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8/8/2019 QUN L NGUN NHN S

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Chng 10: Phn phi ngun lc cho d n u t

QUN L NGUN NHN S

MC CH

1. nh ngha2. cc lnh vc qun l ngun nhn s

3. tm quan trng ca qun l ngun nhn lc

4. b quyt qun l ngun nhn lc

5. quy trnh qun l ngun nhn s.

6. cc lnh vc lin quan ti qun l nhn s.

1. nh ngha:

QTNN l s phi hp mt cch tng th cc hot ng hoch nh,

tuyn m, tuyn chn, duy tr, pht trin, ng vin v to iu kin

thun li cho ti nguyn nhn s thng qua t chc, nhm t c

mc tiu chin lc v nh hng vin cnh ca t chc.

Ti nguyn nhn s l tt c mi c nhn tham giabt c hot ng

no

T chc c th ln nh n gin hay phc tp, l chnh tr hay tranh

c

Qun tr nhn s hin din khp mi phng ban.

II. Mc tiu QTNS

Qun tr nhn s nhm phc v

Khch hng: QTNS nh hng th trng

C ng: QTNS nh hng li nhun

Nhn vin: QTNS nh hng nhn bn

Mi trng: QTNS nh hng sinh thi


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IV. phn phi ngun lc lao ng:

10.1. BIU PH TI NGUN LC V IU CHNHNGUN LC

10.1.1. Biu ph ti ngun lc

Khi nim: Biu ph ti ngun lc phn nh s lng tng loingun lc cn thit theo k hoch tin hin ti trong mt thi knht nh cho tng cng vic hoc ton b vng i d n. Biu ph ti ngun lc c nhng tc dng ch yu sau y:

- Trnh by bng hnh nh nhu cu cao thp khc nhau v mt loi

ngun lc no trong tng thi on.- L c s lp k hoch sn xut cung ng nguyn vt liu,ngun lc cho d n.

- L c s cc nh qun l d n iu phi, b tr hp l nhu cungun lc.

Phng php xy dng biu ph ti ngun lc: K thut xydng mng cng vic PERT/CPM v s GANTT l nhng phngphp c bn c ng dng xy dng biu ph ti ngun lc.K thut PERT/CPM iu chnh l cng c hu hiu trong phn tchqun l cc ngun lc. Cc bc xy dng biu ph ti ngun lcgm:

Bc 1: Xy dng s PERT/CPM

Bc 2: Lp biu PERT/CPM iu chnh

Bc 3: V s ph ti ngun lc.V d: D n vit phn mm tin hc phc v cho cng tc qun lnh sau


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Bng 10.1 Thi gian v ngun lc dnh cho d n

Cn

vi c

Cn

vi c

Thi

gian

S lp trnh

vin cn thita - 10 1

b - 6 1

c - 5 1

d a 4 1

e c 3 1

Yu cu:

1. Xy dng biu ph ti ngun lc2. Hy sp xp cng vic sao cho m bo tin thi gian

d n trong iu kin ngun lc hn ch (ch c 2 lp trnhvin)

Trc ht v s PERT

a (10) d(4) b(6)

c(5)

e(3)

Hnh 10.1 S PERT ca d n

ng gng ca d n l ng a + d di 14 ngy. Nu c 3 lptrnh vin th thi gian hon thnh d n s l 14 ngy. Trn c s s PERT ta c s PERT iu chnh

Cng vic

c(5) e(3) b(6)


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5 8 12 14 Thi gian

Hnh 10.2 S PERT/CPM iu chnh


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S PERT/CPM iu chnh khc vi biu GANTT ch, trong s PERT/CPM iu chnh mt s kin c th c v

nhiu ln v cc ng t nt phn nh thi gian d tr ca tuynng.

Da vo s PERT/CPM iu chnh, thit lp s ph tingun lc.

