68

regioni

rismag gordeziani

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

69

berZenTa da qarTvelTa Soris urTierTobebi TiTqmis oTx

aTaswleuls – ormoc saukunes – moicavs. msoflioSi Znelia moina­

xos amJamad istoriis asparezze moqmedi sxva iseTi ori xalxi, ro­

melTa Soris kontaqtebs esoden xangrZlivi tradicia eqneboda.

berZnuli miTebis Tanaxmad, evropa maSin daibada, rodesac uze­

naesma RmerTma, zevsma, xaris saxiT movlenilma, moitaca mSvenieri

finikieli asuli evrope da kunZul kretaze gadaiyvana. mas zevsi­

sagan sami vaJi SeeZina – minosi, sarpedoni da radamanTisi. minosi

gaxda kretis Zlevamosili mefe, romlis drosac kunZuli Tavisi

kulturiT da adamianuri Semoqmedebis mraval sferoSi miRweve­

biT mTel xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi erT­erT yvelaze ufro dawi­

naurebul regionad iqca. XIX saukunis meore naxevridan hainrix

Slimanis dawyebulma da Semdgom arqeologTa mTeli Taobebis mier

gagrZelebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma Zveli welTaRricxvis

II aTaswleulSi, anu e. w. legendarul berZnul miTebSi asaxuli am­

bebis epoqaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi brwyinvale civilizaciebis

arseboba daadastures: kunZul kretaze aRmoCenil kulturas, mi­

Tiuri mefis saxelis mixedviT minosuri, kontinentur saberZneTSi

aRmoCenils ki, homerosis poemebidan cnobili legendaruli mefis,

agamemnonis, sarezidencio qalaqis mixedviT, mikenuri ewoda.

medea da xari,wiTelfiguruli keramika, Jan pol getis muzeumi, malibu, aSS.

kirke da odisevsi, Zv. w. V s. keramika,

aTenis arqeologiuri muzeumi..

70

regioni

berZnebi miiCnevdnen, rom maT damkvidrebamde istoriuli sa­

berZ neTis teritoriebze egeida – xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebi

da balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli – winaberZnul tomebs ekavaT. maTi

kulturis aRmavlobam Tavisi umaRlesi gamoxatuleba minosur

kretaze hpova. ukve im Soreul warsulSi, berZnuli tradiciis Ta­

naxmad, winaberZnul mosaxleobasa da kolxebs Soris erTob mWidro

urTierTobebi arsebula: minosis meuRle da misi Svilebis deda

kolxeTis mefis, aietis, da pasifae iyo, Tavad aietis – mze­Rmer­

Tis, heliosis, samkvidrebeli ki saberZneTSi mdebare efire yofi­

la, saidanac igi kolxeTSi, anu Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTve­

loSi gadasula da iq Zlieri da maRalganviTarebuli kolxeTis

samefo Seuqmnia.

aietis meore da kirke ki, piriqiT, aRmosavleTidan dasav­

leTiT daZrula da italiis teritoriaze uZvelesi kul­

turebis warmoqmnisaTvis gamxdara erT­erTi umTavre­

si biZgis mimcemi. amgvarad, ukve berZnuli miTologiuri

tradiciis mixedviT, Zvel saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli

figurebi aqtiurad yofilan CarTuli im procesebSi, rom­

pasifae da minotavri, atikuri wiTel-

figuriani keramika, Zv. w. 340-320.

70

mocekvave, knosos sasaxlis kedlis

mxatvroba, kreta, Zv.w. 1600-1450

71

lebic xmelTaSuazRvispireTis regionSi berZnebis, laTinebis da

sxva indoevropuli tomebis damkvidrebamde mimdinareobda.

areklaven es miTebi raRac istoriul realobas Tu mxolod berZnuli fantaziis nayofs warmoadgenen?

