Principals of Prevention for Falling Accident(2011)

TAI NN RI NG V NGUYN TC

PHNG CHNG

AN TON XY

DNG

M-un ny gip cho hc vin hiu v ri ng phng chng tai nn ri ng v cung cp thng tin v nguyn nhn xy ra theo tng vt liu gy ra tai nn ri ng cng nh phng php v nguyn tc phng chng tai nn.

1. nh ngha v ri ng v vic nng cao s hiu bit v hin tng ri ng.

2. Hiu v tnh nghim trng ca tai nn ri ng. 3. Hiu v phng php v nguyn tc phng chng tai nn ri ng nng cao kh nng lp phng n lm vic an ton.

Mc ch ca m-un

Mc ch ca vic hc

Tai nn ri ng ...................................................................................... 4 Nhng iu cn ghi nh

Nguyn nhn xy ra tai nn ri ng .................................................... 10

Nhng iu cn ghi nh Vn c bn ca vic phng chng tai nn ri ng ...................... 20

Vn luyn tp theo m-un ............................................................ 36

Chng 1

Chng 2

Chng 3

TAI NN RI NG V NGUYN TC PHNG CHNG

Khi qut v an ton

4

TAI NN RI NG

nh ngha ri ng v vic nng cao hiu bit v hin tng ri ng.

Khi qut v tai nn ri ng

Tai nn ri ng chim khong 15% tng s tai nn trong tt c cc ngnh ngh, hng nm c khong hn 10,000 ngi b thng do b ri ng, chim t l t vong cao khong 20%, hng nm c hn 400 ngi cht do ri ng, l mt trong nhng hnh thc xy ra tai nn nhiu nht, i vi tai nn t vong th tai nn thuc loi ny chim t l cao nht trong s tai nn gy ra do s c. c bit trong ngnh xy dng tnh hnh cn nghim trng hn, chim khong 35% trong s ngi b tai nn trong ngnh xy dng, hng nm c khong 6,000 ngi b tai nn ri ng, hng nm c khong hn 300 ngi cht do ri ng chim hn 50% trong s nhng ngi b tai nn nghim trng do tai nn ri ng l loi xy ra nhiu nht trong s cc loi tai nn trong ngnh xy dng. Ngoi ra, tai nn ri ng xy ra ti cng trng xy dng chim hn 50% trong tng s tai nn ri ng xy ra trong ton b cc ngnh ngh, c hn 75% tai nn t vong do ri ng xy ra trong ton b cc ngnh ngh xy ra trong ngnh xy dng. Do tai nn ri ng l vn phi c u tin gii quyt trc trong ngnh xy dng, hin nay mi ngi cng ang n lc gii quyt nhng kt qu v vic gim tnh hnh tai nn khng cao nh nhng g mong i.

01

Chng 1

Chng 1_ TAI NN RI NG Khi qut

v an ton5

Tai nn ri ng cn c gi l tai nn kiu lp li, tai nn kiu c truyn v trong nhng trng hp nghim trng, cho d phng php phng chng n gin hn so vi cc hnh thc tai nn khc nhng tnh hnh tai nn cng khng gim nn n cn c gi l tai nn kiu nhng nc chm pht trin nhng trn thc t cho d ti nhng nc c gi l quc gia pht trin v vn an ton th tai nn din ra nhiu nht trong s cc tai nn trong ngnh xy dng l tai nn ri ng, hnh thc sn xut ca ngnh xy dng l hnh thc to ra kt cu trong khng gian 3 chiu nn nn a phn kt cu s dng trong cc cng trnh c lp t mt cch tm thi bng cc kt cu tm thi do loi tai nn ny c xem l xy ra do c tnh ngh nghip .

Nhng r rng t trng ca tai nn ri ng trong s tai nn trong ngnh xy dng ti Hn Quc cao hn so vi cc nc khc nn gim bt tnh trng tai nn ri ng chng ta cn nghin cu v n lc gim thiu tai nn hn ti cng trng. nh ngha v tai nn ri ng Ri ng l vic con ngi ri t trn cao do tc ng ca trng lc, khng chu s cn tr ca vt th no khc v c gi l ri t do, tai nn ri ng xy ra do s chnh lch v cao, theo ngha v mt c hc th n c lin quan c bit n s tn ti ca th nng. Kt qu ca vic ri ng l con ngi va chm vi vt th dn n t vong hoc b thng, mc tn thng khc nhau ty theo cao ri, a im ri, phn va chm.

02

TAI NN RI NG


Khi qut v an ton

6

Chng 1

Ngha l Nu phn va chm l chn th mc tn thng t nhng nu l u th rt d

dn n t vong. Nu a im ri mm th mc tn thng t v nu cng th mc nghim

trng hn. Ni chung cao ri ng cng cao th mc tn thng cng cao nhng cho d

cao di 2m nhng cng c trng hp t vong v trn 3m cng c trng hp sng st.

Ngi cng cao tui th mc tn thng cng tng, tr di 10 tui, c bit l di 3 tui mc tn thng thp hn. iu ny c lin quan n vic tui cng cao th thn kinh phn x khi b ri ng cng chm v cng tr th tnh linh hot cng cao nn c th lm gim c nhng va chm khi b ng.

Nhng ngi c than th linh hot nh vn ng vin th dc th thao hay vn ng vin Judo, nhng ngi c hun luyn v k thut ri c mc tn thng thp.

Thng thng, cao ri ng cng cao, a im ri cng cng nh b tong v phn va chm l phn u th mc tn thng cng cao. Phm tr ri c chia lm 4 loi nh sau: Trn (Slip) Vp ng(Trip) Ri t trn thang xung(Fall on stairs) Ri t trn cao xung(Fall from elevation)

Mc tn thng do trn ng hay vp ng ti cng mt cao thng rt thp nhng ty theo iu kin lm vic m hin tng ny nu xy ra ti ni lm vic cao hn c th dn n tai nn nghim trng do ri t trn cao xung nn phng chng tai nn ri ng mt cch cn bn cn phn loi thnh tai nn ri ng theo ngha loi tr nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ny. Vic ri ng t trn thang hay vic ri ng t trn cao c ngha l ri ng t trn cao khc nhau, thng thng mc tn thng rt cao. Hin tng ri ng t trn thang xung c th xy ra cho d chnh lch v chiu cao gia vic bc chn thng thng v mt nn ch khong 1~2 inch (2.54~5cm) nn ti cng trng xy dng cn la chn mt nn v i vi trng hp cu thang, s khc nhau v chiu cao ca cc bc thang phi ging nhau.

Chng 1_ TAI NN RI NG Khi qut

v an ton7

Hin tng vt l khi xy ra ri ng (1) cao ri v thi gian ri

Khi xy ra ri ng, thi gian ri theo cao ri t l vi cn bc ca cao ri nn chng ta ri t ni cao hn chng ta ngh nhng thi gian ri khng di. Khi ri ng, chng ta c th tnh thi gian ri theo cao ri theo cng thc sau.

