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CNG HA X HI CHNGHA VIT NAM

QCVN 09:2013/BXD

QUY CHUN KTHUT QUC GIAVCC CNG TRNH XY DNG

SDNG NNG LNG HIU QUNATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY BUILDINGS

H NI - 2013

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LI NI U

QCVN 09:2013/BXD vCc cng trnh xy dng sdng nng lng hiu qu do

Hi Mi trng Xy dng Vit Nam son tho, V Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng

trnh duyt, BXy dng ban hnh theo Thng t s 15 /2013/TT-BXD ngy 26 thng 9

nm 2013. Quy chun K thut Quc gia QCVN 09:2013/BXD thay th Quy chun Xy

dng Vit Nam QCXDVN 09:2005 Cc cng trnh xy dng sdng nng lng c hiu

qu c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s40/2005/Q-BXD ngy 17/11/2005 ca Btrng

BXy dng.

Quy chun k thut Quc gia QCVN 09:2013/BXD c s tham gia nghin cu v

gp ca cc chuyn gia quc t do cc t chc quc t ti tr, bao gm: T chc Ti

chnh Quc t(IFC International Finance Corporation), Cquan Pht trin Quc tHoa

K(USAID United States Agency for International Development), Cc Nng lng an

Mch (Vng Qucan Mch).

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QUY CHUN KTHUT QUC GIAVCC CNG TRNH XY DNG SDNG NNG LNG HIU QU

National Technical Regulation on Energy Efficiency Buildings

I. QUY NH CHUNG

1.1. Phm vi iu chnh

1.1.1. Quy chun K thut Quc gia Cc cng trnh xy dng sdng nng lng hiu qu

quy nh nhng yu cu kthut bt buc phi tun thkhi thit k, xy dng mi hoc

ci to cc cng trnh dn dng (vn phng, khch sn, bnh vin, trng hc, thngmi, dch v, chung c) c tng din tch sn t 2500 m2trln.

1.1.2. Nhng quy nh trong quy chun ny c p dng cho:

1) Lp vcng trnh, ngoi trlp vca cc khng gian lm kho cha hoc nh kho khng

sdng iu ho;

2) Trang thit btrong cng trnh bao gm:

a)Hthng chiu sng ni tht;

b)Hthng thng gi v iu ho khng kh;c)Thit bun nc nng ;

d)Thit bqun l nng lng;

e)Thang my v thang cun.

1.2. i tng p dng

Quy chun ny quy nh cc yu cu kthut bt buc phi tun thi vi mi tchc, c nhn

c cc hot ng lin quan n cc cc cng trnh xy dng sdng nng lng hiu qu.

1.3. Ti liu vin dn

1) ARI 340/360 Performance rating of commercial and industrial unitary air-conditioning

and heat pump equipment.

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2) ARI 365 Performance rating of commercial and industrial unitary air-conditioning

condensing units.

3) ARI 550/590-2003 Performance rating of water-chilling packages using the vapor

compression cycle.

4) ASHRAE 90.1-2001 Standard 90.1-2001 (I-P Edition) -- Energy Standard for Buildings

Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (IESNA cosponsored; ANSI approved; Continuous

Maintenance Standard).

5) SHRAE 90.1-2004 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.

6) DIN 4702-1 Boilers for central heating; terms, requirements, testing, marking.

7) ISO 6946:2007 Building components and building element - Thermal resistance and

thermal transmittance - Calculation method.

8) TCVN 298:2003 Cu kin v cc bphn ca cng trnh- Nhit trv truyn nhit-

Phng php tnh ton.

9) TCVN 6307:1997 Hthng lnh Phng php th.

10) TCVN 7830-1:2012 Thit biu ha khng kh Phn 1: Hiu sut nng lng.

1.4. Gii thch tng

1.4.1.

Thut ng1) Bphn tit kim khng kh lm mt:Bphn bao gm cc ng dn v bphn

iu khin tng cho php cc qut cung cp khng kh mt tbn ngoi nh vo

trong nh khi iu kin thi tit cho php gim thiu nng lng tiu thlm mt

khng kh hoc khng cn phi lm mt bng my.

2) Chi ph nng lng cho cng trnh:Tng ton bcc chi ph chi trcho tiu hao

nng lng hng nm ca cng trnh.

3) Chshiu qumy lnh COP:Tsgia nng sut lnh thu c so vi cng

sut tiu thin u vo trn cng mt n vo, c kim tra theo tiu chun

quc gia hoc theo iu kin lm vic thit k. Gi trCOP c xc nh nh

gi hiu qunng lng ca my iu ho khng kh chy in, lm mt ngng t

bng khng kh, bao gm my nn, dn bay hi, dn ngng t. Gi trCOP cng

c xc nh nh gi hiu qunng lng ca my sn xut nc lnh hp

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khi (khng bao gm cc bm nc lnh, bm nc gii nhit ngng tv cc qut

ca thp gii nhit).

4) Chshiu qubm nhit COP:L tsgia nng sut nhit thu c so vi cng

sut tiu thin u vo trn cng n vo, tnh cho ton bhthng bm nhittrong iu kin lm vic theo thit k.

5) Chstruyn nhit tng OTTV: Tng lng nhit truyn vo nh qua ton bdin

tch bmt ca vcng trnh bao gm cphn tng khng trong sut v ca knh

quy vcho 1m2bmt ngoi ca cng trnh, W/m2.

6) Din tch sn ca mt khng gian nh: Din tch bmt nm ngang ca mt khng

gian nh xc nh, c o tmt trong ca tng bao xung quanh hoc tm vch

ngn, ti cao ca mt phng lm vic (0,8m).

7) Hsgim bc xdo kt cu che nng:T lnng lng bc xmt tri xuyn

qua ca svo phng trong trng hp c kt cu che nng bn ngoi ca s, so

vi trng hp ca skhng c kt cu che nng.

8) Hstng truyn nhit Uo:L cng dng nhit khng i theo thi gian i qua

mt n vdin tch bmt ca kt cu bao che khi chnh lch nhit ca mi

trng khng kh 2 bn kt cu l 1 K. n vo: W/m2.K.

9) Tng nhit trRo:Snghch o ca hstng truyn nhit Uo: R0 = 1/Uo, n v

o l m2

.K/W.10) Hiu sut pht sng ca bng n: l tsgia lng quang thng ca bng n v

cng sut in ca n, tnh bng lumen/W.

11) Hiu sut h thng thng gi-iu ho khng kh: t l nng lng u ra (nng

lng c ch ti thi im sdng) so vi nng lng u vo c cng n vo

cho mt giai on xc nh , tnh bng s%.

12) Hiu qu thu hi nhit: Kh nng thu hi nhit lnh ca cc thit bHKK, l

hiem li hiu qutit kim nng lng.

13) Hiu sut s dng nng lng hng nm: t l gia nng lng u ra v nng

lng u vo hng nm ca cng trnh hay ca thit b.

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14) Khng gian iu ho gin tip:mt khng gian khp kn trong cng trnh c lm

mt gin tip (khng c lm mt trc tip) v c s truyn nhit tkhng gian

ny n cc khng gian iu ha lm mt lin k.

15) Mt cng sut chiu sng (LPD):mt cng sut chiu sng l tsgia cngsut in chiu sng v din tch c chiu sng, W/m2.

16) R le nh sng t nhin: thit b tng m hoc ngt nng lng u vo cho

chiu sng dng in t gn ca sva duy tr ri thch hp cho cng vic,

khi nh sng tnhin trc tip hoc gin tip khng bo m hoc m bo ri

yu cu.

17) Rle iu nhit: Bthit bphn ng tng vi nhit .

18)

V cng trnh:vcng trnh hay cn gi l kt cu bao che cng trnh, bao gmtng khng trong sut hoc trong sut, ca s, ca i, mi, ca mi to thnh

cc khng gian khp kn bn trong cng trnh.

1.4.2.

Cc k hiu, n vo v tvit tt

1) SHGC (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient) Hshp thnhit ca knh, c cng b

bi nh sn xut hoc c xc nh theo cc tiu chun hin hnh, khng th

nguyn. Trng hp nh sn xut s dng h s che nng SC th

SHGC = SC 0,87;2) SC Hsche nng (Shading Coefficent).

3) T Nhit tuyt i K.

