Raport 07

PROGRAMUL NAIUNILOR UNITE PENTRU MEDIU

Programul Naiunilor Unite pentru Mediu

Ministerul Ecologiei i Resurselor Naturale

________________________________________________________________________

Proiectul Perfectarea celei de-a doua Comunicri naionale n conformitate cu cerinele Conveniei-cadru a Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite cu privire la schimbarea climei

RAPORT Tema : Reducerea emisiilor de GES n sectorul termoenergeticExpert naional: A. Guu

Perioada: 1 ianuarie 31 ie 2007

Semntura: ____________________Chiinu, 2007

Scenarii de reducere a emisiilor de gaze cu efect de ser pentru sectorul termoenergetic pe termen scurt (pn n 2010), mediu (2020-2025) i lung (pn n 2100)

1. Msuri / tehnologii

de reducere a emisiilor de GES

Reducerea emisiilor de GES poate fi obinut prin urmtoarele msuri:

1. reducerea consumului de combustibil prin utilizarea co-generrii,

2. substituirea crbunilor i produselor petroliere,

3. reducerea consumului de cldur pentru nclziri,

4. utilizarea pe larg a biomasei,

5. utilizarea energiei solare,

6. utilizarea pompelor de cldur.

2. Reducerea emisiilor de GES prin utilizarea

co-generrii

2.1. Generaliti

Co-generarea prezint producerea simultan combinat, n baza unei i aceeai surse primare a dou forme de energie, n cazul dat a energiei electrice i termice. Co-generarea permite reducerea consumului de combustibil cu 20...40 %. Practic, co-generarea este utilizat cu toate felurile de combustibil. Cea mai efectiv este co-generarea la arderea gazului natural. Ea poate fi efectuat la CET cu turbine cu abur, cu turbine cu gaze, cu ciclu mixt gaz-abur, la mini-CET cu motoare cu ardere intern cu piston. Gazul presurizat lichefiat i produsele petroliere uoare pot fi folosite n cazuri separate la mini-CET cu motoare cu ardere intern cu piston. Pcura i combustibilii solizi se folosesc la CET cu turbine cu abur, iar n instalaii cu gazificarea integrat, i n turbine cu gaze i motoare cu piston.

2.2. Co-generarea n sectorul cldiri

n sectorul cldiri nu poate fi produs prin co-generare (nu este co-generabil) cldura:

utilizat pentru pregtirea hranei,

produs din energia electric,

produs pe baza radiaiei solare.

Au fost analizate 4 variante de co-generare:

I cantitatea de energie primar consumat la co-generare rmne constant la nivelul anului 2004;

II rmne constant procentul de energie consumat la co-generare 50 % la nivelul anului 2004;

III procentul de energie consumat la co-generare n anul 2100 va atinge valoare de 65;

III procentul de energie consumat la co-generare n anul 2100 va atinge valoare de 80.

Consumurile sunt prezentate n tab.1.

Reducerea consumului de combustibil datorit co-generrii s-a considerat 25 % din consumul iniial co-generabil. Energiei termice produse s-au atribuit 75 % din aceast economie, restul revenind energiei electrice.

Repartizarea pe tipuri de resurse primare de energie este prezentat, pentru cldiri n total, n tab.2; 3; 4; i 5. Co-generarea s-a repartizat n ordinea urmtoare de combustibili:

I gaz natural,

II lemne i deeuri,

III crbune.

Tabelul 1. Energia primar, n PJ, consumat n cazul diverselor variante de co-generare

n sectorul cldiri

20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consum total energie termic60,1560,1560,9961,3861,7558,3360,1462,4164,4065,9767,0567,9168,1268,60

Energie co-generabila46,2546,3347,2347,6648,0745,5147,4249,6651,6053,0654,1355,1755,1055,29

Consum total la

co-generare50 %60,1560,1560,9961,3861,7558,3360,2662,3264,1265,5667,0567,9167,5267,98

65 %60,1560,1560,9961,3861,7558,3360,0862,2564,1365,6066,5767,0166,7066,65

80 %60,1560,1560,9961,3861,7558,3359,9161,9963,7865,1666,0466,1365,3664,87

Table 2. Household, varianta de baza

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3360.1462.4164.4065.9767.0567.9168.1268.60

Natural gas, PJ27.6527.7728.8430.0730.4127.2628.3029.4830.5830.5030.5331.0132.0733.17

Liquefied gas,PJ0.740.711.111.181.221.281.531.681.811.901.972.423.003.58

Electricity, PJ0.760.690.640.630.590.470.410.410.430.430.430.480.620.91

Coal, PJ2.062.742.602.722.983.183.624.054.384.624.765.135.776.42

Oil, PJ2.501.791.230.930.650.460.400.350.320.300.280.240.200.13

Wood & Wast., PJ26.4326.4526.5725.8525.8925.6125.7926.2426.6027.8428.6228.0325.5022.99

Solar, PJ0.000.000.000.000.010.070.100.190.280.370.460.600.971.40

Natural gas, %46.046.247.349.049.246.747.147.247.546.245.545.747.148.4

Liquefied gas,%1.21.21.81.92.02.22.52.72.82.92.93.64.45.2

Electricity, %1.31.11.01.01.00.80.70.70.70.70.60.70.91.3

Coal, %3.44.64.34.44.85.56.06.56.87.07.17.68.59.4

Oil, %4.23.02.01.51.10.80.70.60.50.50.40.40.30.2

Wood &Agr.Wast, %43.944.043.642.141.943.942.942.041.342.242.741.337.433.5

Solar, %00000.020.120.170.300.430.560.690.881.422.04

Table 3. Household, varianta 50 %

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3360.1462.3264.1265.5666.5467.3067.5267.98

Natural gas, PJ27.6527.7728.8430.0730.4127.2628.2929.4030.3030.1230.2130.8131.7232.84

Liquefied gas,PJ0.740.711.111.181.221.281.531.681.811.901.972.253.003.58

Electricity, PJ0.760.690.640.630.590.470.410.410.430.430.430.480.620.91

Coal, PJ2.062.742.602.722.983.183.624.054.384.624.765.135.776.42

Oil,PJ2.501.791.230.930.650.460.400.350.320.300.280.240.200.13

Wood & Wast., PJ26.4326.4526.5725.8525.8925.6125.7926.2426.6027.8228.4327.7925.2422.70

Solar, PJ0.000.000.000.000.010.070.100.190.280.370.460.600.971.40

Natural gas, %46.046.247.349.049.246.747.047.247.345.945.445.847.048.3

Liquefied gas,%1.21.21.81.92.02.22.52.72.82.93.03.34.45.3

Electricity, %1.31.11.01.01.00.80.70.70.70.70.60.70.91.3

Coal, %3.44.64.34.44.85.56.06.56.87.07.27.68.59.4

Oil, %4.23.02.01.51.10.80.70.60.50.50.40.40.30.2

Wood&Agr.Wast, %43.944.043.642.141.943.942.942.141.542.442.741.337.433.4

Solar, %00000.020.120.170.300.440.560.690.891.442.06


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3360.0262.1964.0865.5566.5366.9866.6866.65

Natural gas, PJ27.6527.7728.8430.0730.4127.2628.1729.2730.3030.1230.2130.7031.5032.35

Liquefied gas,PJ0.740.711.111.181.221.281.531.681.811.901.972.423.003.58

Electricity, PJ0.760.690.640.630.590.470.410.410.430.430.430.480.620.91

Coal, PJ2.062.742.602.722.983.183.624.054.384.624.764.845.295.73

Oil,PJ2.501.791.230.930.650.460.400.350.320.300.280.240.200.13

Wood & Wast., PJ26.4326.4526.5725.8525.8925.6125.7926.2426.5627.8128.4227.7025.1022.55

Solar, PJ0.000.000.000.000.010.070.100.190.280.370.460.600.971.40

Natural gas, %46.046.247.349.049.246.746.947.147.345.945.445.847.248.5

Liquefied gas,%1.21.21.81.92.02.22.52.72.82.93.03.64.55.4

Electricity, %1.31.11.01.01.00.80.70.70.70.70.60.70.91.4

Coal, %3.44.64.34.44.85.56.06.56.87.07.27.27.98.6

Oil, %4.23.02.01.51.10.80.70.60.50.50.40.40.30.2

Wood&Agr.Wast, %43.944.043.642.141.943.943.042.241.442.442.741.437.633.8

Solar, %00000.020.120.170.310.440.560.690.901.452.10


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3359.9261.9963.7965.1666.0566.1365.3664.87

Natural gas, PJ27.6527.7728.8430.0730.4127.2628.0729.0730.1029.8130.0030.1030.9031.51

Liquefied gas,PJ0.740.711.111.181.221.281.531.681.811.901.972.423.003.58

Electricity, PJ0.760.690.640.630.590.470.410.410.430.430.430.480.620.91

Coal, PJ2.062.742.602.722.983.183.624.054.384.624.654.704.925.30

Oil,PJ2.501.791.230.930.650.460.400.350.320.300.280.240.200.13

Wood & Wast., PJ26.4326.4526.5725.8525.8925.6125.7926.2426.4727.7328.2627.5924.7522.04

Solar, PJ0.000.000.000.000.010.070.100.190.280.370.460.600.971.40

Natural gas, %46.046.247.349.049.246.746.846.947.245.745.445.547.348.6

Liquefied gas,%1.21.21.81.92.02.22.62.72.82.93.03.74.65.5

Electricity, %1.31.11.01.01.00.80.70.70.70.70.70.70.91.4

Coal, %3.44.64.34.44.85.56.06.56.97.17.07.17.58.2

Oil, %4.23.02.01.51.10.80.70.60.50.50.40.40.30.2

Wood&Agr.Wast, %43.944.043.642.141.943.943.042.341.542.642.841.737.934.0

Solar, %00000.020.120.170.310.440.570.700.911.482.16

2.3. Co-generarea n sectorul industrial

n sectorul industrial co-generarea se va aplica la sarcina din care se va exclude energia electric i o parte din combustibil. n calcule se va lua n consideraie energia produs prin co-generare la Fabricile de Zahr. Datele n baza crora s-a efectuat extrapolarea sunt prezentate n tab.6.

Tabelul 6. Analiza sarcinii sectorului industrial

Anul200020012002200320042005

Industrial total, PJ4.314.564.835.135.465.79

Industrial.- electro, PJ3.874.334.364.905.245.60

Termo Groza, PJ3.84.14.13.94.14.2

idem, % din Ind-el.0.880.890.850.760.750.72

Co-generarea la FZ, PJ1.882.443.142.232.40

Dup cum se vede din tabel, consumul de energie termic, cu excluderea celei produs din energia electric, coreleaz cu datele prezentate de dl. Groza pentru energia termic consumat n ibdustrie, ultima avnd o tendin stabil de scdere a valorii procentuale n timp. n calitate de consum co-generabil lum valorile prezentate de dl. Groza, extrapolndu-le pn la valoarea procentual de 50 % pentru anul 2100.

Cantitatea de energie produs pn n prezent n industrie prin co-generare se va lua dup energia produs la Fabricile de Zahr. n anul 2000 ea a fost de 1,88 PJ [1]. Extrapolarea pentru anii urmtori o efectum proporional cu dinamica produciei de zahr dup tab.15.5 din [2].

Analizm dou variante de co-generare: 60 % din energia co-generabil i 80 %. Co-generarea se va efectua n baza combustibilului gaz natural i parial a biomasei. Consumurile de resurse primare sunt prezentate n tab. 7, 8, 9 i 10.