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi wamoyenebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom wi­

naberZnul enobriv samyaroSi Zalze mniSvnelovania qarTveluri

elementi. igi Tavs iCens asobiT sityvaSi, romelic berZnuls wi­

naberZnulidan unda SeeTvisebina, im sufiqsebsa Tu prefiqsebSi,

romlebic saberZneTis geografiul saxelwodebebSi gvxvdeba da

aseve winaberZnulidan unda yofiliyo nasesxebi. mecnierebi am mov­

lenas Zv. w. XX saukunis damdegisaTvis kavkasiidan qarTvelur tom­

Ta erTi nawilis egeidaSi gadasaxlebis Sedegad miiCneven.

SegviZlia Tu ara winaberZnuli enebi qarTveluris monaTesaved miviCnioT?

am kiTxvaze saboloo pasuxis gacema Se­

eZ leba minosur kretaze aRmoCenili e.w. A­xazovani damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli

warwerebis gaSifvras, romlebic inaxaven

kunZulis uZvelesi da, Sesabamisad, wi­

naberZnuli mosaxleobis enis warmomav­

lobis saidumlos.

minosuri civilizaciis daqveiTeba im katastrofulma vul­

kanurma amofrqvevam gamoiwvia, romelic egeosis zRvaSi mdebare

kunZul santorinize moxda Zv. w. XVI saukuneSi da romelmac, faq­

tobrivad, waleka minosuri civilizacia. Zveli samyaros istori­

ul asparezze gamovida axali politikuri Zala – mikenuri saberZ­

neTi. male man daiqvemdebara regionis teritoriebis umetesobaze

binadari xalxebi da Zv. w. XV­XIV saukuneebidan, egviptes, asureT­

sa da xeTebis samefosTan erTad, xmelTaSua zRvis auzis wamyvan

saxelmwifod iqca.

mikenuri epoqis berZnebs Zveli avtorebi aqavelebad, argosele­

bad, danaelebad da minielebadac moixseniebdnen xolme. miTebis

mixedviT, swored maT mouwyviaT pirveli Soreuli laSqroba

xomald `argoTi~ kolxeTSi, oqros sawmisis mosataceblad. rom ara

aietis asul medeas – jadoqrobis unaris mqone ulamazesi qalwulis

– daxmareba, argonavtebi da maTi winamZRoli iasoni ver SeZlebd­

nen iolkosis mefe peliasis am urTulesi davalebis Sesrulebas.

qalRmerT afrodites nebiT iasonisadmi movlenilma siyvarulis

grZnobam Caadenina medeas es Ralati da aiZula, gahyoloda ucxo­

elT eladaSi. wlebis Semdgom, rodesac iasonma misi mitoveba da

colad korinTosis mefis asulis moyvana ganizraxa, medeam Suri

iZia misi damcirebis mosurneebze ara marto momavali patarZlisa

da misi mamis, aramed sakuTari Svilebis daxocviTac.

71

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

72

regioni

7272

73

argonavtebis ciklis Tqmuleba saocar popularobas inarCunebs antikurobidan moyolebuli dRemde. mis-ma siuJetebma da saxeebma STaagona mravali mwerali da xelovani. msoflio literaturis yvelaze popu-larul saxeTa Soris pirvelobas aravis uTmobs me-dea, rac mravalwilad evripides amave saxelwodebis genialuri tragediis msoflio kulturaze udides-ma gavlenam ganapiroba.

saqarTvelosTan daakavSira berZnulma tradiciam kidev erTi

fi gura, qarTveli amiranis oreuli _ promeTe. berZenTa uzenaes­

ma RmerTma, zevsma, igi adamianebisaTvis gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis

da zev sisadmi gamoCenili daumorCileblobisaTvis kavkasionis

erT klde ze miajaWvina, sadac mas arwivi ukortnis yoveldRiurad

RviZls. promeTes gminva argonavtebsac ki SemoesmaT, rodesac

isini kolxeTs miuaxlovdnen. misi xsna mxolod gmirma heraklem

SesZlo. esqiles tragediis – „mijaWvuli promeTes“ – wyalobiT es

RmerTi samudamod tiraniis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da kacobriobi­

saTvis civilizaciis motanis simbolo gaxda.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, erTi mxriv, aietis kolxeTi, oqros saw­

misi, argonavtebi da medea, xolo meore mxriv, udreki promeTe im

simboloebad iqcnen, romlebic aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi ga­

naTlebuli kacobriobisaTvis saqarTvelos identifikaciisas

yvelaze mkafio orientirebs warmoadgenen.

