Quantum Vacuum

7/25/2019 Quantum Vacuum

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THE QUANTUM VACUUM IN BIOLOGY

B.F.ZEIGER AND M.BISCHOF

International Institute of Biophysics, Kapellener Str., D-41472 Neuss, Germany

uture Science ! "e#icine, Gotlan#str.7, D-1$4%& Berlin, Germany

1998 by B.F.Zeiger and M.Bis!"#

Paper read at the 3rd International Hombroich Symposiumon Biophysics, International Institute of Biophysics (IIB),Neuss, Germany, 2th to 2!th"u#ust, $$%&

ABSTRACT

In $!e %as$ #e& deades' $!e (a))* !as #")nd inreasing a+n"&,edge*en$ as the en$ra,#)nda*en$a, en$i$y "n &!i! $!e %!ysia, desri%$i"n "# rea,i$y *)s$ be based. A"rding $" s"*e%!ysiis$s' i$ *ay e(en be"*e $!e (ery #")nda$i"n "# $!e ne-$ era "# $!e %!ysia, &"r,d %i$)re.

e %resen$ an "(er(ie& "# $!e !is$"ria, de(e,"%*en$ "# $!e "ne%$ "# $!e (a))* in %!ysisand s!"& $!a$ $!ere are $&" *ain s$ages in $!is de(e,"%*en$ "rres%"nding $" $&" /)a,i$a$i(e,ydi##eren$ as%e$s "# $!e (a))*' $!e s$a$i %re0/)an$)* as%e$ "# *ir"s"%i /)an$)*#,)$)a$i"ns' and $!e ge"*e$ri0$"%","gia, as%e$ re,a$ed $" *ar"s"%i "!eren$ %!en"*ena.e !"%e $" *a+e ,ear $!a$ $!ere is signi#ian$,y *"re $" $!e /)an$)* (a))* $!an )s$ $!ee,e$r"*agne$i (a))* 2$!e 3er"0%"in$ #,)$)a$i"ns4. F)r$!er !a%$ers are de("$ed $" s!"&ing$!e signi#iane "# $!e (a))* $" /)an$)* bi","gy and bi"%!ysis' es%eia,,y bi"%!"$"n resear!'and $" $!e "ne%$ "# a s)%er#,)id (a))* as ),$i*a$e #")nda$i"n "# $!e (a))* and i$ssigni#iane in bi","gy and bi"%!"$"n resear!. 5!e need #"r ass)*ing a %re0%!ysia, di*ensi"n"# %"$en$ia,i$y #"r $!e )nders$anding "# "rganis*s' and #"r $!e rea$i"n "# $!e ne& disi%,ine "#(a))* bi"%!ysis as a basis "# bi"%!ysia, )nders$anding is %"s$),a$ed. 5!e a)$!"rs *ain$ain$!a$ $!e essen$ia, ingredien$ and #")nda$i"n "# a !",is$i /)an$)* bi"%!ysis *)s$ be $!e (a))*.5!e #)nda*en$a, /)an$)* *e!ania, na$)re "# bi","gia, %!en"*ena &i,, "n,y be #),,y)nders$""d i# $!e (a))* is $a+en in$" #),, and e-%,ii$ "nsidera$i"n as $!e essene and gr")nd"# $!ese %!en"*ena. 5!e /)an$)* (a))* *ay ser(e as a #ra*e&"r+ #"r a )ni#ia$i"n %r"gra*in bi","gy ai*ed a$ in"r%"ra$ing a,, re,e(an$ as%e$s "# ,i#e in$" a %!ysia, %i$)re "# $!e"rganis*. 6ar$i),ar,y' $!e )nders$anding "# $!e #)n$i"n and *e!anis*s "# e,e$r"*agne$i


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#ie,ds' and %ar$i),ar,y bi"%!"$"ns' in ,i(ing "rganis*s *ay grea$,y %r"#i$ #r"* $!ea+n"&,edge*en$ "# $!e essen$ia, r",e "# $!e $"%","gy "# $!e (a))*.5!e %a%er is "n,)ded bya !a%$er "n $!e %"ssib,e re,a$i"n be$&een $!e $"%","gy "# $!e (a))* and $!e *"r%!","gia,de(e,"%*en$ and e(",)$i"n in bi","gy' and #ina,,y by s"*e re*ar+s "n $!e r",e "# $!e "bser(erand "# "nsi")sness in /)an$)* *e!anis.

INTRODUCTION

On $!e a+e$ "# SA7NDERS AND BRONs b""+ 5!e 6!i,"s"%!y "# $!e :a))*; &e anread $!e s$a$e*en$ $!a$ 'the (acuum is fast emer)in) as the central structure of mo#ern physics*2Sa)nders and Br"&n' 19914. S$i,, "nsidered by *any $" be n"$ *)! *"re $!an a *a$!e*a$ia,"n(eniene &i$!")$ %!ysia, rea,i$y' in $!e %as$ deades $!e (a))* !as #")nd inreasinga+n"&,edge*en$ as theen$ra, #)nda*en$a, en$i$y "n &!i! $!e %!ysia, desri%$i"n "# rea,i$y

*)s$ be based.

A"rding $" 6A7< DA:IES 'the (acuum hol#s the +ey to a full un#erstan#in) of the forcesof nature*2Da(ies' 198=4. 5!e %r"%er$ies "# $!e )ni(erse are g"(erned $" a s)bs$an$ia, degree by$!e %r"%er$ies "# $!e (a))*. As S5E:EN EINBERG &ri$es> 'If the (acuum oul# e onlysli)htly #ifferent from hat it is thou)ht to e, the real orl# oul# loo+ completely #ifferent an#

oul# e )o(erne# y (ery #ifferent physical las*2einberg' 19?@4. 5!e "bser(ab,e be!a(i")r"# *a$$er is n"$ "n,y $!e res),$ "# $!e in$era$i"n "# %ar$i,es and #ie,ds &i$! "ne an"$!er' b)$ a,s"&i$! $!e (a))*. 5!e rea, %!ysia, &"r,d i$se,# is e(en n"$!ing $!an an e-i$ed #"r* "# $!e(a))* s$a$e 2Fa!r' 19894.

A"rding $" $!e Es$"nian %!ysiis$ and *e*ber "# $!e Es$"nian Aade*y "# Sienes'

G.I.NAAN' $!e (a))* *ay e(en be"*e $!e #")nda$i"n "# $!e ne-$ era "# $!e %!ysia, &"r,d%i$)re> 'he mechanical picture of the orl# as replace# y the electroma)netic one/ the lattery the picture e no ha(e, the relati(istic fiel# picture. It seems hi)hly proaly to me that the

ne0t one ill e the (acuum picture of the orl#*2Naan' 194.

F"r $!e 19=? N"be, %ri3e &inner in %!ysis' 5S7NG DAO


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In $!e "n$e-$ "# /)an$)* bi","gy' and es%eia,,y $!a$ "# bi"%!"$"n resear!' i$ &"),d see*"b(i")s $!a$ $!e e,e$r"*agne$i (a))* in i$s /)an$)* *e!ania, #"r* s!"),d be ")r %rini%a,"nern' i# n"$ reen$ %r"%"sa,s "# e-$ended e,e$r"*agne$i $!e"ries; 2Barre$$' 1989' 199'1994 !ad s!"&n $!a$ $!e !ig!er sy**e$ries "# $!e )ni#ied $!e"ries *ay "%en )% ne& as%e$s "#e,e$r"*agne$i #ie,ds !ig!,y re,e(an$ #"r bi","gy 2see ?.RE


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Basic qualities of te qua!tu" #acuu"

a!$ tei% ca%acte%istic featu%es

!",is$i

2 dyna*i si,ene4

:a))* is $!e %)res$re%resen$a$i(e "# $!e /)an$)*rea,i$y &!i! in$egra$esin#ini$e dyna*is and "*%,e$esi,ene 2n"n0in$era$i(i$y4.