Tabelul 7. Energia primar, n PJ, consumat n industrie n cazul diverselor variante de co-generare

Anul20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Industry, PJ4,314,564,835,135,465,798,6312,4117,562230,461,5115,6186,5

Termo co-gen, PJ3,84,14,13,94,14,24,765,476,357,157,9211,820,129,6

Consum, 65 %3,84,14,13,94,15,778,5412,2017,321,630,060,6113,8183,6

Consum, 80 %3,84,14,13,94,15,748,512,2017,221,529,860,3113,1182,5

Table 8. Industry, varianta de baza

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumption, PJ4,314,564,835,135,465,798,6312,4117,562230,461,5115,6186,5

Natural gas, PJ3,634,024,14,64,95,226,016,918,099,1610,1216,029,748,5

Electricity, PJ0,44400,2300,4700,2290,2170,1952,1704,8508,62011,74018,82242,77079,960127,305

Oil, PJ0,120,230,180,220,260,280,310,350,380,40,430,50,550,6

Coal, PJ0,060,030,030,0310,0330,0350,050,10,170,30,4512,54,5

Wood&Wastes, PJ0,0560,050,050,050,050,060,090,20,30,40,61,22,95,6

Natural gas, %84,288,284,989,789,790,269,655,746,141,633,326,025,726,0

Electricity, %10,35,09,74,54,03,425,139,149,153,461,969,569,268,3

Oil, %2,85,03,74,34,84,83,62,82,21,81,40,80,50,3

Coal, %1,40,70,60,60,60,60,60,81,01,41,51,62,22,4

Wood&Wastes, %1,31,11,01,00,91,01,01,61,71,81,92,02,53,0

Table 9. Industry, varianta 65 %

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumption, PJ4,314,564,835,135,465,778,512,1917,2421,5829,960,5113,6183,3

Natural gas, PJ3,634,024,14,64,95,205,886,697,778,749,6115,0327,7545,43

Electricity, PJ0,440,230,470,230,220,202,174,858,6211,7418,8242,7780,0127,3

Oil, PJ0,120,230,180,220,260,280,310,350,380,40,430,50,550,6

Coal, PJ0,060,030,030,0310,0330,0350,050,10,170,30,4512,54,5

Wood&Wastes, PJ0,0560,050,050,050,050,060,090,20,30,40,61,22,85,5

Natural gas, %84,288,284,989,789,790,169,254,945,140,532,224,824,424,8

Electricity, %10,35,09,74,54,03,425,539,850,054,463,070,770,469,4

Oil, %2,85,03,74,34,84,93,62,92,21,91,40,80,50,3

Coal, %1,40,70,60,60,60,60,60,81,01,41,51,72,22,5

Wood&Wastes, %1,31,11,01,00,91,01,11,61,71,91,92,02,53,0


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumption, PJ4,314,564,835,135,465,748,512,217,221,529,860,3113,1182,5

Natural gas, PJ3,634,024,14,64,95,175,886,707,738,669,5314,8227,2644,62

Electricity, PJ0,440,230,470,230,220,202,174,858,6211,7418,8242,7780,0127,3

Oil, PJ0,120,230,180,220,260,280,310,350,380,40,430,50,550,6

Coal, PJ0,060,030,030,0310,0330,0350,050,10,170,30,4512,54,5

Wood&Wastes, PJ0,0560,050,050,050,050,060,090,20,30,40,61,22,85,5

Natural gas, %84,288,284,989,789,790,169,254,944,940,332,024,624,124,4

Electricity, %10,35,09,74,54,03,425,539,850,154,663,270,970,769,8

Oil, %2,85,03,74,34,84,93,62,92,21,91,40,80,50,3

Coal, %1,40,70,60,60,60,60,60,81,01,41,51,72,22,5

Wood&Wastes, %1,31,11,01,00,91,01,11,61,71,91,92,02,53,0

2.4. Co-generarea n sectorul agricol

Consumul co-generabil de energie termic pentru sectorul agricol determinm prin excluderea din consumul total a cldurii produs n baza energiei electrice i a radiaiei solare.

Pn n prezent n sectorul agricol practic co-generarea nu este folosit. Analizm 4 variante de co-generare:

25 %,

50 %,

65 % i

80 %.

Consumurile de energie pentru variante sunt prezentate n tab. 11, repartizarea pe surse prime n tab. 12, 13, 14 i 15.

Tabelul 11. Energia primar, n PJ, consumat n agricultur n cazul diverselor variante de co-generare

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Agriculture total, PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.871.201.531.872.203.545.206.87

Total-(El.+Solar), PJ0.270.210.140.150.260.310.480.610.780.931.111.722.894.29

Total termo 25%,PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.8511.1701.4891.8192.1383.4365.0436.669

Total termo 50%,PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.8421.1531.4591.7842.0783.3394.8916.468

Total termo 65%,PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.8381.1461.4531.7692.0633.3024.8296.347

Total termo 80%,PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.8331.1381.4461.7552.0483.2664.7686.267

Table 12. Agricultura, varianta de baza

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Agriculture 1, PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.871.201.531.872.203.545.206.87

Natural gas, PJ0.180.120.060.010.020.030.060.090.140.210.290.641.562.75

Electricity, PJ0.020.110.030.030.120.120.090.140.170.220.240.520.710.88

Oil, PJ0.080.070.060.040.040.030.020.020.020.020.020.020.020.02

Coal, PJ0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.010.010.02

Wood&Wastes, PJ0.010.0150.020.10.20.250.40.50.620.70.81.051.31.5

Solar, PJ000.010.010.020.10.30.450.580.720.851.31.61.7

Natural gas, %62.0737.5033.334.55.25.86.67.59.011.013.018.030.040.0

Electricity, %6.6035.7416.5216.3529.6522.3510.3911.4211.0111.7410.8414.8013.6012.88

Oil, %27.5921.8833.3321.0510.005.662.301.671.311.070.910.560.380.29

Coal, %0.30.20.150.200.150.150.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.25

Wood&Wastes, %3.454.6911.1152.6350.0047.1745.9841.6740.5237.4336.3629.6625.0021.83

Solar, %0.000.005.565.265.0018.8734.4837.5037.9138.5038.6436.7230.7724.75

Table 13. Agricultura, varianta 25 %

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consum, PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.851.171.491.822.143.445.046.67

Natural gas, PJ0.180.120.060.010.020.030.040.060.100.150.220.541.502.75

Electricity, PJ0.020.110.030.030.120.120.090.140.170.220.240.520.710.88

Oil, PJ0.080.070.060.040.040.030.020.020.020.020.020.020.020.02

Coal, PJ0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.010.010.02

Wood&Wastes, PJ0.010.0150.020.10.20.250.40.50.620.70.81.051.21.3

Solar, PJ000.010.010.020.10.30.450.580.720.851.31.61.7

Natural gas, %62.0737.5033.334.55.25.84.574.886.408.4910.4115.6429.7541.27

Electricity, %6.6035.7416.5216.3529.6522.3510.5811.9711.4212.0911.2315.1314.0813.20

Oil, %27.5921.8833.3321.0510.005.662.351.711.341.100.940.580.400.30

Coal, %0.30.20.150.200.150.150.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.25

Wood&Wastes, %3.454.6911.1152.6350.0047.1747.0042.7441.6438.4837.4230.5623.8019.49

Solar, %0.000.005.565.265.0018.8735.2538.4638.9539.5839.7637.8331.7325.49


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consum, PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.841.151.461.782.083.344.896.47

Natural gas, PJ0.180.120.060.010.020.030.030.040.070.120.160.491.452.65

Electricity, PJ0.020.110.030.030.120.120.090.140.170.220.240.520.710.88

Oil, PJ0.080.070.060.040.040.030.020.020.020.020.020.020.020.02

Coal, PJ0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.010.010.02

Wood&Wastes, PJ0.010.0150.020.10.20.250.40.50.620.70.81.01.11.2

Solar, PJ000.010.010.020.10.30.450.580.720.851.31.61.7

Natural gas, %62.0737.5033.334.55.25.83.553.484.486.707.8314.6929.6241.00

Electricity, %6.6035.7416.5216.3529.6522.3510.6912.1411.6512.3311.5515.5714.5213.61

Oil, %27.5921.8833.3321.0510.005.662.381.731.371.120.960.600.410.31

Coal, %0.30.20.150.200.150.150.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.25

Wood&Wastes, %3.454.6911.1152.6350.0047.1747.5143.3742.4939.2438.5029.9522.4918.55

Solar, %0.000.005.565.265.0018.8735.6339.0339.7540.3640.9038.9332.7126.28


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consum, PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.841.151.451.772.063.304.836.35

Natural gas, PJ0.180.120.060.010.020.030.030.030.060.100.200.501.492.63

Electricity, PJ0.020.110.030.030.120.120.090.140.170.220.240.520.710.88

Oil, PJ0.080.070.060.040.040.030.020.020.020.020.020.020.020.02

Coal, PJ0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.010.010.02

Wood&Wastes, PJ0.010.0150.020.10.20.250.40.50.620.70.750.951.01.1

Solar, PJ000.010.010.020.10.30.450.580.720.851.31.61.7

Natural gas, %62.0737.5033.334.55.25.83.092.894.095.919.5915.2630.7941.45

Electricity, %6.6035.7416.5216.3529.6522.3510.7412.2211.7012.4411.6315.7514.7013.86

Oil, %27.5921.8833.3321.0510.005.662.391.751.381.130.970.610.410.32

Coal, %0.30.20.150.200.150.150.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.25

Wood&Wastes, %3.454.6911.1152.6350.0047.1747.7343.6342.6739.5736.3528.7720.7117.33

Solar, %0.000.005.565.265.0018.8735.8039.2739.9240.7041.2039.3733.1326.78


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consum, PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.831.141.451.762.053.274.776.27

Natural gas, PJ0.180.120.060.010.020.030.020.030.050.140.230.521.482.65

Electricity, PJ0.020.110.030.030.120.120.090.140.170.220.240.520.710.88

Oil, PJ0.080.070.060.040.040.030.020.020.020.020.020.020.020.02

Coal, PJ0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.010.010.02

Wood&Wastes, PJ0.010.0150.020.10.20.250.40.50.620.650.700.900.951.00

Solar, PJ000.010.010.020.10.30.450.580.720.851.31.61.7

Natural gas, %62.0737.5033.334.55.25.82.512.213.628.0111.3715.8630.9642.31

Electricity, %6.6035.7416.5216.3529.6522.3510.8012.3011.7612.5411.7215.9214.8914.04

Oil, %27.5921.8833.3321.0510.005.662.401.761.381.140.980.610.420.32

Coal, %0.30.20.150.200.150.150.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.25

Wood&Wastes, %3.454.6911.1152.6350.0047.1748.0243.9442.8837.0434.1827.5619.9215.96

Solar, %0.000.005.565.265.0018.8736.0139.5440.1141.0341.5039.8033.5627.13

3. Reducerea emisiilor de GES prin substituirea crbunilor

Distribuia consumului total de energie termic pe sursele iniiale din care ea este obinut, pentru varianta de baz, este prezentat n fig.1 i n tab.17.

Produsele petroliere ocup un volum nensemnat n bilanul de energie termic: ceva mai mult de un procent n prezent i sub 0,3 % pe viitor, prin urmare, prin substituirea lor o reducere sensibil de GES nu se va obine. Crbunii constituie n jur de 5 % i, avnd n vedere c emisiile de GES la arderea crbunilor sunt considerabil mai mari, vom analiza posibilitatea de reducere a consumului lor, substituindu-le prin gazul natural i parial cu energia electric.

n varianta de baz cota gazului n anul 2100 este de 32 %. Analizm varianta cu consumurile n anul 2100 de 40 %, 50 % i 60 %. Pentru evidenierea procesului, de asemenea, analizm varianta cu consumul de gaz neschimbat la nivelul anului 2004.

Rezultatele sunt prezentate n tab. 18, 19, 20 i 21.

Table 17. Consum total de energie termic

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ64,7565,0366,0066,7067,6164,6569,6476,0283,4989,8499,65133,0188,9262,0

Natural gas, PJ31,4631,9133,0034,6835,3332,5134,3736,4838,8139,8740,9447,6563,3384,42

Liquefied gas,PJ0,740,711,111,181,221,281,531,681,811,901,972,423,003,58

Electricity, PJ1,221,031,140,890,930,782,675,409,2212,3919,4943,7781,29129,1

Coal, PJ2,122,772,632,753,013,223,674,154,554,925,226,148,2810,94

Oil,PJ2,702,091,471,190,950,770,730,720,720,720,730,760,770,75

Wood & Wast., PJ26,5026,5326,6426,0026,1425,9226,2826,9427,5228,9430,0030,3129,6930,09

Solar, PJ0,000,000,010,010,030,170,400,640,861,091,311,902,573,10

Natural gas, %48,5949,0750,0051,9952,2650,2949,3547,9946,4844,3741,0835,8433,5232,22

Liquefied gas,%1,141,091,681,771,801,982,202,212,172,111,981,821,591,37

Electricity, %1,891,591,731,331,371,213,837,1011,0413,7919,5632,9343,0349,28

Coal, %3,284,263,994,134,464,975,275,465,455,485,234,624,384,17

Oil, %4,173,212,231,781,411,191,050,950,860,800,730,570,410,29

Wood&Agr.Wast, %40,9240,7940,3638,9838,6640,0937,7435,4432,9632,2130,1022,8015,7211,48

Solar, %000,0150,0150,040,260,570,841,031,211,311,431,361,18

Table 18. Varianta consumului de gaz constant, la nivelul anului 2004

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ64,7565,0366,0066,7067,6164,6569,6476,0283,4989,8499,65133,0188,9262,0

Natural gas, PJ31,4631,9133,0034,6835,3332,5135,0035,0035,0035,0035,0035,0035,0035,00