4) R0 Tng nhit tr(snghch o ca hstng truyn nhit U0) ca kt cu bao

che - m2K/W;

5) Uo Hstng truyn nhit (kctrao i nhit qua 2 lp bin khng kh 2 bn

kt cu), W/m2.K;

6) Uo,M Hstng truyn nhit ca kt cu mi, W/m2K;

7) Uo,T Hstng truyn nhit ca tng, W/m2K;

8)

AHU Bxl nhit m khng kh (Air Handling Unit);

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9) ARI Vin nghin cu iu ha khng kh v lnh Hoa K(Air-Conditioning and

Refrigeration Institute);

10) ASHRAE Hip hi cc k siu ha khng kh, lm lnh, si m Hoa K

(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air - Conditioning Engineers);

11) BEF Hshiu sut chn lu ca bng n hunh quang (Ballast Efficacy Factor

for Fluorescent lamps) , %/W;

12) BF Hschn lu (Ballast Factor) , %;

13) COPlnh Chshiu qumy lnh (Coefficient of Performance) - Tsgia nng

sut lnh thu c so vi cng sut tiu thin u vo kW/kW;

14) COPnhit Chshiu qubm nhit -Tsgia nng sut nhit thu c so vi

cng sut tiu thin u vo kW/kW;

15) EER Chshiu qunng lng (Energy Efficiency Ratio) ca my lnh iu

ha khng kh Tsgia nng sut lnh thu c v cng sut in hiu dng,

kW/kW;

16) FCU Dn ng c qut (Fan Coil Unit) dn trao i nhit gm nhiu dy ng trn

hoc c cnh, cht mang nhit l nc lnh hoc nc nng lu thng bn trong cc

ng cp lnh/nhit cho khng kh do qut thi qua phc v mc ch lm

mt/si m cho gian phng. FCU l thit bu cui ca h thng HKK trung

tm nc vi my sn xut nc lnh chiller;

17) IEER Chshiu qunng lng tng hp (Intergrated Energy Efficiency Ratio),

kW/kW;

18) IPLV Chsnon ti tng hp (Intergrated Part Load Value) c hiu y l

Chshiu qunng lng non ti tng hp;kW/kW;

19) OTTVT Ch s truyn nhit tng qua tng - Cng dng nhit trung bnh

truyn qua 1 m2tng ngoi vo nh (Overall Thermal Transfer Value), W/m2;

20) OTTVM Chstruyn nhit tng qua mi - Cng dng nhit trung bnh truynqua 1 m2kt cu mi vo nh ,W/m2;

21) PIC Chscng sut (Power Input per Capacity) Tsgia cng sut in tiu

tho bng kW v nng sut lnh tnh bng RT (tn lnh), kW/RT;

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22) VLT (Visible Light Transmission)- Hsxuyn nh sng ca knh- biu din tl

phn trm ca phn nng lng nh sng xuyn qua knh so vi phn nng lng

nh sng chiu ti bmt knh, %;

23) VRV/VRF H thng iu ha khng kh c lu lng mi cht lnh thay i(Variable Refrigerant Volume / Flow);

24) VSD Biu chnh tc quay bng cch thay i tn sngun in gi tt l

bbin tn (Variable Speed Driver);

25) WWR Tsdin tch ca s- tng (Window to Wall Ratio), khng thnguyn.

II. QUY NH KTHUT

2.1. Lp vcng trnh

2.1.1.

Yu cu chung

Lp vcng trnh phi c thit kv xy dng nhm m bo:

1) Thng thong tnhin khi cc iu kin kh hu bn ngoi cho php;

2) khnng cch nhit v gim thiu gi lnh;

3) khnng chiu sng tnhin di cc iu kin cho php thng thng, ng

thi gim thiu bc xmt tri xm nhp vo bn trong cng trnh;

4) La chn cc vt liu thch hp lm tng hiu sut nng lng cho cng trnh.

2.1.2.

Yu cu i vi tng bao ngoi v mi cng trnh

1) Tt ccc tng bao ngoi cng trnh trn mt t (phn tng khng trong sut) phi c

gi trtng truyn nhit ln nht Uo.maxkhng ln hn hoc gi trtng nhit trnhnht

Ro.minkhng nhhn gi trxc nh trong bng 2.1.

Bng 2.1. Yu cu nhit kthut i vi tng bao che bn ngoi

VngCc hng

ca mt tngUo.max, W/m

2.K Ro.min, m2.K/W

Tt ccc vng Tt ccc hng 1,80 0,56

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2) Yu cu i vi mi bng v mi c dc di 15 :

Tt ccc loi mi nh, bao gm mi c lp cch nhit, mi bng kim loi v cc loi mi

khc phi c gi tr tng truyn nhit Uo khng ln hn hoc gi tr tng nhit tr Ro

khng nhhn gi trxc nh trong bng 2.2.

Bng 2.2. Yu cu nhit kthut i vi mi bng

Vng Uo.max, W/m2.K Ro.min, m

2.K/W

Tt ccc vng 1,00 1,00

Ch thch:

1) Mi c che nng: Nu hn 90% bmt mi c che chn bng mt lp kt cu che nng cnh c thng gi th khng cn yu cu cch nhit cho mi . Lp kt cu che nng phi cch bmt mi t nht 0,3 m th mi c xem nhl c thng gi gia lp mi v lp che nng cho mi(mi 2 lp c tng khng kh i lu gia).

2) Mi bng vt liu phn x: C thsdng trsnhit trRo,min cho trong cc bng 2.2 nhn vi h

s0,80 i vi mi c thit kbng vt liu phn xc phn xtrong khong 0,70 0,75nhm lm tng phn xca bmt mi bn ngoi.

3) Mi c dc t15 trln: c thxc nh tng nhit trti thiu hay hstng truyn nhitti a ca mi bng cch nhn cc trsRo.min, Uo.max bng 2.2 vi hs0,85 v 1,18 mt cchtng ng.

3) Din tch ca sv ca mi

a) Tng din tch ca strn mt ng cho hai loi ca mc v ca gn cnh

theo chiu ng phi m bo thng thong v ly nh sng tnhin.

b) Chstruyn nhit tng ca tng v mi phi m bo:

- OTTVTca tng khng vt qu 60 W/m2;

- OTTVM ca mi khng vt qu 25 W/m2.

c) Gi trOTTV c xc nh theo cc tiu chun v hng dn kthut.

4) Thit k ca s vi knh c h s SHGC thch hp thay th cho vic xc nh ch s

OTTVT ca tng nu 2.1.2 im 3) b). SHGC ca knh phi nhhn hoc bng

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gi trti a cho php, ng thi VLT ca knh khng c thp hn gi trVLTmincho

trong bng 2.3.

Bng 2.3. HsSHGC ca knh phthuc vo tsWWR

WWR, %

SHGCmaxtrn 8 hng chnh

VLTminB hoc TB, TB

hoc N, TNN

20 0,90 0,80 0,86 0,90 0,70

30 0,64 0,58 0,63 0,70 0,70

40 0,50 0,46 0,49 0,56 0,60

50 0,40 0,38 0,40 0,45 0,55

60 0,33 0,32 0,34 0,39 0,50

70 0,27 0,27 0,29 0,33 0,45

80 0,23 0,23 0,25 0,28 0,40

90 0,20 0,20 0,21 0,25 0,35

100 0,17 0,18 0,19 0,22 0,30

Ch thch:

1) Khi WWR khng trng vi cc tr sghi ct 1 trong bng 2.3 th h sSHGC c ni suy

tuyn tnh theo 2 gi trng vi WWR trn v di lin k;

2) C thchn loi knh c trsSHGC cao hn so vi trsSHGC tra bng vi iu kin phi lp

t kt cu che nng c hsA thch hp, sao cho SHGC chn nhhn hoc bng tch sca

SHGC tra bng nhn vi hsA

xem thm 2.1.2 im 5).

5) Trng hp mt ng nh c kt cu che nng, hsSHGC trong bng 2.3 c php

iu chnh bng cch nhn vi hsA trong bng 2.4 v 2.5.

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Bng 2.4. HsA i vi kt cu che nng (KCCN) nm ngang di lin tc t st mp trn

ca shoc t cch mp trn ca smt khong cch d vi d/H < 0,1

R=b/H Trn tng quay v8 hng chnhB B hoc TB hoc T N hoc TN N

0,10 1,23 1,11 1,09 1,14 1,20

0,20 1,43 1,23 1,19 1,28 1,39

0,30 1,56 1,35 1,30 1,45 1,39

0,40 1,64 1,47 1,41 1,59 1,39

0,50 1,69 1,59 1,54 1,75 1,39

0,60 1,75 1,69 1,64 1,89 1,39

0,70 1,79 1,82 1,75 2,00 1,39

0,80 1,82 1,89 1,85 2,13 1,39

0,90 1,85 2,00 1,96 2,22 1,39

1,00 1,85 2,08 2,08 2,27 1,39

Ch thch:

1) Cc kch thc:

b - vn xa ca kt cu mi che nng;

H - chiu cao ca s;

d - khong cch tmp trn CS n mp di ca tm che nng;

b, d v H c cng thnguyn ca di.2) p dng c cho trng hp KCCN t cch mp trn CS mt khong cch d vi d/H 0,1 - sai

stnh ton di 10%.

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Bng 2.5. HsA i vi tm che nng thng ng bcao lin tc t st cnh bn ca s

hoc cch cnh bn ca smt khong cch e vi e/B

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2.2. Thng gi v iu ho khng kh

2.2.1.

Yu cu chung

1) Thng gi tnhin v thng gi nhn to

i vi tng khng gian c th, h thng thng gi c th l thng gi t nhin (th

ng) hoc thng gi cng bc (chng thng gi nhn to hoc thng gi ckh).

Cc hthng thng gi tnhin phi p ng cc yu cu trong iu 2.2.1 im 2).

2) Hthng thng gi tnhin

Cc vng khng gian c xem l c thng gi tnhin nu chng tha mn cc yu cu

sau:

a) Cc lthng gi, ca sc thmc ra bn ngoi vi din tch khng nh

hn 5% din tch sn. Ngi sdng ddng tip cn c vi cc lthng

thong ny;

b) Phi c cc lthng gi c thmc pha trn trn nh hoc trn tng i din

vi ngun gi tbn ngoi. Cc lthng gi c tldin tch mc khng

nhhn 5% so vi din tch sn. Ngi sdng c thtip cn ddng cc lca

thng gi ny v chng phi trc tip thng ra bn ngoi qua cc lmc din

tch tng ng hoc ln hn;

c) Tng din tch cc ca thot gi khng nhhn tng din tch cc ca n gi.

