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PROSES EKOSISTEM:
VALUING
Sumber Utama :
1. Melso. 1980. Family and Environment. An Ecosystem Perspective
2. Soemarwoto. 1983. Ekologi Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan
3. Sunarti. 2011. Optimalisasi Transaksi Materi dan Energi Keluarga
dengan Lingkungannya. FEMA IPB.
4. Sunarti. 2009. Ed. Pengembangan Model Ecovillage.
Pembangunan Kawasan Perdesaan serta Sumbangan Pertanian
Bagi Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup Penduduk Perdesaan
Valuing
1. What are values ?
2. Value orientation
3. Value change
4. Developing values
5. Reinforcement & Modeling
6. Sources of Values
7. Diversity in family values
8. Function of values
Is the process by which this information and energy are rank-ordered as assigned priority in terms of importance in reaching desired goals
Perang SAMSUNG VS APPLEPerbedaan NILAI PLAGIARISM
1. What are values ?
1. Terminal values
– Personal: inner harmony, mature love, pleasure,
– Social: national security, world at peace, a world beauty
2. Instrumental values
– Moral behavior; honest, forgiving, loving
– Competence: ambitious, intellectual, imaginative
An enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence
• A COMPORTABLE LIFE• AN EXCITING LIFE• A SENSE OF ACCOMPLISHMENT• A WORLD AT PEACE• A WORLD OF BEAUTY• EQUALITY• FAMILY SECURITY• FREEDOM• HAPPINESS• INNER HARMONY• MATURE LOVE• NATIONAL SECURITY• PLEASURE• SALVATION• SELF RESPECT• SOCIAL RECOGNITION• TRUE FRIENDSHIP• WISDOM
• AMBITIOUS• BROADMINDED• CAPABLE• CHEERFUL• CLEAN• COURAGEOUS• FORGIVING• HELPFUL• HONEST• IMAGINATIVE• INDEPENDENT• INTELLECTUAL• LOGICAL• LOVING• OBEDIENT• POLITE• RESPONSIBLE• SELF-CONTROLLED
TERMINAL VALUES INSTRUMENTAL VALUES
2. Basic Value Orientation (Kluck-hohn, 1951)
orientations preferences
1. Activity Being Being-in-becoming Doing
2. Relational Lineal collateral Individualist
3. Time Past present Future
4. Man-nature Subjugation-to-nature
Harmony with nature
Mastery over nature
5. Human nature evil Good and evil good
3. Value change
• Nilai yang berubah : freedom, democracy, justice, Responsibility,
• Contoh Perubahan nilai ditunjukkan pada
– Kehidupan imigran
– Nilai terkait pergerakan pemuda
– Nilai terkait pergerakan wanita
– Nilai Anak
– Nilai Perkawinan
4. Developing values• How does the individual acquire value orientations ? It does primarily
within the family
Talcott Parsons (1955): two mayor values within the family :
The instrumental & The expressive
Father is the instrumental leader who links the family with the community
The central importance of the father’s role is to interpret societal values
Parents (Father and mother) are transmitters of cultural-societal values
5. Reinforcement & modeling
• The transmissions of values operates primarily through two mechanisms: Reinforcement and Modeling
• Reinforcement: – the child is rewarded for behavior reflecting desired values and
punished or simply not rewarded for behavior contradicting approved values
• Modelling: – “….. is more important than reinforcement”
– Parents and other socializing agent communicate by heir behavior what is desired and expected of the child.
– “The Power of Observational Learning”
6. Sources of values
• Sources outside the family for the transmission of values
– School & peer groups
– Mass media , especially Television
7. Diversity in family values
• Not all families adhere with equal strength to dominant cultural values.
• There are class difference of family in value orientation: (upper – middle –lower) class families
• For-examples :
• Upper class families place greater stress on kin ties and ancestry than do middle class families
• Similarly, lower class families place stronger emphasis on extended family ties as a framework for economic and emotional support than do middle class families
• Lower class families emphasize the collateral rather than individual relational value orientation
Moos (1976) calls the family value orientation to the family environment
1. Cohesion;
(family members really help and support one another)
2. Expressiveness;
(there are a lot of spontaneous discussions in our family)
3. Conflict:
(family members often criticize each other )
This scale consists of three major dimension :
A. Relationship dimension
4. Independence;
(in our family, we are strongly encouraged to be independent)
5. Achievement orientation;
(getting ahead in life is very importance in our family)
6. Intellectual-cultural orientation;
(we often talk about political and social problems)
7. Active recreational;
(we often go to movies, sports events, camping, etc)
8. Moral religious emphasis;
(family members attend church, synagogue, Sunday school, mosque)
B. Personal growth dimension
9. Organization; (activities in our family are pretty carefully planned)
10. Control;
(there are very few rules to follow in our family)
C. system-Maintenance dimension
As modifiers of information. Values act as selective mechanism in filtering information concerning the environment
As modifiers of decision making (values as basic of family policy)
As modifiers of actions (for example : belief about appropriate tasks for men & women will underlie family division of labor. “Case of kibbutz”)
8. Function of values
Balance/ Harmonis
Maintenance (Kewajiban)
Freedom (Hak) Valuing, perceiving,
deciding, spacing,
Transaksi Materi, Informasi, Energi
Kuliatas Hidup Keluarga
Kuliatas Hidup Lingkungan
Pemenuhan KebutuhanPokok individu & keluarga
Konservasi, Reboisasi,recovery, Peduli-Berbagi
(Care-Share)Balance/ Harmonis
Balance/ Harmonis
Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Berkembangnya Nilai dan Perilaku:Freedom – Maintenance - Balance
Lingkungan Sosial
Transformasi materi,
energi, dan informasi
Transformasi materi dan
energi
KELUARGA
Proses: Perceiving, Valuing, Decision Making,
and Spacing
Lingkungan Alam
Kehidupan Manusia dan Lingkungan Berkualitas
Kehidupan Manusia dan Lingkungan Berkualitas
EksploitasiBorosRakusProfit Oriented (dll)
HematKonservasiReboisasiRecyclingDiversityKonversi (dll)
EmpatiHarmonisTenggang RasaToleransiMenghormatiMenghargaiMengasihiSocial Gathering (dll)
CuekAbaiAgresifTidak SensitifSelf Oriented (dll)
- + -+
TerkucilTerabaikanMarginalisasiDiskriminasiPertikaianSeparation (dll)
Dukungan SosialPerdamaianJaringan SosialMenghormatiMenghargaiMengasihi (dll)
SejahteraAmanTerjaminSehat (dll)
Ketidakseimbangan Alam (Kelangkaan Energi, Kekeringan, Bencana Alam)Kelaparan (dll)
- -++
Dampak
Perilaku
AB
B
C
C