C"n$aininga,, %"ssibi,i$ies

#ie,d "# )nres$ri$ed%)re %"$en$ia,i$y

se,#0in$era$ing

se,#0re#erene2"nsi")sness4

idea, "rder s$a$e "# *a-i*a, sy**e$ry

)ni#ying

in$egra$ing *a$$er and #"res2and %r"bab,y "nsi")sness4

"*ni%resen$ a,,0%er(ading &!",eness

in$er"nne$ing %r"(ides #)nda*en$a, n"n,"a,'

in$er"nne$ing ,e(e, "#rea,i$y

rea$i(e se,#0a$i(e s")re "#

*ani#es$a$i"n'

s")re "# asy**e$ry

$rans#"r*ing

s")re "# a,, !ange

ba,aning "n$aining and in$egra$ing

"%%"si$e $endenies

4


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5!e /)a,i$ies ,is$ed in 5ab,e 1 an be $a+en as $!e i*%"r$an$ #ea$)res "# $!e /)an$)**e!ania, rea,i$y. 5!ese #ea$)res are $!e reas"n &!y /)an$)* *e!anis !as be"*einreasing,y i*%"r$an$ in bi","gy.

In #a$ $!e $er* /)an$)* *e!ania, *ay be $a+en as syn"ny*")s #"r !",is$i' $!eessen$ia, %r"%er$y "# a,, bi","gia, %!en"*ena and "# ,i#e in genera,. B)$ $!ere is "ne basi reas"n&!y $!e in$rinsia,,y !",is$i /)an$)* ,"gi "# bi","gia, %r"esses and s$r)$)res *ay n"$ bes)##iien$,y )nders$""d &i$!")$ $!e e-%,ii$ in,)si"n "# $!e (a))*> 5!e need "# a &%e'&(sical$i"e!sio! of &ote!tialit(#"r $!e )nders$anding "# "rganis*s.


6/41

THE CONCE)TUAL DEVELO)MENT O* THE VACUUM

IN )HYSICS

5" *a+e $!e abs$ra$ /)an$)* *e!ania, n"$i"n "# $!e (a))* "nre$e' &e gi(e a !is$"ria,"(er(ie& "# $!e "ne%$)a, de(e,"%*en$ &!i! !as $a+en %,ae in %!ysis s$ar$ing #r"* $!e%!ysia, (a))* as e*%$y s%ae and ending &i$! $!e "*ni%resen$ (a))* "# $!e )ni#ied #ie,d "#a,, $!e ,a&s "# na$)re.

5!e (a))* "rigina,,y den"$ed s%ae #r"* &!i! a,, *a$$er' in,)ding air' !as been e(a)a$ed2e-%eri*en$s "# 5ORRICE a s$a$i and a dyna*i"ne' &!i! are in$i*a$e,y re,a$ed s" $!a$ in $!e !is$"ria, de(e,"%*en$ "# $!e (a))* "ne%$ $!e"ne is )sed $" desribe $!e "$!er.


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5ab,e @ a

De#elo&"e!t of te #acuu" co!ce&t I

,assia, (a))* e*%$y s%ae de("id "# *a$$er'b)$ n"$ #ie,ds 2e$!er4/)an$)* (a))* 6


8/41

5ab,e @ b

De#elo&"e!t of te #acuu" co!ce&t II

Ge"*e$r"dyna*is HEE

In $!e ear,y s$age "# $!e "ne%$)a, de(e,"%*en$' $i,, ab")$ 19' $!e si,en$' s$a$i as%e$ "#$!e (a))* is *ain,y desribed in $er*s "# #,)$)a$i"ns;' &!i! is a ,assia,' %re0/)an$)*

3


9/41

"ne%$ "# s$a$is$ia, $!er*"dyna*is. 5!e bi","gia, signi#iane "# $!is "ne%$ is &e,,es$ab,is!ed and is $!e #")nda$i"n "# &!a$ an be a,,ed

Molecula% Qua!tu" Biolo-(

2see' #"r ins$ane' A.S.Da(yd"(> Bi","gy and )an$)* Me!anis' 6erga*"n 6ress' O-#"rd198@4.

A#$er 19' a "*%,e$e,y di##eren$ "ne%$)a, as%e$ "# $!e (a))* s$ar$ed $" d"*ina$e in%!ysis. I$ an be !ara$eri3ed as ge"*e$ria,' "r $"%","gia,' bea)se $!e "rigin "# $!isde(e,"%*en$ is EINS5EINs 5!e"ry "# Genera, Re,a$i(i$y.

5!is as%e$ "# $!e (a))* is *ain,y re,a$ed $" *ar"s"%i "!eren$ %!en"*ena' &!i,e $!a$"# $!e #irs$ %!ase &as re,a$ed $" $!e *ir"s"%i d"*ain. 5!e a%%,ia$i"n "# $!is *ar"s"%i"!eren$ as%e$ "# $!e (a))* $" bi","gy %r"(ides $!e a%%r"%ria$e ,ang)age #"r $!e $y%ia,bi","gia, desri%$i"n in &!i! &!",eness is seen in e(ery %ar$.

5!e genera, "ne%$)a, i*%"r$ane "# $!is

Mac%osco&ic Qua!tu" Biolo-(

,ies in $!e de(e,"%*en$ "# a !",is$i $er*in","gy and !",is$i *e$!"d","gy &!i! re,a$es/)an$)* "ne%$s dire$,y $" e,,s' "rganis*s' and s"ie$ies.

5ab,e @ "*%ares $!e $&" basi as%e$s in $!e "ne%$)a, de(e,"%*en$ "# $!e /)an$)*(a))*.

&


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5ab,e @

Sta-e /

+efo%e /012

Sta-e 3

afte% /012

ce!t%al co!ce&t (a))* #,)$)a$i"ns (a))* ge"*e$ry

s&ace'ti"e st%uctu%e Ne&$"nian andS%eia, Re,a$i(i$y

Genera, Re,a$i(i$y

teo%( ,inear n"n0,inear

fiel$s /)an$)* #ie,ds ang0Mi,,s #ie,ds

$o"ai! *ir"s"%i *ar"s"%i

coe%e!ce "!eren$ s$a$es

2)ner$ain$yre,a$i"n4

",,e$i(e"!erene

+iolo-( *",e),ar ",,e$i(e

2!",is$i4

5" ,ear,y dis$ing)is! $!e #,)$)a$ing #r"* $!e *ar"s"%i "!eren$ as%e$s "# $!e /)an$)*

(a))*' #irs$ a s!"r$ "(er(ie& "# basi "ne%$)a, as%e$s "# $!e #,)$)a$ing /)an$)* (a))* isgi(en in $er*s "# i$s !is$"ria, de(e,"%*en$>

