/ST/FC patch
cords
• 1.25mm tip for LC patch cords
• And many more available
Bulkhead FC/SC Bulkhead LC
Patch cord 2.5mm Patch cord 1.25mm
Company Confidential
ATTACHING A TIP
• Attach the “2.5mm” tip to the
probe
• Note that all the tips have a key
• Hold the tip in position while
tightening the nut
Company Confidential
FIBER INSPECTION
• Tap TOOLS
• Tap FiberInspector
• Focus the image with the knob
on the probe
• Press to “pause” or enter
the “still” mode
Company Confidential
EXERCISE 2: FIBER INSPECTION
• Tap SCALE ON
• Tap NEXT SCALE
• Drag fiber to center of scales
• Zoom on image
• Tap GRADE
• Tap GRADE again
STAND ALONE MICROSCOPE OVERVIEW
Inspect widest range of patch cords and port varieties
Dual magnification (250x/400x)
probe Large 3.5” screen
• Rugged, shock-absorbent boot
• Extensive range of adapter
probe tips (including MPO)
FiberInspector Pro
Inspect most patch cords and ports (SC, ST, FC and LC)
Exceptionally compact and
convenient Competitive price point for a
video microscope
FiberInspector Mini
Inspect patch cords only Rugged, ergonomic form
factor Most affordable way to
inspect an end-face
FiberViewer
60
OTDR TECHNOLOGY
61
WHAT DOES AN OTDR DO?
OTDR Port
Connector
Processing
& Control
Color
Display
Directional
Coupler
Very Sensitive
Photo
Detector
Two
Laser
Diodes
• Sends pulses of light out
• Keeps checking for
reflected light
• The farther the light goes,
the more time it takes to
come back
• When light hits a
connection, an extra spike
of light reflects back
• The farther the light goes,
the more loss it encounters,
so less comes back
(measures length)
(measures fiber loss)
(finds connections)
OTDR
Fiber
Under
Test
Optical Fiber
Electrical
62
OTDR IN ACTION
The OTDR measures reflected energy and
NOT the transmitted light level.
Distance
Loss
63
OTDR TECHNOLOGY
• Rayleigh Scattering
• Fresnel Reflection
64
Scattering, (Rayleigh Scattering) occurs when transmitted light energy is higher than what the glass molecules can absorb and the energy is released in all directions. It is the major loss factor in fiber.
Backscattering occurs from about 0.0001% of the light being reflected back to the OTDR.
Rayleigh Scattering
65
Coupling loss air gap causes loss of light transmitted
Fresnel Reflection occurs when light traveling in one material encounters a different density material (like air). Up to 8% of the light is reflected back to the source while the rest continues out of the material.
Fresnel Reflection
66
WHAT DO OTDR TEST RESULTS
LOOK LIKE?
EVENTMAP
• Fácil de entender el mapa de la infraestructura física Los iconos representan eventos. Pasa evento de reflexión Falla de evento de reflexión Evento de reflexión Ocultos Pasa evento de pérdida Falla de evento de pérdida Pérdida del evento oculto se
añade a la pérdida del evento
anterior
68
TYPICAL OTDR TEST RESULT
Backscatter
Reflection
69
REFLECTION EVENT
Connector
70
LOSS EVENT
Non-reflective event
Splice or severe bend
71
END EVENT
End of Fiber
72
GAINER EVENT
50 micron fiber connected to a 62.5 micron fiber
Gainer
73
GHOST EVENT
Ghosts
74
DYNAMIC RANGE
• Determina la longitud de la fibra que se puede probar
• Provisto como un valor en dB
• Los valores más altos significan mayor distancia (típicamente para las empresas de telecomunicaciones) ... y una zona muerta más grande
• Locales OTDR no necesitan un gran rango dinámico ... y se benefician con una pequeña zona muerta
• Pulso necesita ser lo suficientemente amplia para llegar al extremo de la fibra
75
DYNAMIC RANGE
Measurement
Dynamic
Range
Initial backscatter level at OTDR front connector
Dynamic range is the maximum attenuation level that the test
equipment can recognize and therefore may be used to
determine how long of a fiber can be measured.
