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Chinese Liquor/Wine Culture

Chinese Wine Culture Introduction of Chinese Wine

The Origin of Chinese Wine

Classification of Chinese Wine

Famous Chinese Wines

Occasions & Customs of Wine Drinking in China

Drinking Etiquettes in China

Chinese Poets with Wine

The stories about wine

• Wine has a close connection with culture in China both in ancient and modern times. “Wine drinking is something of learning rather than eating and drinking."

•Wine has a history as long as that of mankind. According to legend, the Chinese people began to make wine with grains seven thousand years ago; with animal milk, ten thousand years ago.

Introduction

• Wine has close connection with social customs in China. There are fifty-six nationalities in China and drinking customs vary from nationality to nationality. For instance, the Mongolians will present three cups of wine to a guest and go on singing songs of wine until the guest finishes them.

• Wine has been an inseparable part of the life of ordinary Chinese people through numerous events such as birthday, farewell dinner, wedding, etc.

• Wine has also appealed to literary and refined scholars and many anecdotes about their drinking were handed down from generation to generation, such as li Bai, Tao Yuanming, etc.

The Origin of Chinese Wine• The origins of the alcoholic beverage from

fermented grain in China cannot be traced definitively. A legend said that Yidi( 仪狄 ), the wife of the first dynasty‘s king Yu( 禹 ) invented the method. Another legend says that liquor was invented by Du Kang ( 杜康 ). At that time millet( was the main grain, the so-called "yellow liquor (huáng jiǔ 黄酒 )", then rice became more popular. It was not until the 19th century that distilled drinks become more popular. Traditionally, Chinese distilled liquors are consumed together with food rather than drunk on their own.

Yidi （仪狄） the forefather of wine production in China

Legends of Origin of Brewing Alcoholic Beverages

A Legend of Du Kang

• It is said that Du Kang was also called Shaokang（少康） and lived in the Xia Dynasty about 3900 years ago. He lived on graze （放牧） when he was young, and often forgot to have meals which he brought and hung on the tree. Later, he found that the taste of meal he left on the tree had changed, and the juices were especially luscious （甘美的） . This interested him and made him think and study again and again. Finally, he learned the principle of natural fermentation and tried to improve his method. At last, a complete method of wine production was invented. Although this is only a legend, Du Kang was still regarded by later people as the forefather of wine production in China. Furthermore, wines are named “Du Kang Wine” by some people.    

•  

Classification of Chinese Wine

• Grain-based Huangjiu and Choujiu (Fermented beverages)• Grain-based Baijiu (Distilled beverages)• Medicated Liquor • Fruit- based wines• Beer

white winemedicated wine

Beer

yellow wine

fruit wine

Huangjiu （ "yellow liquor" ）•  Huang Jiu predates all the other liquors, with a history

of several thousand years. • Huangjiu is also known as “laojiu“( 老酒 ), which is

brewed from grain with wheat Qu （曲） or Xiao Qu（小曲） used as fermenting agents. It is one of three dominated brewed wines (beer and grape wine) in the world.

• These wine are traditionally pasteurized （巴氏消毒） , aged （熟化） , and filtered （过滤） before their final bottling for sale to consumers.

• The alcohol content is mild, at around 15%. Huangjiu can also be distilled( 蒸馏） to produce baijiu （ white liquors ） and it is used as the base of “yaojiu” (medicated liquors ). It is also an excellent condiment（佐料，调味品） for cooking. Among these liquors the Shaoxing Rice Wine is the most famous.

Traditional Wine Brewing It has a history of several thousand years and the traditional fermenting technique developed gradually into a mature level. Even in present day, the natural fermenting technique has not disappeared completely and something about such technique still remains a mystery.

Baijiu (White liquors )• White liquors are also commonly called

shaojiu ( 烧酒 "hot liquor" or "burned liquor"), either because of the burning sensation in the mouth during consumption, the fact that they are usually warmed before being consumed, or because of the heating required for distillation.

Baijiu （“ white liquor" ）• Baijiu, which includes spirits, is made from

sorghum 高粱 , corn, barley or wheat, most of which are easy to ferment. Colorless and transparent( 透明的 ), Liquors of this type typically contain more than 30% alcohol in volume since they have undergone distillation. Some white liquors contain over 50% alcohol. The alcohol strength varies between 55 and 65 percent. A small quantity can make one tipsy （醉人的） in a moment. Of the most famous of baijiu are Guizhou Maotai, Wuliangye, Shanxi Fenjiu and Luzhou Daqu.

Type of Fragrance

• While yellow liquors have a wide variety of classification methods, white liquors are grouped primarily by their type of fragrance.

