Quan trắc môi trường (Environmental monitoring Chapter 1)

7/27/2019 Quan trc mi trng (Environmental monitoring Chapter 1)

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Quan trc mi trng(Environmental monitoring)

NguynTh Thu H

B mn: Cng ngh Mi trng

Khoa: Ti nguyn v Mi trng


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Ti liu tham kho


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Ni dung mn hcPHN I. CC KHI NIMCBN

Chng 1. Quan trc v phn tch mi trng

Chng 2. Cc vn lin quan

Chng 3. mbocht lng v kim sot cht

lng trong quan trc mi trngPHN II. TCHCTHCHIN QUAN TRC

MI TRNG

Chng 4. Xy dngchng trnh quan trc Chng 5. Phng php lymu vboqun

Chng 6. Phng php phn tch

Chng 7. Phng php x l sliu


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Chng 1.Quan trc v phn tch

mi trng


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Khi nimv mi trngMi trng: bao gm cc yutt nhin v vtcht nhn

to bao quanh con ngi, c tc ngnisng, snxut, stnti v pht trinca con ngi v sinh vt

Mi trngtnhin: bao gmttc cc yut l hc, hohc, cc chthucv v cca kh quyn, thyquyn,

thchquyn.Thnh phn mi trng l cc yu tvtcht to thnh

mi trngnht, nc, khng kh, m thanh, nh sng,sinh vt, h sinh thi v cc hnh thi vtcht khc.

Mi trng quyt nh cht lng v s tn ti ca cucsng.


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Mi quan hgia cc quyn trongmi trng


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Quan trc mi trngQuantrc mitrng l qu trnh thu thp ccthng tinvstnticngnhbininngcccht trong mitrng c ngungct thinnhin hay nhnto, qu trnh nycthchinbng cc phpolngnhclinhiuln vvimt

mu

dyvc

khng gian vthi

giant c thnh gi ccbini v xu thcht

lngmitrng.

1. Khi nim


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Quan trc mi trng Theo Lutbov mi trng 2005, quan trc mi trng l qu trnh

theo di c hthngv mi trng, cc yut tc ng ln mi trngnhm cung cp thng tin phcvnh gi hintrng, dinbinchtlng mi trng v cc tc ngxuivi mi trng.

olng, ghi nhnthng xuyn v ngbcht lng mi trngv cc yut lin quan nchtlng mi trng(UNEP, 2000)

S dng cc phc hp cc bin php khoa hc, cng ngh, k thutnhmthu thp thng tin vmc, hintrng hay xu thchtlngmi trng(CcBov mi trng)

Quan trc mi trng ch mt quy trnh lp i lp li cc hot ngquan st v o lngmt hay nhiu thng schtlng mi trng,c th quan st nhng thay i din ra trong mt giai on thi gian(ESCAP, 1994)

Monitoring mi trng l mt qu trnh quan trc v o c thngxuyn vimc tiu c xc nhivimthocnhiuch tiu vtnh chtvt l, ha hc, sinh hcca cc thnh phn mi trng theomt k hoch lp sn v thi gian, khng gian, phng php v quytrnh olng cung cp cc thng tin cbn c tin cy, chnhxc cao v c th lm cncnh gi dinbinchtlngca mitrng, cngnh so snh trng thi mi trngni ny vini kia

(PhmNgcng, 2000)


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Quan trc mi trng

Nhu cu thngtin mi trng

o lng

lp li

Thng tinmi trng

S dngthng tin

Qun l

mi trng

Hintrng v xu thbinichtlng

mi trng


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Phn tch mi trng

Phn tch mitrng lsnh gi mitrngtnhin v suy thoi do conngicngnh do ccnguyn nhn khc gy ra. y lvnrt quantrngv qua chng ta c thbitcyutnocnc quantrc vbin php nocnc pdng

qun

l, gip chng ta trnhkhi

ccthm

ho sinh thi c thxy ra.


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Phn tch mi trng

Phn tch p lc pht trinti mi trng

Phn tch trng thi tnti v thnhphn ccyut trong mi trng

a ra cc gii php


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2. Mcch1. nh gi cc hu qu nhim n sc kho v mi

trngsngca con ngi, v nhvys xc nhcmi quan h nhn qucanngcht nhim.