Trong , T: thi gian ri h: cao ri g: Gia tc trng lc (9.8m/s2)

Tc khi ri tng t l vi thi gian ri nn tc khi ri tng vi tc rt nhanh nh trong bng sau:

Thi gian v tc ri theo cao ri cao ri (m) 0.3 1.2 1.8 2.7 4.9 7.6 11.0 14.9

Thi gian ri (giy) 0.25 0.50 0.61 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 Tc (km/h) 8.8 17.7 22.5 25.7 35.4 43.4 53.1 61.1

(2) cao ri v lc va chm

Trng hp ri, lc va chm do ri ng tng t l vi bnh phng tc ri. Do trng hp ngi lao ng ri t cao khong 1.8m s va chm hn 10 ln trng lng ca bn than nn c th dn n b thng nng hoc t vong. Ngoi ra, trng hp ri cao nh vy cho d c s dng dy ai an ton th vn c th b thng nng, c bit trng hp s dng dy ai an ton m b ri th khng ch b thng phn eo m cn c th mt mng, thc t tai nn nghim trng nh th ny xy ra ti Hn Quc. Ti M, cao tiu chun khi lm vic trn cao ti cng trng xy dng l 1.8m, vic phng chng tai nn ri ng c quy nh thnh lut. Cho d trng hp eo dy ai an ton khi lm vic th khi ri ng, ngi ngi lao ng ch phi chu lc va chm khong di 400kg (900 pound) nn trng hp cao ri t do ln hn khong 60cm th phi s dng dy bo him(Lanyard) c treo thit b gim va chm (Shock absorber).

03

TAI NN RI NG


Khi qut v an ton

8

Chng 1

di y th hin tc ri theo cao ri v lc va chm m ngi ngi lao ng chu trong trng hp ngi lao ng c cn nng khong 82kg ri ng.

Tc v lc va chm theo cao ri Chiu cao ri (m) 0.3 1.2 1.8 2.7 4.9 7.6 11.0 14.9

Tc (m/s) 2.4 4.9 6.1 7.3 9.7 12.2 14.6 17.1 Lc va chm (kg) 182 726 1.090 1.634 2.906 4.540 6.356 8.898

* Bng tnh trn c tnh theo tiu chun ngi lao ng nng 81.7kg (180 pound)

vn chuyn dng c nng 9.1kg (20 pound).(Vin gio dc v an ton cng nghip M, OTI)

Chng1

Nhng iu cn ghi nh trong chng ny

1.Tai nn ri ng l g?

o Ri ng l vic con ngi ri t trn cao do tc ng ca trng lc, khng chu s cn tr ca vt th no khc v c gi l ri t do

o Loi tai nn ny chim khong 35% trong s tai nn trong ngnh xy dng, hng nm c khong 6,000 ngi b tai nn ri ng, hng nm c khong hn 300 ngi cht do ri ng chim hn 50% trong s nhng ngi b tai nn nghim trng do tai nn ri ng l loi xy ra nhiu nht trong s cc loi tai nn trong ngnh xy dng.

o Loi tai nn ny xy ra nhiu nht do c tnh ngnh ngh v hnh thc sn xut ca ngnh xy dng l phi to kt cu trong khng gian 3 chiu.

2. Phm tr ri c chia lm 4 loi nh sau o Trn (Slip) o Vp ng(Trip) o Ri t trn thang xung(Fall on stairs) o Ri t trn cao xung(Fall from elevation)

3. cao ri v thi gian ri

Trong , T: thi gian ri, h: cao ri, g: Gia tc trng lc (9.8m/s2)

4. cao ri v lc va chm Chiu cao ri (m) 0.3 1.2 1.8 2.7 4.9 7.6 11.0 14.9 Lc va chm (kg) 182 726 1,090 1,634 2,906 4,540 6,356 8,898


Khi qut v an ton

10

NGUYN NHN XY RA TAI NN RI NG

Hiu v tnh nghim trng ca tai nn ri ng.

Cc loi hnh xy ra tai nn ri ng

Phn tch nhng nguyn nhn khin tai nn ri ng lin tc xy ra chng ta thy rng tai nn ri ng xy ra do phng php lm vic sai hoc lm vic m khng lp t sn lm vic, hnh lang lm vic an ton ti ni d ri ng, khng lp t lan can an ton, np y cc khe h, hng ro, li chng ri, dy an ton hay b b khng khi phc li nguyn trng cc thit b an ton c d b trong thi gian ngn ph v thi cng hay ngi lao ng khng s dng bo h c nhn khi lao ng. c bit, gn y vic s dng thit b, dng c, my mc xy dng ngy cng tng do tai nn ri ng cng tng ln mt cch nhanh chng, Ni dung phn tch theo loi hnh xy ra tai nn ri ng nh sau Ri trong khi lm vic do trnh t hay phng php lm vic sai, d ri ng Ri do lp t sn lm vic cht lng km hay khng lp t sn lm vic Ri trong khi di chuyn do khng lp t hnh lang di chuyn trong khi lm

vic hoc lp t hnh lang mt cch cu th. Ri trong khi lm vic khng lp t thit b an ton Ri trong khi lm vic sau khi d b thit b an ton lp t.

01

Chng 2

Chng 2_ NGUYN NHN XY RA TAI NN RI NG Khi qut

v an ton11

Ri trong khi lm vic do thit b an ton c lp t c cht lng km Ri trong khi lm vic do khng s dng thit b an ton c lp t Ri trong khi lm vic do khng s dng bo v c nhn Ri do khng tun th cc tiu chun lp t kt cu tm thi nn dn n lung lay,

lm hng kt cu tm thi. Ri trong khi lm vic do s dng thang phi c dng lm hnh lang di ng

lm sn lm vic. Ri do khng tun th nguyn tc an ton, thit b khim khuyt khi s dng thit

b, cng c, my mc xy dng lm vic trn cao.

Vt liu gy ra tai nn ri ng v nguyn nhn pht sinh Theo kt qu phn tch v vt liu gy ra nhiu tai nn ri ng vi i tng l tai nn nghim trng th vt liu gy ra tai nn ri ng nhiu nht l do khe h, tip theo l gin gio, sn lm vic, kt cu tm thi, dng c, my mc xy dng, gin gio treo, thang. Bng di y l kt qu phn tch theo vt liu gy ra tai nn i vi 304 ngi t vong do tai nn ri ng trong s cc tai nn nghim trng c iu tra bi cng ty an ton C quan an ton v sc kho ngh nghip Hn Quc trong vng 1 nm.

Tnh hnh xy ra tai nn theo vt liu gy ra tai nn ri ng Vt liu

gy ra tai nn

Khe h Gin gio Sn lm vic Dng c, my mc xy dng

Kt cu (tm thi)

Gin gio treo Thang Khc

Ngi t vong 152 27 22 22 19 17 14 31

01



Khi qut v an ton

12

Chng 2

(1) Nguyn nhn ri ng phn xung quanh khe h Nguyn nhn xy ra s ri ng ti phn khe h thng thng nh sau. Khng lp t hay khng c nh np

y khe h nn nh. Khng lp t lan can an ton hay

hng ro. Lm vic trong tnh trng d b lan

can an ton hay hang ro. Khng s dng dy ai an ton trong

khi lm vic ti phn xung quanh khe h.