• There are three main groups of white liquors according to their characteristics due to the different fermentation methods. They are

qingxiang( 清香 light fragrance), jiangxiang( 酱香 sauce fragrance) and nongxiang ( 浓香 strong fragrance).

Liquor with light fragrance

• Those that may ferment in clay vats 缸 obtain a light and transient aroma 芳香 and are called liquor with qingxiang, a light fragrance. A famous example of this is Fenjiu from Shanxi .

•  

Liquor with sauce fragrance

• liquor with jiangxiang is made with yeasts that have been prepared under high temperatures, which also requires a larger amount of yeast than normally, ferments at a higher temperature. This yeast becomes very dark and gives the distillate a very special character that is comparable to the taste of sauce, and is consequently called, a sauce fragrance. A typical example of liquor with this taste is Maotai from Guizhou .

Liquor with strong fragrance

• Liquors that are fermented in earth cellars （地窖） are affected by bacteria in the ground. This creates very special esters, acids and oils which are highly aromatic. Such liquor is called nongxiang, a strong fragrance. The three best ones are considered to be Mianzhu Daqu, Wuliangye from Yibin and Luzhou Laojiao Daqu. The production process is absolutely unique. They have the characteristics including full-flavor after taste, freshness and light sweetness. Every one will never forget the good taste even he only tastes a sip of it.

Medicated Liquor • Medicated liquor refers to a transparent

medicated liquid obtained by using wine as a solvent to soak out the effective components of herbs.

• Most medicated liquors are taken orally, while some are for external use. To improve the taste, crystal sugar or honey can be added to the medicated wine. 　

• Because liquor itself has the effect for stimulating blood circulation and relaxing muscles and joints, it can be used to treat general asthenia (loss of strength), rheumatic( 风湿性的 ) pain, and traumatic( 外伤的 ) injury. In addition, alcohol is a kind of good menstruum (solvent), which may distill (extract) a higher proportion of ingredients from medical material.

• Chinese people like to use precious medical material to make medical liquor, which can reinforce body fluid and nourish the blood.However, though medical liquor is good for the human body, it cannot be drunk superfluously. A frequency of 2 or 3 times a day with each dosage measuring 10 ml to 50 ml is proper for people.

Fruit Wine Classification:• A: Classified by grape: Wild Grape Wine Planted Grape Wine• B: Classified by color: White Wine Red Wine Rose Wine • C: Classified by content of sugar: Dry Wine Semi-dry Wine • D: Classified by carbonation : Pure Wine Sparkling Wine （汽酒）• E: Herbal Added Wine Classification• F: Brandy

Fruit Wine

• A: Classified by grape:Wild Grape Wine : wine made from natural wild

grape.

Planted Grape Wine: wine made from different varieties of planted grapes

Fruit Wine• B: Classified by colorWhite Wine: wine made from white grapes or light-red-

skin grapes. Grape juice is separated from skin and only juice goes for fermentation to make wine. The color of this variety of wine starts from pale with green tinge, pale straw, straw to dark straw.

Red Wine: wine made from redskin grapes. Grape juice and skin go for fermentation together first and then separated for winemaking. The color of this variety of wine starts from rose, ruby, rich ruby to plum and dark plum.

Rose Wine: wine made from redskin white pulp grapes. Grape juice and skin go for fermentation together for a short period of time. When the juice gets the desired color, juice is separated from the skin and other residues for further fermentation and then made into rose wine.

Fruit Wine• C: Classified by content of sugar:

　　 Dry Wine: only little sugar is left after fermentation. The content of sugar is less than 4 grams per liter. The taste of wine is sour instead of sweet.　　 Semi-dry Wine: the content of sugar is between 4 and 12 grams and the taste of the wine is a little sweet.　　 1. Semi-sweet Wine: the content of sugar is between 12-50 grams and the taste of the wine is sweet and smooth.　　 2. Sweet Wine: the content of sugar is above 50 grams per liter and the taste of the wine is pure sweet.

Fruit Wine

• D: Classified by carbonation　　 1. Pure Wine: wine which is free from carbon dioxides.　　 2. Sparkling Wine: wine which has carbon dioxides in it. Carbonated wine and champagne belong to this type.

Fruit Wine• E: Herbal Added Wine: wine

that are added herbals which are good for stomach and spleen. For example, Changyu vermouth( 苦艾酒 ) belongs to this type. Vermouth is made from an old variety of grapes and it is good for appetite.