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolos xmelTaSuazRvispireT­

Si xdeba klimaturi pirobebiTa da xalxTa intensiuri,

mravalwilad agresiuli gadaadgilebebiT gamowveuli

movlenebi, romelTac araerTi Zveli civilizaciis, maT

Soris mikenuris, daqveiTeba da zogjer asparezidan

gaqrobac ki ganapirobes.

saberZneTSi elinur tomTa gadaadgilebiTa da kul­

turuli daqveiTebiT gamowveuli ramdenime saukuni­

ani pauzis Semdeg Zv. w. IX saukunidan aRmavlobas iwyebs

klasikuri berZnuli civilizacia, romelmac udide­

si gavlena moaxdina jer mTeli evropuli, xolo Semd­

gom ki msoflio kulturis ganviTarebaze. saberZneTi

xdeba polisuri, anu qalaq­saxelmwifoebis, politikurad

savsebiT decentralizebuli, qveyana. es xels uwyobs mrava­

li politikuri da kulturuli centris warmoqmnas saberZneTis

farglebSi da maT Soris mudmivi Sejibris sulis damkvidrebas, rac

kulturis swrafi aRmavlobis safuZveli xdeba. amasTanave poli­

surma sistemam aiZula berZnebi, miwis simciriTa da mosaxleobis

matebiT gamowveuli problemebis gadasaWrelad mTel xmelTa­

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

73

iasons miaqvs oqros sawmisi, aTenuri

wiTelfiguriani keramikis mxatvroba,

Zv. w. 470-460, metropolitenis

xelovnebis muzeumi, niu-iorki.

mijaWvuli pomeTe, lakoniuri Savfigu-

ruli keramika, Zv. w. 560-550.

medea, pompeis freska, ax. w. 62-79, arqeologiis erovnuli muzeumi, neapoli, italia.

74

SuazRvispireTsa da SavizRvispireTSi axali dasaxlebebis daarse­

bis Tu ukve arsebulebSi fexis mokidebis gzebi eZebnaT.

ase daiwyo procesi, romelsac Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi didi

berZnuli kolonizacia ewodeba da romelmac elini „emigrantebi“

aRmosavleT SavizrvispireTamde, kolxeTis sanapiroebamde moiy­

vana. aq maT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebis maRal safexurze myof

qarTvelur tomebTan mouxdaT urTierToba, romelnic Tavs aiet

mefis kolxeTis memkvidreebad miiCnevdnen da amiT Zalian amayobd­

nen kidec. rogorc Cans, elinTa da qarTvelTa urTierTobis pro­

cesi ormxrivad sasargeblo iyo, radgan igi xels uwyobda vaWrobis

ganviTarebas, gamocdilebis urTierTgaziarebas, eladur produq­

ciasa da kulturul miRwevebTan kavkasielTa ziarebas, elinTa

geografiuli da istoriuli Tvalsawieris gafarToebas. amis Se­

degia is, rom homerosidan moyolebuli TiTqmis arc erT cnobil

berZen avtors ar auvlia gverdi saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli

miTologiuri, istoriuli, geografiuli Tu eTnografiuli xasi­

aTis informaciisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac asparezze gamodian cnobi­

li berZeni istorikosebi, filosofosebi, geografosebi, mecnie­

rebis sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenlebi, antikuri saqarTvelos,

berZen­qarTvelTa uZvelesi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebi sul

