Quan trắc môi trường (Environmental monitoring Chapter 2)

7/27/2019 Quan trc mi trng (Environmental monitoring Chapter 2)

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1. Mt s thut ng cn lu2. n v s dngtrong nhgi3. Cc dng vt chttrong mi trng 4. Cc qu trnh c bntrong mi trng 5. Cc i tngmi trng cnquan trc


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nhimmi trng l s bin i cc thnh phn mi trngkhng ph hp vitiu chunmi trng,gy nh hng xu ticon ngiv sinh vt Tiu chunmi trng l gii hncho php cacc

thng s v cht lngmi trngxung quanh, v hm lng ca chtgy nhimtrong cht thi c c quan nh ncc thm quynquy nh lm cn c qunl v bo vmi trng Cht gy nhim l cht hoc yu t vtl khi xut hintrong mi trngth mi trng b nhim Nhim bnv suy thoi mitrng


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Cht nhim bn (Contaminant): L mt chtdo conngi tora t cc hot ng sng, tn titrong mitrng ti nng ln hn nng vnc trong t

nhin (Moriarty, 1983; Manahan, 2000)

Cht nhim (Pollutant): L cht nhim bn tuynhin gy nh hng bt li ti i sng cacc sinhvt(Moriarty, 1983)


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S dng ng n v nng ngvai tr quan trng trong vicxy dngbo co mi trng.Trong phn tch ha hccc dng n v thng c s dngbao gm nng phn trm (%) v nng

mole (M), tuy nhin cc n v ny thngqu ln hocqu nh i vi cc cht nhim bntrong mitrng.Mtkhc, n v nng cng phithay ity theoi tngmi trng(kh, lng hoc rn) s cmt di y.


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i vicc chtha hc dng lng(nc, mu, nc tiu), n vmass/volume (m.v) thng c s dng.Ph thucvo gi tr s hc, nng c biu din bngmg/l - ng/l.

i vi nc schor cht lng thng thngc t trngl 1.0 g/ml th n v sl tng ng.i vicc dngkhc nh nc bin, dung dch nh,dung dch nng vic chuyn i n v s phixem xtn t trng cadung dch.1g/l = 1 ppt; 1mg/l = 1ppm; 1g/l = 1 ppb;


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i vicc chtha hc dng rn(t, bn, cht l lng,m sinh hc), n v nng mass/mass thng c s dng hnmass/volume. n v mg/l or g/l khng c dng biu din nng ca cht nhim bntrong cht rn.1 g/kg = 1 ppt; 1mg/kg = 1ppm; 1 g/kg = 1 ppb;Vic biu din di dng nvi mass/mass cn phiquantm ti iu kin ca cht rn dng thay kh. iu

kinkh (mg/kg chtkh) thng cp dng vi ccdng muc s bin ng ln vthnh phn m. Dovy phithu thpthm mu ph xc nh m. Vic chuyn i n v c tinhnh nhsau:

mg/kgchtkh = mg/kgcht ti/(1- m)


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i vicc mu dngkh, chai dng n vmass/volume(mg/m 3, g/m 3 v ng/m 3) v volume/volume (ppm, ppb,

ppt) u c s dng, tuy nhin chng khng gingnhauv mtgi tr:1g/m3 1ppt; 1 mg/m3 1 ppm; 1 g/m3 1ppb;

chuyn i giahai nhm n v cn phi chuyn v cng iu kin chun v nhit v p sut(25 oC, 1atm),cng thc s dng nhsau:mg/m3 = ppm x M/24.5 ppm = (mg/m3) x (24.5/M) Trong : M l khi lngphn t Lu trong iu kin nhit v p sutkhc, h s chuyn i(24.5) sthay i. Thng thng C (mg/m3) =MP/RT


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Cht rntrong nc:TS: Tng cht rn

TSS: Tng cht rn l lng(SS)TDS: Tng cht rnha tanThnh phn cp ht:

Ct

Limon

StSinh vt hoccc thnh phnkhc:

Sinh khi (n v khi lng/thtchhoc dintch)Mt (s lng/th tch hoc din tch)

Aerosol: cc htv dung dch l lng trong khng kh

Bi trong khng kh: kch thc ln hn1 m

TSP: tngcc ht vt cht l lng PM: Bi vicc kch thckhc nhau:Bi l lngv bih hp

Cc loi ht mn: ht mn (< 1 m) htsiu mn(< 0.2 m) htnano

Khi: hnh thnh t qu trnh chykhng hon ton cha Cacbon hoc chtbay hi Sng: Cc ht to thnh t vt liu

lng

1. Vt cht dngkh: O2, CO, CO 2, O 3, SO 2, NO x, VOC, H 2S, CH 4

2. Vt cht dng lng: dung mi v vt chtha tan 3. Vt cht dng ht(dng rn)


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Trong tnhin, vt cht tn ti mttrong badng: rn, lng , kh .Vt cht trong t nhin khng ng yn mlun lun vn ng th hin hai mt:

Vn chuyn t niny n nikhcChuynha lin tc t dngny sang dngkhcHai yu t c bn nh hng ti trngthi tn

ti ca cht nhim bntrong mi trng l:ctnh l ha hc ca cht nhim bn iu kinmi trng iu kinsinh thi