3) Hthng thng gi ckh

Cc khng gian khng c thng gi tnhin phi c lp t hthng thng gi c

kh cp khng kh tbn ngoi ti mi khng gian c ngi sdng thng xuyn

qua hthng ng dn.

2.2.2.

Yu cu i vi cc hthng v thit bthng gi - iu ha khng kh

1) Yu cu chung:

a) Hiu sut thit b: thit biu ha khng kh v my sn xut nc lnh phi c cc

chshiu quCOP ti thiu ti cc iu kin nh gi tiu chun v khng nhhn

cc gi trnu trong cc bng sau:

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Bng 2.6: dnh cho cc my iu ho khng kh v dn ngng s dng in

nng;

Bng 2.7: dnh cho cc thit bsn xut nc lnh;

Bng 2.8a: dnh cho thit bthp gii nhit;

Bng 2.8b: dnh cho thit bgin ngng.

Ch thch:

Ngoi chshiu qumy lnh COP, thit blnh cn c nh gi hiu qunng lng

bng hsnon ti tng hp IPLV v chshiu qunng lng tng hp IEER.

b) Bhn gitng: cc thit bsau y phi c ng hhn gihoc cc biu

khin tng ng mthit btheo thi gian xc nh hoc theo thng sci t:

Thit bsn xut nc lnh;

Thit bcp hi nng;

Qut ca thp gii nhit;

My bm c cng sut bng v ln hn 5 m lc (3,7 kW).

c) Cch nhit ng dn hthng cp lnh:

Cc ng dn mi cht lnh ca my lnh v ng ng dn nc lnh ca hthng

iu ha khng kh trung tm phi c lp cch nhit ln hn hoc bng chiu dycch nhit trong bng 2.9 v bng 2.10.

dy lp cch nhit (mm) cho bng 2.9 v bng 2.10 c p dng cho vt liu

cch nhit c hsdn nhit trong khong 0,032 0,04 W/m.K nhit trung

bnh 24C. dy cch nhit ti thiu sc tng ln vi vt liu c hsdn

nhit ln hn 0,04 W/m.K hoc c thc gim i vi vt liu c hsdn nhit

nhhn 0,032 W/m.K.

i vi vt liu cch nhit c hsdn nhit nm ngoi khong trs nu,

dy ti thiu (bmin) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

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+= 1)1( 04,0/0min

r

brb (2.1)

trong :bmin - dy ti thiu ca lp cch nhit, mm;

r - bn knh thc tbn ngoi ca ng, mm;

b0 - dy lp cch nhit lit k trong cc bng 2.9, 2.10 v 2.11 vi cc

kch cng p dng, mm;

- hsdn nhit ca vt liu thay thti nhit p dng ca cht lng,

W/m.K.

d) Cch nhit h thng ng cp v hi gi: cc ng cp v hi gi phi c lp cchnhit ln hn hoc bng chiu dy cch nhit trong bng 2.11. Khng yu cu cch

nhit i vi ng gi thi.

e) Kim tra v iu chnh: qut hay my bm c cng sut t5 m lc (3,7 kW) trln

phi iu chnh lu lng thit kca my thng qua vic iu chnh svng quay

bng sdng b truyn a tc , ng chai tc hoc dng bin tn (VSD).

Hn chvic iu chnh lu lng ca qut v bm bng van tit lu.

f) iu khin qut thp gii nhit : cc thp gii nhit vi ng cqut c cng sut t

5 m lc (3,7 kW) trln phi sdng btruyn a tc , ng chai tc hocbin tn (VSD).

g) Hthng lm lnh nc bng Chiller: Cc hthng iu ha khng kh trung tm

s dng nc lnh phi c thit k vi lu lng thay i bng cch s dng

bm bin tn.

h) Cc ta nh sdng hthng iu ha trung tm phi c thit bthu hi lnh. Hiu

sut thu hi lnh ca thit bti thiu l 50 %.

2) Yu cu bsung cho cc hthng thng gi ckh v iu ho khng khKhi sdng hthng thng gi ckh v iu ho khng kh phi p ng c cc yu

cu bsung sau:

a) Cm bin CO2: phi c lp t lm tng lng gi cp vo cc khng gian vi

tiu chun din tch thit knhhn 3 m2/ngi.

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b) Thit biu khin hn gi tng: cc qut thng gi hot ng khng thng

xuyn phi c cc ng ho thi gian hoc cc thit biu khin tng c th

xc nh thi im v khong thi gian lm vic ca chng.

c) Hn ghp ng dn: cc ng gi cp v gi tun hon phi p ng c cc yu cuvghp ni cc ng dn gi v bo n theo cc quy nh hin hnh.

Bng 2.6. Chshiu qumy iu ha khng kh lm lnh trc tip

hot ng bng in nng

Loi thit b Nng sut lnh

Chshiu quCOP ti thiuca my lnh,

kW/kW

Thtc kim tra

My iu ha khng kh

1 cm- 2,30

TCVN 7830:2012

v

TCVN 6307:1997My iu ha khng kh

2 cm

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Bng 2.6. (Tip theo)

Loi thit b Nng sut lnh

Chshiu qu

COP ti thiuca my lnh,kW/kW

Thtc kim tra

Cc cm ngng t gii

nhit bng khng kh40 kW 2,96

ARI 365Cc cm ngng tgii

nhit bng nc hoc

bay hi nc

40 kW 3,84

Ch thch:

1) Chshiu qumy lnh: COP = Nng sut lnh /Cng sut in tiu th(kW/ kW);

2) Cm ngng tbao gm my nn v dn ngng;

3) Chshiu qumy lnh ti thiu cho trong Bng c tnh 100% nng sut lnh.tnh ch

shiu qumy lnh vn hnh trong thi gian 1 nm ARI 340/360 a ra cng thc sau:

IEER = 0,020A + 0,617B + 0,238C + 0,125D (W/W)

trong :

IEER Chshiu qunng lng tng hp l chshiu qumy lnh tnh cho thi gianvn hnh trong 1 nm theo cc mc phti,

A = EER Chshiu qumy lnh (W/W) 100 % cng sut;

B = EER Chshiu qumy lnh (W/W) 75 % cng sut;

C = EER Chshiu qumy lnh (W/W) 50 % cng sut;

D = EER Chshiu qumy lnh (W/W) 25 % cng sut;

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Bng 2.7. Chshiu qumy sn xut nc lnh (My lm lnh nc-Chiller)

Loi thit b Nng sut lnh(kW)

Chshiu

qumy lnhCOPMIN,

kW/kW

Chstiu thnng

lngPICMAX, kW/RT

in Nhit

Chiller gii nhit bng khng

kh - chy in

bnh ngng gn lin hoc bnh

ngng tch ri

Tt ccc di

nng sut3,10 1,133 -

Chiller Piston gii nhit nc

- chy in

Tt ccc di

nng sut4,20 0,836 -

Chiller xon c v trc vt gii

nhit nc - chy in

< 528 4,45 0,789 -

528 v < 1055 4,90 0,717 -

1055 5,50 0,639 -

Chiller ly tm gii nhit nc

- chy in

< 528 5,00 0,702 -

528 v < 1055 5,55 0,633 -

1055 6,10 0,576 -

Chiller hp thgii nhit bng

khng kh

- 1 cp

Tt ccc di

nng sut0,60 (*) - 5,860

Chiller hp thgii nhit nc

- 2 cp

Tt ccc di

nng sut0,70 (*) - 5,022

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Bng 2.7. (Tip theo)

Loi thit b Nng sut lnh(kW)

Chshiu

qumy lnhCOPMIN,

kW/kW

Chstiu thnng

lngPICMAX, kW/RT

in Nhit

Chiller hp th- 2 cp

t gin tip

Tt ccc di

nng sut1,00 (*) - 3,516

Chiller hp th- 2 cp

t trc tip

Tt ccc di

nng sut1,00 (*) - 3,516

Ch thch:

1) Ngun: Tiu chun ASHRAE Std, 90,1-2001; ASHRAE Std, 90,1-2004;

2) (*) i vi my lnh hp thCOP = Nng sut lnh/ Cng sut nhit tiu th;

- Chstiu thin : PIC = Cng sut in tiu th/ Nng sut lnh tnh bng RT;

- Refrigerant Ton (RT): 1RT = 3,516 kW = 12000 Btu/h;

3) tnh ch s hiu qu lm lnh ca Chiller vn hnh trong thi gian 1 nmARI 550/590-2003 a ra cng thc sau:

IPLV = 0,01A + 0,42B + 0,45C + 0,12D (kW/kW)

trong :

IPLV Chshiu qunon ti tng hp l chshiu qumy lnh tnh cho tng thi gian vn

hnh trong nm theo cc mc phti;

A ChsCOP (kW/kW) tnh 100 % ti;

B - ChsCOP (kW/kW) tnh 75 % ti;

C - ChsCOP (kW/kW) tnh 50 % ti;

D - ChsCOP (kW/kW) tnh 25 % ti,

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Bng 2.8a. Chtiu kthut i vi thp gii nhit

Loi

thit b

Phm vi

nng sutlnh

iu kin nh

gi

Thng snh mcThtc

kim traLu lngnc qua

thp

Lu lngnc b

sungCng sutQut gi

Thp

gii

nhit

qut

trc,

qut li

tm

Tt ccc

nng sut

lnh

Nhit nc

vo thp: 370C

Nhit nc

ra thp: 32 0C

Nhit khng

kh t: 27 0C

13 l/pht, Tc

1,0 1,4 %

Lu lng

nc qua

bnh ngng

35 40

W/TcCTI

Ch thch:

1) CTI: (Cooling Technology Institute) Vin cng nghthp gii nhit;

2) Tc: Ton Bnh ngng; Tc = RT 1,25 = 3,516 1,25 = 4,395 kW.