Noise
dB
Length 0
0
76
DEAD ZONE
• Una zona muerta es como cuando tus ojos necesitan para recuperarse de mirar al sol brillante o el Flash de una cámara
• Puede reducirse mediante el uso de un ancho de pulso menor, pero disminuirá el rango dinámico.
77
TWO TYPES OF DEAD ZONES
• Typically occurs in a trace whenever there is a connector
• The OTDR receiver goes “blind” from the strong reflection
• Includes duration of the reflection and recovery time for the receiver.
Event
dead zone
Attenuation
dead zone
ATTENUATION DEAD ZONE
VS. EVENT DEAD ZONE
• Attenuation Dead Zone is the minimum distance between two events on an OTDR where the OTDR can assess the event loss
• In this example, the following event is too close to the first event to reliably assess the individual losses at 1300nm (it worked for 850nm)
• We say that the second event is within the Attenuation Dead Zone, so we are unable to asses the event loss of the first event at 0 ft/ 0 m
• OFP Typical Attenuation Dead Zone is:
• 2.2m @ 850 nm, 3 ns, -40 dB Reflectance
• 4.5m @ 1300 nm, 3 ns -40 dB Reflectance
• 3.6m @ 1310 nm, 3 ns, -50 dB Reflectance
• 3.6 m @ 1550 nm, 3 ns, -50 dB Reflectance
ATTENUATION DEAD ZONE
VS. EVENT DEAD ZONE
• Event Dead Zone is the minimum distance it can detect an event after the preceding event on an OTDR
• In this example, we can see that there is an event 7 ft/2 m after the first event at 0 ft/0 m
• The Event Dead Zone distance depends on
• The pulse width used
• The reflectance of the preceding event
• OFP Typical Event Dead Zone is:
• 0.5m @ 850 nm, 3 ns, -40 dB Reflectance
• 0.7m @ 1300 nm, 3 ns -40 dB Reflectance
• 0.6m @ 1310 nm, 3 ns, -50 dB Reflectance
• 0.6 m @ 1550 nm, 3 ns, -50 dB Reflectance
80
LAUNCH & TAIL FIBER
• A must for measuring the loss of the first and last connector in a fiber link
• Launch fiber must be significantly longer than the attenuation dead zone of the OTDR
• With short dead zones you can use a short launch fiber
81
USING A LAUNCH AND TAIL FIBER
Launch
Fiber
Will give loss of the
first connector
Tail
Fiber
Will give loss of the
last connector
82
LAUNCH FIBER COMPENSATION
Shows the
end of the
launch
fiber
The zero point is now shifted
to the end of the launch fiber
Shows the
beginning
of the tail
fiber
Company Confidential
SIMPLE OTDR TRACE ACQUISITION
Company Confidential
SETUP
• Supplies
• Launch and Tail Cords
• SC/SC adapter
• OptiFiber Pro (OFP)
• Connect Launch Cord to OFP
• Connect Tail to Launch with SC/SC
adapter
Company Confidential
TEST ACQUISITION
• Press or
• Always ensure your Port Quality
is good.
• Trace progress gives instant
insight into test results.
• EventMap interprets the trace
for you.
Company Confidential
EVENT DETAILS
• Tap the Summary Bubble to see
the Event Details.
• Details are provided for the
event’s loss, reflectance and
segment attenuation.
• Next and previous events can be
viewed.
• Context sensitive help is
available.
Company Confidential
EVENT TABLE
• Tap the Table tab.
• Large tables can be scrolled
• Change wavelength here
• Overall results are here
Company Confidential
TRACE
• Tap on TRACE
• Change wavelength here
• Jump to next/previous event
• Test settings are here
Company Confidential
EXERCISE 4
LAUNCH/TAIL COMPENSATION
Company Confidential
EXERCISE 4: LAUNCH AND TAIL
COMPENSATION
• Fluke Networks recommends
the use of launch and tail cords.
• Required to measure first and
last connectors in link.
• Must have backscatter signal on
both sides of connector to make
a measurement.