ufro da ufro mravalferovani da sruli xdeba. sakmarisia, dRes

gadavSaloT nebismieri wigni, romelic antikuri saqarTvelos is­

torias exeba, rom naTeli gaxdeba Semdegi: am istoriis umniSvnelo­

vanes wyaros Zveli berZeni avtorebis cnobebi warmoadgens. hero­

dote, qsenofoni, hipokrate, platoni, aristotele, straboni,

ptolemaiosi, plutarqosi, arianosi da mravali sxva avtori gvawv­

dis uZvirfases cnobebs Cveni qveynis warsulis erT­erTi yvelaze

ufro saintereso periodis Sesaxeb, rodesac mTeli saqarTvelos

teritoriaze antikuri epoqis qarTveluri saxelmwifoebis Camoy­

alibeba xdeboda.

am cnobebidan Cven vityobT, rom qarTvelur tomebs imxanad eka­

vaT sakmaod vrceli teritoriebi mcire aziis Crdilo­aRmosavle­

TiT mdinare halisidan moyolebuli kavkasionis qedamde, mTeli

aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo, kavkasionis qedis ferdobebi.

berZeni avtorebi am tomTa maTTvis cnobil mraval saxelwodebas

gvawvdian: xalibebi, saspirebi, mosinikebi, makronebi, mosxebi/mesx­

ebi, svanebi, henioxebi, lazebi, abasgebi da a.S. maTi gamaerTianebe­

li saxelwodebebia dasavleT saqarTveloSi – kolxebi, xolo aR­

mosavleTSi – iberia. Sesabamisad, dasavleT saqarTvelos berZnul

wyaroebSi kolxisi/kolxida, xolo aRmosavleTs iberia ewodeba.

ukve im Soreul warsulSi dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze

berZnebisaTvis cnobili mravali qalaqi Tu dasaxleba arsebula.

yvelaze Zveli maT Soris kvitaia, Tanamedrove quTaisia, romel­

regioni

gamarjvebis qalRmerTi nike, Zv. w. II s.

vanis gaTxrebi.

armazis bilingva, Zv. berZnuli da ara-

meuli warwerebi, ax. w. II s. armazisxevi.

75

sac berZnebi mefe aietis sarezidencio qalaqad miiCnevdnen. sain­

teresoa, rom Tanamedrove enaTmecnierTa TvalsazrisiT, es saxel­

wodeba ukve qarTveluri enebis erTianobis doneze, anu Zv. w. II

aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi unda arsebuliyo. aseve Zveli, ukve

didi kolxeTis droidan, yofila cnobili qalaqi fazisi, Tana­

medrove foTi, mdebare amave saxelwodebis mdinaris, Tanamedrove

rionis SesarTavTan. uaxloes momavalSi aq qarTveli da germaneli

mecnierebis erToblivi eqspedicia daiwyebs muSaobas antikuri fa­

zisis yovelmxrivi Seswavlis mizniT. Zveli avtorebi kolxeTisa da

iberiis, anu dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sazRvarze mde­

bare cixe­qalaqs – sarapaniss – kargad icnobdnen. misi nangrevebi

Tanamedrove Sorapanis teritoriaze savsebiT exmianeba berZnebis

aRweras.

kolxeTis miwaze mdebare dasaxlebebs Soris, berZen avtorTa

Tanaxmad, Tavisi mravaleTnikurobiT dioskuria gamoirCeoda,

romelsac ufro gvian sebastopolisi Seerqva da romelic Tana­

medrove soxumis midamoebSi ivaraudeba. aq savaWro mizniT Casul

300­mde sxvadasxva enaze molaparake tomebis warmomadgenelT Sexv­

debodiT. soxumis saxelwodeba rcxilis aRmniSvneli svanuri sity­

vidan cxuim momdinareobs. qarTveluri cxumi, rogorc Cans, iyo am

qalaqis uZvelesi adgilobrivi aRmniSvneli. kolxeTis Crdiloe­

TiT mdebare berZenTa TvalsawierSi moxvedril erT­erT qalaqad

pitiunti, Tanamedrove biWvinTa/picunda saxeldeboda. am saxel­

wodebis rogorc berZnuli, aseve qarTuli variantebis fuZeebi am

enebSi fiWvis aRniSvnel sityvebs Seicaven, Tumca Znelia imis gad­

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

75

noqalaqevi, qalaqis galavani.