5!efluctuating quantum vacuum&as b"rn' &!en in 191@ 6


11/41

"n$rib)$ed $" $!e s%ei#i !ea$ "# gases 2Eins$ein and S$ern' 1914. In 191' NERNS5 &r"$e $!a$$!e e,e$r"*agne$i #ie,d s!"),d be' e(en in e*%$y s%ae and a$ abs",)$e 3er"0%"in$ "#$e*%era$)re' i.e.' in i$s gr")nd s$a$e' in a s$a$e "# ease,ess a$i(i$y 2$!e 4qua!tu" fluctuatio!s5"# (ir$)a, %!"$"ns being rea$ed and anni!i,i,a$ed in a $i*e $"" s!"r$ $" be "bser(ed4 and s$i,,%"ssess a er$ain energy 2Nerns$' 1914. In 19@= HEISENBERG s!"&ed $!a$ $!e e-is$ene "#Z6E #",,"&s #r"* $!e )ner$ain$y re,a$i"n "# /)an$)* *e!anis. 5!is #")nda$i"n %!ase "# $!e

/)an$)* (a))* ),*ina$ed in $!e in,)si"n "# Z6E in$" Qua!tu" Elect%o$(!a"ics2ED4 byBORN' HEISENBERG and ORDAN' &!" %redi$ed #,)$)a$ing Z6 "r (a))* #ie,ds e(en in $!eabsene "# any s")res 2B"rn' Heisenberg and "rdan' 19@4.

In s%i$e "# $!is' 6A7


12/41

*e!ania, s$a$e n"$ "n$aining %!"$"ns. B)$ *"re %reise,y' $!e (a))* *)s$ be "nsidered $"be a s)%er%"si$i"n "# a,, s$a$es %"ssib,e $" $!e sys$e*' $!"se "n$aining %!"$"ns and $!"se n"$"n$aining $!e*' &!i! is $!e sa*e as saying $!a$ i$ "n$ains P(ir$)a, %!"$"ns. A"rding $"AI5CHISON 2198=4' i$ is neessary n"$ "n,y $" "nsider $!e (a))* in i$s )n%er$)rbed' n"n0in$era$ing s$a$e' b)$ a,s" $!e %i$)re "# $!e (a))* )nder in$era$i"n &i$! *a$$er. 5!is ,eads $"$!e %"s$),a$e "# a se"nd' %er$)rba$i(e gr")nd s$a$e' "r in$era$ing (a))*;.

As dis"(ered by DIRAC 2194' #,)$)a$i"ns in !arged0%ar$i,e 2*a$$er4 #ie,ds gi(e rise $"6#acuu" &ola%i7atio!8. I$ a)ses $!e (a))* ")%,ed $" %ar$i,es $" be!a(e ,i+e a *edi)*&!"se in$era$i"ns !ange $!e %r"%er$ies "# *a$$er' s)! as *ass' !arge' s%in' "r ang),ar*"*en$)* 2Ai$!is"n' 198=L Ga3dag' 19894. 5!)s' $!e "bser(ed %!ysia, %r"%er$ies "# *a$$eran ne(er be asribed e-,)si(e,y $" $!e %ar$i,es $!e*se,(esL $!ey are a res),$ "# i$s *)$)a,in$era$i"n &i$! $!e #,)$)a$i"ns "# $!e (a))*. Ma$$er a,&ays *)s$ be seen $"ge$!er &i$! i$s(a))* en(ir"n*en$. F"r ins$ane' $!e (a))* a$s as a die,e$ri *edi)* and !as a sc%ee!i!-effect "n $!e #)nda*en$a, e,e$ri !arge e "# %ar$i,es' *a+ing $!e #ine s$r)$)re "ns$an$ dis$ane0de%enden$. 5!ere#"re $!e a%%aren$ !arge is inreasing a$ s!"r$er' and dereasing a$,arger dis$anes.

5!e bi","gia, "nse/)enes "# $!e #,)$)a$ing /)an$)* (a))* and i$s basi #ea$)res' s)!as $!e Casi*ir e##e$' (a))* %",ari3a$i"n' !arge0%air binding' se*i"nd)$"r (a))* s$r)$)re2Dira (a))*4' are &e,, es$ab,is!ed. As an e-a*%,e &e *en$i"n $!e b""+ 'he luctuatin)n5yme*' by G.R.e,! 2i,ey' Ne& "r+ 1984.

N"$ s" &e,, +n"&n are $!e bi","gia, a%%,ia$i"ns "# $!e "ne%$s #r"* $!e *"re reen$de(e,"%*en$s in )ni#ied /)an$)* #ie,d $!e"ries and $!e /)an$)* $!e"ry "# *ar"s"%i ",,e$i(e%!en"*ena. In $!e #",,"&ing se$i"ns &e ,""+ in$" $!e bi","gia, signi#iane "# "ne%$s s)!as>

*ar"s"%i &a(e #)n$i"n

$&"0#,)id !ydr"dyna*i *"de, 2s)%er#,)id *"de,4",,e$i(e "!erene$"%","gy "# $!e (a))*' and#ie,d0*e$ri in$era$i"n.

12


13/41

MACROSCO)IC QUANTUM MECHANICS AND

BIOLOGY

Ins%ired by a n)*ber "# e##e$s 0 s)! as $!e 5!ird


14/41

5ab,e

E. SCHRQDINGER 2194>*6hat is ife8 - he 9hysical :spect of the i(in) ;ell*,Ca*bridge 7ni(ersi$y 6ress' Ca*bridge.

5!e be!a(i")r "# ,i(ing "rganis*s %ar$,y is si*i,ar $" $!a$ "# sys$e*s near abs",)$e 3er"$e*%era$)re' &!en *",e),ar dis"rder is re*"(ed.

6. ORDAN 219=4>


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S.6. SI5JO and :.:. GIZHJO 219914>

In $!is &ay' a bi","gia, sys$e* is "ne )ndi(ided &!",e &!i! an be desribed by "ne sing,e&a(e0#)n$i"n si*i,ar $" $!e &a(e #)n$i"n "# an a$"* "r *",e),e. 5!e di##erene $" a$"*s "r*",e),es is $!a$ a bi","gia, sys$e* "nsis$s "# a (ery ,arge n)*ber "# indi(id)a, )ni$s.

5!e ",,e$i(e e##e$s re/)ire a genera,i3a$i"n "# /)an$)* *e!anis &!i! #)nda*en$a,,ydi##ers #r"* $!e /)an$)* $!e"ry "# a$"*s and *",e),es.

5y%ia, "ne%$s "# genera,i3ed /)an$)* *e!anis a%%,iab,e $" bi","gia, sys$e*s are>

sy**e$ry brea+ing*ar"s"%i degeneray,"ng0range "rre,a$i"nsdis$in$i"n be$&een ,"a, and g,"ba, %r"%er$iesin,)si"n "# $!e e##e$ "# $e*%era$)re.

C"n$rary $" &!a$ "ne *ig!$ e-%e$ #r"* $!e in$erna, "*%,e-i$y "# a bi","gia, sys$e*' $!e",,e$i(e %a$$erns are again (ery si*%,e and #i$ in$" %a$$erns +n"&n #r"* s$a$is$ia,$!er*"dyna*is and ,assia, *e!anis.

1


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THE ULTIMATE STRUCTURE O* THE VACUUM9

SU)ER*LUID VACUUM

Bea)se "# $!e en$ra, i*%"r$ane "# $!e 5!ird


17/41

desribing $!e "rder "# "ndensed *a$$er' e.g. die,e$ri rys$a,s' *agne$i rys$a,s's)%er"nd)$"rs' s)%er#,)ids' and %,as*as.