Liquefied gas,PJ0,740,711,111,181,221,281,531,681,811,901,972,423,003,58

Electricity, PJ1,221,031,140,890,930,782,675,409,5013,5023,5047,4090,00138,5

Coal, PJ2,122,772,632,753,013,223,005,648,088,697,1415,2127,8750,98

Oil,PJ2,702,091,471,190,950,770,730,720,720,720,730,760,770,75

Wood & Wast., PJ26,5026,5326,6426,0026,1425,9226,2826,9427,5228,9430,0030,3129,6930,09

Solar, PJ0,000,000,010,010,030,170,400,640,861,091,311,902,573,10

Natural gas, %48,649,150,052,052,350,350,346,041,939,035,126,318,513,4

Liquefied gas,%1,11,11,71,81,82,02,22,22,22,12,01,81,61,4

Electricity, %1,91,61,71,31,41,23,87,111,415,023,635,647,652,9

Coal, %3,34,34,04,14,55,04,37,49,79,77,211,414,819,5

Oil, %4,23,22,21,81,41,21,00,90,90,80,70,60,40,3

Wood&Agr.Wast, %40,940,840,439,038,740,137,735,433,032,230,122,815,711,5

Solar, %000,0150,0150,0440,2630,5740,8421,031,2131,3151,4291,3611,183

Table 19. Varianta consumului de gaz n anul 2100 - 40 %

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ64,7565,0366,0066,7067,6164,6569,6476,0283,4989,8499,65133,0188,9262,0

Natural gas, PJ31,4631,9133,0034,6835,3332,5134,637,440,643,247,460,380,6104,8

Liquefied gas,PJ0,740,711,111,181,221,281,531,681,811,901,972,423,003,58

Electricity, PJ1,221,031,140,890,930,783,095,678,9911,0015,2834,2769,29116,7

Coal, PJ2,122,772,632,753,013,223,003,003,003,003,003,003,003,00

Oil,PJ2,702,091,471,190,950,770,730,720,720,720,730,760,770,75

Wood & Wast., PJ26,5026,5326,6426,0026,1425,9226,2826,9427,5228,9430,0030,3129,6930,09

Solar, PJ0,000,000,010,010,030,170,400,640,861,091,311,902,573,10

Natural gas, %48,649,150,052,052,350,349,749,248,648,147,545,442,740,0

Liquefied gas,%1,11,11,71,81,82,02,22,22,22,12,01,81,61,4

Electricity, %1,91,61,71,31,41,24,47,510,812,215,325,836,744,5

Coal, %3,34,34,04,14,55,04,33,93,63,33,02,31,61,1

Oil, %4,23,22,21,81,41,21,00,90,90,80,70,60,40,3

Wood&Agr.Wast, %40,940,840,439,038,740,137,735,433,032,230,122,815,711,5

Solar, %000,0150,0150,0440,2630,5740,8421,031,2131,3151,4291,3611,183

Table 20. Varianta consumului de gaz in anul 2100 - 50 %

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ64,7565,0366,0066,7067,6164,6569,6476,0283,4989,8499,65133,0188,9262,0

Natural gas, PJ31,4631,9133,0034,6835,3332,5134,838,041,744,949,866,594,5131,0

Liquefied gas,PJ0,740,711,111,181,221,281,531,681,811,901,972,423,003,58

Electricity, PJ1,221,031,140,890,930,782,885,037,849,2712,8228,1155,4290,5

Coal, PJ2,122,772,632,753,013,223,003,003,003,003,003,003,003,00

Oil,PJ2,702,091,471,190,950,770,730,720,720,720,730,760,770,75

Wood & Wast., PJ26,5026,5326,6426,0026,1425,9226,2826,9427,5228,9430,0030,3129,6930,09

Solar, PJ0,000,000,010,010,030,170,400,640,861,091,311,902,573,10

Natural gas, %48,649,150,052,052,350,350,050,050,050,050,050,050,050,0

Liquefied gas,%1,11,11,71,81,82,02,22,22,22,12,01,81,61,4

Electricity, %1,91,61,71,31,41,24,16,69,410,312,921,129,334,5

Coal, %3,34,34,04,14,55,04,33,93,63,33,02,31,61,1

Oil, %4,23,22,21,81,41,21,00,90,90,80,70,60,40,3

Wood&Agr.Wast, %40,940,840,439,038,740,137,735,433,032,230,122,815,711,5

Solar, %000,0150,0150,0440,2630,5740,8421,031,2131,3151,4291,3611,183

Table 21. Varianta consumului de gaz in anul 2100 - 60 %

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ64,7565,0366,0066,7067,6164,6569,6476,0283,4989,8499,65133,0188,9262,0

Natural gas, PJ31,4631,9133,0034,6835,3332,5135,439,143,347,152,873,1108,7157,2

Liquefied gas,PJ0,740,711,111,181,221,281,531,681,811,901,972,423,003,58

Electricity, PJ1,221,031,140,890,930,782,263,966,247,099,8921,4841,1764,3

Coal, PJ2,122,772,632,753,013,223,003,003,003,003,003,003,003,00

Oil,PJ2,702,091,471,190,950,770,730,720,720,720,730,760,770,75

Wood & Wast., PJ26,5026,5326,6426,0026,1425,9226,2826,9427,5228,9430,0030,3129,6930,09

Solar, PJ0,000,000,010,010,030,170,400,640,861,091,311,902,573,10

Natural gas, %48,649,150,052,052,350,350,951,451,952,452,955,057,560,0

Liquefied gas,%1,11,11,71,81,82,02,22,22,22,12,01,81,61,4

Electricity, %1,91,61,71,31,41,23,25,27,57,99,916,221,824,5

Coal, %3,34,34,04,14,55,04,33,93,63,33,02,31,61,1

Oil, %4,23,22,21,81,41,21,00,90,90,80,70,60,40,3

Wood&Agr.Wast, %40,940,840,439,038,740,137,735,433,032,230,122,815,711,5

Solar, %000,0150,0150,0440,2630,5740,8421,031,2131,3151,4291,3611,183

4. Reducerea emisiilor de GES prin

micorarea consumului de cldur pentru nclziri

Repartizarea consumului de energie termic pe tipuri de consumatori este prezentat n fig.2. n prezent consumul pentru nclziri constituie peste 50 % din total. Pe viitor, cu creterea consumului de cldur n sectorul industrial i n cel agricol, cota nclzirilor n bilanul de energie se va reduce, dar totui va rmne unul din cele mai mari.

n acelai timp, trebuie de remarcat, c n Republica Moldova exist rezerve enorme de reducere a consumului de cldur la nclziri. Direciile de reducere pot fi urmtoarele:

mrirea rezistenei termice a anvelopei cldirilor,

reducerea pierderilor de cldur prin amplasarea optim a cldirilor i a ncperilor cu diferit destinaie n interiorul cldirilor n raport cu punctele cardinale,

utilizarea pe larg a verandelor, lojelor i balcoanelor vitrate,

reglarea programat a temperaturii interne pe ncperi n funcie de programul de lucru a acestora.

n incintele mari (sli sportive, sli de agrement, hale industriale .a.) poate fi utilizat nclzirea local prin radiaie, programat pentru orele de lucru. n tab.22 sunt prezentate caracteristicile termice ale cldirilor, conform datelor din [Varl.] i [TT.Sp.4]

Table 22. Caracteristici termice ale cldirilor din RM

Perioada de

construcie

a cldiriiRezistena termic, m2K/WIntensitate specific

de nclzire, W/m2

pereiferestrepodeaurbanrural

19972,50,393,350130

Tab.23 prezint posibilitatea de reducere a consumului specific de cldur la nclzire prin reglarea programat a temperaturii n ncperi, reducnd aceasta de la valoarea normativ pn la cea de gard n timpul cnd ncperile nu sunt folosite.

Tabelul 23. Reducerea consumului de cldur

prin reglarea programat a temperaturii n ncperi

Temperatura

interioara, 0Cnormativ18201820

de gard12121010

Durata cu t-ra normativ, h/zi1010108

Coeficient de reduceree0,800,760,730,66

Intensitate specific, W/m2urban40383733

rural104999585

Lund n consideraie reducerea pierderilor de cldur, utiliznd i alte msuri, considerm valorile posibile de obinut ale intensitilor specifice de nclzire pentru sectorul urban 30 W/m2, pentru cel rural - 70 W/m2.

Rezultatele calculelor consumului de cldur funcie de valorile intensitii specifice sunt prezentate n tab.24 i fig. 3. Au fost analizate 3 regimuri cu diferite valori ale intensitii specifice:

I urban - 0,04 kW/m2 i rural - 0,11 kW/m2;

II - urban - 0,035 kW/m2 i rural - 0,09 kW/m2;

III- urban - 0,03 kW/m2 i rural - 0,07 kW/m2.

Din datele prezentate se vede, c prin reducerea intensitii specifice de nclzire de la 0,04 pn la 0,03 W/(m2K) n sectorul urban i de la 0,11 pn la 0,07 W/(m2K) n cel rural, ctre anul 2100 se poate micora consumul respectiv de energie cu peste 30 %.

Repartizarea surselor primare, din care se obine cldura pentru nclziri, pentru cele trei variante este prezentat n tab.25, 26 i 27. Reducerea consumului s-a considerat uniform, pstrndu-se procentele din varianta de baz.

Tabelul 25. Consumul de cldur pentru nclziri funcie de consumul specific n cldiri

q0, W/(m2K)20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Urban 4016,8716,5316,8117,0016,9715,0015,5316,4917,5717,5917,4816,1113,9411,73

3516,8716,5316,8117,0016,9715,0015,7316,7117,5717,3517,2315,5812,8310,27

3016,8716,5316,8117,0016,9715,0015,5316,0517,1017,1015,7314,7911,998,80

Rural 11017,8317,9918,1018,3418,3018,1318,4018,8219,3719,8719,7920,1219,7818,93

9017,8317,9918,1018,3418,3018,1318,2818,5818,8619,1319,1118,6517,4515,49

7017,8317,9918,1018,3418,3018,1318,1718,2218,3618,4018,4417,3314,9612,05

Total 40+11034,7034,5234,9135,3535,2833,1333,9335,3236,9437,4637,2736,2333,7230,67

35+9034,7034,5234,9135,3535,2833,1334,0235,2936,4436,4836,3434,2330,2825,76

30+7034,7034,5234,9135,3535,2833,1333,7034,2735,4635,5034,1732,1226,9520,85

Table 26. Repartizarea consumurilor de resurse primare n var. qo= 40+110 W/m2

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Heating, PJ34,7034,5234,9135,3535,2833,1333,9335,3236,9437,4637,2736,2333,7230,67

Natural gas, PJ13,8813,9614,4614,8414,7212,8112,8313,1013,3412,6511,9011,5110,9610,36

Coal, PJ9,059,119,519,849,948,728,869,049,218,768,187,737,246,65

Oil,PJ2,001,420,970,720,500,350,300,270,240,240,220,180,140,09

Wood & Wastes, PJ9,529,819,759,729,9411,0811,7512,7113,9315,6016,7616,5715,0713,10

Electricity, PJ0,250,220,220,210,190,170,180,200,220,220,220,240,300,47

Natural gas, %39,9940,4441,4241,9941,7338,6837,8237,0936,1233,7731,9331,7632,5033,79

Coal, %26,0926,3827,2427,8528,1926,3126,1225,5924,9423,3921,9521,3421,4821,68

Oil, %5,774,122,772,051,421,070,890,760,660,630,580,500,420,29

Wood & Wastes, %27,4428,4227,9227,5028,1933,4334,6435,9937,7041,6344,9645,7444,7042,71

Electricity, %0,710,650,640,600,550,510,530,560,590,580,590,650,901,54


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Heating, PJ34,7034,5234,9135,3535,2833,1334,0235,2936,4436,4836,3434,2330,2825,76

Natural gas, PJ13,8813,9614,4614,8414,7212,8112,8713,0913,1612,3211,6010,879,848,70

Coal, PJ9,059,119,519,849,948,728,899,039,098,537,987,316,505,58

Oil,PJ2,001,420,970,720,500,350,300,270,240,230,210,170,130,07

Wood & Wastes, PJ9,529,819,759,729,9411,0811,7812,7013,7415,1916,3415,6613,5311,00

Electricity, PJ0,250,220,220,210,190,170,180,200,210,210,210,220,270,40

Natural gas, %39,9940,4441,4241,9941,7338,6837,8237,0936,1233,7731,9331,7632,5033,79

Coal, %26,0926,3827,2427,8528,1926,3126,1225,5924,9423,3921,9521,3421,4821,68

Oil, %5,774,122,772,051,421,070,890,760,660,630,580,500,420,29

Wood & Wastes, %27,4428,4227,9227,5028,1933,4334,6435,9937,7041,6344,9645,7444,7042,71