Bng 2.8b. Chtiu kthut i vi dn ngng

Loi thit b

Phm vi

nng sutlnh

iu kin

nh gi

Thng snh mc Thtc

kimtraLu lng gi Qut gi My nn

Dn ngnggii nhit bngkhng kh bao

gm my nn

0,5500RT

Nhit khngkh i vo:

350C

1734 m3/phtRT

75150W/RT

1,01,3kW/RT

CTC

Dn ngnggii nhit

bng nc

101600RT

Nhit ncvo: 29,4 0C

Nhit ncra: 350C

Lu lng nc

9,08 11,40 l/pht RTCTC

Ch thch:

CTC (Cooling Towers and Condensers) Thp gii nhit v bnh ngng.

HVAC Equations, Data and Rules of Thumb -2008 USA.

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Bng 2.9. dy lp cch nhit cho ng ng dn mi cht lnh

ng knh ng ngmm

Khng gian c HKKiu kin p dng: t=26 2 oC, = 60 %

Nhit cht ti lnh oC2 -18 -30

Chiu dy cch nhit, mm616 9 19 19

1925 9 19 193454 9 19 256680 13 19 25

105 - - 25

ng knh ng ngmm

Khng gian khng c HKKiu kin p dng: t =2632 oC, = 85 %

Nhit cht ti lnh oC2 -18 -30

Chiu dy cch nhit, mm616 25 38 50

1925 32 50 503454 32 50 576680 32 50 64

105 - - 70

ng knh ng ngmm

iu kin p dng:t = 3237 oC, = 60 %Nhit cht ti lnh oC

2 -18 -30Chiu dy cch nhit, mm

616 25 38 501925 32 50 503454 32 50 646680 32 57 70

105 - - 76

Ch thch:

1) t - Nhit khng kh bn ngoi, oC ;

2) Chiu dy cch nhit trn p dng cho ng ng dn cht ti lnh (cht lng, mi cht lnh);

3) dy lp cch nhit (mm) cho trong Bng c da trn lp cch nhit c hsdn nhit trong khong 0,032 0,04 W/m.K nhit trung bnh 24 C. dy cch nhit ti thiu sc tng ln vi vt liu c hsdn nhit ln hn 0,04W/mK hoc c thc gim i vi vtliu c hsdn nhit nhhn 0,032W/m.K v c hiu chnh theo cng thc (2.1).

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Bng 2.10. dy cch nhit cho ng dn nc lnh

ng knh ng thpmm

Khng gian c HKK

iu kin p dng: t=262oC, = 60%

Nhit nc lnh oC

712

Chiu dy cch nhit, mm

2050 16

5075 16

75150 19

150250 19

250600 25

ng knh ng thp

mm

Khng gian khng c HKK

iu kin p dng: t =2637 oC, = 85%

Nhit nc lnh oC

712

Chiu dy cch nhit, mm

2050 25

5075 25

75150 30

150250 30

250600 38

Ch thch:

1) i vi ng thp ng knh cho trong bng l ng knh danh nh (I,P,S-Iron pipestandard);

2) Chiu dy cch nhit cho ng thp c sdng cho cng nha PE, PPR, PN16, i

vi ng nha PE, PPR ng knh ghi trong bng l ng knh ngoi;3) dy lp cch nhit (mm) cho trong Bng c da trn vt liu cch nhit polime xp

c cu trc kn, hsdn nhit trong khong 0,032 0,04 W/m.K nhit trungbnh 24C.dy cch nhit ti thiu sc tng ln vi vt liu c hsdn nhit lnhn 0,04 W/mK hoc c thc gim i vi vt liu c hsdn nhit nhhn 0,032W/m.K v c hiu chnh theo cng thc (2.1).

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Bng 2.11. dy cch nhit cho ng gi

Khng gian c HKK

iu kin p dng: t=262oC, = 60%

Nhit ng gi lnh, oC 1216

Chiu dy cch nhit, mm 15

Khng gian khng c HKK

iu kin p dng: t =2637oC, = 85%

Nhit ng gi lnh, oC 1216

Chiu dy cch nhit, mm 20

Ch thch:

dy lp cch nhit (mm) cho trong Bng c da trn vt liu cch nhit polime xp

c cu trc kn, hsdn nhittrong khong 0,032 0,04 W/m.K nhit trung bnh

24C.dy cch nhit ti thiu sc tng ln vi vt liu c hsdn nhit ln hn

0,04 W/mK hoc c thc gim i vi vt liu c hsdn nhit nhhn 0,032 W/m.K

v c hiu chnh theo cng thc (2.1).

2.3. Chiu sng

2.3.1. Quy nh chung

1) Phm vi p dng

Mc ny quy nh nhng gi trgii hn cng sut chiu sng ti a c dng cho h

thng chiu sng cng trnh, cng nhquy nh cc gi trgii hn vhiu sut cho php

ca nhng thit bchiu sng thng dng (n v chn lu) v hthng iu khin chiu

sng. Cc trng hp sau y khng nm trong cc yu cu ca mc ny:

a) Chiu sng dnh cho cc hot ng biu din, lm chng trnh truyn hnh, cc phn

trong khu gii tr nhphng khiu vtrong khch sn, vtrng, nhng khu vc m

chiu sng l mt yu tkthut quan trng cho chc nng trnh din;

b) Chiu sng c bit chuyn dng cho y t;

c) Chiu sng c bit dng cho cc phng th nghim nghin cu;

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d) Chiu sng an ton c tt mtng trong qu trnh vn hnh;

e) Chiu sng vng an ninh c bit theo yu cu ca lut php Nh nc hoc quy

nh ca chnh quyn a phng;

f) Vng an ton hoc an ninh cho con ngi cn c chiu sng bsung.

2) ri nhnht

ri (lux) nhnht cho cc khng gian chc nng phi m bo theo yu cu ca tiu

chun kthut hin hnh.

3) Mt cng sut chiu sng ti a

a) Mt cng sut chiu sng tnh trung bnh (LPD) cho ton bcng trnh khng

c vt qu mc ti a cho php nu trong bng 2.12. Mt cng sut chiusng trung bnh ca ta nh c tnh bng tng scng sut chiu sng cng trnh

chia cho tng din tch c ngi sdng.

Bng 2.12. Yu cu vmt cng sut chiu sng LPD

Loi cng trnh LPD (W/m2)

Vn phng 11

Khch sn 11

Bnh vin 13

Trng hc 13

Thng mi, dch v 16

Chung c 8

Khu xe kn, trong nh, trong hm 3

Khu xe ngoi nh hoc xe m(chc mi) 1,6

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b) Cc dng cng trnh khc c quy m thuc din iu chnh ca Quy chun m

khng c trong danh sch bng 2.12 th c ly tr smt cng sut chiu

sng ti a ti 13 W/m2.

c) Cng trnh hn hp c quy m thuc din iu chnh ca Quy chun, trong cnhiu khu chc nng khc nhau th c tnh theo chc nng tng khu vc. Mi

khu vc phi tha mn yu cu v mt cng sut chiu sng ti a nu trong

bng 2.12.

d) Mt cng sut chiu sng trung bnh ca khu vc xe c tnh bng tng s

cng sut chiu sng khu vc xe chia cho tng din tch khu xe.

2.3.2. Yu cu vhiu sut ca thit bchiu sng

1) Hiu sut pht sng ti thiu ca bng n c quy nh theo bng 2.13 v 2.14.

Bng 2.13. Hiu sut pht sng ti thiu ca bng n hunh quang thng

Di cng sut, W Hiu sut pht sng, lm/W

T14 n 20 72

Trn 20 n 40 78

Bng 2.14. Hiu sut pht sng ti thiu ca bng n hunh quang compact

Di cng sut, W Hiu sut pht sng lm/W

T5 n 8 55

T9 n 14 60

T15 n 24 65

T25 n 60 70

2) Hiu sut ca chn lu (balast) c quy nh theo bng 2.15.

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Bng 2.15. Hiu sut ca chn lu (ballast) in t

Cng sut danh nh, W Hshiu sut (BEF), %/W

18 5,51820 5,049

22 4,619

30 3,281

32 3,043

36 2,681

40 2,473

2.3.3. iu khin chiu sng

1) iu khin chiu sng cho cc khng gian trong cng trnh

Mi khng gian c bao quanh bi cc tm vch ngn cao n trn l mt khng gian

ring bit cn phi c t nht mt thit biu khin chiu sng. Mi thit biu khin

chiu sng c iu khin bng tay hoc bng cm ng tng cho hot ng ca con

ngi trong khng gian . Mi thit biu khin phi:

a) Kim sot mt din tch ti a l 100 m2;

b) Cc khng gian nu trong bng 2.16 phi lp t cm bin ngi, cm bin ny ktni v iu khin trc tip hthng n. Cm bin ngi iu khin n khng

kt ni vi hthng chiu sng thot him v chiu sng bo v.

Bng 2.16. Loi cng trnh phi lp t cm bin ngi

Loi cng trnh p dng Cn thc hin ti

Vn phng Bt buc Phng hp v hnh lang

Khch sn Bt buc Phng hp v hnh lang

Bnh vin Khng bt bucTrng hc Bt buc Hnh lang v khu xe trong nh

Trung tm thng mi Khng bt buc

Chung c Bt buc Hnh lang v khu xe trong nh

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c) i vi khu vc xe, ti thiu phi c 70% hthng chiu sng c iu khin

bi cm bin ngi (tlphn trm hthng c tnh theo cng sut cp in chiusng).