Fruit Wine• F: Brandy: made from wine. They are

distilled wine. The famous brandy is made in Cognac （柯涅克） in France. It was not until early 20 century that Changyu began for the first time in China to make and sell brandy both in China and abroad.

Chinese Beer

• Generically, beer is any alcoholic beverage produced through the fermentation of starchy materials and which is not distilled after fermentation.

• 啤酒以大麦芽、酒花、水为主要原料，经酵母发酵作用酿制而成的，不经蒸馏，饱含二氧化碳的低酒精度酒。

Primitive Beer in Ancient China ---"Li" • In ancient China, people consumed a kind

of alcoholic drink called “Li“( 醴 ) which was made from malted( 麦芽 )cereals. Li has been considered as a type of primitive beer in remote ancient times. After Han Dynasty or so, Li was substituted by rice wine made by Qu ( it is called “ 曲” in Chinese). Then, Li, due to its low alcohol content, was obsolete from the banquet and even nobody knew exactly how Li was brewed.

• Li was first recorded in “Jia Gu Wen” ( inscription on bones or tortoise shells) in Shang Dynasty ( from 16th century B.C. to 11th century B.C.). Although there were no complete descriptions about brewing process of Li, some characters and phrases carved on the bones or tortoise shells have been identified to be related to brewing process, such as “NIE”, meaning malted （麦芽） cereals or malting, “JIAN”, meaning “filtration（过滤 , ） . There were newly brewed Li and aged Li used on different occasions.

• In Zhou Dynasty, alcoholic beverages was classified into two types: rice wine and "Li". In Han Dynasty, Li was no longer the major alcoholic drink consumed because the rice wine brewing techniques was spreaded out everywhere. A kind of drink characterized by low alcohol and made with Qu in a short time was also called "Li", probably because of misunderstanding meaning of the original "Li" ；

• During the period of Northern and Southern Dynasty (420- 581 A.D.), Li made from malted cereals had been thoroughly absolete. Among more than 40 varieties of alcoholic drinks mentioned in Qi Ming Yao Shu, there was no "Li", although the techniques for making wheat malt were described in detail. Now that rice wine made by Qu had the advantages of high proof of alcohol (usually 15% by volume), there was nothing strange that Li made from malted cereals had been substituted by rice wine.

• It is concluded that Li and beer should belong to the same type of beverage with much lower alcohol content than rice wine in remote ancient times. With the changes of times, the primitive beer, Li made from malted cereals disappeared in China.

Famous Chinese Wine At the First National Wine Appraisal Conference

held in 1952, eight brands of famous Chinese wine were awarded a prize. They were

• Guizhou Maotai 茅台• Shanxi Fenjiu 汾酒• Shaanxi Xifeng 西凤• Luzhou Laojiao 泸州老窖• Shaoxing Jiafan 绍兴加饭酒• Red Rose Grape Wine 红玫瑰葡萄酒• Weimeisi 味美思酒• Special Fine Brandy. 烟台金奖白兰地

Famous Chinese WineAt the Second National Wine Appraisal Conference held in 1963,

eighteen brands of famous Chinese wine were warded a prize.

Guizhou Maotai,

Shanxi Fenjiu,

Shaanxi Xifeng,

Luzhou LaojiaoTwice Fully-Fermented Liquor 泸州老窖大曲酒

Shaoxing Jiafan 绍兴加饭酒

Red Rose Grape Wine,

Yantai Weimeisi,

Yantai Special Fine Brandy,

Sichuan Wuliangye

Anhui Gujinggong,

Quanxing Twice Fully-Fermented Liquor全兴大曲酒 ( 四川成都 )

Chinese Red Grape Wine

夜光杯中国红葡萄酒 ( 北京 ) 、

Zhuyeqing 竹叶青酒 ( 山西汾阳杏花村 ) 、

Qingdao White Grape Wine,

Dongjiu 董酒 ( 贵州遵义 ) 、

Special-Made Bejing Brandy

北京特制白兰地 Chengang Liquor 沉缸酒 ( 福建龙岩 )

Qingdao Beer

Famous Chinese Wine• In 1979, the Third National Wine Appraisal Conference was

held and eighteen brands of famous Chinese wine were awarded a prize.

Guizhou Maotai,

Shanxi Fenjiu,

Sichuan Wuliangye,

Anhui Gujinggong,

Yanghe Twice Fully-Fermented Liquor,

Jiannanchun,

Chinese Red Grape Wine,

Yantai Weimeisi,

Qingdao White Grape Wine,

Yantai Special Fine Brandy,

Dongjiu,

Special-Made Bejing Brandy,

Luzhou Laojiao Twice Fully-Fermented Liquor,

Shaoxing Jiafan,

Zhuyeqing,

Qingdao Beer,

Yantai Red Grape Wine

Chengangjiu.