Company Confidential
EXERCISE 4: SETUP
• Supplies
• Launch and Tail Cords
• SC/SC adapter
• OptiFiber Pro (OFP)
• Connect Launch Cord to OFP
• Connect Tail to Launch with SC/SC
adapter
Company Confidential
LINK TEST
Company Confidential
SET UP
• Supplies
• Launch and Tail Cords
• Demo Artifact
• 1m patch cord
• OptiFiber Pro (OFP)
• Connect Launch cord to port 2
• Connect 1m to ports 6 and 8
• Connect Tail cord to port 4
1m
MPO/MTP CONNECTORS AND
CASSETTES
16 Fiber – For SAN market, where switch & director blades come in eight fiber increments
24 Fiber – High density for the data center server side
100 Gig
12 Fiber – For plug and play cassettes in datacom environment
40 Gig
MULTI-FIBER CONNECTORS (MPO/MTP)
Typical cassette 20dB Return Loss 40dB RL Typical
1.0dB Insertion Loss 0.75dB IL Typical
Premium cassette >20dB Return Loss
40dB RL Typical 0.5dB Insertion Loss
0.35dB IL Typical
MPO/MTP FIBER CASSETTE
• Contain a short “breakout” cable to change to single fiber connectors
• Considered part of the permanent link
• Have ‘male’ MPO/MTP connectors (pins)
• Three different wiring methods specified in the standards
111
50/125um MM
Pre-terminated MTP
Cassette
MTP Pre-terminated Ribbon
Cable
50/125um MM Patch
Cord
FIBER CASSETTE-BASED CHANNEL
WIRING SCHEMES PER EIA/TIA 942
• “Plug & Play” cabling not the same as legacy trunk cables and patch panels
• MPO cassette configurations: • Method A – Straight through • Method B – Ribbon Flip • Method C – Pair-wise Flip
• Potential Issues with Cassettes:
• High return loss • Difference between channels • Dirt on one fiber creates air
gap (high reflectance) for all fibers in the connector!
• All must be properly installed and tested
OTDR TESTING MPO/MTP CASSETTES
114
OTDR TESTING OF FIBER CASSETTES
The breakout cable from the MPO to the LC is well within the event dead zone so…
- An OTDR will see the cassette as a single connector - If you can’t get a clean trace without ghosts, than the link has
problems - High reflectance - High Loss
- An OTDR can still help find the location of link problems
115
OTDR TRACES WITH FIBER CASSETTES
• Here is how an OTDR can help find the location of problems:
• The connector at 154 m did not get seated correctly and shows a big loss
• With a power meter, you would know there was too much loss, but would not know where the problem was
116
OTDR TRACES WITH FIBER CASSETTES
• After the connector was properly seated, the loss at the second connector is fine
• But the ghosts indicate we still have a reflectance issue
• Inspect and clean
• Retest
117
MEASURING LOSS
• Optical Power is measured in dBm
(0 dBm = 1 milliwatt)
• Some examples
0 dBm = 1. Milliwatt = 1000 microwatts
-10 dBm = 0.1 milliwatts = 100 microwatts
-20 dBm = 0.01 milliwatts = 10 microwatts
-30 dBm = 0.001milliwatts = 1 microwatt
• Every 3 dBm subtracted drops the power in half
OPTICAL POWER
Absolute measurement of power measured in dBm as a reference to one milliwatt of power
1. Reference level: light energy arriving at detector through test reference cord
Test Reference Cord Source Detector
Loss Is Measured As A Difference In Power
2. Loss measurement: light energy arriving at detector through fiber under test and tail test reference cord
Additional Test Reference Cord
Adapter Adapter
Test Reference Cord
Fiber Optic Link-under-test
Source Detector
FIBER LOSS MEASUREMENT – PRINCIPLE
3. Loss: difference between the two measurements Loss = 4.2 dB
-20 dBm
-24.2 dBm
ONE JUMPER REFERENCE
• The method explained in the previous slide is the essence of “one-jumper” method (previously known as Method B)
• Recommended by TIA 568-C (also TIA-526-7 & TIA-526-14-B)
• Advantage: • Correctly yields the loss of the two adapters and the link-under-test
