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- 1 -
Research on Microbial Restoration of Methane Deposit
with Subsurface CO2 Sequestration
into the Depleted Oil Fields
Kazuhiro Fujiwara*, Yoshiyuki Hattori
*, Hiroshi Ohtagaki
*, Takamichi Nakamura
*, Takahiro
Asano* and Komei Okatsu
**, Yuichi Sugai
***
* Chugai Technos Corp.
** Japan Oil, Gas and Metals Natl. Corp.
*** Kyushu Univ.
Abstract
Research into the microbial restoration of methane deposits (MRMD) system has
been carried out since 2003. The final objective of this research is to developing
microbial restoration system of methane deposits using subsurface sequestered CO2 and indigenous
anaerobes in depleted oil fields. As the past findings, some hydrogen-producing thermophilic
bacteria (HPTB) and methane-producing thermophilic archaea (MPTA) which
participate in the microbial restoration of natural gas have been detected at the DNA
level in some of producing water and successfully isolated. After hydrogen and methane
production from indigenous anaerobes inhabiting a reservoir have ascertained, feasibility of
MRMD system has estimated by primitive economic assessment. Furthermore, detailed
studies of accelerating conditions for hydrogen and methane production have been conducted
under real reservoir condition. Through this research, it has been shown that the velocity of
hydrogen and methane production have been enhanced respectively by adding some
unique inorganic additives. These data indicate that depleted oil reservoirs are potentially good
candidates to become subsurface microbial reactors and the productivity of hydrogen and methane
by indigenous anaerobes in oil reservoir may have controlled artificially.
1. Introduction
It is well known that CO2 is considered to be the major factor of global warming. Due to the
increased emissions of CO2 throughout the world, the CO2 in our atmosphere is at its highest levels
since record keeping began. Against this background, industries and governments are increasingly
looking into subsurface CO2 disposal and storage technologies as potential methods to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. On the other hand, consumption of natural gas has
been rising significantly worldwide. This means that development of sources of perpetual natural
- 2 -
gas will take place incrementally over the short term.
The ongoing research on Microbial Restoration of Methane Deposits (MRMD) system provides
the twin dividend of reducing CO2 emissions and improving production of natural gas. This
technology has expected closer to reality because recent geochemical considerations and
geomicrobiological data1-6) have indicated that the anaerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbon and
conversion to methane in the deep subsurface may proceed by anaerobic microbial consortium.
From the viewpoint of resource recovery, the MRMD system presented in this study has regarded as
one of enhanced gas recovery (EGR) technique associated with the microbial gasification process
from crude oil. Namely, this MRMD system may also lead to give incentive to CO2 sequestration
technologies such as CCUS-EOR (Carbon dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage with enhanced
oil recovery).
2. Microbial restoration process
We have been researching the sustainable carbon recycling system (Fig. 1) since 20036). The
final objective of our research is to develop the MRMD system using subsurface sequestered CO2
and indigenous anaerobes in depleted oil fields. This technology has the potential not only to
dispose of CO2, but to produce methane (Fig. 2).
On the MRMD system, we have been focusing on hydrogen production by hydrogen-producing
thermophilic eubacteria (HPTB) which can utilize a variety of carbon source such as hydrocarbones.
This hydrogen and the injected CO2 into the reservoir have also used as substrate for methane
production by Methane-producing thermophilic archaea (MPTA). (Fig. 3)
There are two approaches to the field operation technique of this MRMD system (Fig. 2). One
operation involves injecting only nutrient into the oil reservoir and allowing indigenous anaerobes to
produce the methane. The other operation involves injecting nutrient and anaerobes simultaneously
into the oil reservoir. In the present study, we are especially focusing on the latter operation,
because it can be used in oil reservoirs around the world regardless of the presence or absence of
hydrogen and methane producing anaerobes.
3. Approaches of our research
Over the coming years, we have been considering some subjects shown in below as the urgent and
extremely important issues for the practical use of MRMD system. In these issues, we have already
conducted on the Step 1 to 8 and the outlines of these results are overviewed in this paper.
(Step 1) Analysis of microbial diversity in the oil reservoir (reservoir brine and crude oil).
(Step 2) Ascertainment of hydrogen and methane production by indigenous anaerobes.
(Step 3) Feasibility study of MRMD system by priliminary economic assessment.
- 3 -
(Step 4) Evaluation of hydrogen and methane production potential under real reservoir condition
and estimation of microbial methane producing pathway.
(Step 5) Direct verification of microbial conversions (crude oil to hydrogen and CO2 to CH4).
(Step 6) Detailed studies of accelerating conditions for the velocity of hydrogen production by
HPTB.
(Step 7) Detailed studies of accelerating conditions for the velocity of methane production and
conversion efficiency to methane by MPTA
(Step 8) Construction of suitable numerical simulation model for MRMD system in order to
evaluate experimental results step1 to 7..
(Step 9) Design of a field operation for MRMD system (including the injectivity of HPTB and
MPTA cells into porous media, and the design of state of CO2 that can become the
substrate of the methane production).