Lm vic trong t th khng an ton trn phn kt cu hoc phng php lm vic khng ng.

Ngoi ra, cng trnh khung st mang c tnh ca cng trnh nh c nhiu khe h, c bit l phi lm vic trn cao, nhiu trng hp khng m bo c sn lm vic nn y l mt trong nhng loi cng trnh xy dng c nhiu yu t ri ro ri ng. Do c khong 80% tai nn nghim trng xy ra trong cng trnh khun st xy ra do tai nn ri ng, yu t nguy him chnh gy ri ng v nguyn nhn tai nn nh sau. Khng lp t li bo v chng ri

ng. Lm vic khng eo dy ai an ton. Phng php eo dy ai an ton

khng ng. Cp vt liu st thp trong t th

khng an ton. Lm vic theo phng php khng an

ton. Khng m bo hnh lang an ton

c th di chuyn ngang dc.


v an ton13

(2) Nguyn nhn ri ng t gin gio lm bng ng thp C nhiu loi gin gio nhng hin nay loi gin gio bn ngoi ang c s dng nhiu ti cng trng xy dng l loi gin gio lm bng ng thp, c nhiu nguyn nhn ri ng t gin gio lm bng ng thp nhng c bit trong trng hp trng thi lp t gin gio khng an ton s gy ra tai nn ri ng km theo s sp gin gio, trong trng hp ny s pht trin thnh tai nn c ln nn vic quan trng l phi tun th tiu chun lp t gin gio. Nguyn nhn chnh gy ra tai nn ri ng t gin gio nh sau. Khng lp t lan can an ton. Lm vic sau khi tho b lan can an

ton. Trng thi lp t gin gio khng an

ton. Lm vic m khng lp t sn lm

vic. Lm vic m khng lp t li bo v

chng ri ng. Lm vic m khng lp t hnh lang

lin kt gia gin gio v kt cu. Treo ngi trn cp ri di chuyn. Lm vic m khng eo dy ai an

ton. Ngoi ra nguyn nhn ri ng t gin gio khung v gin gio kiu di ng hin ang c s dng nhiu khi lm vic ch yu bn trong nh sau. Khng lp t lan can an ton xung

quanh sn lm vic. Lp t ti ni khng an ton. Ln xung khng c thit b thang my. Khng c thit b hm phanh ca gin

gio khung dng di ng. Di ng trong khi ngi lao ng

ang i trn gin gio khung dng di ng.

Lm vic khng eo dy ai an ton.



Khi qut v an ton

14

Chng 2

(3) Nguyn nhn ri ng t trn sn lm vic Nhiu trng hp ri t sn lm vic ti cng trng xy dng l do s dng g hp khng c dng lm sn lm vic lm sn lm vic, c bit trng hp nt gy hay c mu t trn thanh g do s dng sn lm vic bng thanh g nh trng hp thanh g b gy v b ri trong khi ngi lao ng lm vic hay g dn dng lm sn lm vic b hng, trng hp thanh g dng sn lm vic b hng lm xy ra nhiu tai nn ri ng nn chng ta cn trnh s dng thanh g c tin cy v vt liu thp lm sn lm vic ti cng trng. Ngoi ra, tai nn ri ng t sn lm vic xy ra do cc nguyn nhn nh sau. Lm vic m khng c nh sn lm

vic. Lp t sn lm vic theo tng phn,

di chuyn sn lm vic trong trng thi khng an ton.

rng ca sn lm vic hp. Khng c lp lan can an ton xung

quanh sn lm vic. Lm vic m khng eo dy ai an

ton. Cho vt liu ln sn lm vic mt cch

qu ti. Gi sn lm vic c lp t bn

trong thang my nn n khng th chu c ti trng.

- bng thanh ct pha - Thiu cng b tng l vt liu sn lm vic c ln - Dy cu h b t khi cu h ti sn lm vic c ln.

(4) Nguyn nhn ri ng do thit b, dng c, my xy dng

Nguyn nhn ri ng do thit b, my xy dng c yu t nguy him v nguyn nhn tai nn rt a dng ty theo vic chng ta s dng loi dng c, my xy dng no. C bn c nhng nguyn nhn ch yu nh sau. Khng nm bt c c tnh v c im k thut ca thit b hay my mc

xy dng s dng. Khng lp k hoch lm vic.


v an ton15

Khng tun th hng dn lm vic an ton ca thit b v my mc.

S dng thit b sn xut lp rp tm thi ti cng trng.

Khng kim tra xem c bt thng g v thit b hay my mc xy dng trc khi lm vic.

Khng thc hin vic b tr ngi hng dn, phng chng ln khng u, phng chng vic st l ng my mc hay thit b khng b ln ri xung hay lt ngc.

c bit, gn y ngi ta tng cng s dng thit b, my mc xy dng v c nhiu trng hp xy ra tai nn ri t thit b, my xy dng l tai nn nghim trng c ln nn ti cng trng xy dng cn tp trung qun l v quan tm, lu c bit cc thit b, my mc xy dng. Di y l nhng nguyn nhn xy ra tai nn chnh theo thit b v my mc xy dng

o Nguyn nhn ri ng t cn cu - Khng lp k hoch lm vic khi tho d,

lp rp, lp t cn cu thp. - Cn cu b lt do khng tun th ti trng nh mc khi vn hnh cn cu kiu di ng.

- H thng tn hiu sai v khng b tr ci - i ln xung bng thit b khng phi

thit b i chuyn dng dnh cho ngi lao ng.

- Khng lp t hoc d b thit b an ton nh lan can an ton, dy ai an ton, dy cu h trn thit b i ln xung.



Khi qut v an ton

16

Chng 2

o Nguyn nhn ri ng t vn thng - Ngi lao ng i bng vn thng n

gin hay vn thng dng ch hng ha ch khng phi loi dng cho ngi.

- Vn hnh trong khi khng lp t hay tho d thit b an ton ca vn thng.

- Vn hnh trong khi d b ca vn thng.

- Vn hnh trong khi khng ch nh nhn vin vn hnh chuyn trch.

- Vn hnh khng ngi. - Vic lp t sn lm vic khng an ton. - Khng lp t lan can an ton xung quanh

sn lm vic.

o Nguyn nhn ri ng t ni lm vic s dng bung thang my v ti ko. - S dng dy cp khng m bo cht

lng ct. - Lm vic trong khi tho d hay khng

lp t thit b bo v. - Khng thc hin cc quy nh thit b

vn chuyn khng b ri hay lt nga khi ngi lao ng di chuyn.

- Lm vic trong khi tho d hay khng lp t thit b an ton nh lan can an ton, dy cu h, dy ai an ton trn thit b vn chuyn.