• Disadvantages: • Can only be used when adapters at the end of the link-under-test match the
adapter type in the tester (detector)
• To maintain the reference: - The coupling or launch conditions must be kept identical throughout the test
- NEVER REMOVE TRC from the source after the reference has been set
Fluke Networks introduced Fiber Test Modules with removable test adapters
Set the reference: Launch Reference Cord
Source Detector
CL3
Launch Reference Cord
CL4
Tail Reference Cord
Fiber Link-under-test
Source Detector
Review of the “One-jumper” Method
Measure loss:
• Measured loss: LossFiber + CL3 + CL4 • NO systematic error from connections • Key issue: Detector adapter = adapter of Link-under-test
ONE JUMPER REFERENCE
Measure loss – The difference: Link plus ONE connection
Launch TRC
Adapter Adapter
Receiving TRC
Fiber Optic Link-under-test
Source Detector
Set the reference level:
Launch Patch Cable
Source Detector
Receiving Patch Cable
TWO JUMPER REFERENCE
Formerly known as Method A, it should never be used in an enterprise environment as it only measures the loss of the fiber and one adapter and may give negative loss measurements.
THREE JUMPER REFERENCE
• Used for channel measurements
• Or when connectors are different at each end and you have fixed connector at the detector
Launch Reference
Cord
Source Detector
Tail Reference Cord
Reference Jumper
Reads P1
CL1 CL2
CL1 = Loss of connection 1 CL2 = Loss of connection 2
Launch Reference
Cord
CL4
Tail Reference
Cord
Fiber Optic Link-under-test
Source Detector
Link-under-test Loss Measurement
Reads P2 CL3
THREE JUMPER REFERENCE
• The loss measurement is calculated as P2 - P1
• Measured loss = LossFiber + (CL3-CL1) + (CL4-CL2)
FIBER LOSS LAUNCH CONDITIONS
• Different power distribution between modes creates different Link Loss results - Higher modes are less stable - Lower modes are more stable
• Light source for Multimode Fiber: LED - LED light source with test reference cord needs to meet ANSI/TIA-
526-14-B with Encircled Flux
• No VCSEL light source - Optical loss limits in IEEE 802.3 are based on test equipment
using LEDs, same for ANSI/TIA and ISO/IEC - VCSELs are under-filled; results are more optimistic - Some vendors will not warrant a cabling system if VCSEL source is
used in testing
WHY AM I REQUIRED TO USE A MANDREL?
WHAT DOES THE MANDREL DO?
Mandrel wrap with LED allows testing 50um and 62.5um
MANDREL – CONTROL LAUNCH CONDITIONS
• Control the over fill launch condition with the use of a mandrel
• Diameter and number of wraps determine the effect of the mandrel
• Desired result:
Strip out the higher order modes to achieve
measurement stability
131
ENCIRCLED FLUX LAUNCH CONTROL
LAUNCH CONTROL
• Make an optical loss measurement
- Using reference grade connectors
- Better than 0.10 dB on the test reference cords
- With a mandrel at the source
Multimode Source 1
Power Meter 1
LAUNCH CONTROL
• Make another optical loss measurement
- Using the same reference grade connectors
- Better than 0.10 dB on the test reference cords
- With a mandrel at the source
- But using a different source
Multimode Source 2
Power Meter 1
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN STANDARD BODY?
• New TSB:
- Practical Considerations for Implementation of Multimode Launch Conditions in the Field (Draft as of Dec 2012)
• Helps users to understand Encircled Flux and the options for dealing with it
• TSB = Telecommunications System Bulletin
- Not an official standard, more like a memo
- Will likely lead to ANSI/TIA-568-D.3
EF is the radial integration of power from the core center to the core boundary
Optical Power intensity at each
increment of radius r
Total Power Intensity in radius
R
EF is a ratio of powers (incremental/total)
HOW IS EF DEFINED?
HOW IS EF MEASURED?
