Juridiska institutionen Examensarbete hstterminen 2016, 30 HP

Ras, etnicitet och rasism i direktiv 2000/43/EG

- En kritisk utvrdering av hur EU:s direktiv mot etnisk diskriminering och rasdiskriminering behandlar ras, etnicitet och rasism

Carolina Nilsson

Handledare: Joachim hman Examinator: Andreas Moberg

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Innehllsfrteckning

Summary..............................................................................................................................4

Sammanfattning.................................................................................................................6Frkortningar.....................................................................................................................8

1.Inledningskapitel..........................................................................................................91.1DiskrimineringinomEU...................................................................................................91.2Syfteochavgrnsning......................................................................................................101.3Terminologi........................................................................................................................121.3.1Etnicitetochras..........................................................................................................................121.3.2Diskriminering............................................................................................................................13

1.4TeoriCriticalracetheory............................................................................................141.4.1IntroduktiontillCriticalracetheory.................................................................................141.4.2Rasochfrndringargllanderasstrukturer................................................................161.4.3Rasism.............................................................................................................................................181.4.4Intersektionalitet.......................................................................................................................191.4.5Socialrttvisa...............................................................................................................................191.4.6Utmanandetavdendominerandeideologin..................................................................201.4.7KritikmotCRT.............................................................................................................................201.4.8CRTuretteuropeisktperspektiv........................................................................................21

1.5Metodochmaterial...........................................................................................................231.5.1Metod...............................................................................................................................................231.5.2Material..........................................................................................................................................27

1.6Forskningslge...................................................................................................................292.EnversiktverEU-rttsliglagstiftningpomrdetfricke-diskrimineringgrundatprasochetnicitet.........................................................302.1Principenomlikabehandling.......................................................................................302.2Skyddmotetniskdiskrimineringochrasdiskrimineringiprimrrtten.....302.2.1FEU...................................................................................................................................................302.2.2FEUF.................................................................................................................................................312.2.3EU-stadganomdegrundlgganderttigheterna.........................................................31

2.3EuropakonventionensskyddmotetniskdiskrimineringsomendelavEU-rtten............................................................................................................................................322.4Medlemsstaternaskonstitutioner,softlawochvrigarelevantainternationellakonventioner..............................................................................................332.5Skyddmotetniskdiskrimineringisekundrrtten.............................................342.6EU-domstolenspraxisgllandeetniskdiskrimineringochrasdiskriminering....................................................................................................................36

3.Betydelsenavetnicitetochrasidirektiv2000/43/EG................................383.1Rttsligdefinitionavetnicitetochras.......................................................................383.2DiskussionurettCRT-perspektiv...............................................................................403.2.2EU-domstolensdefinitionavetnicitet..............................................................................433.2.2.1Srskiltomnationalitetochdessfrhllandetilldefinitionenavetnicitet..............453.2.2.2Rasochrasism.....................................................................................................................................473.2.2.3Intersektionalitet...............................................................................................................................50

4.Direktochindirektdiskrimineringidirektiv2000/43/EG........................524.1Rttsligdefinitionavdirektdiskriminering...........................................................524.2Rttsligdefinitionavindirektdiskriminering.......................................................544.2.1Indirektdiskriminering...........................................................................................................544.2.2Mjlighettillrttfrdigandeavindirektdiskriminering..........................................56

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4.3DiskussionurettCRT-perspektiv...............................................................................585.Tillmpningsomrdetgllandedirektiv2000/43/EGsomenbegrnsningavdiskrimineringsskyddet...............................................................615.1Tillmpningsomrdetenligtartikel3........................................................................615.2Undantagfrtredjelandsmedborgare.......................................................................635.3DiskussionurettCRT-perspektiv...............................................................................64

6.Gemensammaslutsatser.........................................................................................68

7.Kllfrteckning...........................................................................................................71

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Summary

TheEuropeanUnionisanmulticulturalinternationalcooperativeareaconsisting

ofmanyethnicandracialgroups.Moreover,ithasmanyminoritygroupswhich

are in need of protection. Also, the free movement of persons has led to an

increased diversity and while we experience a greater diversity we also see

nationalistandracistmovementsontheuprise.

OnaUnionlevelthereisbothprimarylawandsecondarylawfortheprotection

ofthehumanrightofnotbeingdiscriminatedongroundsofraceandethnicity.

The focus of this essay is on directive 2000/43/EG which implements the

principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial and ethnic

origin.DecisionsfromtheEuropeanCourtofJusticeregardinginterpretationof

thedirectivehavealsobeenofrelevance.

The directive have been analysed by looking at certain core issues, mainly,

ethnicity and race, as well as the legal implication of what constitutes

discriminationinrelationtoracism.Firstly, thepaperattemptstoestablishthe

legal meaning and definition of the words race and ethnicity, and secondly it

triestoestablishthelegalconceptofdiscriminationbasedonthescopeofdirect

andindirectdiscriminationaswellasthescopeofthedirective.

Aftertheselegalimplicationsareexamined,thecoreissuesareanalysedfroma

CriticalRaceTheory-perspective,whichmeansthattheissuesathandarebeen

put in relation to the conceptofpower, race and racism.Central issues in this

analysis have regarded the lack of definition of the central terms of race and

ethnicity aswell as the gapbetween the victimsperceptionof racismand the

legal scope of the directive. Critical Race Theory allows you to analyse the

legislation in a broader perspective exposing problemswhich otherwise could

notbeexposed.

Severalissueshavebeenfoundinrelationtothedirective.Theseissuesconsists

oflackoflegaldefinitionconcerningcentralterms,butalsoofcontradictinglegal

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sources.Anotherissueistheslowlegalprogressinmattersconcerningraceand

ethnicity. In addition to this, the concept of direct and indirect discrimination

does not address the type of racismwhich is considered to be less important

accordingtothepublicopinion.Overall, itseemsthatthereisanunwillingness

toproblematizeraceandracismwithintheUnion.

Based on the issue of lack of definition concerning the central terms and the

differencebetweendiscriminationandracism,theprotectionoftherighttonot

be discriminated is significantly reduced. As a result the protection that is

providedbythedirectiveislimitedandthedirectivemightinthelongrunfailto

achieve itsobjectives.Therefore, thefundamentalrighttonotbediscriminated

ongroundsofraceandethnicity inmanycasesremainsa formalrightwithout

anyactualeffect.

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Sammanfattning

EuropeiskaUnionenrettmngkulturelltinternatione