(5) Nguyn nhn ri ng t kt cu tm thi hay thit b ph ti Vic lp t kt cu tm thi hay lm vic trn thit b ph ti tn ti nhiu yu t nguy him v c th xy ra tai nn ri ng do c nhiu trng hp lm vic nhng khng lp t sn lm vic c bn, khng lp t thit b phng chng tai nn ri ng nh li phng chng ri ng v lan can an ton phng chng tai nn ri ng.


v an ton17

Nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn ri ng chnh khi lm vic trn kt cu tm thi hay thit b ph ti. Khng lp t sn lm vic. Khng lp t lan can an ton. Lm vic trong khi tho d lan can

an ton. Lm vic nhng khng eo dy ai an

ton. Khng lp t thit b gn dy ai an

ton (dy cu h). Phng php lm vic khng ng hay

lm vic trong t th khng an ton trn phn kt cu.

(6) Nguyn nhn ri ng t gin gio treo

Sau y l nhng yu t nguy him gy ri ng v nguyn nhn tai nn trong trng hp gin gio treo s dng ch yu khi sn khung ca s hay sn bn ngoi ti cng trng kin trc, lm vic trn mt nghing ti cng trng xy dng c bn, lm p trn ti cng trnh xy p. Thiu cng ca phn im c nh

(anchor) nn d b hng. Tho cp si buc ti im c nh. Khng lp t dy cu h theo chiu

dc. Lm vic nhng khng eo dy phng

chng ri ng (5 loi dy ai an ton) hoc eo khng ng khin cho dy khng pht huy c tc dng y .

Thiu chiu di dy treo. Dy treo b ct.

(7) Nguyn nhn ri ng t thang

trnh tn tht v mt thi gian, kinh t khi lp t sn lm vic ring ti cng trng xy dng ngi ta thng s dng thang c vai tr chnh l hnh lang lm vt thay th sn lm vic nn khin nhiu v tai nn ri ng xy ra.



Khi qut v an ton

18

Chng 2

Ri ng t trn thang l loi tai nn c cao ri tng i khng cao nn y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn cn bn gy ra nhiu tai nn thng thng hn so vi tai nn nghim trng. Lm vic trong t th choi ra ngoi trng tm ca thang. Khng duy tr 3 im khi lm vic trn thang. Thang trn trn mt nn gy ng. Phng php phn trn ca thang khng an ton. Vt liu dng lm gi chn thang b hng hay b yu. Lm rng khong cch ca gi chn thang. S dng thang g l loi khng an ton ti cng trng.

Chng2


1. Tnh hnh xy ra tai nn ri ng theo vt liu gy ra tai

nn

Vt liu gy ra tai

nn Khe h Gin gio

Sn lm vic

Dng c, my mc xy dng

Kt cu (tm thi)

Gin gio treo Thang Khc

Ngi t vong 152 27 22 22 19 17 14 31

2. Nguyn nhn ri ng phn xung quanh khe h o Khng lp t hay khng c nh np y khe h nn nh o Lm vic trong tnh trng khng lp t hay d b lan can an ton hay

hang ro o Khng s dng dy ai an ton trong khi lm vic ti phn xung quanh khe h o Lm vic trong t th khng an ton trn phn kt cu hoc phng php

lm vic khng ng. 3. Nguyn nhn ri ng t gin gio lm bng ng thp

o Khng lp t hnh lang lin kt gia lan can an ton, gin gio v kt cu o Trng thi lp t gin gio khng an ton o Lm vic m khng lp t sn lm vic o Lm vic m khng lp t li bo v chng ri ng o Lm vic m khng eo dy ai an ton

4. Nguyn nhn ri ng t trn sn lm vic

o S dng sn lm vic km cht lng o Lm vic m khng c nh sn lm vic o S dng sn lm vic c rng hp

NHNG IU C BN V PHNG CHNG TAI NN RI NG

Khi qut v an ton

20


Hiu bit v phng php v nguyn l phng chng tai nn ri ng nng cao kh nng lp i sch an ton.

nh ngha thut ng

(1) Quy nh v vic bo v khi ri ng (Fall Prevention) L nhng quy nh k thut v h thng loi b kh nng xy ra ri ng. Phng php tt nht ca vic phng ri ng l vic lp k hoch lm vic loi b yu t nguy him v ri ng hoc la chn phng php lm vic v phng php thc hin an ton k thut i vi s ri ng.

(2) Quy nh v phng chng ri ng (Fall protection)

L quy nh bo v, ti thiu ha thit hi khi ngi lao ng lm vic trn cao b ri ng. Quy nh ny cn c gi l h thng chng ri ng (Fall Arrest System), l h thng gip ngi lao ng b ri ng khng b va chm vo chng ngi vt phn di sn lm vic hay nn nh pha di. H thng th ng cng vi s lp t li chng ri l h thng khng cn s tham gia ca ngi lao ng, ngha l h thng gip cho ngi lao ng cho d khng thc hin cc quy nh cn thit phng chng ri ng. H thng ch ng l h thng phng chng ri ng cn ngi lao ng s dng h thng mt cch ch ng phng trnh ri ng nh vic eo dy ai an ton.

01

Chng 3

Chng 3_ NHNG IU C BN V PHNG CHNG TAI NN RI NG Khi qut

v an ton21

Vic s dng h thng th ng khng phi l h thng lun hiu qu trong vic phng chng ri ng hay hiu qu so vi chi ph dng phng chng ri ng hay c th s dng bt c khi no. c bit, nhng quy nh chng ri ng cho ngi lao ng trong vic s dng dy ai an ton c phn loi thnh h thng chng ri c nhn(Personal Fall Arrest System, PFAS), h thng chng ri ng c nhn l phng php chng ri mt cch ch ng cn c s tham gia ca ngi lao ng.

(3) H thng ngn chn ri ng (Fall Restraint system) L h thng treo dy bo him (lanyard) hay 1 loi dy cp, ngn chn ngi lao ng khng th i n phn khe h hay phn tim n nguy him ri ng. Ngi ta gi n l Travel Restraint System. Hin nay n ang c ng dng chung khi lm vic trn mi.

(4) Cu h (Rescue) Cu nhng ngi lao ng b ri ng hay nhng ngi lao ng b mt thc do b trng c dung mi hu c hay b ngt do thiu xy trong khng gian kn v phi bao gm cc yu t ca chng trnh phng trnh ri ng.

(5) H thng vch cnh bo (Warning Line System) Ngha l ng ranh ri c lp t cnh bo cho ngi lao ng khi mun tip cn khu vc lm vic trn mi khng c thit b phng chng ri ng.

(6) H thng gim st an ton (Safety Monitoring Systems) Lut php ca M quy nh rng trong tnh hnh khng th phng chng ri ng h thng gim st an ton s gip cho ngi lao ng bit nguy him khng b ri ng khi tip cn ni c kh nng ri ng hay hnh ng c th lm ri ng nhng h thng ny c th l phng php c s dng sau cng do c tin cy thp. Nhng hng mc cn tun th trong trng hp p dng h thng gim st an ton nh sau.