2. mbo an ton cho vicsdng ti nguyn (khngkh, nc, t, sinh thi.v.v) vo cc mcch kinh t.

3. thu c cc s liuh thngdidng iu tra cbnchtlng mi trng v cung cp ngn hng dliucho sdng ti nguyn trong tng lai.

4. nghin cu v nh gi cc cht nhim v hthng

tipnhn chng (xu th, khnng gy nhim).5. nh gi hiuqu ccbin php kim sot lut php v

pht thi.

6. tin hnh cc bin php khncptinhng vng c

nhimcbit


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3. Vai tr v nghaVai tr cung cp thng tin v: Thnh phn, ngun gc, nng /cng cc tc

nhn nhim trong mi trng Khnngnhhngca cc tc nhn ny trong mi

trng

D bo xu hngdinbinvnng v nhhngca cc tc nhn nhim ngha: L cng ckim sot chtlng mi trng

L cng ckim sot nhim L csthng tin cho cng ngh mi trng L csthng tin cho qun l mi trng L mt xch quan trng trong nh gi tc ng mi

trng


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4. Cc tiu chsdng Cht lng mi trng c nh gi bng cc

tnh cht l - ho v sinh hc c trng cho ccthnh phnca mi trng (t, nc, khng kh )th hin thng qua cc thng s v ch s mi

trng. Cc yutnhhngtichtlng mi trng -

ngungcca cc cht gy nhim.

Tiu chunhoc quy chun mi trngvcht

lngt,nc khng kh c quy nhda vomc tiu sdnghoc quy chun mi trng


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4. Cc tiu chsdng Thng s mi trng

(environmental parameters)L nhngi lngvt l, hahc, sinh hc c th c trngcho mi trng c kh nngphn nh tnh cht ca mitrngtrng thi nghin cu.

Ch th mi trng(environmental indicators) lthco trong tnghp ccthng tin ph hp, lin quannmthintngnhtnh

Ch s mi trng(environment indices) l tphp cc thng sc tch hphocc nhn vitrngs.

M

cc

ngcasliu

Kch thcsliu(tnglng thng tin)

Chs mitrng

Chth mitrng

Thng s mi trng


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Yu cuca quan trc mi trng

Thnh phn, ngun gc, nng /hmlng/cng cc tc nhn nhim trongmi trng.

Kh nng nh hng ca cc tc nhn nytrong mi trng.

D bo xu hng dinbin v nng vnhhngca cc nhn t ny.

mboc QA/QC


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5. Cc hotng quan trcnh gi chtlng bao gm cc hotng chnh:

Kho st (Survey):thchin trong thi gian ngn (nhtthi) bng cch oc v quan st cht lng theo ccmcchcth

Quan trc (Monitoring): thchin trong thi gian dibng cc php ochunnhmmcch xc nh trngthi v xu hngbinica mi trng

Gim st (Surveillance): thc hin lin tc thng quacc php o xc nhphcv cho mcchqun l chtlng mi trng v cc hotngvn hnh

Gim st tun th

Gim st tc ng


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Cc hotng quan trcHotngnh gi Mcchnh gi

nh gi thng thng

1 Quan trcamcch Phnb khng gian v thi gian cachtlngnc2 Quan trc xu hng Theo thi gian nhhngbi cc tc nhn nhim (nng/tilng)

3 Kho st cbn itng v aim xc nh, phnb khng gian ca chng

4 Gim st (Gim st tun

th v Gim st tc ng)Theo mcchcth v theo cc thng s xc nh

nh gi nng cao5 Quan trcnn Hm lngnn trong cc nghin cu qu trnh t nhin; sdng cho

mcch tham kho trong nh gi nhhng v im nhim

6 Kho st nng cao Pht hin cht nhim, kh nngbin ng khng gian v thi giantrc khi thitktrng trnh quan trc

7 Kho st khncp Pht hincht nhim, khnng phn b khng gian v thi gian phcv cho trc khi thitkttrng trnh quan trc

8 Kh st nhhng Ly mugiihnv thi gian v khng gian, thng thng tp trungvo mt vi thng sgnngun nhim

9 Kho st m hnh nh gi cht lngnc chuyn su giihnv thi gian v khnggian v slngbin. V d: m hnh ph dng, m hnh cnbng oxy

10 Gim st cnh bo sm Gia trn giihn cho php cachtlngnc theo mcchsdng.


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6. Chng trnh quan trc Chng trnh quan trc bao gmvic theo di

c hthngv mi trng, cc yut tc ngln mi trng nhm cung cp thng tin phcv nh gi hin trng, dinbin cht lngmi trng v cc tc ngxuti mi trng

c thc hinbi h thng cc trm, ccimoc thit lpbi chnh ph, tchcphcvnh gi chtlng mi trng.