Electricity, %0,710,650,640,600,550,510,530,560,590,580,590,650,901,54


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Heating, PJ34,7034,5234,9135,3535,2833,1333,7034,2735,4635,5034,1732,1226,9520,85

Natural gas, PJ13,8813,9614,4614,8414,7212,8112,7412,7112,8111,9910,9110,208,767,04

Coal, PJ9,059,119,519,849,948,728,808,778,848,307,506,855,794,52

Oil,PJ2,001,420,970,720,500,350,300,260,230,220,200,160,110,06

Wood & Wastes, PJ9,529,819,759,729,9411,0811,6712,3313,3714,7815,3614,6912,058,90

Electricity, PJ0,250,220,220,210,190,170,180,190,210,210,200,210,240,32

Natural gas, %39,9940,4441,4241,9941,7338,6837,8237,0936,1233,7731,9331,7632,5033,79

Coal, %26,0926,3827,2427,8528,1926,3126,1225,5924,9423,3921,9521,3421,4821,68

Oil, %5,774,122,772,051,421,070,890,760,660,630,580,500,420,29

Wood & Wastes, %27,4428,4227,9227,5028,1933,4334,6435,9937,7041,6344,9645,7444,7042,71

Electricity, %0,710,650,640,600,550,510,530,560,590,580,590,650,901,54

5. Reducerea emisiilor de GES prin utilizarea biomasei

6.1. Generaliti

Biomasa n sectorul termoenergetic poate fi folosit n mai multe forme i direcii:

prin arderea nemijlocit a mai multor forme de biomas:

lemne de la tierile sanitare ale pdurilor,

lemn obinut din plantaiile energetice de tufari,

lemne de la curirea livezilor, viilor, fiilor protectoare de copaci, parcurilor .a.,

deeuri agricole (tulpini de porumb, floarea soarelui, paie .a.),

deeuri menajere,

deeuri ale industriei de prelucrare (rumegu de lemn, coji de semine de floarea soarelui, semine de fructe .a.);

prin producerea i utilizarea combustibililor solizi:

mangal,

brichete,

pelete;

prin producerea i utilizarea biocombustibililor lichizi:

biodiesel,

alcooli;

prin producerea i utilizarea biocombustibililor gazoi:

biogazul,

gazul de gazogen.

Pentru toate formele de combustibili enumerate mai sus exist tehnologii i instalaii contemporane de utilizare cu un grad nalt de automatizare a proceselor. Biomasa i biocombustibilii pot fi folosii n instalaii individuale de nclzire, n cazanele de ap fierbinte ale Centralelor Termice autonome i districtuale, n cazanele de abur ale Centralelor Electrice cu Termoficare. Biocombustibilii gazoi pot nlocui gazul natural practic n toate domeniile: menaj, cazane de ap cald, instalaii de co-generare cu motoare cu piston sau turbine cu gaze.

Sursele de biocombustibili, la care trebuie de atras atenia n primul rnd, sunt deeurile menajere i industriale, solide i lichide, deoarece ele creeaz probleme acute prin poluarea mediului ambiant.

6.2. Rezervele de energie n sectorul rezidenial

Cantitea de cldur, posibil de obinut prin incinerarea deeurilor menajere sunt prezentate n tab.29 i tab 30. Producia specific de deeuri s-a considerat 1,0 kg/pers pe zi. Cota reciclrii va crete de la 0 % n anul 2000 pn la 40 % n sectorul urban i 20 % n cel rural pn n anul 2100. De asemenea, se va mri i cota deeurilor utilizate. Cldura specific de ardere se va reduce proporional cotei reciclrii, deoarece pentru reciclare se vor selecta preponderent materiale inflamabile: hrtie, plastic. Randamentul instalaiilor de incinerare s-a considerat 0,7.

Tabelul 29. Cldura disponibil a deeurilor menajere urbane uscate n RM

Anul2000200520102015202020252030205020752100

Producie anual, kt560.5479.2480.1482.2484.2485.5487.0492.6498.5503.4

Cota reciclrii, %00.53.006.009.0013.0015.0025.0035.0040.00

Disponibil pentru incinerare, kt/an560.5476.8465.7453.2440.6422.4413.9369.4324.0302.0

LHV, GJ/t6.56.56.36.15.95.75.54.94.23.9

Cota utilizrii, %00615222835557080

Energie utilizabil, PJ000.120.290.400.470.560.690.670.66

Tabelul 30. Cldura disponibil a deeurilor menajere rurale uscate n RM

Anul2000200520102015202020252030205020752100

Producie anual, kt771.7758.2748.1740.6733.1724.5716.4684.6645.8608.1

Cota reciclrii, %00.73.05.07.08.610.014.518.020.0

Disponibil pentru incinerare, kt/an771.7752.9725.7703.6681.8662.2644.8585.3529.5486.4

LHV, GJ/t5.55.55.35.25.15.05.04.74.54.4

Cota utilizrii, %00615222835557080

Energie utilizabil, PJ000.160.390.540.650.781.061.171.20

Estimarea energiei posibile de obinut din biogazul produs din apele reziduale urbane este prezentat n tab.31. Producia specific de biogaz s-a considerat 0,05 m3/pers. pe zi, cldura inferioar de ardere 22 MJ/m3, randamentul de utilizare 0,8. deoarece biogazul se va utiliza parial i pentru producerea energiei electrice, cota-parte utilizat pentru producerea cldurii s-a limitat la 70 % (pentru anul 2100). De menionat, c n [SRE] cantitatea de biogaz posibil de produs din apele de canalizare urbane este estimat la 32 mil. m3/an.

Tabelul 31. Cldura disponibil a deeurilor menajere lichide urbane n RM

Anul2000200520102015202020252030205020752100

Cota producerii, %0010202836426585100

Producie de biogaz, mil.m3/an0.00.02.44.86.88.710.216.021.225.2

Cota utilizat, %00714202530456070

Energie utilizat n sectorul t/energetic, PJ000.000.010.020.040.050.130.220.31

Pe viitor trebuie de ateptat instalarea sistemelor de reele de colectare a apelor reziduale i n localitile rurale. Considerm c acest proces se va ncepe dup anul 2015, ctre anul 2100 fiind asigurate cu sisteme de canalizare 60 % din populaia rural i 80 % din acestea vor fi dotate cu instalaii de biogaz. Pentru producerea cldurii vor fi consumate 70 % din biogazul produs n aceste instalaii. Restul va fi folosit pentru producerea energiei electrice, sau n scopuri tehnologice locale. Rezultatele estimrilor sunt prezentate n tab.32.

Tabelul 32. Cldura disponibil a deeurilor menajere lichide rurale n RM

Anul2015202020252030205020752100

% canalizare sate0714,020,040,053,060,0

Cota producerii, %0505660707680

Producie de biogaz, mil.m3/an0,018,320,321,524,024,524,3

Cota utilizata, %0707070707070

Energie utilizata, PJ0,000,230,250,260,300,300,30

Cldura obinut se va utiliza exclusiv n sectorul rezidenial.

6.3. Rezervele de biogaz n sectorul industrial

Dup datele din [3] i [4], producia specific de biogaz poate fi apreciat pentru industria de prelucrare i conservare a legumelor i fructelor la 0,08 m3 la 1 leu producie. Pe viitor, cu dezvoltarea tehnologiilor de producere, aceast valoare se va reduce considerabil. Cotele-pri ale celorlalte ramuri ale industriei de prelucrare n raport cu producia conservelor le considerm:

prelucrarea crnii - 1,0;

producerea zahrului 0,6;

prelucrarea laptelui - 0,4;

producerea buturilor alcoolice 0,2.

Rezultatele estimrilor sunt prezentate n tab.33.

Tabelul 33. Cldura disponibil a deeurilor lichide ale industriei de prelucrare n RM

Anul200520102015202020252030205020752100

Prelucrarea i conservarea legumelor i fructelor,mil.lei 47510002500400060008000130001700020000

Producie specific de biogaz, m3/leu0,080,0770,0750,0700,0620,0550,0300,0200,016

Cota producerii de biogaz, %010202836426585100

Producerea de biogaz n ramura de prelucrare a legumelor i fructelor, mil.m30,007,5515,0020,5824,5526,5724,9623,8024,00

Producerea total de biogaz, mil.m3024,148,065,978,685,079,976,276,8

Energia utilizabil, PJ0,000,270,540,740,880,950,900,850,86

Cretere produciei din fructe o considerm, conform [5], cu 35 % pe an.

Energia obinut se va utiliza n procesele tehnologice la ntreprinderile respective.

6.4. Rezervele de biomas n sectorul agricol

Terenurile agricole n republic au o suprafa de peste 2,5 mil.ha. Repartizarea lor dup culturile cu o producie consistent de biomas, conform [5], este prezentat n tab.34. Producia anual posibil este de 64,54 PJ, ceea ce echivaleaz cu 2,20 mil.t.c.c.

Tabelul 33. Biomasa combustibil disponibil n sectorul agrar

CulturaSuprafaa, mii haProducia specific, t/haProducia total, ktLHV biomaseiMJ/kgProducia de caldur, PJ/an

Livezi1302,4 312123,74

Vii1502,5375124,50

Paduri4402,511001314,30

Grane3501,5525147,35

Porumb5003,718501425,90

Floarea soarelui2502,5625148,75

Total1820478764,54

Rezervele de dejecii de grajd pentru producerea biogazului s-au estimat dup numrul de animale i psri, conform [5]. Rezultatele estimrilor sunt prezentate n tab.34. Producia anual posibil este de 8,97 PJ, ceea ce echivaleaz cu 270 mil.m3 de gaz natural sau 310 mii t.c.c.

Tabelul 34. Disponibilitatea de producere a biogazului n sectorul agricol al RM

SursaMii capeteProduciespecific, m3/cap.ziProducie total, mil.m3/anLHV MJ/m3Producia de caldur, PJ/an

Vaci2501,5136,9223,01

Porci4000,229,2230,67

Ovine9000,1549,3241,18

Pasari150000,03164,3254,11

Total16550379,68,97

Energia biomasei i a biogazului, posibil de utilizat, este prezentat n tab.35 i tab.36.

Table 35. Variante de utilizare a energiei biomasei agricole

Year2000200520102015202020252030205020752100

Rata de cretere a biomasei, %001,02,03,03,94,67,09,010,0

Energie disponib. PJ64,5464,5465,1965,8366,4867,0667,5169,0670,3570,99

Energie utilizat,var.de baz, PJ26,5025,9226,2826,9427,5228,9430,0030,3129,6930,09

Cota utilizrii, var.b, %41,140,240,340,941,443,244,443,942,242,4

Energie utilizat,varianta maxim, PJ26,5025,9230,6434,2337,2340,2341,8646,9650,6553,25

Cota utilizrii, var.max, %41,140,247,052,056,060,062,068,072,075,0

Table 36. Variante de utilizare a energiei biogazului produs n agricultur

Year2004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Cota utilizrii, var.medie, %0,000,011,003,005,007,0010,0019,0025,0030,00

Energie utilizat, var.medie, PJ0,000,000,080,230,380,540,771,451,912,30

Cota utilizarii var.maxim, %0,000,012,005,0011,0017,0023,0042,0053,0060,00

Energie utilizat, var.maxim, PJ 0,000,000,150,380,841,301,763,214,054,59

6.5. Utilizarea energiei biomasei n sectorul cldiri

n sectorul cldiri se utilizeaz energia tuturur formelor de biomas: biogaz, deeuri menajere, lemn, deeuri agricole.

n varianta maxim a sectorului urban de cldiri s-a inclus (vezi tab.37) energia disponibil a biogazului din apele reziduale oreneti, energia disponibil a deeurilor menajere solide i 20 % din deeurile agricole, care se vor utiliza n suburbiile localitilor urbane din republic.

Repartizarea consumului urban de energie termic pe surse prime este prezentat n tab.38. Energia disponibil a biomasei s-a repartizat n modul urmtor:

80 % pe contul gazului natural,

5 % pe contul gazului lichefiat,

5 % pe contul produselor petroliere,

10 % pe contul crbunilor.

Ca rezultat, cota gazului natural s-a redus de la 90 %, n varianta de baz, - la ceva peste 70 %, iar cotele celorlali combustibil au sczut sub 1 %. Ponderea biocombustibililor ns a crescut fa de varianta de baz de la 1 % pn peste 20 %.

n varianta maxim a sectorului respectiv rural (vezi tab.39) s-au inclus aceleai surse de bioenergie ca i n cel urban, cu excepia energiei deeurilor agricole, cota-parte a crora s-a considerat 50 % din total.