Ngi gim st qun l c th nhn thc nguy him v ri ng thc hin vic gim st an ton.

Quan st ngi lao ng t trn cao ging nh ngi lao ng.



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Chng 3

ng gn c th ni vi ngi lao ng Khng c vic no khc c th thu ht ngoi vic gim st.

Hnh thc ca h thng bo v khi ri ng (Fall Prevention) Nu ni phng chng ri ng th hnh nh hin ra s l hnh nh ngi lao ng eo dy ai an ton c gn dy cu h ca dy ai an ton vo im c nh (Anchor Point). Li ni, h thng phng trnh ri ng c nhn (PFAS) s hin ra. Trn thc t h thng phng trnh ri ng c nhn l mt la chn tip theo trong ton b chng trnh phng trnh ri ng. Giai on u tin l phi th nghim khng xy ra yu t nguy him v ri ng. C th t c iu ny bng cch ci thin a im lm vic, phng php lm vic, k hoch lm vic, la chn phng php thc hin khng cn lm vic trn cao. Giai on tip theo l p dng quy nh v bo v chng ri ng nh lan can an ton (Guardrail), tay cm (Handrail), np y khe h(Cover), vch cnh bo(Warning line), h thng ngn chn ri ng, hng ro thang (Ladder cage). Khi lm vic trn mi khng dc v lm vic ti ni khng th thc hin tt c cc quy nh trn, Quy nh v khu vc kim sot tip cn (Controlled access zone) c th c p dng lm cc quy nh bo v khi b ri ng sau cng. (1) Lan can an ton (Guardrail)

phng chng ri ng gn xung quanh phn khe h ca nn nh c ln do kh bo v bng np y hay khe h phn kt cu chng ta cn duy tr s qun l c bit vi thit b an ton lp t mt cch ng n ti ni lp t lan can an ton c th bo v ngi lao ng khi vic ri ng cho d ngi lao ng khng c hun luyn hay o to ring. Quy nh ny nu r cc hng mc cn ch v vic s dng, phng php lp t lan can an ton mt cch ng n v cc hng mc yu cu lin quan n cng ca lan can an ton

02


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(2) Np y khe h (Cover) Lut v sc khe v an ton cng nghip quy nh v tiu chun lp t thit b an ton dng phng chng vic ri ng ti khe h ca nn nh v hng mc cn tun th khi lp t nh sau :

- Trng hp khe h hn 5cm cn lp t np y.

- C quy nh v cng y , tuy nhin thng thng ngi ta lp t c th chu c ti trng hn 2 ln ti trng tc dng ln nht nh thit b, ngi lao ng, vt liu.

- Lp t n khng c tho d, lt ngc hay ri bi gi, thit b, ngi lao ng.

- Cn biu th l khe h ngi khc c th nhn bit c trong c nhng ni ti tm.

(3) H thng ngn chn ri ng (Fall restraint system)

y l mt trong nhng h thng phng chng ri ng c lp t loi b kh nng c th lm ngi lao ng ri ng. N gip ngi lao ng khng tip cn nhng ni d xy ra ri ng bng cch iu chnh chiu di ca dy bo him (Lanyard) ni vi im c nh (Anchor). Ni chung thit b c s dng trong h thng ngn chn ri ng t phc tp hn loi c s dng trong h thng chng ri, l do khng phi dng ngi lao ng khng b ri m l khin cho ngi lao ng khng th n c ni nguy him.

(4) H thng vch cnh bo (Warning line system)

L h thng c s dng to ra ng gii hn cnh bo nguy him khi tip xc cho ngi lao ng trong trng hp khng th lp t lan can an ton, eo dy ai an ton, lp t li chng ri ti khu vc nguy him m ngi lao ng c kh nng ri ng, phng php ny nhm bo v khi vic b ri ng nn c th c s dng khi ngi lao ng lm vic trn mi bng phng.



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Chng 3

Phi lp t ni cch phn khe h ti thiu hn 1.8m, lp t c hiu c th nhn r t khong cch 1.8m bng 2 vch cnh bo cng vi ct chng, dy xch hay cp dy thp, si cp v chiu cao lp t thp nht hn 90cm, cao nht di 1.0m.

(5) Khu vc kim sot tip cn (Controlled access zone)

L ni khng lp t li chng ri ng hay eo dy ai an ton, lan can an ton phng chng ri ng, kim sot vic ngi lao ng tip cn phng chng ri ng. L phng php c s dng lm phng tin sau cng ti ni khng th s dng h thng phng chng ri ng khc mt cch hiu qu. Phng php ny l phng php phng chng ri ng dn dn khng c s dng theo s pht trin k thut phng chng ri ng. Trng hp lp t vch kim sot to khu vc kim sot, phi lp t trong khong 1.8m~7.7m so vi phn khe h khng c thit b phng chng ri ng.

(6) Hng ro thang (Ladder cage)

C th xem l phng php khng an ton trong s cc phng php bo v khi b ri ng nhng y l phng php c s dng cho thang c nh thng thng. Hng ro thang khng phi l phng tin c lp t chng ri ng khi tay ngi lao ng trn tut khi thang khin b ri ng v cng khng phi l phng php gip ngi lao ng trnh xy ra ri ng. Hng ro thang c lp t nhm mc ch gip cho ngi lao ng c th bm ly hng ro thang trc khi b ri t trn cao do hnh ng ca ngi lao ng b hn ch dn n b ng ra pha sau thang. y l thit b phng trnh vic b thng nng khi ngi lao ng b ri xung ngay pha di do chn trn khng bn c vo vt g. Lut sc khe v an ton cng nghip quy nh rng cn phi lp t hng ro thang ti im c cao hn 2.5m trong trng hp dc ca hnh lang thang trong khong 80o.


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Hnh thc ca h thng phng chng ri ng (Fall protection) (1) Li phng chng ri ng (Safety net system)

Li phng chng ri ng l h thng phng chng ri ng mt cch th ng khng cn hun luyn ring cho ngi lao ng. Li phng chng ri ng c vai tr phng chng vic ngi lao ng, vt liu hay thit b ri t trn cao xung. y khng phi l phng php s dng thng thng trong cc ngnh ngh khc nhng n c s dng rng ri trong vic qun l duy tr cu hay cng trng xy dng. Li phng chng ri ng phi c lp t theo quy nh v sau khi lp t cn kim tra v th nghim xem lp t ng cha. Ti M, ngi ta quy nh li chng ri ng c lp t nh sau.

