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REFORMASI KURIKULUM
PENDIDIKAN KESMAS; sebuah
langkah awal meningkatkan
derajat kesehatan masyarakat
Prof. Dr. Veni Hadju
Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat
Universitas Hasanuddin
IPHSS, Depok, 14 Juli, 2011.
Sistematika Penyajian
Pendahuluan
Masalah Kesehatan di Indonesia
Kompetensi dan Tantangan Tenaga
Kesehatan
Reformasi kurikulum
Penutup
Apa masalah kita?
ADANYA GAP DALAM SDH (TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN,
PENDAPATAN, GENDER, KESULITAN MEDAN GEOGRAFIS,
TERSEDIANYA AIR BERSIH, KEBERSIHAN & KESEHATAN
LINGKUNGAN) DAN PELAKSANAAN SISTEM KESEHATAN
0.0
25.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
dki
kepr
i
bab
el
kalti
mo
r
bal
i
Ria
u
ban
ten
sulu
t
kalte
n
kals
el
jaw
bar
J am
bi dij
sum
bar
NA
D
sum
ut
ma
lut
wes
t p
apu
a
Pa
pua
kalb
ar
sum
sel
ma
luku
ben
g
jaw
ten
g
jaw
tim
suls
el
sulte
ng
lam
p
ntb
sultr
ag
oro
nto
lo
sulb
ar
ntt
National Average
Poverty by Province
Percent of population in quintile 1 and 2 Susenas 2007
DHS-1
DHS-2
Non DHS
DISPARITAS STATUS KESEHATAN DAN GIZI
MENURUT PROPINSI, 2007
Indikator Rata-rata
Nasional
Terendah Tertinggi Sumber
data
AKB 34 DIY (19);
Jateng(28)
NTB (72);
Sulbar (74)
SDKI
2007
AKI 228 SDKI
2007
TFR 2,6 DIY (1,8) NTT (4,2) SDKI
2007
Gizi
Kurang
18,4 DIY
(10,9)
NTT
(33,6)
Riskesda
s 20076
Pola penyebab kematian pada
semua Umur
No Penyebab Kematian
(n=4014)
%
1 Stroke 15.4
2 Tuberculosis 7.5
3 Hypertensive diseases 6.8
4 Cedera 6.5
5 Perinatal condition 6.0
6 Diabetes Mellitus 5.7
7 Neoplasm malignant 5.7
8 Diseases of the liver 5.1
9 Ischaemic heart diseases 5.1
10 Chronic lower respiratory diseases 5.1
Proporsi penyebab kematian
kelompok umur 0-6 hari dan 7-28 hari
No 0-6 hari (n=142) % 7-28 hari (n=39) %
1 Respiratory disorders 35.9 Sepsis neonatorum 20.5
2 Premature 32.4 Congenital malformations 18.1
3 Sepsis of newborn 12.0 Pneumonia 15.4
4 Hypothermia of newborn 6.3 Respiratory Distress
Syndrome
12.8
5 Haemorrhagic disorders and
neonatal jaundice
5.6 Premature 12.8
6 Postmature 2.8 Neonatal jaundice 2.6
7 Congenital malformation 1.4 Birth trauma 2.6
8 Tetanus 2.6
9 Nutritional deficiency 2.6
10 Sudden infant death 2.5
Proporsi penyebab kematian pada
umur 29 hari-4 tahunNo 29 hari-11 bulan (n=173) % 1-4 tahun (n=103) %
1 Diarrhoea 31.4 Diarrhoea 25.2
2 Pneumonia 23.8 Pneumonia 15.5
3 Meningitis/encephalitis 9.3 Symptoms and signs, NEC 10.7
4 Diseases of the digestive
system
6.4 Meningitis/encephalitis 8.8
5 Congenital malformation of the
heart and hydrocephalus
5.8 Dengue haemorrhagic fever 6.8
6 Sepsis 4.1 Measles 5.8
7 Tetanus 2.9 Drowning 4.9
8 Malnutrition 2.3 Tuberculosis 3.9
9 Tuberculosis 1.2 Malaria 2.9
10 Measles 1.2 Leukemia 2.9
Proporsi penyebab kematian pada
umur 5 tahun ke atas menurut tipe daerahNo Perkotaan (n=1515) % Perdesaan (n=1966) %
1 Stroke 19.4 Stroke 16.1
2 Diabetes mellitus 9.7 Tuberculosis 9.1