Chng trnh quan trc, ni cch khc l mtth tc php l btbucivimi hnh thcquan trc v miitng mi trngcn quantrc.


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Hthng quan trc Hthng quan trc mi trng bao gm cc aim

quan trccgi l cc trm, cc phng tin kthut v nhn lc quan st, oc, phn tch, x lthng tin vchtlng mi trng

C nhiu cch phn loi h thng quan trc mitrng Theo quy m khng gian

aphng (LEMSLocal Environmental Monitoring System) Quc gia (NEMSNational Environmental Monitoring System) Vng, khu vc (REMS Regional Environmental Monitoring

System)

Ton cu (GEMSGlobal Environmental Monitoring System) Theobnchtitng mi trng theo di

itng mi trng: t/nc/khng kh (GEMS/Air) itngcht nhim: trmma axit, hiung nh knh v tng

ozon, trm quan trc CFCs


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mbotnhhthngTrm quan trc(monitoring station)

mbo tnh lintc (thngnht)Mngli quan trc (monitoring network)

Loi hnh quan trc


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Phn loitrm quan trc Theo mc tiu thng tin

Trmcs(trmnn)

Trm tc ng

Trm xu hng

Theo itng Trm quan trc mi trngt

Trm quan trc mi trngnc (sng/h/ngm/idng)

Trm quan trc mi trng khng kh

Trm quan trc chuyn

Theo hnh thchotng TrmcnhTrm di ng

Trm gin onTrm lin tc

Trm trung tm

Trm nhnh


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Trmcs(baseline station) cim: ti khu vc khngbnhhngtrctip

ca cc ngun nhim xc nhiukin mitrngnn

Mcch:

Xc nh gi trnnca cc yut mi trngtnhin

Kim sot cc tc nhn nhim nhn to

Kim sot ngun nhimt bn ngoi trc khinhhng timt khu vcnhtnh (bin giiquc gia, khu vc)


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Trm tc ng (impact station) c im: t ti khu vcb tc ng ca con

ngi hay khu vc c nhu cu ringbit Mcch:

nh gi tc ng ca con ngi i vi cht

lng mi trng Theo di chtlng mi trngti cc itng

snxut, kinh doanh (khu cng nghip, bi chnlp rc thi, khu dn c, nh my)

Theo di chtlngnguncp ti nguyn (nccp sinh hot, nc cp cho sn xut, t snxut)


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Trm xu hng (trend station) c im: i din tnh cht ca mt vng rng

ln, xc nh xu hngbinng cc yu t mitrng do nhiunhhngca con ngihoc tnhin

Mcch: nh gi xu hngbini mi trngquy m

ton cu, ton khu vc

nh gi tilng cc tc nhn nhima vo

mtitng mi trngnhtnh


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Khu nui

trngthysn

Khu cng

nghip

Khu th

Khudu

lch

Cabin

1

2

3

4

56

8

7

9

Ncmt trn dng chy

Trctrmcpnc

Sau cngxncthi


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Hthng quan trcHintrnghthng quan trc mi trng trn Thgii:

Mi trng khng kh: Ti thiu cc cht kh: SO2, NOx,CO, CO2, O3 v cc loibi, cc nc pht trin c t nhtmttrmcnhquc gia timt thnhphln

Mi trng nc: Ti thiu 11 thng s (Nhit, pH, c,

mu, SS, TDS, DO, COD, Cl, Coliform, c). a s ccquc gia pht trinhthngtrmocnhtngvislng ln trn tt c cc sng chnh, v d: Aus: 466/903sng; TQ: 1430/6500 sng; Thi Lan: 40/92 sng; NhtBn

c 74 con sng c theo di vitngshn 8000 trm Mi trngt: Hin nay chyu nghin cubngphng

tin GIS vbn, cha c quy nh chung.

Documents

Quan trắc môi trường (Environmental monitoring Chapter 1)