Repartizarea consumului rural de energie termic pe surse prime este prezentat n tab.40. Energia disponibil a biomasei s-a repartizat n modul urmtor:

pe contul gazului natural biogazul obinut i 20 % din deeurile agro;

pe contul gazului lichefiat - 10 % din deeurile agro;

contul crbunilor deeurile menajere solide plus 20 % din deeurile agro.

Ca rezultat, ctre anul 2100 ponderea combustibililor fosili n sectorul rural se va reduce cosiderabil, ajungnd sub 2 %.

Table 37. Household urban, bioenergy availability

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Urban biogaz, PJ0,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,010,020,040,050,130,220,31

Urban solid wastes, PJ0,000,000,000,000,000,000,120,290,400,470,560,690,670,66

Wood&Wastes, var.max., PJ0,310,270,270,260,310,300,410,580,680,740,831,041,211,47

Wood&Wastes agro 20%, PJ0,000,000,000,000,000,000,871,461,942,262,443,334,194,63

Table 38. Household urban, primary resources distribution in var. max.

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ30,2529,5529,8930,0830,0526,4326,9427,5127,9027,5727,1527,1127,6228,40

Natural gas, PJ26,0726,1627,0327,4927,6224,2924,0324,0023,9123,3222,7121,6820,9220,55

Liquefied gas,PJ0,080,070,120,130,120,140,150,170,190,190,190,190,210,24

Electricity, PJ0,720,650,610,590,560,440,380,390,400,410,410,430,520,76

Oil, PJ2,251,611,110,840,590,410,310,220,170,130,100,050,040,03

Coal, PJ0,830,780,760,760,850,830,750,650,530,430,370,210,260,36

Wood&Wastes, PJ0,310,270,270,260,310,301,282,032,623,003,274,375,406,10

Solar, PJ0,000,000,000,000,000,020,030,050,070,090,110,180,260,35

Natural gas, %86,1788,5490,4291,3991,9091,9189,2087,2385,7184,5983,6479,9675,7472,37

Liquefied gas, %0,260,250,410,440,400,520,550,610,680,680,700,700,760,86

Electricity, %2,382,212,031,971,851,671,421,421,441,471,511,581,882,67

Oil, %7,445,453,712,791,961,551,150,810,620,480,360,180,140,11

Coal, %2,742,652,532,532,833,162,802,351,911,581,350,790,951,26

Wood&Wastes, %1,020,920,900,881,041,134,767,399,3910,8912,0516,1319,5721,50

Solar, %0,000,000,000,000,010,060,130,190,250,320,390,650,951,23

Table 39. Household rural, bioenergy availability

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Rural biogaz, PJ0,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,230,250,260,300,300,30

Rural solid wastes, PJ0,000,000,000,000,000,000,160,390,540,650,781,061,171,20

Wood & wastes agro 50%, PJ0,000,000,000,000,000,002,183,654,855,656,108,3210,4811,58

Table 40. Household rural, primary resources distribution in var. max.

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumption, PJ29,9030,6031,1031,3031,7031,7033,2034,9036,5038,4039,9040,8040,5040,20

Natural gas, PJ1,621,631,842,612,822,823,062,772,302,122,021,540,800,50

Liquefied gas, PJ0,630,610,961,021,071,071,080,940,810,740,690,470,150,10

Electricity, PJ0,040,040,040,040,030,030,020,020,020,020,020,050,050,05

Coal, PJ1,231,961,841,962,132,132,171,651,260,990,770,050,050,05

Oil, PJ0,250,180,120,090,060,060,040,040,030,030,030,020,020,01

Wood & Wastes, PJ26,1326,1826,3025,5825,5825,5826,7529,3431,8634,2236,0238,2638,7338,44

Solar, PJ0,000,000,000,000,010,010,060,140,210,280,350,420,701,05

Natural gas, %5,425,335,928,348,908,909,237,946,315,525,053,771,981,24

Liquefied gas, %2,111,993,093,263,383,383,262,682,231,911,731,150,370,25

Electricity, %0,140,130,120,110,110,110,070,070,070,060,060,120,120,12

Coal, %4,116,415,926,266,726,726,544,743,462,571,930,110,120,12

Oil, %0,840,590,390,290,190,190,120,110,080,080,080,050,040,02

Wood &Agr.Wast, %87,3885,5684,5881,7480,6880,6880,5984,0787,2889,1290,2893,7695,6395,61

Solar, %0,000,000,000,000,030,030,190,390,570,730,881,031,742,62

Table 41. Household total, primary resources distribution in average variant.

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ60,1560,1560,9961,3861,7558,1360,1462,4164,4065,9767,0567,9168,1268,60

Natural gas, PJ27,6727,7828,8530,0830,4227,1927,7028,1228,4027,9727,6327,1126,8927,11

Liquefied gas,PJ0,720,701,101,171,201,241,381,391,411,411,431,541,681,96

Electricity, PJ0,760,690,640,630,590,470,410,410,430,430,430,480,590,86

Coal, PJ2,062,742,602,722,983,073,273,183,093,022,952,703,043,41

Oil,PJ2,501,791,230,930,650,470,380,310,260,230,200,160,130,09

Wood & Wast., PJ26,4326,4626,5725,8525,8925,7426,9128,8130,5432,5333,9635,3334,8233,77

Solar, PJ0,000,000,000,000,010,050,100,190,280,370,460,600,971,40

Natural gas, %46,046,247,349,049,346,846,145,144,142,441,239,939,539,5

Liquefied gas,%1,21,21,81,92,02,12,32,22,22,12,12,32,52,9

Electricity, %1,31,11,11,01,00,80,70,70,70,70,60,70,91,3

Coal, %3,44,64,34,44,85,35,45,14,84,64,44,04,55,0

Oil, %4,23,02,01,51,10,80,60,50,40,30,30,20,20,1

Wood&Agr.Wast, %43,944,043,642,141,944,344,846,247,449,350,652,051,149,2

Solar, %00000,020,080,160,300,430,560,680,881,422,04

Table 42. Household total, primary resources distribution in var. max.

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumption, PJ60,1560,1560,9961,3861,7558,3360,1462,4164,4065,9767,0567,9168,1268,60

Natural gas, PJ27,6927,7928,8730,1030,4427,1127,0926,7726,2225,4424,7223,2221,7221,05

Liquefied gas,PJ0,710,681,081,151,191,211,231,101,010,920,880,660,360,34

Electricity, PJ0,760,690,640,630,590,470,410,410,430,430,430,480,570,81

Coal, PJ2,062,742,602,722,982,962,922,301,801,421,140,260,310,41

Oil,PJ2,501,791,230,930,650,470,350,260,200,160,130,070,060,04

Wood&Agricultural wastes,PJ26,4326,4526,5725,8525,8925,8828,0431,3734,4837,2239,2942,6344,1444,54

Solar, PJ0,000,000,000,000,010,030,100,190,280,370,460,600,971,40

Natural gas, %46,046,247,349,049,346,545,142,940,738,636,934,231,930,7

Liquefied gas,%1,21,11,81,91,92,12,01,81,61,41,31,00,50,5

Electricity, %1,31,11,11,01,00,80,70,70,70,70,60,70,81,2

Coal, %3,44,64,34,44,85,14,93,72,82,21,70,40,50,6

Oil, %4,23,02,01,51,10,80,60,40,30,20,20,10,10,1

Wood&Agricultural wastes, %43,944,043,642,141,944,446,650,353,556,458,662,864,864,9

Solar, %00000,020,040,160,300,430,560,680,881,422,05

n tab.41 i tab.42 este prezentat repartizarea pe resurse n total pentru sectorul cldiri pentru variantele medie i maxim. Copmparnd datele din varianta maxim cu cele din tab.2, n care se prezint varianta de baz, observm c este posibil sporirea ponderii SRE (biomasa plus energia solar) aproape de 2 ori de la 35 % pn la 67 %.

6.6. Utilizarea energiei biomasei n sectoarele industrial i agricol

n sectorul industrial se utilizeaz biogazul obinut la ntreprinderile de prelucrare i o cantitate nensemnat de deeuri industriale solide, care n-a fost analizat separat. Cantitatea de energie disponibil a biogazului a fost prezentat n tab.33. Repartizarea acesteia pentru varianta maxim este dat n tab.44. S-a considerat c biogazul va substitui gazul natural i crbunii. ns, cantitatea disponibil de energie a biogazului fiind de mai puin de 0,5 %, consumul acestora se va reduce nensemnat.

Energia biomasei disponibil n sectorul agrar a fost prezentat n tab.34, tab.35 i tab.36, repartizarea ei pentru varianta maxim - n tab.34. Cu energia biomasei a fost nlocuit n ntregime gazul natural i parial energia electric. Ca rezultat ponderea biomasei a crescut n comparaie cu varianta de baz de la mai puin de 9 % pn aproape de 54 %.

Table 43. Industry, primary resources distribution in base variant

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Industry B, PJ4,314,564,835,135,465,798,6312,4117,562230,461,5115,6186,5

Natural gas, PJ3,634,024,14,64,95,226,016,918,099,1610,1216,029,748,5

Electricity, PJ0,440,230,470,230,220,202,174,858,6211,7418,8242,7780,0127,3

Oil, PJ0,120,230,180,220,260,280,310,350,380,40,430,50,550,6

Coal, PJ0,060,030,030,0310,0330,0350,050,10,170,30,4512,54,5

Wood&Wastes, PJ0,0560,050,050,050,050,060,090,20,30,40,61,22,95,6

Natural gas, %84,288,284,989,789,790,269,655,746,141,633,326,025,726,0

Electricity, %10,35,09,74,54,03,425,139,149,153,461,969,569,268,3

Oil, %2,85,03,74,34,84,83,62,82,21,81,40,80,50,3

Coal, %1,40,70,60,60,60,60,60,81,01,41,51,62,22,4

Wood&Wastes, %1,31,11,01,00,91,01,01,61,71,81,92,02,53,0

Table 44. Industry, primary resources distribution in maximal variant

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Industry B, PJ4,314,564,835,135,465,798,6312,4117,562230,461,5115,6186,5

Natural gas, PJ3,634,024,14,64,95,225,746,377,398,329,2715,4029,3548,24

Electricity, PJ0,440,230,470,230,220,202,174,858,6211,7418,8242,8780,0127,3

Oil, PJ0,120,230,180,220,260,280,310,350,380,40,430,50,550,6

Coal, PJ0,060,030,030,0310,0330,0350,050,10,130,260,350,724,4

Wood&Wastes, PJ0,0560,050,050,050,050,060,360,741,041,281,532,133,746,46

Natural gas, %84,288,284,989,789,790,266,551,342,137,830,525,025,425,9

Electricity, %10,35,09,74,54,03,425,139,149,153,461,969,769,268,3

Oil, %2,85,03,74,34,84,83,62,82,21,81,40,80,50,3

Coal, %1,40,70,60,60,60,60,60,80,71,21,21,11,72,4

Wood&Wastes, %1,31,11,01,00,91,04,26,05,95,85,03,53,23,5

Table 45. Agriculture, primary resources distribution in maximal variant

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Agriculture, PJ0,290,320,180,190,400,531,101,702,303,404,509,0013,5016,90

Natural gas, PJ0,180,120,060,010,020,030,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,00

Electricity, PJ0,020,110,030,030,120,120,080,080,191,050,172,675,566,02

Oil, PJ0,080,070,060,040,040,030,020,020,020,020,020,020,020,02

Coal, PJ0,0010,0010,0010,0002,0010,0010,0030,0040,010,010,010,020,030,04

Wood&Wastes, PJ0,010,0150,020,10,20,250,71,151,51,61,74,996,299,12

Solar, PJ000,010,010,020,10,30,450,580,722,601,31,61,7

Natural gas, %62,0737,5033,3362,0762,0762,070,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,00

Electricity, %6,5535,6316,116,556,556,557,004,478,2630,883,7829,6141,2035,63

Oil, %27,5921,8833,3321,0510,005,661,821,180,870,590,440,220,150,12

Coal, %0,340,310,560,34500,250,340,270,240,430,290,220,220,220,24

Wood&Wastes, %3,454,6911,1152,6350,0047,1763,6467,6565,2247,0637,7855,5046,5853,95

Solar, %0,000,005,565,265,0018,8727,2726,4725,2221,1857,7814,4411,8510,06

7. Reducerea emisiilor de GES prin utilizarea energiei solare

Conform [5] energie solar disponibil n RM este de 50.95 PJ. Considerm c n anul 2100 n scopuri termice se vor valorifica cca 30 % din aceasta 15 PJ (varianta maxim). Gradul propus de utilizare a energiei heliotermice pentru anul 2020 n [5] este destul de redus: prepararea ACM 0,17 PJ i procesele de uscare 0,5 PJ, pe cnd solicitrile de cldur, care pot fi satisfcute utiliznd energia solar, sunt inconsiderabil mai mari, numai prepararea ACM constituind 11,5 PJ (vezi tab.46). Datele din tabel s-au determinat din considerena posibilitii utilizrii colectoarelor solare n lunile martie-octombrie.