In $er*s "# energy' $!e essen$ia, as%e$s "# $!e s)%er#,)id (a))* are>

17


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Table 4

E!e%-etic st%uctu%e of te su&e%flui$ #acuu"

#,)$)a$ing "!eren$ gr")nd s$a$e 2dyna*is*4

ENERG GA6

",,e$i(e "!eren$ gr")nd s$a$e 2si,ene4

5!e essen$ia, #ea$)re "# $!e s)%er#,)id s$r)$)re is te e!e%-( -a&be$&een $!e ",,e$i(e0"!eren$ gr")nd s$a$e 2si,ene4 and $!e #,)$)a$ing0"!eren$ gr")nd s$a$e 2dyna*is*4.

5!is /)an$)* *e!ania, energy ga% !as basi #)n$i"ns>

i$ in$egra$es s$abi,i$y 2si,ene4 and #,e-ibi,i$y2dyna*is*4.

i$ %r"$e$s $!e si,ene "# $!e ",,e$i(e "!eren$

s$a$e agains$ en(ir"n*en$a, %er$)rba$i"ns.

i$ "n$r",s and reg),a$es $!e be!a(i")r "# $!e"bser(ab,e %r"%er$ies "# bi","gia, sys$e*s 2gr"&$!: di##eren$ia$i"n4

In $!e %ra$ia, a%%,ia$i"n "# $!e s)%er#,)id (a))* $!e

LOGIC O* THE ENERGY GA)

is "# en$ra, i*%"r$ane.

In!eren$ in $!e s)%er#,)id s$r)$)re is $!e dis$in$i"n "# $&" basi +inds "# "!erene>

13


19/41

Table 5

fluctuati!- coe%e!ce collecti#e coe%e!ce

"!eren$ s$a$es ,"ng0range "rder

*ini*a, )ner$ain$y

2neessary b)$ n"$ s)##iien$4

%!ase "!erene

"!eren$ #,)$)a$i"ns

,assia, be!a(i")r "# $!e

#ie,d

,assia, #ie,d

*ar"s"%i &a(e #)n$i"n

ne",assia, s$"!as$ie,e$r"dyna*is

n"n0%er$)rba$i(e gr")nd s$a$e

bridges $!e ga% be$&een/)an$)* *e!ania, and

,assia, be!a(i")r

ga%0,ess *"des

"!eren$ s$a$es re*ain"!eren$ d)ring $!eir $i*e

e(",)$i"n

"!eren$ e(",)$i"n "#*a$$er and #ie,d

a,,"& #"r %!ase $ransi$i"nsin $!e gr")nd s$a$e

$r)e ,"&es$ energy

gr")nd s$a$e

5!e "ne%$)a, "nse/)ene "# $!e s)%er#,)id s$r)$)re is $!a$ i$ in$egra$es $!ree dis$in$a%%r"a!es> $!er*"dyna*is' +ine$is and /)an$)* *e!anis. 5!e "ne%$s and ,a&s "# $!ese$!ree disi%,ines are in"r%"ra$ed in $!e s)%er#,)id desri%$i"n' end"&ing i$ &i$! an a,,0in,)si(eri!ness "# s$r)$)re &!i! a$ $!e sa*e $i*e !as an abs",)$e #")nda$i"n in $!e ",,e$i(e0"!eren$s)%er#,)id gr")nd s$a$e.

1&


20/41

5ab,e

5!er*"dyna*is 5!ird

5!e e,e$r"*agne$i radia$i"n #ie,d na$)ra,,y ")%,ed $" a,, a$"*s and *",e),es *ay gi(erise $" $!e a , ,0 % e r ( a d i n g & ! " , e n e s s "# a ",,e$i(e0"!eren$ s)%er#,)id s$a$e "#"ndensed *a$$er.

In $!e collecti#e coe%e!t state' $!ere are "n,y s%a$ia,,y "!eren$' ga%,ess *a$$er0#ie,d

*"des &!i! d" n"$ ,ea(e $!e gr")nd s$a$e.

In $!is s i , e n $ s)%er#,)id s$a$e' $!e e,e$r"*agne$i ")%,ing is a*%,i#ied by $!e s/)arer""$ "# N0"!erene #a$"r' &i$! N being a ,arge n)*ber "# a$"*s &!i! are s ! a 0 r i n g $!e"!erene "# $!e e,e$r"*agne$i gr")nd s$a$e and &!i!' (ia s%a$ia, s % r e a d i n g ' de#ine a#ie,d sys$e* !a(ing a er$ain coe%e!ce le!-t.

2$


21/41

5!e ",,e$i(e0"!eren$ gr")nd s$a$e is $!e gr")nd s$a$e "# a #ie,d sys$e* and $!)s an " *n i % r e s e n $ rea,i$y' %r"(iding a dyna*i ba+gr")nd 2 "ac%osco&ic ,a#e fu!ctio!4 #"r a,,%"ssib,e e-i$a$i"ns and $!ereby ser(ing as an abs",)$e re#erene s$a$e.

6ar$i,es &!i! d" n"$ %ar$ii%a$e in $!e ",,e$i(e0"!eren$ dyna*is !a(e a gr")nd s$a$ese%ara$ed by an e!e%-( -ar"* $!e $r)e s)%er#,)id gr")nd s$a$e. 5!e e!e%-( -a& !as an ) n* a n i # e s $ i n g e##e$ bea)se i$ %r"$e$s $!e ",,e$i(e0"!eren$ gr")nd s$a$e #r"*dis"rder,y en(ir"n*en$a, in#,)enes.

5!e ",,e$i(0"!eren$ *"des are n"$ dire$,y "bser(ab,e bea)se $!ey are re,a$ed $"e#a!esce!t2(ir$)a,4 %ar$i,es.

5!is es$ab,is!es $!e bi","gia, re,e(ane "# $!e s)%er#,)id s$a$e.N"& &e &"),d ,i+e $" i,,)s$ra$e $!e signi#iane "# $!e s)%er#,)id s$a$e in bi","gy. S%eia,

a$$en$i"n is $!ereby gi(en $" a %r"ssib,e s)%er#,)id s$a$e "# $!e e,e$r"*agne$i radia$i"n #ie,d")%,ed $" bi","gia, *a$$er.

21


22/41

SIGNI*ICANCE O* THE SU)ER*LUID VACUUM IN

BIOLOGY

BIO)HOTON THEORY AND THE VACUUM STATE

Firs$ "nsidera$i"ns "n $!e %"ssib,e r",e "# $!e (a))* in bi"%!"$"n resear! g" ba+ $" $!e198s' &!en FRI5Z A. 6O66 #irs$ s)gges$ed $!a$ $!e s$abi,i3a$i"n "# DNA' as &e,, as i$se-$ra"rdinary "%$ia, 2"!erene4 %r"%er$ies' *ay be d)e $" a ba,ane be$&een #"res "rigina$ing

#r"* e-i%,e-0e-i$a$i"n in$er#erene' and Casi*ir #"res 26"%%' 1989' 199@b4.

He a,s" %r"%"sed $!a$ $!e Casi*ir e##e$ *ay %,ay an essen$ia, r",e in "%$i*i3ing $!esigna,n"ise ra$i" in $!e in#"r*a$i"n $rans#er by bi"%!"$"ns' by red)ing $!e s%"n$ane")s$ransi$i"n ra$e 26"%%' 19894.