2) iu khin cho khu vc c chiu sng tnhin

i vi khng gian khp kn c chiu sng tnhin, vic chiu sng nhn to cn ch

nhng vn sau:

a) Vng c thc chiu sng tnhin l khu vc nm song song vi ca s/vch knhngoi trong phm vi khong cch tca s/vch knh ngoi ti 1,5 ln chiu cao t

sn ti im cao nht ca phn knh ca shoc vch knh ngoi.

b) Tt c thit bchiu sng nm trong khu vc c thc chiu sng tnhin uphi c thit biu khin chiu sng theo cch sau:

Sdng cm bin nh sng tng iu khin gim sng n, hoc bt tt ntheo mc nhn nh sng tnhin. Cm bin nh sng cn c t vtr su

ca vng c thc chiu sng tnhin. Khi nh sng tnhin o c bi cmbin ln trn mc tiu chun cho khng gian sdng (v d: 300 lux i vi vn

phng) th cm bin phi pht tn hiu tt n.

Cho php bt tt n ring bit ti vng c thc chiu sng tnhin so vi hthng n chiu sng chung.

c) Khi khng gian c sdng ng thi cm bin ngi v cm bin nh sng th cm

bin ngi c phn quyn u tin cao hn so vi cm bin nh sng khi iukhin n.

d) Bnh vin, phng nghca khch trong khch sn v chung ckhng bt buc phi

p dng quy nh 2.3.3 im 2).

e) Cc khng gian sdng vi mc ch c bit c loi trkhi quy nh 2.3.3 im 2), song cn c gii trnh cth.

3) Bphn iu khin chiu sng phtr

Bphn iu khin phtrnhm bt tt n lp t cnh di ngn k, di tchac sdng trong cc trng hp sau:

a) Chiu sng trang tr cho cc phng khch ca khch sn, nh trv cc phng khchsang trng;

b) Chiu sng minh ha bn hng hoc trnh by.

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2.4. Thang cun v thang my

2.4.1. Thang cun

Thang cun phi c thit biu khin gim tc hay dng khi khng c ngi qua li.

Thang cun phi c mt trong nhng tnh nng tit kim nng lng di y:

1) iu khin gim tc: thang cun phi chuyn sang chchy chm sau khi khng

c ngi qua li ti a 3 pht. Phi c thit bcm bin quang in kch hot t

u v cui khu vc thang.

2) Sdng khi c nhu cu: thang cun phi ttt sau khi khng c ngi qua li ti

a 15 pht. Thang cun sdng khi c nhu cu phi c thit kvi cng ngh

khi ng mm tit kim nng lng. Thang cun phi tng chy khi cn. Vic

kch hot c thc hin bng tbo quang in lp u v cui khu vc thang.

2.4.2. Thang my

Thang my phi c thit biu khin gim mc sdng nng lng. p ng yu

cu ny, nhng tnh nng sau phi c tch hp vo thang my loi sdng lc ko:

1) Sdng ng cin xoay chiu a th, a tn trn thang my khng c thit b

thy lc.

2) Bung thang my sdng thit bchiu sng tit kim nng lng v chiu sng

hin thcn bo m hiu sut pht sng trung bnh i vi tt ccc thit bbn

trong. ri trung bnh >55 lumen/W, n cn c tng tt sau khi thang myngng hot ng ti a 5 pht.

3) Thang my hot ng chkhng ti trong gi thp im. V d, ngun cp

in cho h thng iu khin thang my v cc thit b vn hnh khc nhn

trong bung thang my, mn hin th, qut thng gi t tt sau khi thang ngng

hot ng ti a 5 pht.

2.5. Sdng in nng

2.5.1. Hthng phn phi in

1) Phng tin o

Hthng phn phi n cng trnh phi c phng tin o bn trong ghi li nhu

cu (kVA), nng lng tiu th(kWh), hscng sut tng trong cc ng hkim

tra cng-t-mt. Hthng phn phi in trong cng trnh c thkim tra c nng

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lng in tiu th ti cc nhnh ph ti in thng qua ng ho. Yu cu lp

cng tkim tra ti cc nhnh ph ti in c tng cng sut lp t ln hn 100

kVA nhh thng chiu sng, cm, h thng iu ha khng kh, thng gi, h

thng cung cp nc nng, cc trung tm tiu thin ln hn 100 kVA.2) Cng-t-mt ph

Phi c cng-t-mt phcho tng i tng thu din tch v c iu khon quy nh

cho php kim tra cng tca ngi thu.

Ch thch:Khi dng hthng iu ha khng kh chung (trung tm) th khng cn phi p

ng yu cu vcng tphcho ngi thu nh.

3) iu chnh hscng sut

Tt ccc ngun cung cp in ln hn 100 A, 3 pha phi duy tr hscng sut trpha ca chng trong khong t0,90 n 1 ngay ti im u ni.

4) iu chnh cng sut lp t

Hthng in trong cng trnh phi m bo hssdng ng thi ln nht cho

php nu trong bng 2.17 v cng sut lp t ln nht cho php trong bng 2.18.

Bng 2.17. Hsng thi ln nht ks theo cc nhnh phti

Nhnh phti Hsng thi ks

Chiu sng 0,9

cm 0,4

Hthng iu ha khng kh, thng gi 0,9

Hthng cung cp nc nng 0,9

Cc trung tm tiu thin ln khc 0,9

Ton cng trnh 0,8

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Bng 2.18. Cng sut lp t ln nht cho php

Loi cng trnh Cng sut lp t , W/m2

Chung ccao cp 70

Khch sn 80

Vn phng, nh cng cng 75

Thng mi, dch v, trscquan 65

Trng hc, bnh vin 65

2.5.2. ng cin

Tt ccc ng ccm ng 3 pha lp dy cnh phc vcho cng trnh c gi trhiu

sut ghi trn vmy chy ti khng nhhn gi trnu trong bng 2.19. Nhn

sn xut trn ng cc ghi cc trshiu sut ti thiu, hiu sut nim yt, hscng

sut chy ti.

Bng 2.19. Quy nh hiu sut ti thiu ca ng cin

Cng sut ra ca ng c

kW

Hiu sut yu cu , %

2 cc 4 cc

1,1 82,2 83,8

1,5 84,1 85,0

2,2 85,6 86,4

3,0 86,7 87,4

4,0 87,6 88,3

5,5 88,5 89,2

7,5 89,5 90,1

11,0 90,6 91,0

15,0 91,3 91,8

18,5 91,8 92,2

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Bng 2.19. (Tip theo)

Cng sut ra ca ng c

kW

Hiu sut yu cu , %

2 cc 4 cc22,0 92,2 92,6

30,0 92,9 93,2

37,0 93,3 93,6

45,0 93,7 93,9

55,0 94,0 94,2

75,0 94,6 94,7

90,0 95,3 95,1

110,0 95,4 95,6

132,0 95,5 95,7

160,0 95,8 95,8

200,0 96,1 95,9

250,0 96,2 96,1

280,0 96,3 96,4

315,0 96,4 96,5

355,0 96,5 96,6

400,0 96,7 96,7

450,0 96,7 96,8

500,0 96,8 96,9

560,0 96,9 97,0

630,0 96,9 97,1

Ch thch:

Nu gp ng cc cng sut trung gian gia 2 nc th p dng gi trhiu sut ca nccao hn.

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2.6. Hthng un nc nng

2.6.1

Yu cu chung

Ti thit kca h thng un nc nng tnh ton theo quy m kch cca thit bv

phi tun theo cc quy nh ca nh sn xut.

Trong trng hp c th sdng c cc gii php cp nc nng khc (khng dng

in tr) c hiu qukinh tln hn th cng trnh khng c php sdng gii php

cp nc nng dng in tr.

Khi cng trnh c nhu cu cung cp nc nng ln, tp trung, cng sut lp t trn 50

kW hoc tiu thnng lng trn 50 000 kWh/nm khng c php sdng gii php

cp nc nng dng in tr.

Thtu tin cho cc cng trnh dn dng:

1) Phm vi cp nc nng sinh hot nhit 60 0C:

a) Cung cp nc nng bng my HKK c thu hi nhit;

b) Cung cp nc nng bng nng lng mt tri kt hp bm nhit/un in;

c) Cung cp nc nng bng bm nhit;

d) Cung cp nc nng tbnh un bng kh t;

e) Cung cp nc nng bng bnh un in cho cng trnh c quy m < 25 phng.

2) Phm vi cp nc nng v hi nhit 115 0C ( nu n, git l, st trng, xng hi):

Trong cng trnh c nhu cu ng thi sdng nc nng 60 0C (cho nhu cu sinh

hot) v nc nng/hi 115 0C (cho cc nhu cu nu n, git l, xng hi, st trng) th

u tin gii php un nc nng n 60 0C, sau tip tc gia nhit nc, hi nc n

nhit 115 0C bng vic sdng l hi nhin liu kh t, du.

2.6.2

Hiu sut thit bun nc nng

Tt ccc thit bun v cung cp nc nng sdng cc bnhun nc ung, si

m, b bi, nc nng tr trong cc thng phi p ng cc tiu ch lit k trong bng

2.20. i vi thit bun nc nng bng bm nhit, tham kho bng 2.21.