Measured at output of test cord
Source
Reference grade
test cord
mandrel
Near field
measurement
EF
output Test cord
output
HOW IS THE LAUNCH CONTROLLER USED?
From:
To:
HOW IS THE LAUNCH CONTROLLER USED?
BEST PRACTICES FOR LOSS TESTING
• Loss limits are low measurement accuracy is critical • A 0.25 dB measurement error represents ~10% of the
channel budget
• Best Practice • Use high-quality Test Reference Cords (TRCs)
• Clean TRC ends before you set the reference
• Let the tester warm up to steady-state internal temperature • About 10 min with ambient temp and tester temp difference <20°F
• Use one-jumper (Method B) reference method
• After reference, do NOT disconnect TRC from light source
• For multimode optical link, use proper mandrel
• Repeat the reference after power down
148
LOSS MEASUREMENT TOOLS:
SIMPLIFIBER PRO, CERTIFIBER AND
DTX-XFM2
• Power meter and light source “Verification” kit
• Single fiber power meter and light source kits cannot “Certify” to TIA or IEEE standards since they do not measure length.
SIMPLIFIBER PRO
SIMPLIFIBER PRO COMPONENTS
• Multimode Source
• Dual Wavelength, Single Port, Auto Wavelength Mode and FindFiber Mode, 850 nm and 1300 nm
• Singlemode Source
• Dual wavelength, Single Port, Auto Wavelength and FindFiber Mode, 1310nm and 1550nm
• Power Meter
• Calibration points at 850, 1300, 1310, 1490, 1550 and 1625 nm,
• CheckActive Mode, FindFiber Mode
• Min/Max Feature
• USB Port
• FindFiber Remote ID
• One device for both SM and MM fiber
• Sends a unique identifier signal (1 thru 8)
VERIFICATION WITH A VFL
• A VisiFault Visual Fault Locator (VFL) is good for polarity/continuity verification but…
• Quality cannot be determined by any VFL!
12 dB Loss! 0.5 dB Loss!
Which Link is better?
• CertiFiber and DTX-xFM2
• Dual fiber power meter and light source kit “Certifies” to TIA and IEEE standards by measuring loss and length.
CERTIFIBER AND DTX FIBER MODULES
DTX-XFM2 LOSS/LENGTH MODULES
• Support for four Fiber Optic Adapters: SC, ST, LC, FC
DTX-SFM2 – Laser 1310 nm & 1550 nm
DTX-MFM2 – LED 850 nm & 1300 nm
DTX-GFM2 – VCSEL/Laser 850 nm & 1310 nm
DUPLEX TEST REFERENCE CORDS
• FNET includes high-performance Test Reference Cords (TRC) • Polarity is marked with colored boots
• Red boot on end at which light enters
• Black boot on end at which light exits
• Light source connection is always an SC adaptor
• Longer cord segment to accommodate mandrel
• Connector fiber end face: specially hardened HLC technology
• Example: Duplex TRC to test LC ‘system’:
LC
LC LC
SC
DTX-MFM2 DUAL-FIBER LOSS MEASUREMENT
Set the reference with two duplex cords
In Out
LC Adapter
SC LC
LC LC
Main Unit Remote Unit
In Out
LC LC
LC SC
TEST REFERENCE GUIDELINES
• SC adapter with Red boot plugs into the transmitter (OUT connection)
• Do not unplug red boot (on “Output”) after setting the reference
• Maintain precise launch conditions of the reference
• Set reference with DTX-MFM2
• -20 dBm nominal level with LED, mandrel and 62.5 μm TRC
• -24 dBm nominal level with LED, mandrel and 50 μm TRC
• Set reference with DTX-GFM2 or DTX-SFM2
• -7dBm nominal level with VCSEL or laser
DTX-MFM2 DUAL-FIBER LOSS MEASUREMENT
Connect to the link-under-test (LUT)
In Out In Out
SC
LC Adapter
LC LC
LC LC
LC LC
SC
To LUT – End 1 To LUT – End 2
Do not move
DTX-XFM2 DUAL-FIBER LOSS MEASUREMENT
Loss measurement with two duplex cords
In Out
LC SC
LC
LC
In Out
SC LC
LC
LC
DTX-XFM2 DUAL-FIBER LOSS MEASUREMENT
• Polarity Test • Plug black boot at end of TRC into “transmit” port on the
panel • Plug red boot at end of TRC into “receive” port on the panel
In Out
LC panel LC panel
In Out
TR
TR RC
RC
LOSS TESTING MPO/MTP TRUNK
CABLES
WHAT WAS NEEDED …
• Measure the performance of all 12 trunk fibers in a single
• Test loss
• Validate polarity
The old way to test MPO Trunk Cables
Set reference
Install fan-out
Test 12 times Complex
Tedious Incomplete Polarity?