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i lu:L sdi chuyn th ng mt cht nhim bntrong mi trng vn chuyntrong cng mtmi trng hoc giahai mi trng khc nhau .Vn chuyn mt chttrong khng kh trong mtngy c gi

Cc chtha tan trong ncdi chuyn t thng ngun n h ngun S lng ngcc ht xung nn y, lng ngcc chttrongkhng kh xung t, mt nc S hpthu cc ht nhim bisinh vt


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Khuchtn:L qu trnh vn chuyn mt cht bi vicdi ng ngunhin da vo trngthi khng cn bng.Di chuyn mt cht t nic nng cao sang ni c nng thp cho nkhi cht phn tn ng nhttrong pha.

Vn chuyntrong cng pha do chuyn ng ngunhin giacccht nhiml khuchtn phn t Vn chuyntrong cng pha do s xo trn cami trnglkhuchtn xo trn


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Chuyn khi:S vn chuyncc phn t trngthi schvo trong nc c gil ha tan. Kh nngha tan ca cht nhim bnlkhc nhau ph thucvo tnh chtl ha hc can.Bc hi l s vn chuynpha lng hocpha rn(thng hoa)sang pha kh.Bay hi l s vn chuyn cht nhim bn t ncvo phakh. S bc hikhc vibay hi chc lin quan ti vn chuyncc phn t ncvo pha kh.S hp thu nh hng ti s vn chuyncc cht nhim bn trong mi trng. S hpthu l qu trnh lin ktcc phn t nhim bnvo cc khe hng capha rn


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Chuynha ha hc

Tnh bn vng ca cht nhimtrong mi trng ph thuc vo loi, kh nngv tc cacc phn ng chuynha hahc

Cc phn ng thun nghch:Ion ha:Kt tav ti ha tanPhn ng to phc

Cc phn ngkhng thun nghch:ThyphnQuang phnOxy ha kh


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Chuynha sinhhc


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Nc ngm Nc ngml nc

c trong cc lp thm di mt t

Cc tnh chtho hc

ca nc ngm s phn nh tnh cht khong vt hc ca lp trong a tng

Mi trng nc Khu vckhng bo ho

Mao qun

Mt nc ngm

Nckhng b gi

Nc b gi

Lpkhng thm

Lpkhng thm

Rock water


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Trngthi vnc ca nc ngmtrong tnhin chacc dngkh b ho tan nhO2, CO 2, CH 4, cc ion v c nhCa, Mg, Na, K, Cl,

NO 3, SO 4, HCO 3, cc thnh phn hu c nhhumic, fulvic v aminoaxt, cc dng chtv c khc tn ti di dng vt.

Thnh phnha hc ca nc ngmc ngun gc t mt s loi Thngs bin

cht ct kt cacbont thchcao mn

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/lNa+ 5-15 3-30 2-100 10-40 - 1000K + 0.2-1.5 0.2-5 - 1 5-10 - 100Ca2+ 4-30 5-40 40-90 - 100 - 1000Mg2+ 2-6 0-30 10-50 - 70 - 1000Fe2+ - 3 0.1-5 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 2Cl- 3-30 5-20 5-15 10-50 - 1000NO3- 0.5-5 0.5-10 1-20 10-40 - 1000HCO3- 10-60 2-25 150-300 50-200 - 1000SO

42- 1-20 10-30 5-50 - 100 - 1000

SiO3 - 40 10-20 3-8 10-30 - 30


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Cc ngungy nh hng n cht lng nc ngm


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Phn tch Nghincu

tngquan v nc ngm

Kim

tra tnhn mn

Kimtra s

nhim bn nc ngm

Cc nghin

cunngcao1) Nghincu cmquan Mu, mi, dc X X X X2) TnhchtL Ho hc Nhit X X X pH X X X X dn in(EC) X X XTh kh X X XCht rn XS hp ph ti254 nm X3) Phn tch theo nhm nguynt Tn d XBi XKh nngxi ho X X X XCabon hu c b ho tan XCh th phenol X cng X Xc t X


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Phn tch Nghincu tngquan v nc ngm

Kim tra tnhn mn

Kimtra s nhim bn nc ngm

Cc nghincunngcao

4) Cc cation, anion,vt chtkhng linkt Na, K X X NH 4+ X X X X Ca X X X X

Mg X X X X Mn, Fe tng sv Fe 2+ X X HCO 3- X X X X Cl - X X X X

NO 3- X X X X NO 2- X F- X X CN X SO 42- X X X SO 2 X X PO 43- X X Axt Silic X X Oxi, CO 2 tdo X X X


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Phn tch Nghincu tngquan v nc ngm

Kim tra tnhn mn

Kimtra s nhim bn nc ngm

Ccnghincu nng cao

5) Chtv c dng vt Asen X Cadimi X Crm X ng X Ch X Thungn X

Nikel X Km X 6) Cht hu c dng vt Hydro cacbon halogen bay hi X

--nt-- khng bay hi X Hydro cacbon a vng X X 7) Cc thngssinh hc Faecal X E Coli X

Cc c thsinh vt th a bo

X


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Rainfall(acid dust)