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Bng 2.20. Hiu sut ti thiu ca thit bun nc nng

Loi thit bHiu sut ti thiu

ET, %

1. Cc bun, trnc dng kh t 78

2. Cc bun nc tc thi dng kh t 78

3. Cc bun, cung cp nc nng dng kh t 77

4. Cc bun, cung cp nc nng dng du 80

5. Cc bun, cung cp nc nng dng cnhin liu kh t/du 80

6. L hi cng sut nhit 10350 kW t ci, giy 60 *)

7. L hi cng sut nhit 102000 kW t than nu ng bnh 70 *)

8. L hi cng sut nhit 102000 kW t than 73 *)

Ch thch:

1. Hiu sut ti thiu ca bun nc dng kh t hoc du c a ra di dng ilng Hiu sut nhit (Thermal Efficiency, ET, trong bao gm ctht thot nhit tcc

ngn ca bun.

2. *) Theo DIN 4702- Phn 1 (DIN Tiu chun cac).

i vi bun nc nng bng in tr, hiu sut ti thiu c xc nh ti lng tht thot

trng thi chti a (Standby Loss, SL) khi chnh lch nhit gia nc un v mi trng

xung quanh l 400C, theo cng thc sau:

Emin= 5,9 + 5,3V0,5, W (2.2)

Trong :

- V l dung lng o bng lt.

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Bng 2.21. Chshiu qunng lng COP ti thiu ca bm nhit cp nc nng

Loi thit b COP, kW/kW

Bm nhit vi ngun nhit tkhng kh 3,0

Bm nhit vi ngun nhit tnc 3,5

My iu ha khng kh c thu hi nhit:

- Khi chchy cung cp nc nng.

- Khi chy iu ha khng kh ng thi cung cp nc nng.

3,0

5,5

Cc thit bun nc nng bng in trkhng khuyn khch sdng trkhi dng htrcho

cc hthng bng nng lng mt tri. Khuyn khch sdng thit bgia nhit nc bng bm

nhit chy in do c hiu sut nng lng cao hn so vi bun nc bng in tr.

Trong trng hp cho php, c thsdng cc h thng un nc nng bng nng lng mt

tri cung cp ton bhoc mt phn nhu cu nc nng cho cng trnh. Cc bnh un nc

dng nng lng mt tri c hiu sut ti thiu l 60% v c gi trR cch nhit ti thiu l 2,2

m2.K/W ca mt sau tm hp thnng lng mt tri.

2.6.3

Cch nhit cho ng dn nc nng

Cc ng nc nng sau y yu cu phi bc cch nhit

1) Cc ng ng dn hi phc vcho cc nhu cu git, l, nu n

2) Cc ng ng dn nc nng sinh hot phc vcho cc nhu cu nhtm, si

m, un nu

Chiu dy cch nhit cho cc ng ng dn nc nng phi ln hn hoc bng chiu dy

cch nhit cho trong bng 2.22 v 2.23.

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Bng 2.22. dy cch nhit cho ng thp dn nc nng

Kch thc ng thp

Nhit khng kh; t = 537oC

Nhit nc nng (o

C)115 5090

mm Chiu dy cch nhit (mm)

2050 50 20

6580 50 20

90150 63 25

200250 63 25

Ch thch:

1. Vt liu cch nhit c hsdn nhit nm trong khong 0,06 0,07 W/m.K p dng cho nhit115 0C.

2. Vt liu cch nhit polime xp c cu trc kn c hsdn nhit trong khong 0,032 0,04 W/m.K p dng cho nhit t5090 oC.

3. dy cch nhit trong Bng 2.22 m bo nhit mt ngoi cch nhit nhhn 43 0C.4. i vi vt liu cch nhit c h sdn nhit nm ngoi khong tr s nu, dy ti

thiu bminc xc nh theo cng thc (2.1).

Bng 2.23. dy cch nhit cho ng PPR, PE dn nc nng

ng knh ngoi ng nha PN20/ PN25Hsdn nhit 0,24 W/mK

Nhit khng kh t = 5 37 oC

mmNhit nc nng (oC)

5090

20 50 16

65 19

80 125 25

Ch thch:

1)i vi cn hc thkhng cn bc cch nhit cho ng cp nc nng PPR.2)Vt liu cch nhit c hsdn nhit nm trong khong 0,034 0,04 W/m.K.3) i vi vt liu cch nhit c hsdn nhit nm ngoi khong trs nu, dy ti

thiu bminc xc nh theo cng thc (2.1).

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2.6.4

Kim sot hthng un nc nng

1) Hthng iu khin nhit c lp t gii hn nhit nc nng ti im s

dng khng vt qu 50 oC.

2) Hthng iu khin nhit c lp t gii hn nhit ti a ca nc cp

cho cc vi bn tm v bn ra trong cc phng tm cng cng khng qu 43oC.

3) Hthng duy tr nhit sdng trong cc ng ng nc nng phi c trang b

van ON/OFF ci t tng duy tr nhit nc nng tun hon.

4) Cc bm tun hon dng duy tr nhit trong cc bcha nc nng c iu

khin vn hnh ph hp vi chlm vic ca thit bcung cp nc nng.

III. QUY NH VQUN L

3.1. H s thit k cc cng trnh xy mi, sa cha ci to c quy m xy dng thuc

phm vi iu chnh ca QCVN 09:2013/BXD phi bao gm thuyt minh vstun thcc quy

nh ca Quy chun ny.

3.2 Vic thm tra, thm nh thit k, nghim thu cng trnh xy dng c tin hnh theo

quy nh hin hnh, trong c ni dung vstun thcc quy nh ca QCVN 09:2013/BXD

i vi cc cng trnh thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Quy chun ny.

IV. TCHC THC HIN

4.1. VKhoa hc Cng nghv Mi trng (BXy dng) chu trch nhim tchc ph

bin, hng dn p dng QCVN 09:2013/BXD cho cc i tng c lin quan.

4.2. Cc cquan qun l nh nc vxy dng ti cc a phng c trch nhim tchc

kim tra stun thcc quy nh ca QCVN 09:2013/BXD trong hot ng thit kv xy dng

cng trnh trn a bn theo quy nh ca php lut hin hnh.4.3. Trong qu trnh trin khai thc hin Quy chun ny, nu c vng mc, mi kin

c gi vVKhoa hc Cng nghv Mi trng (BXy dng) c hng dn v xl.

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PHLC

(Tham kho)THNG SVT L CA VT LIU, CU TO

V TNH TON NHIT TR CA KT CU BAO CHE (KCBC)

1. Cng thc xc nh nhit trv hstng truyn nhit (U-value) ca KCBC

Ta

n

1 i

i

No h

1R

b

h

1R ++

+= , m2.K/W (1)

Trong :

hN, hT- ln lt l hstrao i nhit bmt ngoi v bmt trong ca kt cu bao che,

W/m2.K ;

bi - bdyca lp vt liu thi, m;

i - hsdn nhit ca vt liu lp thi trong KCBC, W/m.K ;

n- slng cc lp vt liu trong KCBC;

Ra- Nhit trca lp khng kh bn trong KCBC, nu c, m2.K/W .

oo R

1U = , W/m2.K (2)

Trong :

Hsdn nhit I cho bng 1 ca Phlc.

Cc hs hN, hT tham kho bng 3 ca Phlc.

Nhit trlp khng kh Ra tham kho bng 4 ca Phlc.

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2. Cc thng scbn cn dng tnh ton kt cu bao che

Bng 1. Thng svt l ca vt liu xy dng

Tn vt liu

Khi

lng n v

, kg/m3

Hsdn

nhit

,W/m.K

Nhit dung

ring,

kJ/kg.K

Hsdn m

mg/m.h.kPa

I. Vt liu aming

Tm v bn xi mng aming 1900 0,35 0,84 0,03

Tm cch nhit xi mng aming 500 0,13 0,84 0,39

Tm cch nhit xi mng aming 300 0,09 0,84 -

II. Tm b tng

Ngi ximng li thp 2500 2,04 0,84 0,00

B tng ct thp 2400 1,55 0,84 0,03

B tng vv dm 2200 1,28 1,21 0,05

B tng gch v 1800 0,87 0,84 0,07

B tng nh(B tng x) 1500 0,70 0,80 0,09

B tng nh(B tng x) 1200 0,52 0,75 0,11

B tng nh(B tng x) 1000 0,41 0,75 0,14

B tng bt hp hi nng 1000 0,40 0,84 0,08

B tng bt hp hi nng 800 0,29 0,84 0,08

B tng bt hp hi nng 600 0,21 0,84 0,13

B tng bt hp hi nng 400 0,15 0,84 0,20

B tng bt silicat hp hi nng 800 0,29 0,84 0,18B tng bt silicat hp hi nng 600 0,21 0,84 0,21

B tng bt silicat hp hi nng 400 0,15 0,84 0,24

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Bng 1. (Tip theo)