Lp t trong phm vi 30 feet (9.1m) so vi nn nh ri nn nn lp t gn ni lm vic cao ri ng v chiu di nh ra ca b rng li chng ri ng

Chiu cao gia mt lm vic v li chng ri

Chiu di nh ra ca b rng li chng ri so vi phn cui ca

mt lm vic n 5 (1.5m) 8 (2.4m)

Hn 5 n 10 (1.5~3m) 10 (3m) Hn 10 (3m) 13 (4m)

Lp t khng c chng ngi vt trn ng ri Duy tr khong cch va ti phn di ca li an ton Tun th tiu chun v chiu di nh ra ca b rng li chng ri so vi phn

cui ca mt lm vic Li chng ri ng l ti ct (765cm) 400 pound (180kg) cn th nghim ri

t cao hn 1.1m so vi mt lm vic cao nht trc khi s dng. Kim tra li an ton mi tun hay kim tra sau khi xy ra va chm. Tho b ngay nhng vt liu, mnh vn, thit b ri xung li

03



Khi qut v an ton

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Chng 3

Kch c mt li di 6 inch (15cm) Trn li lp t dy ai c gii hn bn ko l hn 5000 pound (2,268kg)

(2) eo dy ai an ton H thng chng ri ng c nhn(Personal Fall Arrest System) ngha l h thng chng ri do eo dy ai an ton, phc tp hn nhiu so vi vic lp t li chng ri ng l h thng chng ri th ng, l h thng cn s o to v hun luyn ngi lao ng s dng h thng mt cch thch hp. Vn c bn ca h thng chng ri i vi tt c mi ngi c th c gii thch bng ABCD nhm chng ri ng.

ABCD dng s dng ng dy ai an ton phng trnh tai nn ri ng ti cng trng xy dng ngi ta s dng nhiu bin php, nu khng thc hin cc bin php ny theo ng nguyn tc v quy nh s c th dn n kt qu xu hn l khng thc hin. Trng hp eo dy ai an ton cng nh vy, nu khng s dng ng th s khng nhn c kt qu mnh mun. Do phng chng tai nn ri ng cn hiu v khi nim v nguyn tc eo dy ai an ton nh th no l ng. 4 nguyn tc s dng dy ai an ton mt cch ng n c th hin bng 4 k t ting Anh ABCD, nhng nguyn tc ny bao gm m bo im c nh an ton (Anchorage), tm c th ng quy nh (Body Support), s dng dng c kt ni ph hp gia im c nh v dy ai an ton(Connectors), h ngi b ri xung v cu h(Descent & Rescue).

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(1) m bo im c nh an ton (Anchorage) im c nh l im dng gn dy ai an ton l h thng chng ri ng mt cch an ton. Hnh thc ca im c nh rt a dng ty theo kt cu s dng lm im c nh, hnh thc lp t im c nh, thao tc thc hin. Dng c kt ni im c nh (Anchorage connectors) cung cp phng tin gn h thng chng ri vo im c nh c m bo bng phng php nh hnh 3-1 im c nh c s dng gn dy ai an ton l thit b chng ri ng c nhn nh sau.

- Phi phn bit vi ni dung lm vic nh m bo im c nh c lp vi im c nh c dng trong vic sn lm vic

- Phi hn 2,268kg (5000 pound) mi ngi i vi ngi s dng thit b gn km

- Lp t dy cu h nm ngang trong trng hp cn di chuyn theo chiu ngang - Sn mu cam hoc mu vng thun tin khi s dng 2 mt nhm xc nhn tnh

trng lp t an ton v phn bit mt cch d dng.

Hnh 3-1 Nhiu hnh thc ca im c nh

Ngoi ra, cn phi xem xt khong cch ti thiu so vi chiu cao ri ca than th, mt t pha di hay phn trn vt th nhm phng trnh va chm khi ri ng. Ni dung to v tr ca im c nh nhm m bo khong cch ti thiu nh sau.

(2) Tm c th ng quy nh Dy ai an ton c s dng lm phng tin c th ni kt vi im c nh nhm phng chng tai nn ri ng cho ngi lao ng trong h thng phng trnh ri ng. Theo phng php p dng, dy ai an ton c dng chng ri ng cho ngi lao ng, c dng lm 1 phn ca h thng lm gim thiu hoc ngn nga vt thng khi b ng, c dng lm phng tin m bo v tr lm vic ty theo mc ch s dng.



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Chng 3

Hin nay c 2 loi dy ai an ton ang c s dng l dy ai an ton kiu chic u (Harness) v dy ai an ton kiu dy tht lng ging nh (hnh 3-2). Tuy nhin, i vi trng hp dy ai an ton kiu dy tht lng, ti nhiu nc pht trin trn th gii ngi ta quy nh rng n khng c s dng mt cch hp php ngoi mc ch m bo v tr lm vic v ti Hn Quc cng c trng hp eo dy ai an ton kiu dy tht lng v b ri ng sau t vong. i vi trng hp dy ai an ton kiu ci u (ci d) (Harness) th c th chu c khong 30 pht trong tnh trng treo v c nhng u im nh sau.

Phn tn lc va chm khi ri ra cc phn ca c th an ton mt cch tng i

Duy tr ng c th sau khi b ri nn n to kh nng h hp, s an ton khi va chm.

Ngc li vi loi dy ai ny, loi dy ai an ton ch c th chu ng c khong 1 pht 38 giy v khi ri s xy ra nhng vn sau do chng ta khng nn s dng nu c th.

B thng phn eo do va chm lc b ng Khi b ri c th s b bt ra khi dy ai an ton nn iu c xem nh

ri ln 2 Sau khi ri c th t vong nu va chm vi vt th Sau khi ri c th b ngt th do c th mt thc.

Hnh 3-2 Chng loi dy ai an ton Ti Hn Quc quy nh rng khi s dng dy ai an ton kiu dy tht lng m b ri th trong thi gian ngn lm dng li vic ri ng lc va chm truyn ti c th ngi lao ng ln nht l di 6.0kN (612kgf) v khong cch gim tc phi di 1m, trong quy nh ca c M v Hn Quc u quy nh rng khi s dng dy ai an ton kiu ci u m b ri ng th trong thi gian ngn lm dng li vic ri ng lc va chm truyn ti c th ngi lao ng ln nht l di 8.0kN (816kgf) v khong


v an ton29

cch gim tc phi di 1m. Tuy nhin thng thng khi ngi lao ng ri t do hn 60cm th lc va chm c th gy ra tn thng nh cho ngi lao ng nn trng hp ri cao hn 60cm chng ta cn s dng dy bo him (Lanyard) c gn thit b chng sc (Shock absorber) v trng hp s dng thit b chng sc th c th lm gim nhng tn thng cho ngi lao ng v n lm gim lc va chm ln nht truyn n c th ngi lao ng cn di 4.0kN (408kgf). V trong quy nh ca M, ngi ta quy nh rng phi lp t h thng h tr khi ri ng khng b ri kiu ri t do hn 6 feet (1.8m) v khng va chm vi vt no pha di.

(3) Dng c kt ni gia dy ai an ton v im c nh (Connector)

Dng c kt ni dy ai an ton (Connector) l loi c dng kt ni dy ai an ton ca ngi lao ng. Dng c kt ni l h thng c bit gm dy bo him (Lanyard), mc treo (Snap-Hook), mc an ton (Carabiner), thit b gim tc, thit b an ton, h thng ln xung thang, dy ai an ton kiu ng, dy ai an ton kiu ngang, mc chng ri ng (Rope grab, kp).