Lao ng

c(5,1) e(3,1)

b(6,1)

a(10,1) d(4,1)

5 8 10 14 Thi gian

Hnh 10.3 s ph ti ngun lc

Ch khi v biu ph ti ngun lc phi m bo c th t

trc sau ca cc cng vic v cn phn phi ngun lc cho nggng trc. Theo s trn, thc hin d n theo ng tin 14ngy, cn phi c 3 lp trnh vin lm vic trong khong thi gian tkhi bt u d n n ht ngy th 6, hai ngi thc hin cc cngvic e v a trong 2 ngy t ngy 7 n ht ngy th 8 v ch cn mtngi thc hin d n trong thi gian cn li t ngy th 10 n ht

ngy 14.10.1.2. S iu chnh u ngun lc

Biu ph ti ngun lc phn nh mc cu cao thp khc nhauv ngun lc no trong cc thi k thc hin tin d n. Trn cs biu ny c th thc hin iu chnh u ngun lc. iu chnhu ngun lc l phng php ti thiu ha mc khc bit v cungun lc gia cc thi k bng cch dch chuyn cng vic trong

phm vi thi gian d tr ca n vi mc tiu khng lm thay i ngykt th d


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- Sau iu chnh, nhu cu ngun lc tng i n nh nn d nc th gim thiu mc d tr vt t hng ha lin quan v gim chi phnhn cng.

- To iu kin cho cc nh qun l d n ch ng t hng khisp cn kho vo cc thi im c nh, nh k.

- C th p dng chnh sch qun l d tr linh hot kp thi (Justin Time).

V d: Mt d n c 3 cng vic, thi gian v s lao ng cn thc hin nh sau


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Bng 10.2 Thi gian v ngun lc ca d n

Cng

vic

Cng

vi c

Thi

gian

Yu cu

laoa - 2 2

b - 3 2

c - 5 4

Yu cu xy dng Biu ph ti v thc hin iu chnh ungun lc p ng yu cu ch c 6 ngi lm vic thng xuyn

trong sut vng i d n.Cng vic

a

b

c

2 5 Thi

gianHnh 10.4 - S PERT/CPM

iu chnh

Lao

ng

a(2,2

)


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T y cho thy, s cng nhn cn nhiu nht l 8 ngi trong2 ngy u, thp nht l 4 ngi trong 2 ngy cui cng ca d n.

ng trn phng din qun l lao ng, cc nh qun l d nmong mun lm sao gim thiu mc chnh lch nhu cu lao ng giacc thi k. Yu cu ny c th thc hin c bng phng phpiu chnh u ngun lc. Nucng vic b chm li 2 ngy, ta v c s iu chnh u ngun lcdi y

Cngnhn

6

4

a(2,2) b(2,3)

c(4,5)

2 5 Thi gian

Hnh 10.6 S iu chnh u ngun lc

Thng qua iu chnh u ngun lc, s lao ng thng xuyncn cho d n ch l su lao ng trong sut thi k 5 ngy (nggng khng i). iu ny c ngha tit kim c thi gian v chiph. Mc iu chnh u ngun lc nhiu hay t ty thuc vo cc iukin rng buc. Quy m ngun lc cho php (v d s lao ng cs dng) bnh qun c thi k, thi hn phi hon thnh d n, chi phcho php... l nhng nhn t cn phi xem xt trong mi lin h rngbuc ln nhau quyt nh iu chnh. S iu chnh u ngunlc c th xy dng trn c s biu ph ti ngun lc lp theo khoch trin khai sm hoc theo k hoch trin khai mun. K hoch

no c mc chnh lch ph ti ngun lc gia cc thi k t hnthng c chn.


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d n khng u nhau gia cc thi k. iu ny gy kh khn chocng tc qun l v phn phi ngun lc. Mt khc, xt trn phngdin cung, ngun lc ca n v ni chung, b hn ch c v s lng,

cht lng v thi im cung cp. Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh iu phimt ngun lc c th cho d n, cc nh qun l lun phi t trongmi quan h vi tin k hoch v ngn sch c duyt. Chnhtrong iu kin nh vy, phng php "iu phi ngun lc trn cs thi gian d tr ti thiu" l phng php rt c hiu qu giiquyt nhng kh khn nu trn.

Cc bc thc hin phng php iu chnh u ngun lc datrn thi gian d tr ti

thiu. - Bc 1: V s PERT, xy dng s ph ti ngun lc


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- Bc 2: Tnh thi gian d tr ca cc cng vic

- Bc 3: Phn phi ngun lc d n theo s trin khai sm.

Khi nhu cu vt mc cho php, lit k cc cng vic cng cnh tranhnhau mt ngun lc v sp xp chng theo trnh t thi gian d trton phn t thp n cao.