6O66 a,s" %"in$ed ")$ $!a$ "ne "# $!e *ain arg)*en$s agains$ $!e "n(en$i"na, i*%er#e$i"n$!e"ry; "# bi"%!"$"n e*issi"n is $!e #a$ $!a$ in an a$i(a$ed *a$$er "# !ig! "%$ia, densi$y e(ens%"n$ane")s,y e-i$ed *",e),es d" n"$ in$era$ &i$! an )n,i*i$ed (a))*. Ra$!er' $!e Eins$ein"e##iien$s "# s%"n$ane")s and ind)ed e*issi"n *ay (ary "(er a &ide range' gi(ing rise $"ind)ed e*issi"n as &e,, as $" %!"$"n $ra%%ing; 26"%%' 199@a4.

In b"$!' $!e DICJE $!e"ry 2Di+e' 19=4 and Ca(i$y )an$)* E,e$r"dyna*is 2Ber*an'1994' "n &!i! *)! "# $!e reen$ $!e"re$ia, &"r+ "n bi"%!"$"ns is based' $!e en$ra, r",e $!e(a))* %,ays is &e,, +n"&n.

S"*e years ag"' 6O66 !as s)gges$ed $!a$ $!e (ir$)a,' n"n0*eas)rab,e' de,"a,i3ed' "!eren$#ie,d &i$!in $!e $iss)e' &!i! in !is $!e"ry is $!e "rigin "# $!e *eas)red bi"%!"$"ns' *ay be a+ind "# (a))* s$a$e 2Bis!"#' 199=4. S%ei#ied by !i* as arrier0&a(e #ie,d' and den"$ed as $!erea,* "# %"$en$ia, in#"r*a$i"n; in $!e "rganis*' i$ %r"bab,y "rres%"nds $" $!e ",,e$i(e0"!eren$ gr")nd s$a$e "# ")r s)%er#,)id0(a))* *"de,' &!i,e 6O66s a$)a, in#"r*a$i"n; "# $!e*eas)red bi"%!"$"ns *ay "rres%"nd $" $!e #,)$)a$ing0"!eren$ gr")nd s$a$e.

6"%% !as a,s" %"in$ed ")$ $!a$ $!e in$era$i"n "# bi","gia, sys$e*s' as $!a$ "# any !ig!,y

"*%,e- sys$e*' &i$! $!e (a))* s!"),d be di##eren$ #r"* $!a$ "# is",a$ed' #ree %ar$i,es' "n&!i! $!e *"de,s "# %!ysis 2e.g.' 6


23/41

Carrying $!is arg)*en$ #)r$!er' 6O66 !as s%e),a$ed $!a$ $!e %e),iari$y "# bi","gia, sys$e*s*ay )s$ be based in $!eir s%ei#i in$era$i"n &i$! $!e (a))*' and e(",)$i"n *ay "nsis$ in an"%$i*i3a$i"n "# $!is in$era$i"n 2Bis!"#' 199=4.

THE SU)ER*LUID VACUUM: BIO)HOTON EMISSION: AND SEEDVIABILITY

In $!e ,as$ years $!e n"$i"n "# $!e s)%er#,)id (a))* !as a,s" %r"(ed $" be )se#), in )nders$anding$!e ),$ra&ea+ %!"$"n e*issi"n "# seeds>

A$ $!e ,as$ IIB "n#erene in 199?' "ne "# )s 2B.Z.4 !as %resen$ed $!e basi ideas "n !"& b"$!'$!e (iabi,i$y "# seeds and $!eir %!"$"n e*issi"n' an be )nders$""d in $er*s "# a s)%er#,)idgr")nd s$a$e "# seeds 2Zeiger' 19984.

5!e #",,"&ing "rres%"ndenes !a(e been %r"%"sed>

5ab,e ?

-%ou!$ state ;i!$ of &oto!s see$ #italit(

#,)$)a$ing0"!eren$

2re,a$i(e gr")nds$a$e4

"!eren$ s$a$e

2B"se "ndensa$e

"# %!"$"ns4

ger*inabi,i$y

energy ga% energy ga% (ig")r

",,e$i(e0"!eren$

2abs",)$e gr")nd

s$a$e4

e(anesen$'s)%er#,)id%!"$"ns

(i$a,i$y

2&!",eness4

Sine $!en' $!e *"de, !as been #)r$!er $es$ed' b"$! in $!e #ie,d "# seed (i$a,i$y by deri(ing#)nda*en$a, ,a&s "# seed siene and $e!n","gy 2e.g.' $!e (iabi,i$y e/)a$i"n "# ROBER54' andin $!e area "# bi"%!"$"n resear!' by e-%,aining $!e )n)s)a, %r"%er$ies "# $!e ind)ed e*issi"n'e.g. "# seeds.

2%


24/41

In $!e ,ig!$ "# $!e S76ERF


25/41

5!e #a$ $!a$ a s)%er#,)id gr")nd s$a$e "# $!e radia$i"n #ie,d' ")%,ed $" bi","gia, *a$$er'a,,"&s a )ni#ied )nders$anding "# seed (i$a,i$y and seed %!"$"n e*issi"n' ,ear,y i,,)s$ra$es $!ei*%"r$ane "# $!e /)an$)* (a))* "# $!e radia$i"n #ie,d in bi","gy.

5!e dyna*ia, as%e$ "# $!e radia$i"n #ie,d ")%,ed $" bi","gia, *a$$er is !ara$eri3ed*"r%!","gia,,y by $!e "!erene d"*ain and #)n$i"na,,y by $!e "!eren$ s$a$es "# $!e radia$i"n

#ie,d.

BIO)HOTON RESEARCH IN THE LIGHT O* THE SU)ER*LUID GROUND

STATE O* THE RADIATION *IELD

M"s$' i# n"$ a,,' "# $!e #indings "# FRI5Z 6O66 in $!e ,as$ @ years an be re,a$ed $"' res%e$i(e,y)nders$""d in $er*s "# a s)%er#,)id (a))* s$r)$)re "# $!e radia$i"n #ie,d>

5ab,e 9

+io&oto! %esea%c su&e%flui$ "o$el

E-is$ene "# bi"%!"$"ns d)e $" $!e dressing "# *a$$er &i$! i$s "&n radia$i"n #ie,d

2radia$i"n ga)ge4

6!"$"n s$"rage in bi","gia, *a$$er d)e $" e-is$ene "# ",,e$i(e0"!eren$ gr")nds$a$e. Bea)se "# N@0,a&

in a s)%erradian$; s$a$e' b)$&i$!")$ %)*%ing 2J!,#a,,e;4

s%"n$ane")s e*issi"n e*i$$ed #r"* $!e2in"!eren$,y4 #,)$)a$ing

"!eren$ s$a$e se%ara$ed #r"*$!e ",,e$i(e0"!eren$ s$a$eby an energy ga%

arries en$r"%y a&ay#r"* $!e sys$e*

2


26/41

C"!erene "# bi"%!"$"ns d)e $" !a(ing $!eir s")re in$!e #,)$)a$ing "!eren$

gr")nd s$a$e

2*ini*a, )ner$ain$y %r"d)$4

ind)ed e*issi"n re#,e$s $!e energe$is$r)$)re "# $!e *a$$er0

radia$i"n sys$e*' es%eia,,y$!e na$)re "# $!e energy ga%

be$&een $!e ",,e$i(e0"!eren$ and #,)$)a$ing"!eren$ gr")nd s$a$es

"!erene d"*ain regi"n "# s%ae &!ere %!"$"nsare $ra%%ed. In $!is regi"ne,e$r"*agne$i "!erene iss!ared by *a$$er 2",,e$i(e