Dy bo him Mc an ton Dy ai an ton v mc chng ri ng

Hnh 3-3 Cc hnh thc ca dng c kt ni Trng hp s dng dy bo him (Lanyard) c gn thit b gim sc (Shock absorber) cn phi s dng kt hp vi dy ai an ton pha c thit b gim sc.

(4) H ngi lao ng b ri ng xung v cu h (Descent & Rescue)

Cu h (L hnh vi cu ngi lao ng b ri hay gip cho ngi lao ng t thot ra khi tnh hung ri) l yu t cn c trong cc chng trnh phng chng tai nn ri ng.



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Chng 3

(nh 3-4) L qu trnh hun luyn cu gip ngi b tai nn trong khng gian kn v vic s dng thit b lm gim nh va chm trong thi gian ch i cho n khi ngi b tai nn c cu h sau khi xy ra ri ng. Ti Hn Quc khng c quy nh ring v vic ny nhng ti M ngi ta quy nh r vic phi c thit b c th cu h nhanh chng ngi lao ng b ri hoc gip ngi lao ng t thot ra khi tnh hung ri ng.

Gi ba chn kiu di ng Thit b lm gim va chm Hnh 3-4 Chng trnh cu h ngi lao ng

V tr im c nh v ri kiu lc l (Swing Fall)

S nguy him do ri kiu lc l v khng gian d trnh va chm vi vt th khc khi ngi lao ng b ri trong khi s dng dy ai an ton l mt vn quan trng. Khi xy ra ri ng cn c khng gian d phn di ca ngi lao ng b ri dng li vic ri ng trc khi ngi lao ng va chm vo nn nh hay vt th khc. Do , i vi trng hp ngi lao ng eo dy ai an ton phng chng tai nn ri ng cn kim tra xem c th ngn chn vic ri ng trong phm vi ngi lao ng khng va chm vi vt th khc khi ri hay khng ri quyt nh. Nhng yu t gy nh hng trong quyt nh ny bao gm v tr im c nh, hnh thc v chiu di ca h thng kt ni(dy bo him, thit b an ton, mc chng ri), khong cch gim tc (chiu di ko gin do hin tng 1 phn ng may ca thit b gim sc b t ra, thng thng khong 1.0m), chiu cao ca ngi lao ng, nhng dng gn trn dy ai an ton v nhng yu t ny bao gm khong cch do hin tng ko gin khi ri ng (khong 30cm).

05


v an ton31

Ngoi ra, phi xem xt n khong cch ti thiu gia cao ri ca c th so vi phn trn ca vt th hay mt t bn di trong trng hp b ri ng, phi m bo khong cch ny l khong hn 45cm.

(1)Khong cch ri ng khi eo dy ai an ton kiu dy tht lng

Trng hp s dng dy ai an ton kiu dy tht lng vic s dng dy ai c quy nh thnh lut nh sau. Nu gi khong cch t im bng dy ai n im di cng ca c th khi ri ng l h, th

h = chiu di dy cp + chiu di ko gin ca dy cp + chiu cao ca ngi lao ng v gi khong cch t v tr bng dy cp(v tr mc treo) n nn nh l H th H phi ln hn h. Khong cch ri l 3.7m trong chiu di thng thng ca dy cp cng trng xy dng l 2.5m, chiu di ko gin ca dy tc l chiu di ko gin khi ri ng cc dng gn km vo dy ai an ton khong 30cm, chiu cao ca ngi lao ng thng tnh khong 90cm, y tnh thm 45cm khong cch ti thiu s lm cho mc treo c v tr cao hn 4.15m so vi nn nh. Nhng chiu di dy bo him thng thng c s dng trong phm vi 1.5m nn chiu cao lp t mc phi hn 3.15m. Ngc li, trng hp s dng dy bo him c gn thit b gim sc cn t mc treo v tr c cao hn 1m. Cn phi s dng nh th ny ph hp vi iu kin cng trng theo chng loi dng c bo v. Ngoi ra, lut php quy nh rng trng hp s dng ni c cao thp so vi nn nh cn lp t mc treo trn kt cu c cao so vi nn nh bng hn 2 ln chiu di ca dy v trng hp khng th lp t do chiu di ca dy cn lm ngn li chiu di ca dy s dng 4 loi dy ai an ton.

(2) Khong cch ri khi eo dy ai an ton kiu ci u Tham kho (hnh 3-5) tnh ton v tr c nh ca mc c s dng m bo an ton so vi khong cch ri trong trng hp b ri khi ang s dng dy bo him lm dng c kt ni dy ai an ton kiu ci u nh sau. RD l khong cch t v tr c nh ca mc treo n nn nh pha di sn lm vic phi di hn khong cch c tnh theo cng thc sau ging nh hnh v.



Khi qut v an ton

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Chng 3

Trong , LL: Chiu di ca dy bo him

DD: Khong cch gim tc ca thit b gim sc (1m) HH: Khong cch t vng D n chn ngi lao ng (Khong 1.5m)

C: Khng gian d tnh ti nn nh khi vic ri ng dng li (75cm, khong cch d l 45cm, chiu du ko gin ca dng c gn km l khong 30cm)

Chng ngi vt gn nht (Hnh 3-5) Khong cch ri ng khi eo dy an ton kiu ci u

Do , phi c nh mc treo cao 5.75m trong trng hp s dng dy bo him c chiu di thng thng 2.5m ti cng trng. Theo kt qu nghin cu, trng hp s dng dy bo him kiu gin n (SRL, Self-Retracting Lanyard) th chiu cao ti thiu t cao lm vic n phn pha di phi l hn 1.8m nhng chng ta cn kim tra xem c th p dng vo iu kin ca cng trng hay khng.

(3) Yu t nguy him ca vic ri ng kiu lc l Ri ng kiu lc l l hin tng xy ra trong trng hp v tr ca im c nh khng nm ngay trn a im ri ng. Nu xy ra vic ri ng kiu lc l th ngi lao ng va chm vi vt th xung quanh do hin tng rung lc khi ri ging nh qu lc ng h c th gy ra nhng tn thng nghim trng. Trng hp ngi lao ng s dng thit b an ton khi lm vic, nu xy ra ri ng kiu lc l th tng khong cch ri ng theo chiu thng ng s ln hn trng hp ri ng


v an ton33

khi ang lm vic ngay pha di im c nh. V th ngi lao ng cn ch kim tra mt cch r rng s gia tng tng khong cch ri ng. Trng hp s dng thit b an ton kh nng ri ng kiu lc l s gia tng v vic di chuyn theo chiu dc v chiu ngang nhiu hn so vi trng hp s dng dy bo him. Do , chng ta nn lm vic v tr gn ngay pha di v tr c nh nu c th gim thiu s ri ng kiu lc l.