Tn vt liu

Khi

lng n v

, kg/m3

Hsdn

nhit

,W/m.K

Nhit dung

ring,

kJ/kg.K

Hsdn m

mg/m.h.kPa

III. Vt liu thch cao

Tm thch cao p mt tng 1000 0,23 0,84 0,05

Tm thch cao v ming thch

cao nguyn cht1000 0,41 0,84 0,11

B tng thch cao xl 1000 0,37 0,80 0,15

IV. Vt liu t nung, vt liu m, mng gch xy v lp trt

t st nn cht v gch t st 2000 0,93 0,84 0,10

Gch mc 1600 0,70 1,05 0,17

t mn, t thc vt di cng

trnh1800 1,16 0,84 -

Ct kh dng lm vt liu m 1600 0,58 0,84 0,17

Vt liu m bng t mn kh

qua sng1400 0,52 0,84 0,19

t silicat dng lm lp m 600 0,17 0,84 0,30

Gch t st nung xy vi va

nng1800 0,81 0,88 0,11

Gch t st nung xy vi va

nh1700 0,76 0,88 0,12

Gch silicat xy vi va nng 1900 0,87 0,84 0,11

Gch rng (= 1300) xy vi va

nh(= 1400)1350 0,58 0,88 0,15

Gch nhiu lxy vi va nng 1300 0,52 0,88 -

Va nng v va trt xi mng 1800 0,93 0,84 0,09

Va tam hp v va trt tam hp 1700 0,87 0,84 0,10

Va vi 1600 0,81 0,84 0,12

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Bng 1. (Tip theo)

Tn vt liu

Khi

lng n v

, kg/m3

Hsdn

nhit

,W/m.K

Nhit dung

ring,

kJ/kg.K

Hsdn m

mg/m.h.kPa

V. Gch khng nung, blc b tng kh chng p

Gch khng nung kh chng p

AAC400-900 0,12-0,13 - -

B tng kh chng p (gch nh

AAC)400-800 0,153 - -

Gch blc b tng kh chng p 400-1000 0,11-0,22 - -

B tng kh chng p (theo Tiu

chun Trung Quc GB-

11968:2006)

300 0,10 - -

400 0,12 - -

500 0,14 - -

600 0,16 - -

700 0,18 - -

800 0,20 - -

VI. Vt liu than, x

Tm cch nhit bng than bn 225 0,07 1,67 0,19

Xl 1000 0,29 0,75 0,20

Xl 700 0,22 0,75 0,22

Xl cao trng thi ht 500 0,16 0,75 0,23

Gch x 1400 0,58 0,75 -

Va xnh 1400 0,64 0,75 0,11Va xnh 1200 0,52 0,75 0,14

Va vi trt mt ngoi 1600 0,87 0,84 0,14

Va vi trt mt trong 1600 0,70 0,84 0,14

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Bng 1. (Tip theo)

Tn vt liu

Khi

lng n v

, kg/m3

Hsdn

nhit

,W/m.K

Nhit dung

ring,

kJ/kg.K

Hsdn m

mg/m.h.kPa

Va vi trt mt ngoi tm nan g 1400 0,70 1,05 0,12

Va vi trt mt trong tm nan g 1400 0,52 1,05 0,12

Va trt vi trn xqung 1200 0,47 0,80 0,14

Tm si gcng p mt 700 0,23 1,47 0,08

VII. Vt liu cun

Giy cc tng tt 1000 0,23 1,47 -

Giy cc tng thng 700 0,17 1,47 -

Giy cc tng gn sng 150 0,06 1,47 -

Giy tm du thng, nha ng

bi-tum600 0,17 1,47 -

VIII. Cc sn phm nng nghip

Tru 250 0,21 1,88 -

Cy lc 400 0,14 1,47 -

Rm 320 0,09 1,51 -

Tm p bng rm 300 0,10 1,47 -

Tm p bng cy lc 1900 360 0,10 1,51 -

IX. Vt liu thutinh

Knh ca s 2500 0,78 0,84 0,00

Si thutinh 200 0,06 0,84 0,49

Thutinh hi v thutinh bt 500 0,16 0,84 0,02

Thutinh hi v thutinh bt 300 0,12 0,84 0,02

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Bng 1. (Tip theo)

Tn vt liu

Khi

lng n v

, kg/m3

Hsdn

nhit

,W/m.K

Nhit dung

ring,

kJ/kg.K

Hsdn m

mg/m.h.kPa

X. Vt liu g, li-e

Gthng v gtng (ngang th) 550 0,17 2,51 -

Gthng v gtng (dc th) 550 0,35 2,51 0,32

Mn ca 250 0,09 2,51 0,26

Mn ca c thuc chng mc 300 0,13 2,30 0,26

Mn ca trn vi nha thng 300 0,12 1,88 0,25

Gdn 600 0,17 2,51 0,02

Tm bng si gp 600 0,16 2,51 0,11

-nt- 250 0,08 2,51 0,09

-nt- 150 0,06 2,51 0,34

Tm gmm (gli-e) 250 0,07 2,09 0,04

Tm c ch to t ph phmgli-e

150 0,06 1,88 0,05

XI. Kim loi

Thp - tn 7850 58 0,48 0

Gang 7200 50 0,48 0

Nhm 2600 220 0,48 0

XII. Cc vt liu khc

Thm dng trong nh (thm

bng)150 0,06 1,88 0,34

Thm bng khong cht 200 0,07 0,75 0,49

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Bng 1. (Tip theo)

Tn vt liu

Khi

lng n v

, kg/m3

Hsdn

nhit

,W/m.K

Nhit dung

ring,

kJ/kg.K

Hsdn m

mg/m.h.kPa

Thm bng khong cht 250 0,08 0,75 0,45

Tm silicat bmt in hoa v tm

xi mng silicat in hoa600 0,23 2,30 -


xi mng silicat in hoa400 0,16 2,30 -


xi mng silicat in hoa 250 0,12 2,30 -

Ch thch:

1 W/m.K=0,86 kcal/m.h.oC; 1 kJ/kg.K=0,24 kcal/kg.oC ;

i vi vt liu mi khng c tn trong bng trn, c thsdng tiu chun ca nc ngoi.

Bng 2. Hshp thu nhit bc xca bmt vt liu

STT Bmt. Vt liu v mu sc Hs

1. Vt liu

1 Giy trng 0,20

2 Than bn kh 0,64

3 Gm ht 0,8 - 0,85

4 X 0,81

2. Mt tng5 vi mi nhn, mu sng 0,35

6 Nhtrn, mu sm 0,50

7 Sa thch mu vng nu 0,54

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Bng 2. (Tip theo)


8 Sa thch mu vng thm 0,629 Sa thch mu 0,73

10 cm thch mi nhn, mu trng 0,30

11 Nhtrn, mu sm 0,65

12 granit mi nhn, mu xm nht 0,55

13 granit mu xm, nh bng 0,60

14 Gch trng men, mu trng 0,26

15 Nhtrn, mu nu sng 0,55

16 Gch thng thng, c bi bn 0,77

17 Nhtrn, mu mi 0,70 - 0,74

18 Gch p mt, mu sng 0,45

19 Mt b tng nhn phng 0,54 - 0,65

20 Mt trt va, qut mu vng - trng 0,42

21 Nhtrn, mu sm 0,73

22 Nhtrn, mu trng 0,40

23 Nhtrn, mu lam nht 0,59

24 Nhtrn, mu ximng nht 0,47

25 Nhtrn, mu trng nhtuyt 0,32

26 Silicat hi 0,56 - 0,59

27 Gmc 0,59

28 Gsn mu sm 0,7729 Gsn mu vng nht 0,60

30 Tre nhn bng 0,43

31 Tre thng thng 0,60

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Bng 2. (Tip theo)


3. Mt mi32 Tm fibr ximng mi, mu trng 0,42

33 Nhtrn, sau 6 thng sdng 0,61

34 Nhtrn, sau 12 thng sdng 0,71

35 Nhtrn sau qut li bng nc ximng 0,59

36 Nhtrn, sau 6 nm sdng 0,83

37 Tm bng khong gn sng 0,6138 Tm bng khong mu nu sng nht 0,53

39 Giy du lp nh, th 0,91

40 Nhtrn, rc ht khong phmt 0,84

41 Nhtrn, rc ht ct mu xm 0,88

42 Nhtrn, rc ht ct mu sm 0,90

43 Tn mu sng 0,2644 Tn mu en 0,86

45 Ngi mu hay mu nu 0,65 - 0,72

46 Ngi ximng mu xm 0,65

47 Thp nh bng hay mmu trng 0,45

48 Nhtrn, mu xanh 0,76

49 Thp trng km, mi 0,3050 Nhtrn, bbn bi 0,90

51 Nhm khng lm bng 0,52

52 Nhm nh bng 0,26

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Bng 2. (Tip theo)


4. Mt qut sn53 Sn mu sng (mu hng) 0,52

54 Sn mu xanh da tri 0,64

55 Sn bng cht cban, mu xanh sng 0,58

56 Nhtrn, mu tm 0,83

57 Sn mu vng 0,44

58 Sn mu 0,63

5. Mt va h v mt ng59 Atphan mi 0,89

60 Atphan c 0,67

61 B tng x 0,89

62 dm granit 0,80

63 Ct ln si 0,66

64 Ct m t 0,80

65 si granit 0,67

6. Vt liu xuyn sng

66 Mng polyclovinin dy 0,1 mm 0,096

67 Mng polyamit AFF dy 0,08 mm 0,164

68 Mng plytylen dy 0,085 mm 0,109

69 Knh dy 7 mm 0,076

70 Knh ca dy 4,5 mm 0,04

71 Knh c bmt hp thnhit dy 6 mm 0,306

72 Knh nh dy 17 mm 0,02

73 Knh hu ckhng mu sc dy 1,2 mm 0,123

74 Nhtrn, mu vng, dy 2,7 mm 0,46

75 Nhtrn, mu xanh, dy 1,4 mm 0,34

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Bng 3. Hstrao i nhit bmt ca kt cu bao che h, W/m2.K

(theo TCVN 298:2003 v ISO 6946:1996)

Tn hs

Hng dng nhit

Nm ngang(i vi tng)

i ln(i vi mi)

i xung(i vi mi)