"!erene4

%"$en$ia, in#"r*a$i"n

2in$erna, "**)nia$i"n4

",,e$i(e0"!eren$gr")nd s$a$e

a$)a, in#"r*a$i"n

2e-$erna, "**)nia$i"n4

#,)$)a$ing0"!eren$gr")nd s$a$e 2bi"%!"$"ns4

dyna*ia, s$abi,i3a$i"n a$$!e ,aser $!res!",d &i$!

sensi$i(e "si,,a$i"nsbe$&een b"$!' $!e "!eren$and $!e !a"$i regi*es "#

$!e bi"%!"$"n #ie,d

2#"ns$an$ r),e4

5!e $&"0#,)id *"de, %r"(ides$!e neessary $&"0e,e*en$s$r)$)re #"r $!e "rganis*s

abi,i$y $" "*bine $!e"nser(a$i"n "# iden$i$y

and $rans#"r*a$i(e a%ai$y'rea$i(e #,e-ibi,i$y

2


27/41

5O6O

5ab,e 1

Bi","gia, s$r)$)reand #)n$i"n

s)%er#,)id (a))* "# $!e

e,e$r"*agne$i #ie,d")%,ed $" bi","gia, *a$$er

S)b$,e energies

)ni#ied #ie,d"# a,, $!e ,a&s "# na$)re

2se,#0in$era$ing #ie,d4

27


28/41

5HE 5O6O $!e (a))*!as ge"*e$ria, s$r)$)re' b)$ $!is s$r)$)re d"es n"$ re,a$e $" $!e "**"n,y +n"&n ge"*e$ries "#E),id "r Rie*ann' based "n /)an$i$a$i(e dis$ane *eas)re*en$s' b)$ is e-%ressing $!e / ) a , i $ a$ i ( e %r"%er$ies "# s%ae a,,ed i$s $"%","gy. 5!ese $"%","gia, #ea$)res an be seen "n,yg,"ba,,y' n"$ ,"a,,y.

I$ #",,"&s a s!"r$ "(er(ie& "# s"*e basi /)a,i$a$i(e #ea$)res "# $!e $"%","gy "# $!e (a))*'

as %r"%"sed by HEE


29/41

a"rding $" $!e in#"r*a$i"n "n $!e &!",e sys$e* i$ "n$ains. 5!e /)an$)* %"$en$ia, d"es n"$de%end "n $!e in$ensi$y' b)$ "n,y "n $!e #"r* "# $!e &a(e' &!i! *a+es i$s e##e$ ins$an$ane")sand inde%enden$ "# dis$ane. A"rding $" BOHM' $!e /)an$)* %"$en$ia, $!)s e-%,ains $!e#)nda*en$a, di##erene be$&een $!e ,assia, and /)an$)* %r"%er$ies "# *a$$er. 0 5!e i*%,ia$e"rder is a !idden' n"n0*ani#es$ "rder )nder,ying $!e "bser(ab,e rea,i$y "# %ar$i,es and #ie,ds2B"!*' 19?1' 19?' 1984. 7sing !","gra%!y as a *"de,' !e (is)a,i3ed $!e s%a$ia,,y e-$ended and

se%ara$e #"r*s "# $!e "be$i(e &"r,d as re,a$i(e,y s$ab,e and inde%enden$ %a$$erns *ain$ained bya "ns$an$ )nder,ying *"(e*en$ "# en#",d*en$ and )n#",d*en$' $!e !","*"(e*en$;. Ins$ead "#$a+ing e-$ended *a$$er and i$s *"(e*en$ 2$!e e-%,ia$e "rder;4 as #)nda*en$a,' !e %"s$),a$ed$!a$ $!e e-%,ia$e "rder is se"ndary' #,"&ing ")$ "# $!e #)nda*en$a, i*%,ia$e "rder 0 $!eBo"ia! #acuu"0 $!r")g! )n#",d*en$' and again #,"&ing ba+ in$" $!e i*%,ia$e "rder $!r")g!en#",d*en$. 5!e e-%,ia$e "rder $!en is a s%eia, ase "# $!e i*%,ia$e "rder &!i! "n$ains a,,%"ssib,e #ea$)res "# $!e e-%,ia$e "rder as %"$en$ia,i$ies. 5!e "ne%$ i*%,ies $!a$ n"$ "n,y ea!"be$ "# $!e e-%,ia$e "rder is en#",ded in $!e &!",e 2$!e i*%,ia$e "rder4' b)$ a,s" $!a$' in $)rn'$!e &!",e is en#",ded in ea! "be$' i# "n,y in a ,i*i$ed &ay.

H"&e(er' $!e ana,"gy "# !","gra%!y !ad i$s ,i*i$s. 5" "(er"*e $!ese' BOHM in $!e 198ssyn$!esi3ed $!e C5 and $!e "ne%$ "# $!e i*%,ia$e "rder' "rigina,,y $&" inde%enden$

a%%r"a!es &i$! &!i! !e !ad $ried $" gras% /)an$)* &!",eness' by e-$ending $!e a)sa,in$er%re$a$i"n $" /)an$)* #ie,d $!e"ry 2B"!* e$ a,.' 198?a4. In &!a$ "),d be a,,ed 4CausalQua!tu" *iel$ Teo%(5 2CF54' BOHM genera,i3ed $!e /)an$)* %"$en$ia, 264 in$r"d)edear,ier $" a 4su&e%'qua!tu" &ote!tial52S64. 5!e a$)a,i$y 2e-%,ia$e "rder4 is re%resen$ed by a#ie,d s%anning $!e &!",e )ni(erse. In "n$ras$ $" $!e "rigina, !","gra%!i $!e"ry' !ere i$ is $!en"n0,"a, S6' de%ending "n $!e &a(e0#)n$i"n "# $!e &!",e )ni(erse' &!i! n"$ "n,y "rgani3es$!e a$i(i$y "# %ar$i,e0,i+e *ani#es$a$i"ns' b)$ a,s" $!eir rea$i"n' s)s$enane and anni!i,a$i"n.5!e S6 e-%resses $!e a$i(i$y "# a ne& +ind "# i*%,ia$e "rder' $!e 4Su&e%'I"&licate O%$e%52SIO4' *)! *"re s)b$,e and in,)si(e $!an $!e "rigina, i*%,ia$e "rder. N"$ "n,y $!e a$)a,a$i(i$y "# $!e &!",e #ie,d is en#",ded in i$' b)$ a,s" a,, i$s %"$en$ia,i$ies 2$!a$ is' $!e i*%,ia$e"rder' "r "rders4' a,"ng &i$! $!e %rini%,es de$er*ining $!e se,e$i"n "# %"$en$ia,i$ies #"ra$)a,i3a$i"n. 5!e SIO se,#0a$i(e,y di##eren$ia$es and "rgani3es i$se,# in$" inde%enden$ s)b0

&!",es 2i*%,ia$e "rders4' &!i,e de$er*ining !"& $!ese in$erre,a$e $" *a+e )% $!e &!",e; 2B"!*'198?4. As a %ar$i),ar and dis$ing)is!ed "ne "# $!ese s)b0"rders' i$ an rea$e an e-%,ia$e "rder'in &!i! a,, e,e*en$s !a(e a re,a$i(e,y inde%enden$' s$ab,e )nd s)s$ained e-is$ene and aree-$erna,,y re,a$ed.