- Bc 4: iu chnh u ngun lc theo nguyn tc phn phitheo cho cng vic c thi gian d tr thp nht trc, tip n cngvic c thi gian d tr thp th 2... Nhng cng vic c thi gian dtr ln phi c iu chnh. Qu trnh iu chnh m bo sao cho

vic ko di thi gian hon thnh d n mc thp nht v ch spxp li cc cng vic khng nm trn ng gng u tin ngun lccho cc cng vic gng.

Ngoi phng php iu chnh u ngun lc da vo thi giand tr ti thiu, cc nh qun l d n c th p dng mt s binphp khc phn phi ngun lc hp l nh phng php tp trungngun lc cho cng vic gng hoc thu thu ph... Do ngun lc iuphi cho d n thng hu hn v c nh trong mt thi k nn y nhanh tin thc hin d n, cc nh qun l c th loi bnhng phn vic khng hp l, tp trung ngun lc cho cc cng vicgng hoc iu chnh ngun lc t cc cng vic khng gng sang cccng vic gng. Nh vy, ng gng v thi gian hon thnh d n sc y nhanh.

10.1.4. Phng hng gii quyt khi thiu ht ngun lcThc hin cc cng vic vi mc s dng ngun lc thp hn d

kin. Bin php ny ch c th thc hin c nu thi hn ca cccng vic c th ko di khi s dng cc ngun lc t hn. Tuynhin, s khng th thc hin bin php ny khi nh ra mc s dngngun lc thp nht.

Chia nh cc cng vic. C nhng hot ng c th chia ra thnhhai hay nhiu cng vic nh m khng nh hng n trnh t thc


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thi gian thc hin tng cng vic nh ty thuc vo cng thngchung v lao ng trong tng thi hn.

Sa i s mng. Gi s hai cng vic c th b tr thc hin

ng thi hoc kt thc cng vic ny mi thc hin cng vic kia ths chm tr c th khc phc bng cch thay v b tr theo kiu lintip, tin hnh b tr li theo cch thc hin ng thi hai cng viccng lc.

S dng ngun lc khc. Phng php ny p dng c cho mts loi ngun lc.

10.2. PHN PHI NGUN LC HN CH CHO D N BNGPHNG PHP U TIN

C hai cch tip cn c bn phn phi cc ngun lc hn ch. l phng php u tin v phng php ti u ha. Phng phpu tin c thc hin da trn phng php ng gng (CPM) vqu trnh phn tch tnh hnh s dng tng loi ngun lc theo tngthi k. Trong mt thi gian di, phng php u tin la chn cccng vic v phn phi ngun lc hn ch cho chng trn c s ccnguyn tc u tin.


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Thc t c nhiu phng php u tin vi nguyn tc u tinkhc nhau. Di y l nhng nguyn tc u tin c s dng kh

ph bin:- Cng vic phi thc hin trc cn c u tin trc

- u tin cho cng vic c nhiu cng vic gng theo sau

- u tin cho nhng cng vic ngn nht. Mc ch l ti a scng vic c thc hin trong mt thi k.

- u tin cho cng vic c thi gian d tr ti thiu

- u tin cho nhng cng vic i hi mc ngun lc lnnht. Thc hin nguyn tc ny vi gi nh cng vic c tm quantrng hn thng i hi mc ngun lc dnh cho n cao hn.

- u tin cng vic c s cng vic theo sau nhiu nht (khng ch

cng vic gng). Phng php u tin c p dng rng ri

trong vic phn phi cc ngun lc hn chv mt s nguyn nhn.

Th nht, y l phng php kh kh thi v cc phng din: dp dng, d hiu, thc thi cho cc d n ln, phc tp.

Th hai, phng php u tin cho mt gii php v phn phi ccngun lc hn ch tt hn trong khi phng php ti u ha cho giiphp tt nht nhng vic p dng b hn ch, c bit i vi tnhhung phc tp v nhng d n ln.