(Step 10) The grasping of microbial diversity related to MRMD system in the domestic and
overseas oil reservoir.
(Step 11) Ascertainment of conditions for methane production by indigenous anaerobes in reservoir
based on the field operation tests.
(Step 12) Economic assessment of MRMD system with high accuracy based on the field operation
test.
4. Previous research and major results
(1) Analysis of microbial diversity in the oil reservoir
In 2004, geological, reservoir engineering and microbiological studies have conducted at the
laboratory level to collect data which has been suggested a technological possibility of MRMD
system (Table 1). In particular, hydrogen and methane producing microbes which participate in
MRMD system have been investigated in detail using some microbial gene engineering techniques.
In order to use above investigation, some reservoir samples such as reservoir brine and crude oil
have taken from well head or bottom hole of oil/gas wells. As the results, it becomes clear that the
MRMD system could have applicable to some domestic oil/gas field (Table 2, 3)6). In addition,
some HPTB and MPTA have been detected and isolated successfully (Fig. 4). These different
kinds of microbes have participated in the MRMD system.
(2) Ascertainment of hydrogen and methane production through the accelerated tests
Hydrogen and methane producing experiments, using carbohydrates, such as glucose, as a carbon
source, have been conducted at the laboratory level to estimate the potential for microbial methane
production under actual reservoir pressure (5MPa), temperature (50°C) and the rock pore as micro
culture space6). Results of some experiments, using the isolates from reservoir samples and
- 4 -
reservoir brine including active anaerobes which participate in the MRMD system have indicated
that microbial hydrogen and methane producing efficiency and velocity are relatively high even in
various reservoir conditions.
(3) Feasibility study of MRMD system with primitive economic assessment
The economic viability of the MRMD system in the case of after CCS process have evaluated
preliminary at the Yabase oil field in Japan (Table 4). Based on the maximum velocity of methane
generation obtained in the accelerated tests using carbohydrates as a carbon source, sum of the
incomes from methane selling and CO2 emissions rights trading exceeds the CO2 separation and
sequestration costs, even when molasses is used as the carbon source for the MRMD system6). The
data indicate that depleted oil reservoirs are potentially good candidates to become subsurface
microbial reactors.
(4) Evaluation of hydrogen and methane production potential under real reservoir condition
If the crude oil is available as a suitable and economical carbon source, depleted oil reservoirs are
potentially good candidates to become subsurface microbial reactors using the HPTB. To estimate
the possibility of an actual system in the deep subsurface, a lot of experiments, namely, productivity
of hydrogen from crude oil by the HPTB and productivity of methane by MPTA have been
conducted under real reservoir conditions. Through this research, it has shown that hydrogen has
been produced by HPTB from crude oil and CO2 has also been converted to methane by MPTA
under the conditions of actual reservoir circumstances such as pressure (5MPa) and/or temperature
(75°C) (Fig. 5). In addition, microbial methane producing pathway comprised of some kinds of the
HPTB and MPTA has able to demonstrate successfully based on these results7)(Fig. 6).
(5) Direct verification of microbial conversion
Through the culture experiments under the reservoir condition using hexadecane labeled by stable
isotope (13C), it has shown that
13C of hexadecane has been taken in some HPTB’s DNA. Hence,
this result has directly indicated that some HPTB can use the crude oil as a carbon source and
produce hydrogen.
Up until now, there is a little study concerned with examining the conversion efficiency of
injected CO2 to CH4. Then, lots of data on methane productivity by MPTA from CO2 injected into
the culture system have been also collected to estimate the possibility of an actual reaction of
methane production taking place in the deep subsurface. This research applying CO2 labeled by
stable isotope (13C) has shown that methane has been produced using CO2 injected into the head
space of culture system by a MPTA (such as consortium MYH-4 including Methanothermobacter
thermoautotrophicum). On that occasion, the conversion efficiency of CO2 gas to CH4 is 56.5%
- 5 -
while the conversion efficiency of HCO3- to CH4 is low. These data have indicated that gaseous
CO2 in the subsurface reservoir can be used preferentially by the MPTA8). To evaluate the
economical viability of the MRMD process, the methane conversion rate is indispensable.
(6) Development of accelerating technique by additives
The experiments that accelerated methane production through the addition of certain compounds
have been conducted at the laboratory level9). Enhancing the velocity of hydrogen production has
achieved by combining the multiple HPTB, adding inorganic additives (such as, electric accepter,
active center of hydrogenase) and MPTA as a consumer of hydrogen. The present results imply the
hydrogen generation speed have able to promote up to 10~100 times. In addition, these data also
have made some anticipation, such as the discovery of other additives to speed up hydrogen
generation.
Enhancing the velocity of methane production has also been achieved by adding gaseous CO2 at
20% volume of head-space into the culture system. In some cases, the methane generation speed
has made the target of approximately 700% achievable on the results of evaluating the valuable
additives, such as vitamin, nitrogen source and phosphorus.