Some famous Chinese liquors • Maotai Liquor （茅台酒）• Fen Liquor （汾酒）• Five Grain Liquor （五粮液）• Luzhou Liquor （泸州老窖特曲）• Jiannanchun Liquor （剑南春）• Xifeng Liquor （西凤酒）• Gujinggong Liquor （古井贡酒）• Dong Liquor （董酒）• Shaoxing Wine• Dukang Wine• Bamboo-Leaf Green Liquor

Maotai Liquor

Maotai town, Renhuai county, Guizhou

Maotai Liquor • Maotai Liquor is produced in Maotai town,

Renhuai county in Guizhou Province. Together with Scotch Whisky and French Cognac Brandy, it is renowned as one of the Three Famous Wines in the world.

• 茅台英国苏格兰威士忌和法国柯涅克白兰地并称为“世界三大名酒”

• Due to the fragrance, purity, sweetness and refreshment, Maotai Liquor is regarded as the national liquor in China.

• Dating back to the Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, Maotai Liquor has a long history of brewage. As early as in the 18th century of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), Maotai became the first excellent wine brand in large-scale production, with an annual output of 170 tons, which was very rare in China's wine brewage history. Before the liberation, there were three main wine factories in Guizhou, whose products were respectively called Hua Mao, Wang Mao and Lai Mao, among which Hua Mao is the predecessor of today's Maotai Liquor. In 1915, Maotai Liquor was brought to Panama World Exposition and awarded the gold medal of the exposition.

• Maotai Liquor belongs to sauce fragrance style,（ 酱香型） tasting pure, sweet and refreshing. Maotai Liquor is made of wheat and sorghum. The brewage of the liquor will go though 8 times of ferment and 9 times of distillation, the whole process lasts one year. After the process, the liquor will be stored for years. The specific techniques of brewage make the strong liquor suitable for drinking and beneficial to the health. You won't feel dizzy even if you drink too much.

• 茅台酒素以色清透明、醇香馥郁、入口柔绵、清冽甘爽、回香持久等特点而名闻天下，被称为中国的“国酒”。它以优质高粱为料，上等小麦制曲，每年重阳之际投料，利用茅台镇特有的气候，优良的水质和适宜的土壤，采用与众不同的高温制曲、堆积、蒸酒，轻水分入池等工艺，再经过两次投料、九次蒸馏、八次发酵、七次取酒、长期陈酿而成。酒精度多在 52 ～ 54度之间，是中国酱香型白酒的典范。

Fen Liquor

Fenyang, Shanxi

Fen Liquor• The Fen Liquor is produced in Xinghua Village,

Fenyang in Shanxi Province. Enjoying a history of more than 1,500 years, it is the father of Chinese famous liquors. It uses the Yibazhua sorghum produced in Jinzhong Plain in Fenyang and the mellow Gujingjia Spring as ingredients. Through the process of brewing technology, the Fen Liquor is clear, crystal, mildly aromatic and affords a lingering after-taste. Due to its best quality, it is always praised as the excellent liquor and fluid precious stone.

• 山西汾酒是我国清香型白酒的典型代表，工艺精湛，源远流长，素以入口绵、落口甜、饮后余香、回味悠长特色而著称，在国内外消费者中享有较高的知名度、美誉度和忠诚度。历史上，汾酒曾经过了三次辉煌：汾酒有着 4000 年左右的悠久历史， 1500 年前的南北朝时期，汾酒作为宫廷御酒受到北齐武成帝的极力推崇，被载入廿四史，使汾酒一举成名；晚唐著名诗人杜牧一首《清明》诗吟出千古绝唱：“借问酒家何处有？牧童遥指杏花村。”这是汾酒的二次成名； 1915 年，汾酒在巴拿马万国博览会上荣获甲等金质大奖章，为国争光，成为中国酿酒行业的佼佼者。

Five Grain Liquor

Yibin, Sichuan

Five Grain Liquor

• The Five Grain Liquor, produced in Yibin, Sichuan Province, gets the name from its five ingredients, including sorghum, rice, glutinous rice, corn and wheat. The water is taken from the center of Minjiang River. The wrapped starter (Baobaoqu), produced by pure wheat, is used as the raising agent. When the bottle opens, a strong fragrance scents the air.