Test to Limit?
Documentation?
Repeat all tests
WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS?
INTRODUCING MULTIFIBER™ PRO
• The industry’s first MPO fiber trunk tester that validates the performance of all 12 trunk fibers in a single test – reducing testing time by nearly 95%*
• Simple & efficient • Measures loss on all 12 fibers • Tests against user-configurable
loss limits • Validates polarity
*According to Fluke Networks research of standard competitive products and processes.
PREPARE THE METER FOR TESTING
• Set the loss limit as desired • Press SELECT to enter the loss limit set up mode
• Press F1 to decrease the limit
• Press F2 to increase the limit
• Press and hold MENU
• Release when returns to normal measurement mode
Application Budgets At 850nm OM2 OM3 OM4
1000BASE-S
Loss Budget (dB) 3.6 4.5 4.8
Length m (ft) 550 (1804) 550 (1804) 550 (1804)
10GBASE-S
Loss Budget (dB) 2.3 2.6 2.9
Length m (ft) 82 (269) 300 (984) 400 (1312)
40GBASE-SR4
Loss Budget (dB) --- 1.9 1.5
Length m (ft) --- 100 (328) 150 (492)
100GBASE-SR10
Loss Budget (dB) --- 1.9 1.5
Length m (ft) --- 100 (328) 150 (492)
PREPARE TO SET A REFERENCE
• Ensure light source
defaults are ON
• Scan All: ON, Auto l: ON
• Connect meter and source
with 1 meter, Type B,
Pinned/Pinned MPO cord
• Patch cord must have pins on
both ends
• Source and meter both have
unpinned test ports
NOTE: this method is the preferred “1 jumper” reference method
SET REFERENCE
• Press MENU repeatedly until the
SET REF segment appears
• Once all channels have been
referenced:
• Power will be displayed for each
channel
• SAVE will be displayed
• Press F1 to SAVE the reference
• Connect the test cord to the
cassette or bulkhead.
• After 6 seconds the meter
will provide a measurement
of all 12 fibers
• Press F2 to view the
measurements of each
channel
• Note the Polarity
measurement
• Press SAVE to save all 12
records!
Measure the loss of the link or channel!