Hstrao i nhit bmt

ngoi hN, W/m2.K

25 25 25

Hstrao i nhit bmt

trong hT, W/m2.K

7,692 10 5,882

Bng 4. Nhit trlp khng kh khng c thng gi Ra, m

2

.K/W(theo TCVN 298:2003 v ISO 6946:1996)

Chiu dylp khngkh, mm

Hng dng nhit

Nm ngang

(i vi lp khng khthng ng)

i ln(i vi lp khng

kh nm ngang)

i xung

(i vi lp khng khnm ngang)

0 0,00 0,00 0,00

5 0,11 0,11 0,11

7 0,13 0,13 0,13

10 0,15 0,15 0,15

15 0,17 0,16 0,17

25 0,18 0,16 0,19

50 0,18 0,16 0,21

100 0,18 0,16 0,22

300 0,18 0,16 0,23

Ch thch:Cc gi trtrung gian c thtnh ton theo ni suy tuyn tnh

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- Lp va trt =15 mm

15 105 15

- Lp va trt =15 mm- Gch t st nung =105 mm

3. Mt scu to tng ngoi v mi thng dng v tng nhit trRo c tnh ton theo

cng thc (1)

3.1. TNG

T1. Tng n (bdy quy c: 110 mm) gch c t st nung

STT

Cc lp vt liutngoi vo trong

Chiudy, m

Hsdn

nhit, ,

W/(m.K)

Tng nhittrRo,

m2.K/W

t hay khng tyu cu so vi quy

chun

1 Lp va trt ngoi 0,015 0,93

0,332Ro

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10515

60

10

- Lp va trt =15 mm- Gch t st nung =105 mm

- Va chn mch =10 mm- Gch t st nung =105 mm- Lp va trt =15 mm

10 105 15

- Gch rng =105 mm

15 105 15

- Lp va trt =15 mm

- Lp va trt =15 mm

T2. Tng i (bdy quy c: 220 mm) gch c t st nung

STT Cc lp vt liutngoi vo trong

Chiudy, m

Hsdn

nhit,

W/(m.K)

Tng nhittrRo,

m2.K/W

t hay khng t yucu so vi quy chun


0,474Ro

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10 105 1510515

60

10

- Lp va trt =15 mm- Gch rng =105 mm

- Va chn mch =10 mm- Gch rng =105 mm- Lp va trt =15 mm

STTCc lp vt liu

tngoi vo trongChiudy, m

Hsdn

nhit,W/(m.K)

Tng nhittrRo,

m2.K/W

t hay khng tyu cu so vi

quy chun


0,383Ro0,56 m2.K/W

t yu cu

hoc

t v vt

yu cu

2

Gch rng (= 1300) xy vi

va nh(= 1400)

hoc

Gch nhiu l xy vi va

nng (va ximng)

0,220

0,58

hoc

0,52

3 Lp va trt trong 0,015 0,93

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15 105 15

- Lp va trt =15 mm

- Lp va trt =15 mm- Blc b tng nh =105 mm

10 105 1510515

- Lp va trt =15 mm- Blc b tng nh =105 mm

- Va chn mch =10 mm

- Lp va trt =15 mm

- Blc b tng nh =105 mm

60

10

T5. Tng gch, blc b tng bt, tng n (bdy quy c: 110 mm)

STT

Cc lp vt liutngoi vo trong

Chiudy, m

Hsdn

nhit, ,

W/(m.K)

Tng nhittrRo,

m2.K/W



0,486R

o

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STTCc lp vt liu

tngoi vo trong

Chiu

dy, m

Hsdn

nhit, ,

W/(m.K)

Tng nhit

trRo,

m2.K/W

t hay khng t yu

cu so vi quy chun


0,797Ro>0,56 m

2.K/W

t v vt yu cu.2 Blc b tng bt 0,220 0,37


T7. Panel 3D dy 180 mm

STTCc lp vt liu tngoi

vo trong

Chiu dy,m

Hsdn

nhit,

W/(m.K)

Tng nhittrRo,

m2.K/W



0,81 1,56

Ro>0,56 m2.K/W

t v vt

hoc vt xayu cu

2Tm 3D bng ximng ct

li thp0,05 0,93

3Lp cch nhit bng xp

polystyrol0,02 0,05 0,04

4 Tm 3D bng ximng ctli thp

0,05 0,93


Ghi ch:Tng nhit trca tng ngoi c tnh vi hstrao i nhit bmt ngoi l hN= 25 W/m2.K v h

strao i nhit bmt trong l hT= 7,692 W/m2.K xem bng 3, Phlc.

15 502050 15

c li thp

- Lp va trt =15 mm- Lp xi mng ct =50 mm

- Tm polystyrol =20 - 50 mm

c li thp- Lp xi mng ct =50 mm

- Lp va trt =15 mm

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- Gch l nem 200 200 15 mm- Va lt =10 mm- Gch chng nng 200 200 105 mm, =105 mm- Va xi mng li thp chng thm =20 mm- B tng ct thp mi =120 mm- Va trt trn =15 mm

3.2. MI

M1. Cu to mi vi lp cch nhit bng gch rng dy 105 mm

STT Cc lp vt liu ttrn xungChiu

dy, m

Hsdn

nhit, ,

W/(m.K)

Tng nhit

trRo,

m2.K/W

t hay khng t

yu cu so vi quy

chun

1 Gch l nem 0,015 0,81

0,640Ro< 1,0 m

2.K / W

Khng t yu cu

2 Va lt 0,01 0,93

3 Gcht st nung (phn lin tc) 0,105 0,81

4 Gcht st nung (phn vch) 0,053 0,81

5 Khng kh lrng Ra = 0,22 m2. K / W 0,053

6 Va xy mch dc 0,105 0,93

7 Va xi mng li thp 0,02 0,93

8 B tng ct thp 0,12 1,55


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M2. Cu to mi vi lp cch nhit bng gch rng dy 105 mm v b tng x

=1000kg/m3dy 150 mm

Cu to nhmi M1, nhng bn trn lp gch chng nng c thm lp b tng nh - b

tng x=1000 kg/m3 - =0,41 W/(m.K) dy 150 mm, lc tng nhit tr ca mi M2 s lRo=1,006 m

2.K/W t yu cu.

STT Cc lp vt liu ttrn xungChiu

dy, m

Hsdn

nhit, ,

W/(m.K)

Tng nhit

trRo,

m2.K/W

t hay khng

t yu cu so

vi quy chun

1 Gch l nem 0,015 0,81

1,006Ro> 1,0 m

2.K / W

t yu cu

2 Va lt 0,01 0,93

3 Lp b tng nh-b tng x(=1000 kg/m3) 0,150 0,41

4 Gcht st nung (phn lin tc) 0,105 0,81

5 Gcht st nung (phn vch) 0,053 0,81

6 Khng kh lrng Ra = 0,22 m2. K / W 0,053

7 Va xy mch dc 0,105 0,93

8 Va xi mng li thp 0,02 0,93

9 B tng ct thp 0,12 1,55


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- Gch l nem 200 200 15 mm- Va lt =10 mm- Tm xp polystyrol =30 mm- Va xi mng =5 mm- Xi mng polimer chng thm =2 mm- B tng ct thp mi =120 mm- Va trt trn =15 mm

M3. Mi vi tm xp polystyrol dy 30 mm

STTCc lp vt liu ttrn xung

Chiu

dy, m

Hs

dn

nhit, ,

W/(m.K)

Tng nhit

trRo,

m2.K/W

t hay khng t

yu cu so vi quy

chun

1 Gch l nem 0,015 0,81

1,140Ro> 1 ,0 m

2.K / W

t yu cu

2 Va lt 0,01 0,93

3 Tm polystyol 0,03 0,04

4 Va xi mng 0,05 0,93

5 Va xi mng polymer chng thm 0,002 0,93

6 B tng ct thp 0,12 1,55


Ghi ch:Tng nhit trca mi c tnh vi hstrao i nhit bmt ngoi l hN= 25 W/m2.K v h

strao i nhit bmt trong l hT= 5,882 W/m2.K xem bng 3, Phlc.

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MC LC

LI NI U ................................................................................................................... 5I. QUY NH CHUNG .................................................................................................... 7

1.1. Phm vi iu chnh .......................................................................................... 7

1.2. i tng p dng ........................................................................................... 7

1.3. Ti liu vin dn .............................................................................................. 7

1.4. Gii thch tng ............................................................................................. 8

II. QUY NH KTHUT .............................................................................................. 12

2.1. Lp vcng trnh ............................................................................................ 12

2.2. Thng gi v iu ho khng kh.................................................................... 17

2.3. Chiu sng ....................................................................................................... 27

2.4. Thang cun v thang my ............................................................................... 32

2.5. Sdng in nng ........................................................................................... 32

2.6. Hthng un nc nng ................................................................................. 36

III. QUY NH VQUN L ........................................................................................ 40

IV. TCHC THC HIN ............................................................................................. 40

PHLC (Tham kho) Thng svt l ca vt liu, cu to v tnh ton nhit tr

ca kt cu bao che (KCBC) .................................................... 41

1. Cng thc xc nh nhit trv hstng truyn nhit (U-value) ca KCBC. 41

2. Cc thng scbn cn dng tnh ton kt cu bao che ............................... 42

3. Mt scu to tng ngoi v mi thng dng v tng nhit trRoc

tnh ton theo cng thc (1) ................................................................................ 52

3.1. Tng................................................................................................ 52

3.2. Mi .................................................................................................... 57-59

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