• 五粮液 是中国最著名的白酒之一．是中国驰名商标，享有“名酒之乡”美称的四川省宜宾市，是宜宾五粮酒的故乡。

• 1928 年，“利川永”烤酒作坊老板邓子均，又采用红高粱、大米、糯米、麦子、玉米五种粮食为原料，酿造出了香味纯浓的“杂粮酒”，送给当地团练局文书杨惠泉品尝，他认为此酒色、香、味均佳，又是用五种粮食酿造而成，使人闻名领味。从此，这种杂粮酒便以五粮液享于世人，流芳至今。蜚声中外、誉满神州的四川宜宾五粮液酒厂所产的交杯牌、五粮液牌五粮液（由“荔枝绿”——宜宾元曲而来），在中国浓香型酒中独树一帜，为四川省的六朵金花（泸州特曲、郎酒、剑南春、全兴大曲、五粮液、沱牌曲酒）之一。它以“香气悠久，滋味醇厚，进口甘美，入喉净爽，各味谐调，恰到好处”的风格。 　　宜宾五粮液，喷香浓郁，醇厚甘美，回味悠长，以优质糯米、大米、高粱、小麦、玉米五粮为原料酿制而得名。它是宜宾酒厂用“五粮配方，小麦制曲，人工培窖，双轮低温发酵，量质摘酒，按质拼坛，分级储存，精心勾兑”的独特技术和悠久的传统工艺精酿而成，不仅在国内驰名遐迩，而且远销国外。

Luzhou Liquor

Luzhou, Sichuan

Luzhou Liquor• is produced in Luzhou, Sichuan Province. In the

early Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), Wenyongsheng and Tianchensheng were the two liquor factories that produced Luzhou Liquor. The oldest cellar of Wenyongsheng has a history of more than 370 years.

• Luzhou Liquor features strong aroma, sweet, raw and has a long, persistent finish. It has become the model of strong aromatic Chinese spirits.

泸州老窖特曲是我国享有盛誉的名酒之一，素以“醇香浓郁，清洌甘爽，回味悠长，饮后尤香”的独特风格，闻名古今，畅销中外。此酒无色透明，窖香浓郁，清洌甘爽，饮后尤香，回味悠长。具有浓香、醇和、味甜、回味长的四大特色，酒度有 38 度、 52 度、 60 度三种。华罗庚题诗：“何以解忧，唯有杜康；而今无忧，特曲是尝；产自泸州，甘洌芬芳。” 　　泸州老窖特曲酒，所以具有独特的风格，关键在于发酵的窖龄长，是真正的老窖。老窖的特点是在建窖时有特殊的结构要求，经过长期使用，泥池出现红绿彩色，泥性成软体，并产生奇异的香气，此时，发酵醅与酒窖泥接触，蒸馏出的酒也就有了浓郁的香气，这样的窖就可称为老窖了。随着窖龄的增长，酿出的酒其品质也不断提高。百年老窖酿成的酒才被认为是合乎理想的佳品美酒。据史载，泸州曲酒厂最老的窖至今已有３００多年的窖龄，风貌依旧，令人神往，游人莫不以一睹为幸。

Jiannanchun Liquor

The ruin of liquor cellar, Mianzhu, Sichuan

Jiannanchun Liquor• Jiannanchun Liquor is produced in the Mianzhu

county, Sichuan Province. It is one of the famous liquors in China that enjoys a long history. In Tang Dynasty (618-907), "chun ( 春 )" was used to name the wine, hence the name. According to the legend, the great poet Li Bai in Tang Dynasty once used the golden crown in exchange for Jiannanchun, which reflected the excellent quality of the liquor.

• Jiannanchun Liquor is made from sorghum, rice, glutinous rice, corn and wheat. It is finely brewed in traditional technique and can be divided into 62 degrees and 52 degrees. Every drop is fragrant, mellow, sweet and cool with a long finish.

• 绵竹剑南春酒，产于四川省绵竹市，因绵竹在清代属剑南道，故称“剑南春”。四川的绵竹市素有“酒乡”之称，绵竹市因产竹产酒而得名。早在唐代就产闻名遐迩的名酒——“剑南烧春”，相传李白为喝此美酒曾在这里况把皮袄卖掉买酒痛饮，留下“士解金貂”、“解貂赎酒”的佳话。北宋苏轼称赞这种蜜酒“三日开瓮香满域”，“甘露微浊醍醐清”，其酒之引人可见一斑。

Xifeng Liquor

Clay sculpture,

Fengxiang, Shaanxi

Xifeng Liquor

• Being one of the oldest liquors in China and in the world, Xifeng Liquor is produced in Liulin town, Fengxiang county, Shaanxi Province. In the late Shang Dynasty (C.1600–1046BC), in order to celebrate the victory of Muye Battle, the King of Zhouwu used Qin Liquor (today's Xifeng Liquor) to reward his soldiers.Xifeng Liquor represents the Feng-style liquor. Feng-style liquor blends the five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and fragrant. The liquor degrees are divided into 39 degrees, 55 degrees and 65 degrees.