Table 46. Posibilitati de utilizare a energiei solare pentru prepararea ACM

200520102015202020252030205020752100

ACM urban3,924,124,374,624,865,115,185,265,34

ACM solar, PJ2,152,292,683,063,423,784,625,236,16

ACM solar total6,076,417,047,678,298,909,8010,5011,50

Energia heliotermic valorificat n total i repartizarea ei pe sectoare este prezentat n tab.47. Repartizarea s-a fcut n proporiile urmtoare:

prepararea apei calde n sectorul cldiri cca. 60 %;

sectorul industrial cca. 15 %;

sectorul agricol cca. 25 %;

Table 47. Repartizarea energiei solare pe sectoare, varianta maxim

200520102015202020252030205020752100

Solar total, PJ0,171,32,53,85,16,19,813,015,0

ACM total0,070,71,62,22,83,55,97,79,20

Solar agro0,10,40,61,11,51,72,43,23,3

Solar industrial00,20,30,50,80,91,52,12,5

Repartizarea consumului pe surse prime de energie pentru fiecare din aceste sectoare este dat n tab.48, tab.49 i tab.50. S-a considerat posibilitatea nlocuirii cu energie solar a gazului natural i crbunilor, iar n sectorul agricol, unde n varianta de baz crbunii au o pondere nesemnificativ a energiei electrice. De menionat, c n varianta de baz a sectorului industrial utilizarea energiei solare nu se prevedea, n varianta maxim ponderea ei n anii 2030 ajunge la 2,83,6 %. Ea va fi folosit pentru nclzirea apei de consum i tehnologice, precum i n alte scopuri.

n tab.51 este reprezentat repartizarea pe surse pentru sectorul energetic n total pentru varianta maximal. n comparaie cu varianta de baz consumurile de gaz natural i de crbuni se vor reduce cu cte 2,53,0 %, iar energia solar va crete cu 4,35,6 %.

Table 48. Hausehold primary resources distribution in maximal variant

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ60,1560,1560,9961,3861,7558,1360,1462,4164,4065,9767,0567,9168,1268,60

Natural gas, PJ27,6527,7728,8430,0730,4127,2628,0128,8329,8429,7029,2527,8427,6027,79

Liquefied gas,PJ0,740,711,111,181,221,2801,531,681,811,901,972,423,003,58

Electricity, PJ0,760,690,640,630,590,470,410,410,430,430,430,480,620,91

Coal, PJ2,062,742,602,722,983,183,303,303,203,003,003,003,504,00

Oil,PJ2,501,791,230,930,650,460,400,350,320,300,280,240,200,13

Wood & Wast., PJ26,4326,4626,5725,8525,8925,6125,7926,2426,6027,8428,6228,0325,5022,99

Solar, PJ0,000,000,000,000,010,070,701,602,202,803,505,907,709,20

Natural gas, %46,046,247,349,049,246,946,646,246,345,043,641,040,540,5

Liquefied gas,%1,21,21,81,92,02,22,52,72,82,92,93,64,45,2

Electricity, %1,31,11,01,01,00,80,70,70,70,70,60,70,91,3

Coal, %3,44,64,34,44,85,55,55,35,04,54,54,45,15,8

Oil, %4,23,02,01,51,10,80,70,60,50,50,40,40,30,2

Wood&Agr.Wast, %43,944,043,642,141,944,142,942,041,342,242,741,337,433,5

Solar, %00000,020,121,162,563,424,245,228,6911,3013,41

Table 49. Industry, primary resources distribution in maximal variant

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Industry B, PJ4,314,564,835,135,465,798,6312,4117,562230,461,5115,6186,5

Natural gas, PJ3,634,024,14,64,95,225,816,617,598,369,2214,5028,0647,51

Electricity, PJ0,440,230,470,230,220,202,174,858,6211,7418,8242,7780,0127,3

Oil, PJ0,120,230,180,220,260,280,310,350,380,40,430,50,550,6

Coal, PJ0,060,030,030,0310,0330,0350,10,10,20,30,51,02,03,0

Wood&Wastes, PJ0,0560,050,050,050,050,060,090,20,30,40,61,22,95,6

Solar, PJ0,000,000,000,000,000,000,20,30,50,80,91,52,12,5

Natural gas, %84,288,284,989,789,790,267,353,343,238,030,323,624,325,5

Electricity, %10,25,09,74,54,03,525,139,149,153,461,969,569,268,3

Oil, %2,85,03,74,34,84,83,62,82,21,81,40,80,50,3

Coal, %1,40,70,60,60,60,60,60,81,01,41,51,61,71,6

Wood&Wastes, %1,31,11,01,00,91,01,01,61,71,81,92,02,53,0

Solar, %0,00,00,00,00,00,02,32,42,83,63,02,41,81,3

Table 50. Agriculture, primary resources distribution in maximal variant

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Agriculture 1, PJ0,290,320,180,190,40,531,101,702,303,404,509,0013,5016,90

Natural gas, PJ0,180,120,060,010,020,030,070,130,170,300,501,303,105,50

Electricity, PJ0,020,110,030,030,120,120,200,450,380,871,474,215,856,54

Oil, PJ0,080,070,060,040,040,030,020,020,020,020,020,020,020,02

Coal, PJ0,000,000,000,000,000,000,010,000,010,010,010,020,030,04

Wood&Wastes, PJ0,010,0150,020,10,20,250,40,50,620,70,81,051,31,5

Solar, PJ000,010,010,020,10,400,601,101,501,702,403,203,30

Natural gas, %62,0737,5033,334,55,25,86,47,67,48,811,114,423,032,5

Electricity, %6,6035,7416,5216,3529,6522,3518,3626,4716,5225,5932,6746,7843,3338,70

Oil, %27,5921,8833,3321,0510,005,661,821,180,870,590,440,220,150,12

Coal, %0,30,20,150,200,150,150,730,000,430,290,220,220,220,24

Wood&Wastes, %3,454,6911,1152,6350,0047,1736,3629,4126,9620,5917,7811,679,638,88

Solar, %0,000,005,565,265,0018,8736,3635,2947,8344,1237,7826,6723,7019,52

Table 51. Solar total (var.max.)

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ64,7565,0366,0066,7067,6164,4569,8776,5284,2691,37101,95138,41197,22272,00

Natural gas, PJ31,4631,9133,0034,6835,3332,5133,8935,5737,6038,3638,9743,6458,7680,79

Liquefied gas,PJ0,740,711,111,181,221,281,531,681,811,901,972,423,003,58

Electricity, PJ1,221,031,140,890,930,792,785,719,4313,0420,7247,4686,47134,75

Coal, PJ2,122,772,632,753,013,223,363,403,383,313,464,025,537,04

Oil,PJ2,702,091,471,190,950,770,730,720,720,720,730,760,770,75

Wood & Wast., PJ26,5026,5326,6426,0026,1425,9226,2826,9427,5228,9430,0030,3129,6930,09

Solar, PJ0,000,000,010,010,030,171,302,503,805,106,109,8013,0015,00

Natural gas, %48,649,150,052,052,350,448,546,544,642,038,231,529,829,7

Liquefied gas,%1,11,11,71,81,82,02,22,22,12,11,91,71,51,3

Electricity, %1,91,61,71,31,41,24,07,511,214,320,334,343,849,5

Coal, %3,34,34,04,14,55,04,84,44,03,63,42,92,82,6

Oil, %4,23,22,21,81,41,21,00,90,90,80,70,50,40,3

Wood&Agr.Wast, %40,940,840,439,038,740,237,635,232,731,729,421,915,111,1

Solar, %000,020,010,040,261,863,274,515,585,987,086,595,51

8. Reducerea emisiilor de GES prin utilizarea pompelor de cldur

6.1. Generaliti

Pompele de cldur (PC) se utilizeaz pentru ridicarea temperaturii surselor de cldur cu potenialul redus (t < 40 0C), care nu pot fi utilizate nemijlocit. Aceste surse pot fi naturale: apele de suprafa, apele freatice, aerul atmosferic, solul, precum i tehnologice: ape de canalizare, ape de rcire a utilajului, aer de ventilare etc. n funcie de agenii termici din condensator i vaporizator deosebesc urmtoarele tipuri de pompe de cldur:

aer aer,

ap - aer,

ap ap,

sol ap .a.

n sistemele rezidniale mai rspndite sunt instalaiile cu compresie de vapori, care folosesc n calitate de energie exterioar energie electric, mai rar lucrul mecanic. n industrie deseori se utilzeaz i PC cu absorbie care, n calitate de energie exterioar, folosesc cldura. Eficiena PC se caracterizeaz cu coeficientul de performan COP, care reprezint raportul dintre cldura obinut i energie exterioar folosit pentru ridicarea potenialului acesteia i are valoarea mai mare de 1. Economia de resurse energetice primare la folosirea PC cu compresie de vapori este prezentat n fig. 6.1, n cazul celor cu absorbie n fig.6.2. Graficele au fost obinute la valorile randamentelor Centralelor Electrice 0,35 i a Centralelor Termice 0,85. Economia de resurse primare pentru pompele de cldur cu absorbie se obine la valori mai mici ale COP deoarece acestea folosesc energie exterioar de calitate mai inferioar. Lund n consideraie investiiile cu mult mai mari dect n Centralele Termice i cheltuielile de exploatare mai considerabile, PC sunt raional de utilizat, ncepnd cu valorile COP: pentru cele cu compresie de vapori 2,62,8, pentru cele cu absorbie 1,51,8.

6.2. Folosirea PC n cldiri

n cldiri pompele de cldur se utilizeaz sau numai pentru nclziri sau n sisteme de alimentare complex cu cldur pentru nclziri i prepararea apei calde menajere. n multe ri tot mai frecvente sunt sistemele de alimentare concomitent cu cldur i frig (ap rece). Sistemele i instalaiile meci, de obicei, funcioneaz n baza PC cu compresie de vapori, cele mari n baza PC cu absorbie.

n tab.55 sunt prezentate posibilitile de economisire a energiei n sectorul cldiri (varianta maxim). Posibil de produs cu PC s-a considerat energia termic consumat pentru nclziri i prepararea apei calde menajere. Din aceasta s-a considerat posibil de a fi produs cu PC n total 40 %, din care: 30 % - n instalaii cu compresie de vapori la COP = 3,0 i 10 % - n cele cu absorbie la COP = 1,8.

Tabelul 55. Economisirea energiei termice, n PJ, utiliznd pompele de cldur

Anul 200520102015202020252030205020752100

Total energie termic58,3360,1462,4164,4065,9767,0567,9168,1268,60

Cldur posibil de produs cu PC45,9847,8350,0752,0353,4954,5655,6555,7256,20

Produs cu PC cu compresie de vapori0,010,91,82,83,754,68,112,616,9

Economie de energie la PC cu compresie de vapori0,0020,200,400,630,841,031,812,823,78

Produs cu PC cu absorbie 0,000,601,201,802,202,704,005,005,60

Economie la PC cu absorbie0,000,290,580,861,061,301,922,402,69

Consum totalPJ58,3359,6561,4362,9164,0764,7264,1862,9062,14

%100,099,298,497,797,196,594,592,390,6

Reducerea consumului total de energie ctre anul 2100 poate constitui aproape de 10 %. Economia o considerm pe contul consumului de gaz natural, care n bilanul de resurse primare ocup 4548 %. Concomitent va crete ntru ctva consumul de energie electric sursa prim de energie a PC cu compresie de vapori. Repartizarea energiei pe surse primare este prezentat n tab. 56.

Table 56. Hausehold total Heat Pump utilization (var.max.)