3 Hypertensive diseases 7.5 Hypertensive diseases 8.3
4 Tuberculosis 7.3 Chronic lower respiratory
diseases
7.1
5 Ischaemic heart diseases 6.5 Malignant neoplasm 6.6
6 Malignant neoplasm 5.8 Diseases of the liver 6.0
7 Diseases of the liver 5.5 Ischaemic heart disease 5.6
8 Symptoms and signs,
NEC
5.3 Symptoms and signs, NEC 5.4
9 Other heart diseases 5.1 Other heart diseases 4.7
10 Chronic lower respiratory
diseases
4.7 Diabetes mellitus 4.4
No Laki-Laki (n=1960) % Perempuan (n=1522) %
1 Stroke 17.4 Stroke 17.7
2 Tuberculosis 9.5 Hypertensive diseases 9.5
3 Hypertensive diseases 6.8 Carcinoma malignant 8.7
4 Ischaemic heart diseases 6.8 Diabetes mellitus 8.0
5 Chronic lower respiratory
diseases
6.7 Tuberculosis 6.9
6 Diseases of the liver 6.6 Chronic lower
respiratory diseases
5.7
7 Diabetes mellitus 5.6 Ischaemic heart
diseases
5.1
8 Other heart diseases 4.9 Others heart diseases 4.9
9 Carcinoma malignant 4.8 Diseases of the liver 4.7
10 Transport accident 4.4 Pneumonia 3.0
Proporsi penyebab kematian pada umur 5 tahun ke atas berdasakan jenis kelamin
Peringkat Penyebab Kematian
PM Dan PTM Pada Semua Umur
No Penyakit menular (n=1080)
% Penyakit tidak menular (n=2285)
%
1 Tuberculosis 27.8 Stroke 26.9
2 Diseases of the liver 19.1 Hypertensive diseases 12.3
3 Pneumonia 14.4 Diabetes mellitus 10.2
4 Diarrhoea 13.2 Carcinoma malignant 10.2
5 Typhoid 6.0 Ischaemic heart diseases 9.3
6 Malaria 4.0 Chronic lower respiratory diseases 9.2
7 Meningitis/Encefalitis 3.0 Other heart diseases 7.5
8 Dengue haemorrhagic fever
2.1 Gastric and duodenal ulcer 3.4
9 Tetanus 1.9 Congenital malformation 1.0
10 Septicaemia 1.2 Malnutrition 0.4
Hipertensi31.7%
Tidak
68,3 %
Terdiagnosis/Minum Obat
23,9%
Tidak
76,1%
Hipertensi: Prevalensi & Cakupan
Cakupan: Proporsi kasus terdiagnosis atau minum obat
8,7%
33,0%31,9%31,6%30,9%30,5%
8,0%7,4%6,7% 7,0%
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
30,0%
35,0%
Kuintil1 Kuintil2 Kuintil3 Kuintil4 Kuintil5
Prevalensi Didiagnosa Nakes
Hipertensi:Ekonomi & Cakupan Nakes
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
15-17 tahun
18-24 tahun
25-34 tahun
35-44 tahun
45-54 tahun
55-64 tahun
65-74 tahun
75+ tahun
Laki-laki Perempuan Total%
Hipertensi: Prevalensi &
Umur
Prevalensi DIABETES dan TGT
84,1%
10,2%
5,7%
Tdk DM TGT DM
Sudah Terdiagnosis
(1.5%)
Belum terdiagnosis
(4.2%)
TGT: Provinsi
DM & TGT: Umur
5,3
19,4
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,015-2
0
25.1
-30
35.1
-40
45.1
-50
55.1
-60
65.1
-70
persenum
ur
TGT TDM
DM & TGT: IMT
0
5
10
15
20
25
18.5 - < 23 23 - < 25 25-40
3,2 6,4 8,18,1
10,714,5
TGT
DM
P < 0,0001
ANALISIS AKAR MASALAH
1. Tingkat pendidikan dan pengetahuan
masyarakat
2. Kondisi lingkungan dan letak geografis
3. Kualitas petugas dan kerjasama antar
SDM Kesehatan
4. Kebijakan dan perhatian pemerintah
5. Partisipasi dan kepedulian masyarakat
6. Kerjasama dan keterikatan antar sektor
KOMPETENSI DAN
TANTANGAN TENAGA
KESEHATAN
24
What is a competency?