• 西凤酒以当地特产高粱为原料，用大麦、豌豆制曲。工艺采用续渣发酵法，发酵窖分为明窖与暗窖两种。工艺流程分为立窖、破窖、顶窖、圆窖、插窖和挑窖等工序，自有一套操作方法。蒸馏得酒后，再经 3 年以上的贮存，然后进行精心勾兑方出厂。 西凤酒中的金西凤西凤酒无色清亮透明，醇香芬芳，清而不淡，浓而不艳，集清香、浓香之优点融于一体，幽雅、诸味谐调，回味舒畅，风格独特。被誉为“酸、甜、苦、辣、香五味俱全而各不出头”。即酸而不涩，苦而不黏，香不刺鼻，辣不呛喉，饮后回甘、味久而弥芳之妙。属凤香型大曲酒，被人们赞为它是“凤型”白酒的典型代表。西凤酒为适应各地不同消费者的需要推出 33 度、 38 度、 39 度、 42度、 45 度、 46 度、 48 度、 50 度、 52 度、 55 度、 65度等多种度数。 　　适时饮用，有活血驱寒，提神祛劳之益

Gujinggong Liquor

Bozhou, Anhui

Gujinggong Liquor• Gujinggong Liquor is produced in Bozhou,

Anhui Province. "Gujing" means ancient well. There is an ancient well having a history of 1,400 years in the liquor factory. The local water tastes bitter but the spring from this well is quite sweet. The liquor made from the spring of the well has a wonderful flavor. During Wanli's rule in Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), it became a tribute.

• 古井贡酒拥有悠久的历史，古井贡酒标准还是国家标准。古井酒以其独特的风味，赢得了海内外的一致赞誉。不仅 4 次蝉联全国白酒评比金奖，而且 1988 年在第 13届巴黎国际食品博览会上荣登榜首。古井集团以古井贡酒为基点，现已发展成为拥有 20 多个子公司，集科工、贸、金融、房地产、酒店业为一体，跨行业、跨地区、多功能、多层次的国家大型一档企业。

Dong Liquor

Zunyi, Guizhou

Dong Liquor

• Dong Liquor is produced in Dong Liquor Factory in Zunyi, Guizhou Province. It gets the name from the Donggong Temple near the factory. Dong Liquor is the most special Chinese liquor in brewing method. It is made from the best glutinous Indian millet( 黍 ,) and the underground springs from Shuikou Temple. It blends the styles of Daqu Liquor and Xiaoqu Liquor.

• 董酒以“酒液晶莹透明，香气幽雅舒适，入口酿和浓郁，饮后甘爽味长”为其特点，并有祛寒活络，促进血液循环，消除疲劳，宽胸顺气等功能。它曾四次荣获全国名酒称号（在全国第二、第三届评酒会上，都被评为全国十八大名酒之一）， 1984 年，又获轻工部金杯奖，已经远销港澳、东南亚、日本和欧美等地，深受国内外消费者的欢迎。 　　董酒无色，清澈透明，香气幽雅舒适，既有大曲酒的浓郁芳香，又有小曲酒的柔绵、醇和、回甜，还有淡雅舒适的药香和爽口的微酸，入口醇和浓郁，饮后甘爽味长。由于酒质芳香奇特，被人们誉为其它香型白酒中独树一枝的“药香型”或“董香型”典型代表。

Some Other Famous Chinese Wines

• Shaoxing Wine

• Dukang Wine• Bamboo-Leaf Green Liquor

Shaoxing Wine

• Shaoxing Wine, also called Huang Jiu (yellow wine), produced in the town of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, It has been known for its flavor and golden colour.

Dukang Wine

Dukang Wine bears the same name of its production site - Dukang village in Henan Province, which has the charms of historical relics and the pureness of nature. The wine has been popular among the Chinese people for more than 2,500 years. It may not only arouse your deep-seated nostalgia乡愁 for the ancient past, but also give you a natural enjoyment by relieving your anxiety. Dukang Wine is as good to health as it is to prolonging life.

Bamboo-Leaf Green LiquorBamboo-leaf green liquor is another of

the eight famous Chinese wines. It is made by immersing bamboo leaves and dozens of medicinal herbs, such as Chinese angelica and cap jasmine in Fen Liquor. The wine is pale green, translucent and fragrant. It has a reputation for improving health and treating such diseases as heart trouble, high blood pressure and arthritis. 