Dry fall

Feed, antibiotic, etc AgrochemicalsFertilizer

PercolationPercolation

PercolationGroundwater

River

Denitrification

Dilution

Uptake

Uptake

Uptake

Waste water

Pond (aquaculture) Paddy field Canal

antibioticpathogen antibioticagrochemicalpathogen


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p dng cho cht lng nc mt ni chung hoc phc v cho nhiu mc ch s dng khc nhau

Nhit pHThnh phnoxi (DO)

Nhu cuoxi ho hc(COD)

P tng s Thnh phnN-NH 4

Nhu cuoxi sinh ho BODKim loi tng s: Fe; Mn; Zn;

Cu; Cr; Ni; Pb...

p dng cho i tng ncsinh hot hoc phc v cho ngnh sn xut cth (sinh hc/thc phm)

Tng svi khunColiformVi khunFaecal ColiformFaecal StreptococciSalmonella

Cc vi rt ng rut


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Nc thi

L nc qua s dng t cc hot ng sng ca conngic thnh phnv tnh chtthay i.Tnh cht ca nc thi ph thucvo loihnh sn xut ctnh c bit ca nc thicng nghipl cc thnh phn can c thgy cn tr cc qu trnh t lm sch.Phn loi nhsau:

Cc vt chtgy cc thgy ra ctnh mn tnh hoc tcthi vicc sinh vt nc.

Cc vt chtgy cn tr c thgy ra cc mi kh chu, v, mu, vn c cng nhgy ra cc vn v k thuttrong khi vn hnh, phn bv s dng.Cc vt chtc thphn huc thgy ra gimthnh phnoxyCc chtdinh dnggy ra ph dng, cn tr dng nc...


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Thngs Phn tch theothi im

Xcnh mc tiu thoxy

Cc phn tchnng cao

Mu, mi, v, c

X

X

pH X X X dn in(EC) X X COD X X X BOD X X X Tngccbon hu c (TOC) X Ccbon hu c ho tan (DOC) X

Nit tng s X X NH 4+, NO 2-, NO 3- X X X Phtpho tng s X X X F- X SO 42- X X Sunfit X X Cl X X H2CO 3 X X

Na, K X Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn X X As, Pb, Cu, Ag, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg, Ni X Kh nngphn hu X X X ctnh vivi sinh vt thysinh X

Phenol ( tng/bay hi), Cl, CN hu c X Ha chtBVTV X


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Cc nghincu v tc ththeo mt s hngsau:Xc nh kh nngtrao idinh dng Xc nhcc vt chtc kh nnggy nh hngnguy hi ti nc ngm Xc nhcc tnh cht n mn i vi ng ng Xc nh mc nhim bnmi trng t Xc nh s mnhoKimtra hiu qu lc

Xc nh cht lng t


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Thng s Thnh phn dinh dng

nh gi ccvt chtgy c

nh gi tnh chtn mn ng ng

S mn ho

Thnh phn cp ht X X Thnh phn nc X X X

pH X X X X Th kh X X dn in X X X Tnh chua/ kim X X X

Hu c ccbon

X

X

X

Na X K X X Ca, Mg X X X Mn X X Cu X Zn X X

Cr, Ni, Cd, Hg X Br, Mo X X N, P (tng s/thnh phn) X Cl - SO 4 X X Cacbont, Hydro cacbonat X S X Ha cht BVTV X mn X


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Ngun gccc cht c hi,gy nhimmi trng khng kh l do sn xutcng nghip,nng nghipvdo qu trnh tnhin liu. Cc cht c hi i vo c th ngiqua ngh hp,tiu ho v qua da.

Cht c hitrong khng kh i vo c th ngiquangh hpl nguy him nhtv thng gp nht. N xm nhpqua ph qunv cc tbo i vo mu.

Cht c hi thmqua da (ch yul cc chtc th ho tan trong m v trong nc)vo mu nhbenzen,ruetylic.


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Nhm 1 : Chtgy bng,kch thch da, nim mcv d nhaxt

c, kim cv long (vi ti, amoniac).Nhm 2 : Chtkch thch ngh hp trn nh: Clo, NH 3,SO 3, SO 2, NO, HCl, hifluo Nhm 3 : Chtgy ngt

Gy ngt n thun nhCO 2, etan, metan

Gy ngtho hc: CO ha hp vicc chtkhc lm mt kh nng vn chuynoxy ca hng culm ri lonh hp.Nhm 4 : Chtc tc dng thnkinh trung ng,gy m, gy tnh cc loi ru, cc hp cht hydro cacbua, H 2S, CS 2,xng

Nhm 5 : Chtgy c Chtgy c tn thng c th: cc loihydro cacbua, halogen, cloruametin, bromua metin Chtgy c tn thngcho h thng tomu nhbenzen, phenol, ch,asenCc kim loiv kim c nh: ch, thungn, mangan, photpho, fluo,cadimi hpchtasen

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Quan trắc môi trường (Environmental monitoring Chapter 2)