Th ba, c nhiu phn mm vi tnh tr gip s gip cc nhqun d n thc hin phn phi ngun lc nhanh chng, d dng.

hiu r hn nng lc p dng nhng nguyn nhn trn, phnny i su trnh by nhng ng dng ca nguyn tc u tin vo 3trng hp: Phn phi ngun lc hn ch cho nhiu cng vic ca mtd n; phn phi ng thi hai ngun lc hn ch cho mt d n v phn phi hai ngun lc cho nhiu d n trong mi d n c

nhiu cng vic cn thc hin.10 2 1 tin phn phi mt ng n lc hn ch


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mt d n c th p dng nhng nguyn tc u tin nu trn, kt hpvi s dng s GANTT. Mt s bc c th thc thi vic phnphi nh sau:

- Bt u t ngy u tin thc hin d n, phn phi ngun lckhan him cho ti a s cng vic thc hin, trong khi ch nnhng iu kin rng buc v mi quan h gia cc cng vic d n.Sau phn phi cho cc ngy th 2, th 3... cho n khi mi cngvic u c phn phi ngun lc.

- Khi mt s cng vic cng i hi mt ngun lc th c th utin cho nhng cng vic c thi gian d tr t nht.

- Nu c th th iu chnh k hoch thc hin cc cng vickhng gng tp trung ngun lc cho cng vic gng.


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10.2.2. Phn phi ng thi hai ngun lc cho d n

1. Phng php bng biu:

i vi nhng d n ln s dng nhiu loi ngun lc (v d 2loi lao ng khc nhau) c th p dng phng php lp bng phn phi ngun lc. Ni dung phng php nh sau:

- V s PERT/CPM

- Lp bng vi cu trc, ct u tin lit k tt c cc cng vicca d n theo trt t dn ca vic nh gi cc s kin v lgc ca

mng cng vic. Cc ct k tip l thi gian thc hin tng cng vic,s lng tng loi ngun lc cn. Nhng ct cn li c u ct ghitrnh t thi gian thc hin d n t thp n cao, phn cui ct l tngs tng loi ngun lc cn trong tng ngy. Ni dung chnh canhng ct ny ghi s lng tng loi ngun nhn lc cn cho tngcng vic. on thng t m th hin thi gian phi hon thnh cngvic trc ri mi c th tip tc cng vic sau. Ch , ngun lcphn b cho tng ngy khng th vt qu mt gii hn nh trc vphi tun theo nhng iu kin rng buc nht nh.

2. Phng php phn phi ng thi c lao ng v my mc chod n:

phn phi ng thi hai ngun lc lao ng v my mc, cth gi nh quy m u vo ca ngun lc ny (my mc) ph thuc

vo quy m s dng ngun lc kia (s lao ng). S lao ng cn phnphi cho cc cng vic d n y l mt i lng cha bit. Nhngv cc nh qun l d n thng theo ui chin lc quy m lao ngn nh nn c th xc nh s lao ng cn thit bng ch tiu bnhqun k.

10.2.3. iu phi ngun lc cho mt tp hp nhiu d n:

iu phi ngun lc cho mt tp hp nhiu d n l vn phc tp. Trong mt thi k, nhng doanh nghip ln, thng trin


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lc thc hin cng khc nhau. Vn t ra l phi xy dng mt hthng phn phi ngun lc hiu qu v nng ng, tho mn c cciu kin rng buc, ng thi p ng c yu cu ca tng d n

ring l cng nh c h thng cc d n. Kinh nghim thc t nhngch tiu nh gi h thng phn phi ngun lc:

- Thi gian hon thnh chm ca d n. Mt h thng phn phitt s khng lm chm thi gian phi hon thnh theo k hoch. y ltiu chun quan trng nht nh gi h thng. V chm tr dn nb pht, lm gim mc li nhun. Hn na chm tr d n ny s nhhng n tin thc hin cc d n khc.

- To iu kin s dng c hiu qu ngun lc. Mt h thng phnphi mnh s gp phn s dng hiu qu ngun lc hu hn can v. iu ny rt quan trng i vi nhng n v phi mua ngoiv nhp ngoi nhng ngun lc quan trng cho d n.

phn phi mt ngun lc cho tp hp nhiu d n, phngphp gii quyt ph bin nht l xem xt mi d n nh l mt phn

h nh ca mt d n ln. Quan h gia cc d n tu thuc vo miquan h k thut hoc ch n thun cng chung mt ngun lc. Domi d n bao gm nhiu cng vic, nn d n ln hay h thng ccd n c th c lp thng qua