Occasions & Customs of Wine Drinking in China

• Wedding wine• longevity wine• Welcome wine • Farewell Wine

“Opening wine” and “dividend wine” • Realgar Wine(雄黄酒） On May 5th• Chrysanthemum Wine on September 9th

• Wine drinking during Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, the Mid- Autumn Festival and other happy occasions

• …

longevity wine• 　　 China is a typical country that emphasize

the virtue of respecting older people. .And there are various ways to reach it, among which is to present “longevity wine”.　　 When an old person’s birthday comes, younger generation usually take different kinds of gifts to celebrate them. Taking wine and eat a meal with them is very popular and welcomed by older generation. Here wine acts as a medium to transfer love and wishes.

Occasions for Drinking Wine

• to celebrate different festivals, wedding ceremonies and birthday;

• to memorize the departed;

• to welcome and send off relatives and friends;

• to congratulate the good news ;

• to get rid of anxiety;

• to cure diseases and prolong life

“Opening wine” and “dividend wine”

• 　　 In China, if you are the boss of a new store or company, before you open you business, you should hold a great banquet to celebrate. You could call your relatives and friends together ,then your business will be good later.　　 Not only starting a business needs wine, at the end of the year, when the boss is ready to give the workers dividend( 红利 ) to thank them for their hard working, a wine works ,too.

Drinking Etiquette

• When entertaining guests with wine, drip the wine to the wine cup to its full length.

• It is hospitable to urge guests to drink more .

• The person who proposes a toast to others, especially to the old and VIPs should finish the drinking first.

Drinking Etiquette

• At a feast, the host or guest should present a short speech to express his good will when inviting others to drink; sometimes, one of guests could stand up to invite the rest at the feast to have a drink one by one. When inviting others to drink, the inviter and invitee should both stand from their seats. Invitation of others to drink is usually limited to three cups.

Jiuling Called in Chinese 酒令 (The drinking game; the drinkers’ wager game ) • At the very beginning, alcohol was mainly a

beverage in the ceremonial rites. The drinking games, Jiuling called in Chinese, were just aids for drinking. Certainly there were other aids for drinking, such as archery, chess playing and arrow pitching. Aimed to restrict overdrinking to keep drinkers be gentlemen and preserve courtesy of the time, there were even special designated officials to manage these aids for drinking. Later, drinking games which added entertainment to rites, gradually became artifice to persuade, wager and force overdrinking. Jiuling is a unique part of Chinese culture.

• Now Jiuling has many forms, depending on the drinker's social status, literacy status and interests, which can be classified into three categories - general game, contest game and literal game. General game includes those games every body can play, such as joke telling, riddling and Chuanhua (passing flowers one by one). This category usually appears on banquet for ladies.

• Animal betting is a very interesting game every Chinese can play. In the game, one uses his Chopstick to tap the other player's chopstick and at the same time speaks out one of four terms. The other does the same. There are four terms: stick, tiger, cock and insect. The regulations are simple: Stick beats tiger; tiger eats cock; cock pecks insect; insect bores stick. Literal game is mainly popular in bookworms since they receive good education and have refined knowledge and know the essence of Chinese traditional culture. Intellectuals sometimes play the other two category drinking games too, however they consider those games vulgar. Beaux-esprit and cultured ladies prefer the elegant game, literal game.

• Usually literal game is unique and artful literal contest, which requires superior wisdom, broad knowledge sphere and fast response. In order to animate atmosphere, players will do their best to produce original, novel, unpredicted and extremely fine literal pieces, with quotations from scriptures, history, poems, proverbs, and fairy tales embedded. Many Jiulings of this category, very artistic, are pleasingly worthy of literary appreciation. Bai Juyi, one of Chinese greatest poets, even thought elegant Jiuling was much more interesting than music accompaniment.

• Contest game consists of archery, arrow pitching, chess playing, dicing, finger guessing and animal betting. Among these, the latter two are common ； In finger guessing, two players stretch out their right hands, with several fingers sticking out while the others closing to their palm and at the same time, each of them, usually roars a number from nil to ten. If fingers sticking out adds up and the sum equals to a player's number, then he wins and the loser will have to drink. There are many differences in different regions.