MEASURE THE LOSS OF THE LINK OR
CHANNEL
You can also measure loss of MPO Cassette
• Loss of each channel
• Polarity of cassette
MEASURE THE LOSS OF CASSETTE
OPTIFIBER® PRO OTDR
REVIEW OF FEATURES
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: SIMPLICITY
• Intuitive smartphone interface
• Capacitive touchscreen: No stylus required
• Gesture-based input accelerates testing
• “Pinch & zoom” for rapid trace navigation and analysis
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: SIMPLICITY
• Event Map: Alternative trace presentation of link topology
• Reduces need for OTDR expertise
• Icons designate the type of fiber event
• One-tap gives access to all event details
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: SIMPLICITY
• Project Folders: Preconfigure settings for specific jobs or users
• Create up to 100 Project Folders for future jobs or use by others
• Predefine tests and test parameters
• Change configuration as needed
• Integrated Inspection Camera
• Probe tips for patch cords and
bulkheads
• “FS” tip is for FC and SC
bulkheads. Note that it is
asymmetrical
• LC tip for bulkheads
• 2.5mm tip for SC/ST/FC patch
cords
• 1.25mm tip for LC patch
cords
• And many more available
Bulkhead FC/SC Bulkhead LC
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR:
INSIGHT
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR:
INSIGHT • The industry’s shortest multimode dead
zones
• Event: 0.5 meters
• Attenuation: 2 meters at 850nm, 3 meters at 1300, 1310 and 1550nm
• Top-of-Rack and End-of-Row architectures employ short links with many connectors
• OptiFiber Pro ensures reliability in virtualized datacenters and SANs
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: INSIGHT
• Reflectance: The silent bandwidth thief
• FaultMap is the fastest way to find reflectance and eliminate insidious reliability problems
• Icons designate large and small reflectance
• One-tap access to event details
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR:
INSIGHT • Extended measurement range
• Multimode: 8 – 35 km
• Singlemode: 80 – 130 km
• Ideal for academic, business and government campus networks
• No need for a “carrier class” OTDR in enterprise environment
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: SPEED
• DataCenter OTDR mode: One-touch configuration to test datacenter fiber
• Optimized for short links, many connectors and large reflections
• Selects wavelengths for multimode and singlemode
• Fast answers on datacenter and storage network infrastructure
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: SPEED
• The industry’s fastest trace time
• QuickTest: 2 seconds*
• DataCenter: 2 seconds typical*
• Auto OTDR: 5 seconds typical*
• Increased accuracy with decreased test time
• You don’t have time to waste
*- Per wavelength
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR DOCUMENTATION
• LinkWare: Integrates test results from OptiFiber Pro and other Fluke Networks testers
• No learning curve for reporting and presentations
• Results exportable in Bellcore SR-4731 format
SUMMARY
• Do not Plug-and-Pray
• VFL testing is not testing
• Perform full Tier 1 Certification Testing • Inspect and Clean
• Proper loss referencing (1-Jumper)
• Meticulous loss testing
• Perform Tier 2 OTDR testing for Event Loss and Connector Reflectance • Provides a rock solid testing strategy
• Inspect and Clean the OTDR Port
• Use Launch and Tail Cords
• Strive for multimode connector reflectance <-35 dB and singlemode connector reflectance <-40 dB
BACKUP SLIDES Slides here described the use of DTX to test MPO
cassette, and with MultiFiber Pro, this is no longer necessary. The slides are left here such that in case
there are prospects who still use DTX and want to know how to test MPO cassette, they can be used to
illustrate the steps and upsell them to MultiFiber Pro.
WE’RE GOING TO TEST THIS
LOSS BUDGETS - TIA
• Does not work for data centers
≤0.75 dB ≤0.75 dB
≤0.75 dB ≤0.75 dB
300 m ≤ 1.05 dB
10GBASE-SR requirement is 2.6 dB @ 850 nm
The loss budget here would be 4.05 dB; not good enough
LOSS BUDGETS – WHAT YOU NEED
The cassette has to be better than two adapters of 0.75 dB each
10GBASE-SR requirement is 2.6 dB @ 850 nm
The loss here would be 2.55 dB; GOOD
≤0.75 dB ≤0.75 dB
300 m ≤ 1.05 dB
COMPONENTS NEEDED WITH DTX
SET A REFERENCE
Inspect and clean all test reference cords and DTX-xFM2 Output ports first!
INSERT KNOWN GOOD CORD INTO INPUT
PORT ON REMOTE UNIT
RUN AN AUTOTEST
• If the loss is better than 0.10 dB, we know our reference cords are good
• This is critical to a successful measurement
CONNECT TO THE LINK AND RUN AN
AUTOTEST
300 m ≤ 1.05 dB
≤0.75 dB ≤0.75 dB
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF EF
• Option 2 - Use an external mode controller
- Replaces the mandrels
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF EF
• The mode controllers are not a popular option
• They’re bulky and not what you would call cheap
• So why not just make the source EF compliant?
• EF compliance is at the end of the test cord
EF Compliance is met at the end of the Test Reference Cord
A Test Reference Cord will alter the EF template
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF EF
• Today’s solution
• When that LC connector breaks or wears out, it cannot be re-terminated in the field
• Re-terminations need to be verified for EF compliance