30/41

by -L i$ se,e$s' aa)sa,,y' $!e Pandida$es #"r a$)a,i3a$i"n #r"* - . E,e*en$ary %ar$i,es'a"rding $" HEIM' are "n,y e,e*en$ary &i$! res%e$ $" $!eir *a$$er %r"%er$ies' b)$ "*%,e- &i$!res%e$ $" $!eir inner s$r)$)re. In %rini%,e' a,, "# $!e ""rdina$es an en$er in$" $!eir"ndensa$i"n;. 6"nderab,e *a$$er #ie,d /)an$a 2%ar$i,es &i$! *ass4 !a(e R U -= U -"*%"nen$s 2e,e$ria,,y ne)$ra, %ar$i,es4' "r RU -U -=U -"*%"nen$s 2e,e$ria,,y !arged%ar$i,es4. O# $!e i*%"nderab,e *a$$er' %!"$"ns !a(e - U -=U -"*%"nen$s' &!i,e $!e ,a$en$

energe$i ,e(e,s; &i$! "n,y -= and - "*%"nen$s' a*"ng $!e* $!e gra(i$"ns' ann"$ bein$er%re$ed in "n(en$i"na, %!ysia, a$eg"ries. 5!ey re%resen$ $!e %)re,y i!fo%"atio!al4acti#ities5 o% 4t%a!s$(!a"ics5 of te #i%tual: &%e&(sical &%ocesses' "# &!i! $!e %!ysia,e(en$s "# $!e *ani#es$ed ,e(e, are %r"e$i"ns. 5!e a$i(i$ies; are e/)i(a,en$ $" BOHMsi*%,ia$e "rder;. As $!e i*aginary "*%"nen$s; -= and - en$er in$" a,, "ndensa$i"ns' HEIM"n,)des $!a$ $!ere is n" gra(i$y0#ree *a$$er' and gra(i$y ann"$ be sreened.

5!e ,)e #"r )nders$anding $!e "nne$i"n be$&een $!e /)a,i$a$i(e %re0ge"*e$ria,;'$"%","gia, s$r)$)re "# $!e (a))* and $!e *eas)rab,e as%e$s "# %!ysia, and bi","gia, e(en$s'as $!ey are re#,e$ed' #"r ins$ane' in !anges "# $!e e,e$r"*agne$i radia$i"n #ie,d' *ay be%r"(ided by an ana,ysis "# e##e$s ,i+e $!a$ dis"(ered by BOHM and AHARONO: 2A!ar"n"(and B"!*' 19=94. BOHM and AHARONO: !a(e de*"ns$ra$ed $!a$ %!ysia, e##e$s an ")r

e(en in a #"re0#ree regi"n. 5!e Aa%a!o#'Bo" effectis /)an$)* *e!ania, bea)se i$ re,a$es$" a %!ase s!i#$ in $!e &a(e #)n$i"n' and i$ is $"%","gia, bea)se "# $!e !",e s$r)$)re "# $!e#"re0#ree regi"n 2A$iya!' 19914.

INTERACTION BET>EEN ELECTROMAGNETIC *IELD AND S)ACE'TIME

GEOMETRY

BARRE55 in se(era, %a%ers !as %resen$ed arg)*en$s !"& $!e in$era$i"n "# $!e e,e$r"*agne$i#ie,d &i$! $!e s%ae0$i*e s$r)$)re an be ade/)a$e,y desribed 2Barre$$' 1989' 199' 1994.

A"rding $" BARRE55' $!is is %"ssib,e by "ndi$i"ning $!e e,e$r"*agne$i #ie,d $" sy**e$ries!ig!er $!an 7214. Barre$$ $!ereby ad"%$s $!e ang0Mi,,s a%%r"a! 2ang and Mi,,s' 19=' a+i&'1984' +n"&n #r"* $!e )ni#ia$i"n "# !ig!0energy #ie,ds' $" $!e ,"&0energy rea,* "# $!ee,e$r"*agne$i #ie,d. 5!is ada%$a$i"n is %er*i$$ed )nder er$ain basi $"%","gia, b")ndary"ndi$i"ns.

5!e ,"gi de(e,"%ed by BARRE55 and "$!ers 2Barre$$ and Gri*es' 199=4 *ay be"*e )se#),in )nders$anding !"& bi","gia, sys$e*s an !a(e aess $" $!e #)nda*en$a, se,#0in$era$ingdyna*is "# $!e )ni#ied #ie,d' (ia $!e s$r)$)re "# $!e e,e$r"*agne$i #ie,d (a))*.

5!e s$ar$ing %"in$ &as an "bser(a$i"n deri(ing #r"* $!e ana,ysis and genera,i3a$i"n "# $!eAHARONO:0BOHM 2AB4 e##e$ 2) and ang' 19?=a' 19?=b4.

5!e ana,ysis "# $!e AB e##e$ !as re(ea,ed $!a$ $!e %!ase "# $!e &a(e #)n$i"n "n$ains *"rein#"r*a$i"n $!an $!e %!ase #a$"r and $!a$ $!is addi$i"na, in#"r*a$i"n is n"$ *eas)rab,e. On,y $!e%!ase #a$"r is %!ysia,,y *eaning#),.

%$


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5ab,e 11

2*ar"s"%i4 &a(e #)n$i"n e-% 2i -4 |(a))* V

%!ase #a$"r e-% 2i -4

2/)an$)*4 %!ase - 2e!4 A dr

2*agne$i4 (e$"r %"$en$ia, A

Bea)se $!e /)an$)* %!ase is "n$r",,ed by $!e *agne$i (e$"r %"$en$ia,' $!is %"$en$ia, anbe $a+en as $!e bridge be$&een $!e s)b$,e energy d"*ain and $!e *ar"s"%i "!eren$ /)an$)*be!a(i")r 25i,,er' 1994.

C!anges "n $!e ,e(e, "# $!e s)b$,e energies 2#)nda*en$a, #ie,ds4 an a##e$' (ia $!e (e$"r%"$en$ia,' $!e $"$a, be!a(i")r "# $!e sys$e*'

e.g.' $!e gr")nd s$a$e e,e$r"!e*ia, %"$en$ia,s "# $!e bi"0*",e),es in $!e "!erened"*ain'

#r"* &!i! $!e "bser(ed in$era$i"ns "# *a$$er &i$! $!e e,e$r"*agne$i #ie,d an be deri(ed.

5!e (e$"r %"$en$ia, and a sa,ar %"$en$ia,' b"$! #r"* &!i! $!e "bser(ed in$era$i"ns "#*a$$er and e,e$r"*agne$i #ie,ds is deri(ed' e-is$ by (ir$)e "# $!e "ne0%ara*e$er )ni$ary2r"$a$i"n;4 sy**e$ry gr")% 7214' &!i!' $"ge$!er &i$! $!e re/)ire*en$ "# ,"a, %!ase' yie,ds $!e7214 ,"a, ga)ge sy**e$ry.

5!e (e$"r and sa,ar %"$en$ia,s $!ere#"re !a(e $!e genera, %!ysia, signi#iane "# g,"ba,0$"0,"a, "%era$"rs;. 5!is *eans $!a$ $!e %"$en$ia,s are ,"a, "%era$"rs *a%%ing g,"ba, s%ae0$i*e"ndi$i"ns "n$" $!e ,"a, e,e$r"*agne$i #ie,ds. In genera,' ,"a, "%era$"rs *a%%ing g,"ba,sy**e$ries "n$" ,"a, #ie,ds are a,,ed ga)ge #ie,ds;.