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vic s dng cc bin gi. Sau , tin hnh phn phi ngun lc chocc cng vic theo trt t thi gian v theo nhng nguyn tc u tin

nh trnh by.10.2 4. iu phi hai ngun lc cho mt tp hp d n:

iu phi hai ngun lc cho tp hp nhiu d n c th sdng phng php cn i. Nguyn tc thc hin l sp xp cc d ncn phi b tr ngun lc theo th t u tin t cao xung thp. B trngun lc ln lt theo yu cu cc cng vic ca d n c u tin.Thit lp mt thi k cn i khi tt c ngun lc cho php s dng

ca mt thi k c phn phi ht cho cc cng vic ca mt hocnhiu d n. Mt thi k cn i mi li c thit lp.

10.2.5. K hoch sp xp lao ng:

Phn cng cn b qun l d n, nht l lc lng lao ng gintip hp l s to iu kin s dng hiu qu lc lng lao ng.Trong iu kin Lut lao ng quy nh ngh 2 ngy mt tun v do

nhu cu lao ng lm vic tng ngy trong tun khc nhau nn vicb tr hp l lao ng s c ngha to ln c v phng din kinh t vx hi.

Khi b tr lao ng cn tun theo: Bc 1: Xc nh nhng cp ngy lin tip i hi tng s lao

ng thp nht. Nu c nhiu ngy c tng yu cu v lao ng thpnht v bng nhau th chn cp no c yu cu lao ng ca cc ngy

cn k n thp nht, nhng nu vn cn bng nhau th chn cp utin.

Bc 2: Cp ngy va chn tr thnh hai ngy ngh ca mt laong no . B tr cho lao ng ny lm vic vo cc ngy cn litrong tun.

Bc 3: Tnh ton li nhu cu lao ng cho cc ngy cn li trongtun. Sau lp li t

bc mt n bc ba cho n khi cc yu cu c tho mn.V d: Mt n v cn sp xp ngy lm vic v ngy ngh cho 8


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Bng 10.3 Yu cu lao ng tng ngy trong tun

Th 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ch

S lao ng

lm vic 3 4 4 3 4 7 8

Theo nguyn tc phn phi lao ng nu trn, c nhiu cp ngyc tng nhu cu lao ng thp nht v bng nhau l ngy th hai vth ba, th t v th nm, th nm v th su (u bng 7). Do vy,b tr lao ng th nht c ngh hai ngy th hai v th ba trongkhi i lm vo nhng ngy cn li. Tng ngy trong tun ly tng nhu

cu lao ng phi lm vic tr i lao ng th nht s c s laong cn phi lm vic. Quay tr li bc mt, tip tc tm nhngcp ngy c tng nhu cu lao ng thp nht v xc nh cp ngyngh cho lao


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ng th hai, ba Cui cng xy dng c k hoch sdng lao ng v sp xp ngy ngh cho 8 lao ng nh trong

bng 8.10

Bng 10.4 K hoch b tr lao ng lm vic v nghtrong tun

Th 2 3 4 5 6 7 CN

Yu cu L lm vic (ng.) 3 4 4 3 4 7 8

B tr lm vic cho ngi - - x x x x x

S L cn trong cc ngy 3 4 3 2 3 6 7

B tr lm vic cho ngi x x x - - x x


B tr lm vic cho ngi x x - - x x x


B tr lm vic cho ngi - - x x x x x



S L cn trong cc ngy 0 1 0 1 1 2 3B tr lm vic cho ngi - - x x x x x




B tr lm vic cho ngi x x x x - - x

S L b tr i lm 5 5 7 4 4 7 8

S lao ng phi lm vic 3 4 4 3 4 7 8Lao ng d phng (ngi) 2 1 3 1 0 0 0

Trong qu trnh phn cng lao ng cn m bo v phi ln hn s lao ng theo yu cu trong tng ngy ca


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tun Khng mt ngy no thiu lao ng nhng cngphi m bo s lao ng d phng trong tng ngy mc tithiu. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh thc hin phng php b tr lao

ng ny, khi thy s lao ng cn mt ngy no (xut hin s 0) khng c ngha lao ng c ngh m hvn tip tc tham gia lm vic theo lut quy nh. Vic b trlao ng cn tun theo nhng iu kin nht nh.

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