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.init.,PJ60,1560,1560,9961,3861,7558,1360,1462,4164,4065,9767,0567,9168,1268,60

Consumpt.PC, PJ60,1560,1560,9961,3861,7558,1359,6561,4362,9164,0764,7264,1862,9062,14

Natural gas, PJ27,6527,7728,8430,0730,4127,2627,7328,3828,8828,3327,8626,6725,9025,45

Liquefied gas,PJ0,740,711,111,181,221,281,531,681,811,901,972,423,003,58

Electricity, PJ0,760,690,640,630,590,470,480,540,640,710,771,081,562,17

Coal, PJ2,062,742,602,722,983,183,624,054,384,624,765,135,776,42

Oil,PJ2,501,791,230,930,650,460,400,350,320,300,280,240,200,13

Wood & Wast., PJ26,4326,4626,5725,8525,8925,6125,7926,2426,6027,8428,6228,0325,5022,99

Solar, PJ0,000,000,000,000,010,070,100,190,280,370,460,600,971,40

Consumpt.PC, PJ100,0100,0100,0100,0100,0100,099,298,497,797,196,594,592,390,6

Natural gas, %46,046,247,349,049,246,946,546,245,944,243,041,641,241,0

Liquefied gas,%1,21,21,81,92,02,22,62,72,93,03,03,84,85,8

Electricity, %1,31,11,01,01,00,80,80,91,01,11,21,72,53,5

Coal, %3,44,64,34,44,85,56,16,67,07,27,48,09,210,3

Oil, %4,23,02,01,51,10,80,70,60,50,50,40,40,30,2

Wood&Agr.Wast, %43,944,043,642,141,944,143,242,742,343,444,243,740,537,0

Solar, %00000,020,120,170,310,450,580,710,931,542,25

6.3. Folosirea PC n industrie i agricultur

n industria Republicii Moldova predomin ramurile de prelucrare a produselor alimentare cu tratri termice la temperatur joas - 60120 0C i cu succedarea proceselor de nclzire i rcire n acelai lan tehnologic: vaporizare, distilare, pasteurizare, distilare, uscare .a. n aa cazuri eficiena pompelor de cldur crete considerabil.

La ntreprinderile agricole PC, de i au posibiliti mai reduse, pot totui fi folosite la fermele de lapte pentru pasteurizarea i rcirea laptelui, n gospodriile de sere, utiliznd cldura apelor freatice .a.

n tab.57 este prezentat economisirea de energie n industrie (varianta maxim). La utilizarea PC. Posibil de produs cu PC s-a considerat n total 20 %, din care: 15 % - n instalaii cu compresie de vapori la COP = 3,0 i 5 % - n cele cu absorbie la COP = 1,8.

Tabelul 57. Economisirea energiei termice n industrie, n PJ, utiliznd pompele de cldur

Anul200520102015202020252030205020752100

Total energie termic5,798,6312,417,62230,461,5115,6186,5

Produs cu PC cu compresie de vapori01,53,35,57,810172428

Economie de energie la PC cu compresie de vapori00,340,741,231,752,243,815,386,27

Produs cu PC cu absorbie00,61,322,63,35,47,59,33

Economie la PC cu absorbie00,290,620,961,251,582,593,64,48

Consum total cu PC PJ5,798,011115,41926,655,1107176

%10092,88987,586,487,489,692,294,2

Reducerea consumului total de energie ctre anul 2100 va fi de peste 5 %. Economia o considerm pe contul consumului de gaz natural. Repartizarea energiei pe surse primare este prezentat n tab. 59.

n agricultur considerm producerea de energie cu PC la nivelul anului 2100 5 % din total. Economia i consumul sunt prezentate n tab.58.

Tabelul 58. Economisirea energiei termice n agricultur (n PJ), utiliznd pompele de cldur

Year200520102015202020252030205020752100

Agricultur total 0,531,101,702,303,404,509,0013,5016,90

Produs cu PC 00,070,120,180,240,30,50,70,85

Economie de energie la PC 00,020,030,040,050,070,110,160,19

Consum total cu PCPJ0,531,081,672,263,354,438,8913,3416,71

%10098,698,498,298,498,598,898,898,9

Repartizarea energiei pe surse primare este prezentat n tab. 60.

n tab.61 este prezentat economia i repartizarea pe surse n sectorul energetic n general. Pompele de cldur vor permite reducerea consumului total de energie cu 6,4 %.

Table 57. Industry with heat pumps, maximal variant

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Industry B, PJ4,314,564,835,135,465,798,011115,41926,655,1106,6175,8

Natural gas, PJ3,634,024,14,64,95,225,896,667,688,589,3714,7327,9246,40

Electricity, PJ0,440,230,470,230,220,201,663,746,849,3215,8237,7773,0119,0

Oil, PJ0,120,230,180,220,260,280,310,350,380,40,430,50,550,6

Coal, PJ0,060,030,030,030,030,040,050,10,170,30,451,002,54,5

Wood&Wastes, PJ0,060,050,050,050,050,060,090,20,30,40,51,12,75,3

Natural gas, %84,288,284,989,789,790,273,660,350,045,235,326,726,226,4

Electricity, %10,35,09,74,54,03,420,833,844,549,159,568,568,567,7

Oil, %2,85,03,74,34,84,83,93,22,52,11,60,90,50,3

Coal, %1,40,70,60,60,60,60,60,91,11,61,71,82,32,6

Wood&Wastes, %1,31,11,01,00,91,01,11,82,02,11,92,02,53,0

Table 60. Agriculture with HP, maximal variant

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Agriculture 1, PJ0,290,320,180,190,40,531,081,672,263,354,438,8913,3416,71

Natural gas, PJ0,180,120,060,010,020,030,070,120,190,350,541,563,956,63

Electricity, PJ0,020,110,030,030,120,120,300,580,841,552,214,946,446,82

Oil, PJ0,080,070,060,040,040,030,020,020,020,020,020,020,020,02

Coal, PJ0,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,010,010,010,020,030,04

Wood&Wastes, PJ0,010,020,020,10,20,250,40,50,620,70,81,051,31,5

Solar, PJ000,010,010,020,10,30,450,580,720,851,31,61,7

Natural gas, %62,0737,5033,334,55,25,86,127,178,4310,512,117,529,639,7

Electricity, %6,6035,7416,5216,3529,6522,3527,2334,6037,3346,2649,9455,5548,2840,83

Oil, %27,5921,8833,3321,0510,005,661,841,200,890,600,450,230,150,12

Coal, %0,30,20,150,200,150,150,250,250,250,250,250,250,250,25

Wood&Wastes, %3,454,6911,1152,6350,0047,1736,8929,8827,4420,9218,0511,819,748,98

Solar, %0,000,005,565,265,0018,8727,6726,9025,6721,5219,1814,6311,9910,17

Table 61. Thermal total with Heat Pump, maximal variant

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumption total initial, PJ64,7565,0366,0066,7067,6164,4569,8776,5284,2691,37101,9138,4197,2272,0

Consumption total with PCPJ64,7565,0366,0066,7067,6164,4568,7474,1080,5786,4295,76128,2182,8254,6

%100,0100,0100,0100,0100,0100,098,496,895,694,694,092,692,793,6

Natural gas, PJ31,4631,9133,0034,6835,3332,5133,6935,1636,7537,2637,7742,9657,7678,47

Liquefied gas,PJ0,740,711,111,181,221,281,531,681,811,901,972,43,03,6

Electricity, PJ1,221,031,140,890,930,792,434,868,3211,5818,8143,881,0128,0

Oil, PJ2,702,091,471,190,950,770,730,720,720,720,730,760,770,75

Coal, PJ2,122,772,632,753,013,223,674,154,564,935,226,158,3010,96

Wood&Wastes, PJ26,5026,5326,6426,0026,1425,9226,2826,9427,5228,9429,9230,1829,5029,79

Solar, PJ0,000,000,010,010,030,170,400,640,861,091,311,902,573,10

Natural gas, %48,5949,0750,0051,9952,2650,4449,0147,4445,6143,1239,4433,5231,5930,82

Liquefied gas, %1,141,091,681,771,801,992,232,272,252,202,061,891,641,41

Electricity, %1,881,591,731,341,371,223,546,5610,3313,4019,6434,1744,3050,26

Oil, %4,173,212,231,781,411,191,060,970,890,830,760,590,420,29

Coal, %3,284,263,994,124,455,005,345,615,655,705,454,804,544,30

Wood&Wastes, %40,9340,7940,3638,9838,6640,2238,2336,3534,1633,4931,2523,5516,1311,70

Solar, %0,000,000,020,010,040,260,580,861,071,261,371,481,411,22

Lista bibliografica1. P.Vrlan. Instalaii de nclzire. Chiinu, Tenica-1996.

2. . . . . . . , . 1991.

3. T.Ambros .a. Surse regenerabile de energie. Chiinu: Ed.Tehnica-Info, 1999.

4. Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Moldova 2002.

5. Prognoza macroeconomic preliminar pentru anii 2008 2010. Ministerul Economiei al RM. Chiinu, 2007.6. Strategia de valorificare a SRE. Proiect.

EMBED Excel.Sheet.8

EMBED Excel.Sheet.8

EMBED Excel.Sheet.8

2621

_1230810308.xls2

35.610.312.385.790.53

4014.912.0630.42.2

38.319.2111.1186.56.87

Heating

Hot water

Cooking

Industry

Agriculture

Fig.2. Distribuia consumului de cldur pe tipuri de consumatori

Cogener.

Hausehold

20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consum energie electric, mlrd.kWh3.43.43.53.63.43.74.24.54.95.305.707.299.2711.25

idem, PJ12.2412.2412.612.9612.2413.3215.1216.217.6419.0920.5226.2333.3640.50

Total energy,PJ82.0479.1184.9790.8399.62105.5134.8169.9216.8240.5274.2409.7577.9746.1

Total termo en.,PJ60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3360.1462.4164.4065.9767.0567.9168.1268.60

Total solar, PJ00000.010.070.10.190.280.370.460.60.971.4

Total cooking, PJ13.1413.1313.1213.0913.0812.2812.2112.1512.0912.1112.0311.6611.4311.00

Total electro, PJ0.760.690.640.630.590.470.410.410.430.430.430.480.620.91

Termo - (cook.+solar), PJ46.2546.3347.2347.6648.0745.5147.4249.6651.6053.0654.1355.1755.1055.29

Consum energie termic CET, PJ29.3825.4525.1621.3424.33

idem, % din total35.832.229.623.524.4

idem, % din termo-coo77.469.462.749.350.8

Consum energie term-coo. CET nivel 2004, PJ29.3825.4525.1621.3424.3324.3324.3324.3324.3324.3324.3324.3324.3324.33

Consum energie term-coo. CET 50 %, PJ24.3324.3324.3324.8325.8026.5327.0727.5927.5527.65

idem, final 65 %24.3324.3324.9525.4926.0426.5827.1329.3132.0334.73

idem, final 80 %24.3324.3325.5126.5627.6028.6429.6833.8539.0644.23

0.000.000.501.472.202.743.263.223.32

0.000.621.161.712.252.804.987.7010.40

0.001.182.233.274.315.359.5214.7319.90

Total termo 43%,PJ58.3360.1462.3264.1265.5666.5467.3067.5267.98

Total termo 60%,PJ58.3360.0262.1964.0865.5566.5366.9866.6866.65

Total termo 80%,PJ58.3359.9261.9963.7965.1666.0566.1365.3664.87

20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Total termo en.,PJ60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3360.1462.4164.4065.9767.0567.9168.1268.60

Termo co-generabila46.2546.3347.2347.6648.0745.5147.4249.6651.6053.0654.1355.1755.1055.29

Total co-gen 50 %60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3360.1462.3264.1265.5666.5467.3067.5267.98

Total co-gen 65 %60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3360.0262.1964.0865.5566.5366.9866.6866.65

Total co-gen 80 %60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3359.9261.9963.7965.1666.0566.1365.3664.87

Table 2. Hausehold, varianta de baza

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3360.1462.4164.4065.9767.0567.9168.1268.60

Natural gas, PJ27.6527.7728.8430.0730.4127.2628.3029.4830.5830.5030.5331.0132.0733.17

Liquefied gas,PJ0.740.711.111.181.221.281.531.681.811.901.972.423.003.58

Electricity, PJ0.760.690.640.630.590.470.410.410.430.430.430.480.620.91

Coal, PJ2.062.742.602.722.983.183.624.054.384.624.765.135.776.42

Oil,PJ2.501.791.230.930.650.460.400.350.320.300.280.240.200.13

Wood & Wast., PJ26.4326.4526.5725.8525.8925.6125.7926.2426.6027.8428.6228.0325.5022.99

Solar, PJ0.000.000.000.000.010.070.100.190.280.370.460.600.971.40

Natural gas, %46.046.247.349.049.246.747.147.247.546.245.545.747.148.4

Liquefied gas,%1.21.21.81.92.02.22.52.72.82.92.93.64.45.2

Electricity, %1.31.11.01.01.00.80.70.70.70.70.60.70.91.3

Coal, %3.44.64.34.44.85.56.06.56.87.07.17.68.59.4

Oil, %4.23.02.01.51.10.80.70.60.50.50.40.40.30.2

Wood&Agr.Wast, %43.944.043.642.141.943.942.942.041.342.242.741.337.433.5

Solar, %00000.020.120.170.300.430.560.690.881.422.04

99.98100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

Table 3. Hausehold, varianta 50 %

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3360.1462.3264.1265.5666.5467.3067.5267.98