Lp k hoch phng chng tai nn ri ng

K hoch phng chng ri ng l yu t cn thit ti cng trng phi lm vic trn cao. phng chng tai nn ri ng th vic lp k hoch l mt phn vic cn thit, iu ny c th th hin ch c gng phng chng tai nn ri ng ca ch d n. Hn na, vic lp k hoch phng chng ri ng khng ch c th lm gim tn tht v mt kinh t do tai nn ri ng gy ra m quan trng hn tt c l n gip cho chng ta c th lm gim s nguy him v cu sng tnh mng cho ngi lao ng. K hoch phng chng ri ng ti cng ty xy dng hay ti cng trng tt nht nn c lp bi cc chuyn vin, phi ph hp vi c tnh mi cng trng, b sung v cp nht (Up-date) ph hp vi tng cng on v thi k. Vic lp k hoch phng chng tai nn ri ng cn c tin hnh theo cc bc nh sau.

Bc 1: Thc hin phn tch cc yu t nguy him i vi khu vc hay cng vic c

kh nng ri ng Bc 2: Ngn nga cc yu t nguy him do phng php k thut.

(Ngn nga cc yu t nguy him thng qua vic la chn phng php lm vic v phng php thc hin an ton)

Bc 3: Lp k hoch s dng h thng bo v khi s ri ng nh lan can an ton, quy nh cm n gn.

Bc 4: Lp k hoch s dng h thng phng chng ri ng ph hp nh eo dy ai an ton cho ngi lao ng, lp t li chng ri ti ni c kh nng ri ng ni lm vic.

06



Khi qut v an ton

34

Chng 3

Bc 5: Thc hin phn tch chuyn mn m bo im c nh (Anchorages) ph hp theo quy nh chng ri ng theo chiu ngang hay chiu dc cn c ti ni c kh nng xy ra ri ng.

Bc 6: Lp k hoch v trang thit b cu h ngi lao ng b ri khi xy ra tai nn ri ng.

Bc 7: Lp chng trnh o to i ph vi tt c cc tnh hung nh phng chng ri ng v cu h.

Bc 8: Cn to vn ha lp k hoch phng chng ri ng bao gm tt c cc hng mc nu trn.

K hoch phng chng ri ng hon ton bao gm cc ni dung v chnh sch cng ty, thuyt minh v cc phng tin phng chng ri ng c thc hin ti ni c kh nng ri ng, duy tr qun l ngi ph trch v khu vc kim tra, vic ghi chp vn kim tra, quy nh v phng chng ri ng, thay th thit b, bo co v s c, quy nh v qun l, iu tra s c, o to v thay i k hoch.

Thay th thao tc trn cao bng thao tc trn mt t To mi trng lm vic c th lm vic trn cao vi cc iu kin ging

nh khi lm vic trn mt t Loi b cc yu t nguy him v ri ng khi lm vic trn cao Lp k hoch lm vic sau khi xem xt v iu kin m bo an ton.

Ngoi ra, cn xem xt cc i sch phng chng ri ng t giai on thit k Thit k s nguy him ri ng ca bn thn kt cu nh hn Thit k sau khi xem xt cc thit b i km vi dy ai an ton, v tr lp

t ca lan can an ton, tnh thao tc tt v thit b an ton. Phi bo tr qun l hon chnh Thc hin qun l bo tr kp thi cc thit b an ton ti cng trng theo s thc

hin cng vic Hon thnh vic kim tra trc khi bt u lm vic v bo tr y cc b phn

cha t.

Chng3


1. Quy nh v vic bo v khi ri ng (Fall Prevention) L nhng quy nh k thut v h thng loi b kh nng xy ra ri ng, l vic lp k hoch lm vic loi b yu t nguy him v ri ng hoc la chn phng php lm vic v phng php thc hin an ton k thut i vi s ri ng.

2. Quy nh v phng chng ri ng (Fall protection) L quy nh bo v ti thiu ha tn tht khi ngi lao ng b ri ng. Quy nh ny cn c gi l h thng chng ri ng (Fall Arrest System), l h thng gip ngi lao ng b ri ng khng b va chm vo chng ngi vt pha di.

o H thng th ng: Lp t li chng ri o H thng ch ng: eo dy ai an ton.

3. ABCD dng s dng ng dy ai an ton o m bo im c nh an ton (Anchorage) o Tm c th ng quy nh (Body Support) o S dng dng c kt ni ph hp gia im c nh v dy ai an ton

(Connectors)

o H ngi b ri xung v cu h (Descent & Rescue). 4. V tr im c nh v ri kiu lc l (Swing Fall)

o Ngi lao ng va chm vi vt th xung quanh do hin tng rung lc khi ri ging nh qu lc ng h c th gy ra nhng tn thng nghim trng

o Chng ta nn lm vic v tr gn ngay pha di v tr c nh nu c th gim thiu s ri ng kiu lc l.


Khi qut v an ton

36

1. iu g khng thuc phm tr ri ng? Trn Lt ngc Ri t trn thang Ri t trn cao

2. Cng thc th hin mi quan h v cao ri ng v thi gian ri?

3. iu g khng phi nguyn nhn ri ng xung quanh khe h? Khng lp t hoc khng c nh np y khe h nn Lm vic khi khng lp t hoc tho d lan can an ton hay hng ro bo

v Khng eo dy ai an ton phn xung quanh khe h Khng lp t hnh lang kt ni gia gin gio v phn kt cu

4. Vic lp k hoch lm vic loi b yu t nguy him v ri ng vi nhng quy nh k thut v h thng loi b kh nng xy ra ri ng hoc la chn phng php lm vic v phng php thc hin an ton k thut i vi s ri ng? Quy nh phng chng ri ng H thng ngn nga ri ng Quy nh bo v khi ri ng H thng vch cnh bo

Vn luyn tp

Vn luyn tp

Khi qutv an ton37

5. Bn hy gii thch thng qua cng thc v khong cch ri (im thp nht) ca dy ai an ton kiu ci u v dy ai an ton kiu dy tht lng.

6. Bn hy gii thch v ABCD dng dy ai an ton mt cch ng n 7. S ri ng khi ngi lao ng va chm vi vt th xung quanh do hin tng

rung lc khi ri ging nh qu lc ng h c th gy ra nhng tn thng nghim trng gi l g?

Vic sao chp, ti bn, ct b mt phn hay ton b gio trnh ny m khng c s ng ca Cng on an ton cng nghip Hn

Quc th c xem nh l xm phm quyn tc gi.

TAI NN RI NG V NGUYN TC PHNG

CHNG

Tc gi: Cheon Won Woo (Cng on An ton cng nghip & Y t Hn Quc) Bin tp: Phng d liu o to Ngy pht hnh: Thng 09 nm 2007 Ngy pht hnh li: Thng 10 nm 2011 Ngi pht hnh: Baek Heon Kee Ni pht hnh: Cng on An ton cng nghip & Y t Hn

Quc S 478 Munemiro, Bupyeonggu, TP. Incheon

Documents

Principals of Prevention for Falling Accident(2011)