5!e e##e$ "# s)! "%era$i"ns is *eas)rab,e (ia a %!ase !ange.

In $!e /)an$)* e,e$r"dyna*ia,


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5!ese %"$en$ia,s *ay be "nsidered as *"re basi $!an $!e e,e$ri and *agne$i #"res2A!ar"n"( and B"!*' 19=94 bea)se $!ey are re,a$ed $" $!e )ni(ersa, "nser(a$i"n "# energy and*"*en$)*' &!ereas $!e e,e$ri and *agne$i #"res are "n,y "n(enien$ $er*s #"r $!e "bser(ed$rans#er ra$es "# energy and *"*en$)* in $!e e,e$r"*agne$i in$era$i"n.

H"&e(er' *ar"s"%i /)an$)* be!a(i")r in bi","gy is ,arge,y dis$ane0inde%enden$. Sine

$!e %"$en$ia,s "# $!e 7214 ga)ge sy**e$ry' and $!)s $!e e,e$ri and *nagne$i #ie,ds' #a,, "##s$r"ng,y &i$! dis$ane' $!ey ann"$ be $!e ),$i*a$e basis "# *ar"s"%i /)an$)* "!erene.

5I


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sys$e* a#$er $rans%"r$ "n a ,"sed )r(e in "rdinary s%ae and in $!e %resene "# a (e$"r%"$en$ia,' !as $" be *),$i%,ied by a %a$!0de%enden$ %!ase #a$"r. An"$!er n"n0in$egrab,e %!ase#a$"r arises #r"* $!e adiaba$i $rans%"r$ "# a sys$e* ar")nd a ,"sed %a$! in *"*en$)* s%ae.

S)! $"%","gia, e##e$s *ay be "# grea$ bi","gia, signi#iane. F)r$!er resear! s!"),d ,""+in$" $!e bi","gia, in$er%re$a$i"n $!e %"$en$ia,s as "%era$"rs de%ending "n ge"*e$ry and g,"ba,

b")ndary "ndi$i"ns' bea)se $!is is e/)i(a,en$ $" %r"bing in$" $!e in#"r*a$i"na, s)bs$r)$)re "#$!e (a))*.

%%


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CONCLUSION AND OUTLOO?9 THE ROLE O* THE

OBSERVER IN QUANTUM MECHANICS

In ")r ana,ysis "# $!e re,a$i"ns!i% be$&een /)an$)* *e!anis and bi","gy' &e &en$ a #ar &ay#r"*

$!e /)an$)* (a))*' $!e "*ni%resen$ $ransenden$a, &!",eness'

$" $!e s)%er#,)id (a))*' &!i! is a,i(e &i$! i**anen$ &!",eness in i$s e(ery %ar$.

In $!e s$a$is$ia, in$er%re$a$i"n "# /)an$)* *e!anis' $!e /)an$)* (a))* !as a (anis!inge-%e$a$i"n (a,)e' &!i,e $!e s)%er#,)id (a))* !as a n"n0(anis!ing e-%e$a$i"n (a,)e.

!a$ &e !a(e ,e#$ ")$ in $!is dis)ssi"n' )% $" $!is %"in$' is $!e r",e "# $!e "bser(er. B)$bea)se $!e "bser(er is $!e re%resen$a$i(e "# "nsi")sness' &!i! &e be,ie(e *)s$ be "nsideredas $!e ),$i*a$e rea,i$y "# a,, bi","gy' &e ,i+e $" *en$i"n s"*e basi res),$s ab")$ $!e re,a$i"ns!i%be$&een /)an$)* *e!anis and "nsi")sness. 5!e in,)si"n "# "nsi")sness in ")r dis)ssi"nis neessary bea)se "# $!e "n$r"(ersia, na$)re &!i! $!is $"%i s$i,, !as in $!e sien$i#i ,i$era$)red)e $" ,a+ "# in$erdisi%,inary "**)nia$i"n.

In $!e 19?s' &!en *ar"s"%i /)an$)* s$a$es in $!e brain #irs$ &ere %redi$ed ande-%eri*en$a,,y dis"(ered 2D"*as!' 19?4' $!e"re$ia, %!ysiis$s' &i$! a #e& e-e%$i"ns 2a,+er'19?' 19?L O$eri' 19?=L 6)!ari!' 19?94' s$i,, #e,$ $!a$ /)an$)* *e!anis !ad n"$!ing $" d"&i$! "nsi")sness "r !)*an ,i#e 26ri*as and Gans' 19?94.

B)$ $!e a$)a, de(e,"%*en$ in $!e #ie,d "# "nsi")sness resear! !as re(ea,ed )s$ $!e"%%"si$e> /)an$)* *e!anis an be )nders$""d as a desri%$i"n "# $!e #)nda*en$a, na$)re "#"nsi")sness in $!e in$er%,ay be$&een $!e "bser(er' $!e %r"ess "# "bser(a$i"n' and $!e "be$ "#"bser(a$i"n.

Any "be$ $!a$ is s)be$ed $" an e-$erna, "bser(a$i"n an a,&ays be regarded as %ar$ "# a,arger &!",eness &!i! in,)des $!e "bser(er. In $!is &ay' $!e s$a$is$ia, in$er%re$a$i"n "# /)an$)**e!anis is )nders$""d as a "nse/)ene "# $!e ar$i#iia, se%ara$i"n "# $!e "bser(er #r"* $!e"be$ "# "bser(a$i"n.

In $!e E(ere$$0!ee,er in$er%re$a$i"n "# /)an$)* *e!anis' di##eren$ "bser(ers are!ara$eri3ed $!r")g! $!eir *e*"ry.

%4


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5!e &ay $!e &"r,d is seen by a %ar$i),ar "bser(er de%ends "n !is *e*"ry s$a$es. 5!ese*e*"ry s$a$es !a(e $" be ,assia, s$a$es.

5!)s' in %rini%,e s)! *e*"ry s$a$es an "n,y e-is$ &!en $!e /)an$)* *e!ania,s)%er%"si$i"n %rini%,e !as a res$ri$ed (a,idi$y. 5!is again *eans a res$ri$i"n "# $!e *a-i*a,%"ssib,e sy**e$ry "# $!e (a))*' &!i! )nder s)i$ab,e "ndi$i"ns a,,"&s #"r "!eren$ d"*ain

s$r)$)res in $!e (a))* $!a$ an !a(e *ar"s"%i di*ensi"ns.

A "nsi")sness0"rien$ed in$er%re$a$i"n "# /)an$)* *e!anis $!ere#"re a,s" na$)ra,,y ,eads$" $!e re/)ire*en$ "# a s)%er#,)id s$r)$)re "# $!e (a))* s$a$e "# "nsi")sness i$se,#.

Ne)r"%!ysi","gia, resear! see*s $" "n#ir* s)! a "n,)si"n. Reen$,y IB7' 6RIBRAMand AS7E 21994 !a(e re"gni3ed $!e neessi$y #"r a s)%er#,)id radia$i"n #ie,d $" e-%,ain $!ere,a$i"ns!i% be$&een "nsi")s e-%eriene and *e*"ry s$"rage.


36/41

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