酒令• 　　饮酒行令，是中国人在饮酒时助兴的一种特有方式。　酒令分雅令和通令。雅令的行令方法是：先推一人为令官，或出诗句，或出对子，其他人按首令之意续令，所续必在内容与形式上相符，不然则被罚饮酒。行雅令时，必须引经据典，分韵联吟，当席构思，即席应对，这就要求行酒令者既有文采和才华，又要敏捷和机智，所以它是酒令中最能展示饮者才思的项目。

• 行酒令的方式可谓是五花八门。文人雅士与平民百姓行酒令的方式自然大不相同。文人雅士常用对诗或对对联、猜字或猜谜等，一般百姓则用一些既简单，又不需作任何准备的行令方式。

• 最常见，也最简单的是“同数”，现在一般叫“猜拳”，即用手指中的若干个手指的手姿代表某个数，两人出手后，相加后必等于某数，出手的同时，每人报一个数字，如果甲所说的数正好与加数之和相同，则算赢家，输者就得喝酒。如果两人说的数相同，则不计胜负，重新再来一次。

• 击鼓传花 :这是一种既热闹，又紧张的罚酒方式。在酒宴上宾客依次坐定位置。由一人击鼓，击鼓的地方与传花的地方是分开的，以示公正。开始击鼓时，花束就开始依次传递，鼓声一落，如果花束在某人手中，则该人就得罚酒。因此花束的传递很快，每个人都唯恐花束留在自己的手中。击鼓的人也得有些技巧，有时紧，有时慢，造成一种捉摸不定的气氛，更加剧了场上的紧张程度，一旦鼓声停止，大家都会不约而同地将目光投向接花者，此时大家一哄而笑，紧张的气氛一消而散。接花者只好饮酒。如果花束正好在两人手中，则两人可通过猜拳或其它方式决定负者。击鼓传花是一种老少皆宜的方式，但多用于女客。

王翰·

凉

州

词

葡萄美酒夜光杯，

欲饮琵琶马上催。

醉卧沙场君莫笑，

古来征战几人回?

Liangzhou wordFrom cups of jade that glow with wine of grapes at night,Drinking to pipa songs, we are summoned to fight.Don't laugh if we lie drunk upon the battleground!How many warriors ever came back safe and sound?

《自遣》

•                                         唐 ·罗隐 • 得即高歌失即休，多愁多恨亦悠悠。• 今朝有酒今朝醉，明日愁来明日愁。

《春日西湖寄谢法曹韵》

                                     宋 ·欧阳修

• 酒逢知己千杯少，话不投机半句多。

遥知湖上一樽酒，能忆天涯万里人。

《客中作》

•                                        唐 ·李白• 兰陵美酒郁金香，玉碗盛来瑚珀光。

但使主人能醉客，不知何处是他乡。

《送元二使安西》

•                                          唐 ·王维

渭城朝雨浥轻尘，客舍清清柳色新。

劝君更 尽一杯酒，西出阳关无故人。

《中秋》

•  　　　　 宋 ·戴复古

• 把酒冰壶接胜游，今年喜不负中秋。

故人心是中秋月，肯为狂夫照白头。

•  《梦中作》                                  宋 ·欧阳修

夜凉吹笛千山月，路暗迷人百种花。

棋罢不知人换世，酒阑无奈客思家。

《正月末雪中有作》

•                                    宋 · 吕本中

• 柳着河冰雪着船 ,  小桃应误取春怜。

床头有酒须君醉 , 又废蒲团一夜禅。

宣州谢眺楼饯别校书叔云（弃我去者）李白

•弃我去者，昨日之日不可留； 乱我心者，今日之日多烦忧。

长风万里送秋雁，对此可以酣高楼。 蓬莱文章建安骨，中间小谢又清发。

俱怀逸兴壮思飞，欲上青天览明月。

抽刀断水水更流，举杯销愁愁更愁。 人生在世不称意，明朝散发弄扁舟。

《短歌行》                                                  

曹操 • 对酒当歌，人生几何？譬如朝露，去日苦多。

概当以慷，忧思难忘。何以解忧？唯有杜康。

青青子衿，悠悠我心。但为君故，沈吟至今。

呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。

明明如月，何时可掇？忧从中来，不可断绝。

越陌度阡，枉用相存。契阔谈咽，心念旧恩。

月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。绕树三匝，何枝可依。

山不厌高，海不厌深，周公吐哺，天下归心。

The Stories about Wine There are many stories about wine in Chinese history.

Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Jin dynasty, could not live without wine for a day.

The great poet Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty, could “write 100 poems after drinking wine”, the more wine he drunk, the better the poem would be.

Wu Song, a brave man from Liangshan in the Song Dynasty, drank 18 bowls of wine without a break, and then, barehanded, fought a fierce tiger to the death.

Questions for discussion:

• What do you think of the wine-drinking customs in China? Give examples to support your idea.