“A complex set of
measurable
behaviors made up of
knowledge, skills and
attitudes that can be
shown to predict and
measure effective
performance.”
Attitudes ValuesExperience
KnowledgeSkills
Source: Nelson JC, The Public Health Competency Handbook: Optimizing Individual & Organizational Performance for the Public’s Health, Atlanta, GA: Centre for Public Health Practice of the Rollins School of Public Health, 2002
25
Attitudes ValuesExperience
KnowledgeSkills
Competency Performance Behavior
Outcome
Competencies predict behavioral actions which, in turn, predict job performance outcome.
Uses advanced problem-solving skills to analyze performance problems, and take timely corrective actions to address problems.
Performance problems are addressed successfully and in a timely manner, ensuring achievement of objectives.
Importance of competency:
Tingkat kompetensi yang
dicapai
MENGINGAT
MEMAHAMI
MENGAPLIKASIKAN
MENGANALISA
MENSINTESA
MENGEVALUASI
KREATIF
HEALTH PROFESSIONAL
EDUCATION QUALITYPROJECT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
WORK
•Fatigue
•Boredom hazards
•Unemployment
•Retirement
Environmental
Hazards/disease
•Infection
•Injure
•Cancer
•Degeneration
•Smoking
•Overeating
•Alcoholism
Leisure activity
SOCIAL
FACTORS
•Neighborhood
•Housing
•Poverty
•Culture
•Education
FAMILY
•Spouse
•Children
•Parent
•Etc
THE INDIVIDUAL
• Genes
•Learning
•Handicaps
•Personality
•Expectation
•Self-image
EQUILIBRIA ASSOCIATED
with HEALTH
Marital Status, Marital Quality,
and Atherosclerotic Burden in
Postmenopausal Women
From SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San
Diego State University (L.C.G.), the Department of Psychology
(W.M.T.), and the Graduate School of Public Health (L.H.K., K.S.T),
University of Pittsburgh, and the Departments of Psychiatry (K.A.M.)
and Medicine (D.E.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Pittsburgh, PA.
Psychosomatic Medicine 65:952–962 (2003)
LINDA C. GALLO, PHD, WENDY M. TROXEL, MS, LEWIS
H. KULLER, MD, DRPH, KIM SUTTON-
TYRRELL, DRPH, DANIEL EDMUNDOWICZ, MD,
AND KAREN A. MATTHEWS, PHD
Hasil
Penelitan
A: Average IMT (in mm) according to marital status/quality
grouping at the first scan (N 372).
B: Average change in IMT (in mm) across 3 years (N 203)
according to marital status/quality grouping.
– Beratnya 1:200 miliar gram
– Lebarnya 1:500.000 mm– Panjangnya bisa
mencapai 3 m
Mengandung 3 miliar informasi (kode genetik)
Begitu kecilnya DNA itu, jika seluruh penduduk bumi dikumpulkan DNA nya hanya sebesar 1 butir beras
DNA yang mikroskopik menyimpan informasi genetik yang luar biasa banyaknya.
BERPIKIR POSITIF
MEMBANGUNKAN GEN-GEN
BERMANFAAT
Berpikir positif
Gen positif aktif
Mengurangi
proses entropi
Berpikir negatif
Gen negatif aktif
Peningkatan
proses entropi
PEMIKIRAN GENETIK
• Berpikir (+) > sulit pada keadaan musibah
REFORMASI
KURIKULUM
35
European Public Health Core
Competencies:
METHODSIN PUBLIC HEALTH
HEALTH POLICY, MANAG
EMENT AND ECONOMICS
HEALTH PROMOTION
AND PREVENTION
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
AND HEALTH
CROSS-DISCIPLINARY
THEMES
The Public Health Net
International Standard of
Excellence
Morality
Ethics
Knowledge
Intellectual skills
Relationship between responsibility and
personnel
Analysis
Communication
Information technology
Prince Mahidol Philosophy
True success is not in the
learning but in its application to
the benefit of mankind
PENUTUP
Masalah kesehatan di Indonesia masih
begitu besar dengan berbagai hambatan dan
keterbatasannya.
Diperlukan Reformasi Kurikulum yang akan
menghasilkan Nakes Kesmas dengan
kompetensi yang baik dan kinerja yang
optimal.
Derajat kesehatan masyarakat dapat
ditingkatkan melalui kerjasama lintas disiplin
dan komprehensif.