76

aWriT Tqma, aq saqme gvaqvs SemTxveviT damTxvevasTan Tu erTi eni­

dan meoreSi sesxebasTan. dasavleT saqarTvelos mravali antikuri

qalaqidan SeiZleboda kidev ramdenimes gamoyofa, romelTa realo­

bas Tanamedrove arqeologiuri gaTxrebic adastureben: arqeopo­

lisi – Tanamedrove noqalaqevi, surioni – albaT, Tanamedrove vani,

afsarosi – Tanamedrove gonio, petra – SesaZloa, Tanamedrove

baTumi. iberiaSi, anu aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, gamoirCeoda:

mestleta – mcxeTa, harmoZike – armaz cixe, sevsamora – wiwamuri,

Zalisa – Zalisi, artanissa – artanuji. garda amisa, Zveli berZeni

avtorebi saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian saqarTvelos miwa­wyalze,

mdinareebsa da mTebze, florasa da faunaze, warmoebasa da teqnika­

ze. qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

aqvs cnobebs Cvens saxelmwifo gaerTianebebSi arsebul politikur

sistemebze, religiur Sexedulebebze, saganmanaTleblo kerebze.

aleqsandre makedonelis da misi mimdevrebis Zlevamosili

laSqrobebis Sedegad Zv.w. IV saukunis miwurulidan moyolebuli

msoflioSi Seiqmna veeberTela kulturuli sivrce, romlis farg­

lebSic berZnul enasa da kulturas dominanturi adgili eWira. mas

axal mecnierebaSi elinisturi, anu berZnulad molaparakeTa sam­

yaro uwodes. faqtobrivad, es iyo antikurobaSi msoflio saxelm­

76

berZnulwarweriani beWedi vanis gaTx-

rebidan. warweraze ikiTxeba sityva

dedatosi, rac piris saxeli unda iyos,

Zv. w. IV s.

regioni

delfinebi, knosos sasaxlis kedlis mxatvroba, kreta, Zv. w. 1600-1450

77

wifos Seqmnis yvelaze masStaburi cda. misi sulisCamdgmelis, ale­

qsandre didis koncefcia bevr msgavsebas gviCvenebs Tanamedrove

globalistebis ideebTan. berZnulma am dros msoflio enis funq­

cia moipova, xolo aRmosavlur elementebTan sinTezirebulma

berZnulma kulturam danarCeni samyarosaTvis erTgvari modelis

roli ikisra. am procesma, erTi mxriv, mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova

qveynebsa da xalxebs Soris mWidro urTierTobebis SesaZleblobe­

bi, xolo, meore mxriv, biZgi misca msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi

did politikursa da kulturul aRmavlobas. ar aris SemTxvevi­

Ti, rom swored elinistur epoqaSi xdeba antikuri wyaroebisaTvis

iberia, anu aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, msoflio istoriis asparezze

angariSgasawevi Zala, rom Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradiciac

aleqsandre makedonelis epoqasTan akavSirebs mniSvnelovan Zvrebs

qarTlis cxovrebaSi, xolo mefe farnavazs qarTuli saxelmwi­

foebriobis, damwerlobis da sazogadod kulturis did refor­

matorad miiCnevs. elinisturi epoqa romauli batonobis epoqiT

Seicvala, romlis drosac saqarTvelos urTierTobebi antikur

samyarosTan gacilebiT ufro mravalmxrivi da masStaburi gaxda,

Tumca, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, CvenTvis umniSvelovanes ori­

entirad mainc berZnuli civilizaciis miRwevebi rCeboda.

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

77