Natural gas, PJ27.6527.7728.8430.0730.4127.2628.2929.4030.3030.1230.2130.8131.7232.84

Liquefied gas,PJ0.740.711.111.181.221.281.531.681.811.901.972.253.003.58

Electricity, PJ0.760.690.640.630.590.470.410.410.430.430.430.480.620.91

Coal, PJ2.062.742.602.722.983.183.624.054.384.624.765.135.776.42

Oil,PJ2.501.791.230.930.650.460.400.350.320.300.280.240.200.13

Wood & Wast., PJ26.4326.4526.5725.8525.8925.6125.7926.2426.6027.8228.4327.7925.2422.70

Solar, PJ0.000.000.000.000.010.070.100.190.280.370.460.600.971.40

Natural gas, %46.046.247.349.049.246.747.047.247.345.945.445.847.048.3

Liquefied gas,%1.21.21.81.92.02.22.52.72.82.93.03.34.45.3

Electricity, %1.31.11.01.01.00.80.70.70.70.70.60.70.91.3

Coal, %3.44.64.34.44.85.56.06.56.87.07.27.68.59.4

Oil, %4.23.02.01.51.10.80.70.60.50.50.40.40.30.2

Wood&Agr.Wast, %43.944.043.642.141.943.942.942.141.542.442.741.337.433.4

Solar, %00000.020.120.170.300.440.560.690.891.442.06

99.98100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3360.0262.1964.0865.5566.5366.9866.6866.65

Natural gas, PJ27.6527.7728.8430.0730.4127.2628.1729.2730.3030.1230.2130.7031.5032.35

Liquefied gas,PJ0.740.711.111.181.221.281.531.681.811.901.972.423.003.58

Electricity, PJ0.760.690.640.630.590.470.410.410.430.430.430.480.620.91

Coal, PJ2.062.742.602.722.983.183.624.054.384.624.764.845.295.73

Oil,PJ2.501.791.230.930.650.460.400.350.320.300.280.240.200.13

Wood & Wast., PJ26.4326.4526.5725.8525.8925.6125.7926.2426.5627.8128.4227.7025.1022.55

Solar, PJ0.000.000.000.000.010.070.100.190.280.370.460.600.971.40

Natural gas, %46.046.247.349.049.246.746.947.147.345.945.445.847.248.5

Liquefied gas,%1.21.21.81.92.02.22.52.72.82.93.03.64.55.4

Electricity, %1.31.11.01.01.00.80.70.70.70.70.60.70.91.4

Coal, %3.44.64.34.44.85.56.06.56.87.07.27.27.98.6

Oil, %4.23.02.01.51.10.80.70.60.50.50.40.40.30.2

Wood&Agr.Wast, %43.944.043.642.141.943.943.042.241.442.442.741.437.633.8

Solar, %00000.020.120.170.310.440.560.690.901.452.10

99.98100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumpt.,PJ60.1560.1560.9961.3861.7558.3359.9261.9963.7965.1666.0566.1365.3664.87

Natural gas, PJ27.6527.7728.8430.0730.4127.2628.0729.0730.1029.8130.0030.1030.9031.51

Liquefied gas,PJ0.740.711.111.181.221.281.531.681.811.901.972.423.003.58

Electricity, PJ0.760.690.640.630.590.470.410.410.430.430.430.480.620.91

Coal, PJ2.062.742.602.722.983.183.624.054.384.624.654.704.925.30

Oil,PJ2.501.791.230.930.650.460.400.350.320.300.280.240.200.13

Wood & Wast., PJ26.4326.4526.5725.8525.8925.6125.7926.2426.4727.7328.2627.5924.7522.04

Solar, PJ0.000.000.000.000.010.070.100.190.280.370.460.600.971.40

Natural gas, %46.046.247.349.049.246.746.846.947.245.745.445.547.348.6

Liquefied gas,%1.21.21.81.92.02.22.62.72.82.93.03.74.65.5

Electricity, %1.31.11.01.01.00.80.70.70.70.70.70.70.91.4

Coal, %3.44.64.34.44.85.56.06.56.97.17.07.17.58.2

Oil, %4.23.02.01.51.10.80.70.60.50.50.40.40.30.2

Wood&Agr.Wast, %43.944.043.642.141.943.943.042.341.542.642.841.737.934.0

Solar, %00000.020.120.170.310.440.570.700.911.482.16

99.98100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

Industry

Anul20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Industry, PJ4.314.564.835.135.465.798.6312.4117.562230.461.5115.6186.5

Termo co-gen, PJ3.84.14.13.94.14.24.765.476.357.157.9211.820.129.6

Consum, 65 %3.84.14.13.94.15.778.5412.2017.321.630.060.6113.8183.6

Consum, 80 %3.84.14.13.94.15.748.512.2017.221.529.860.3113.1182.5

Table 8. Industry, varianta de baza

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumption, PJ4.314.564.835.135.465.798.6312.4117.562230.461.5115.6186.5

Natural gas, PJ3.634.024.14.64.95.226.016.918.099.1610.1216.029.748.5

Electricity, PJ0.44400.2300.4700.2290.2170.1952.1704.8508.62011.74018.82242.77079.960127.305

Oil, PJ0.120.230.180.220.260.280.310.350.380.40.430.50.550.6

Coal, PJ0.060.030.030.0310.0330.0350.050.10.170.30.4512.54.5

Wood&Wastes, PJ0.0560.050.050.050.050.060.090.20.30.40.61.22.95.6

Natural gas, %84.288.284.989.789.790.269.655.746.141.633.326.025.726.0

Electricity, %10.35.09.74.54.03.425.139.149.153.461.969.569.268.3

Oil, %2.85.03.74.34.84.83.62.82.21.81.40.80.50.3

Coal, %1.40.70.60.60.60.60.60.81.01.41.51.62.22.4

Wood&Wastes, %1.31.11.01.00.91.01.01.61.71.81.92.02.53.0


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumption, PJ4.314.564.835.135.465.778.512.1917.2421.5829.960.5113.6183.3

Natural gas, PJ3.634.024.14.64.95.205.886.697.778.749.6115.0327.7545.43

Electricity, PJ0.440.230.470.230.220.202.174.858.6211.7418.8242.7780.0127.3

Oil, PJ0.120.230.180.220.260.280.310.350.380.40.430.50.550.6

Coal, PJ0.060.030.030.0310.0330.0350.050.10.170.30.4512.54.5

Wood&Wastes, PJ0.0560.050.050.050.050.060.090.20.30.40.61.22.85.5

Natural gas, %84.288.284.989.789.790.169.254.945.140.532.224.824.424.8

Electricity, %10.35.09.74.54.03.425.539.850.054.463.070.770.469.4

Oil, %2.85.03.74.34.84.93.62.92.21.91.40.80.50.3

Coal, %1.40.70.60.60.60.60.60.81.01.41.51.72.22.5

Wood&Wastes, %1.31.11.01.00.91.01.11.61.71.91.92.02.53.0

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consumption, PJ4.314.564.835.135.465.748.512.217.221.529.860.3113.1182.5

Natural gas, PJ3.634.024.14.64.95.175.886.707.738.669.5314.8227.2644.62

Electricity, PJ0.440.230.470.230.220.202.174.858.6211.7418.8242.7780.0127.3

Oil, PJ0.120.230.180.220.260.280.310.350.380.40.430.50.550.6

Coal, PJ0.060.030.030.0310.0330.0350.050.10.170.30.4512.54.5

Wood&Wastes, PJ0.0560.050.050.050.050.060.090.20.30.40.61.22.85.5

Natural gas, %84.288.284.989.789.790.169.254.944.940.332.024.624.124.4

Electricity, %10.35.09.74.54.03.425.539.850.154.663.270.970.769.8

Oil, %2.85.03.74.34.84.93.62.92.21.91.40.80.50.3

Coal, %1.40.70.60.60.60.60.60.81.01.41.51.72.22.5

Wood&Wastes, %1.31.11.01.00.91.01.11.61.71.91.92.02.53.0

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

Agriculture

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Agriculture total, PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.871.201.531.872.203.545.206.87

Total-(El.+Solar), PJ0.270.210.140.150.260.310.480.610.780.931.111.722.894.29

Co-gen., 25 %0000000.100.160.220.270.330.560.841.07

Co-gen., 50 %0000000.150.250.380.460.651.071.652.15

Co-gen., 75 %0000000.200.330.450.620.781.462.313.22

Total termo 25%,PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.8511.1701.4891.8192.1383.4365.0436.669

Total termo 50%,PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.8421.1531.4591.7842.0783.3394.8916.468

Total termo 65%,PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.8381.1461.4531.7692.0633.3024.8296.347

Total termo 80%,PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.8331.1381.4461.7552.0483.2664.7686.267

Table 12. Agricultura, varianta de baza

Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Agriculture 1, PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.871.201.531.872.203.545.206.87

Natural gas, PJ0.180.120.060.010.020.030.060.090.140.210.290.641.562.75

Electricity, PJ0.020.110.030.030.120.120.090.140.170.220.240.520.710.88

Oil, PJ0.080.070.060.040.040.030.020.020.020.020.020.020.020.02

Coal, PJ0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.010.010.02

Wood&Wastes, PJ0.010.0150.020.10.20.250.40.50.620.70.81.051.31.5

Solar, PJ000.010.010.020.10.30.450.580.720.851.31.61.7

Natural gas, %62.0737.5033.334.55.25.86.67.59.011.013.018.030.040.0

Electricity, %6.6035.7416.5216.3529.6522.3510.3911.4211.0111.7410.8414.8013.6012.88

Oil, %27.5921.8833.3321.0510.005.662.301.671.311.070.910.560.380.29

Coal, %0.30.20.150.200.150.150.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.25

Wood&Wastes, %3.454.6911.1152.6350.0047.1745.9841.6740.5237.4336.3629.6625.0021.83

Solar, %0.000.005.565.265.0018.8734.4837.5037.9138.5038.6436.7230.7724.75

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consum, PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.851.171.491.822.143.445.046.67

Natural gas, PJ0.180.120.060.010.020.030.040.060.100.150.220.541.502.75

Electricity, PJ0.020.110.030.030.120.120.090.140.170.220.240.520.710.88

Oil, PJ0.080.070.060.040.040.030.020.020.020.020.020.020.020.02

Coal, PJ0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.010.010.02

Wood&Wastes, PJ0.010.0150.020.10.20.250.40.50.620.70.81.051.21.3

Solar, PJ000.010.010.020.10.30.450.580.720.851.31.61.7

Natural gas, %62.0737.5033.334.55.25.84.574.886.408.4910.4115.6429.7541.27

Electricity, %6.6035.7416.5216.3529.6522.3510.5811.9711.4212.0911.2315.1314.0813.20

Oil, %27.5921.8833.3321.0510.005.662.351.711.341.100.940.580.400.30

Coal, %0.30.20.150.200.150.150.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.25

Wood&Wastes, %3.454.6911.1152.6350.0047.1747.0042.7441.6438.4837.4230.5623.8019.49

Solar, %0.000.005.565.265.0018.8735.2538.4638.9539.5839.7637.8331.7325.49

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consum, PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.841.151.461.782.083.344.896.47

Natural gas, PJ0.180.120.060.010.020.030.030.040.070.120.160.491.452.65

Electricity, PJ0.020.110.030.030.120.120.090.140.170.220.240.520.710.88

Oil, PJ0.080.070.060.040.040.030.020.020.020.020.020.020.020.02

Coal, PJ0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.010.010.02

Wood&Wastes, PJ0.010.0150.020.10.20.250.40.50.620.70.81.01.11.2

Solar, PJ000.010.010.020.10.30.450.580.720.851.31.61.7

Natural gas, %62.0737.5033.334.55.25.83.553.484.486.707.8314.6929.6241.00

Electricity, %6.6035.7416.5216.3529.6522.3510.6912.1411.6512.3311.5515.5714.5213.61

Oil, %27.5921.8833.3321.0510.005.662.381.731.371.120.960.600.410.31

Coal, %0.30.20.150.200.150.150.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.25

Wood&Wastes, %3.454.6911.1152.6350.0047.1747.5143.3742.4939.2438.5029.9522.4918.55

Solar, %0.000.005.565.265.0018.8735.6339.0339.7540.3640.9038.9332.7126.28

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0


Year20002001200220032004200520102015202020252030205020752100

Consum, PJ0.290.320.180.190.400.530.841.151.451.772.063.304.836.35

Natural gas, PJ0.180.120.060.010.020.030.030.030.060.100.200.501.492.63

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