These data indicate that the productivity of hydrogen and methane by indigenous anaerobes in oil
reservoir may have controlled artificially.
(7) Development of accelerating technique by cells adsorption
Adsorption of HPTB and MPTA cells on the surface of reservoir rock (silica sand) has also
studied by measuring their zeta potentials and observing their adsorption in porous media with
fluorescent staining method (Fig. 7). Consequently, zeta potentials of the HPTB, MPTA and
reservoir rock are all negative and adsorption ratio of HPTB and MPTA on the surface of reservoir
rock has able to change by the decrease in pH value and the increase in salinity. In the case of the
culture experiments of the HPTB and MPTA in porous media with reservoir brine, almost all
microbial cells have adsorbed into the reservoir rock. Moreover, it is assumed that the ability of the
hydrogen production by the HPTB and methane production by MPTA adsorbed on the rock surface
has become higher than that of free bacteria in porous media.
5. Future challenges
The MRMD system presented in this paper may meet an important component of the global
energy economy. Hence, it is indispensable that residual challenges such as step 9 to 12 described
in the section on “Approaches of our research” will accomplish for the practical use of the MRMD
system, as well as detailed studies of step 1 to 8.
- 6 -
6. Conclusion
To summarize the data, the following conclusion can be drawn.
(1) The MRMD system may lead to give incentive to CO2 sequestration technologies such as
CCUS-EOR (Carbon dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage with enhanced oil recovery).
(2) In the past findings, indigenous anaerobes in oil reservoir which participate in MRMD system
have been isolated.
(3)The pathway and the accelerating conditions of microbial methane generation have also been
elucidated.
(4) But then, there are many obstacles to be resolved for the field operation and the practical use of
MRMD system.
References
1) Head, I. M., Jones, D. M. and Larter, S. R.:” Biological activity in the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy
oil“, Nature, 246 p.344 2003
2) Larter, S. R., Wilhelms, A, Head, I, Koopmans, M., Aplin, A., Diprimo, R., Zwach, C., Erdmann, M. and Telnaes,
N.:”The controls on the composition of biodegraded oils in the deep subsurface –part 1: biodegradation rates in
petroleum reservoirs”, Org. Geochem., 34 p.601 2003.
3) Anderson, T. R. and Lovley, R. D.:”Hexadecane decay by methanogenesis”, Nature, 404 (2000) 722.
4) Bonch-Osmolovskaya, A. E., Miroshnichenko, L. M., Lebedinsky, V. A., Chernyh, A. N., Nazina, N. T., Ivoilov,
S. V., Belyaev, S. S., Boulygina, S. E., Lysov, P. Y., Perov, N. A., Mirzabekov, D. A., Hippe, H., Stackebrandt,
E., Stéphane Haridon, L. S. and Jeanthon C.:”Radioisotopic, Culture-Based, and Oligonucleotide Microchip
Analyses of Thermophilic Microbial Communities in a Continental High-Temperature Petroleum Reservoir”,
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 69 p.6143 2003
5) Townsend, T. G., Prince, C. R. and Suflita, M. J.:”Anaerobic Oxidation of Crude Oil Hydrocarbons by the
Resident Microorganisms of a Contaminated Anoxic Aquider” Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 p.5213 2003.
6)K. Fujiwara, T. Mukaidani, S. Kano, Y. Hattori, H. Maeda, Y. Miyagawa, K. Takabayashi, K. Okatsu, Research
Study for Microbial Restoration of Methane Deposit with Subsurface CO2 Sequestration into Depleted Gas/Oil
Fields, Proceeding of Society of Petroleum Engineers, Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition,
Adelaide, Sep. 11-13, 101248, 2006
7) S. Kano, T. Mukaidani, Y. Hattori, K. Fujiwara, Y. Miyagawa, K. Takabayashi, H. Maeda, Diversity of indigenous
anaerobes and methane conversion system from reservoir oil indigenous anaerobes in depleted oil fields, J. Jpn.
Petrol. Inst. 52 (6) : p.297-306, 2009
8) H. Otagaki, K. Fujiwara, Y. Hattori, Y. Sugai, K.Okatsu、Verification of Microbial Activities for Microbial
Restoration of Methane Deposit with Subsurface CO2 Sequestration into the Depleted Oil Fields、SPE Asia Pacific
Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition held in Jakarta, Indonesia, 4–6 August 2009
- 7 -
9) K. Fujiwara, Developing microbial restoration of methane deposit with subsurface CO2 sequestration into depleted
oil fields. Abstract of International Symposium for Subsurface Microbiology, Shizuoka, Japan. 2008.
- 8 -
Fig.1 Sustainable carbon recyclingFig.1 Sustainable carbon recyclingFig.1 Sustainable carbon recyclingFig.1 Sustainable carbon recycling system by subsurface anaerobes system by subsurface anaerobes system by subsurface anaerobes system by subsurface anaerobes
Fig.2 Over view of Microbial Restoration of Methane Deposits (MRMD) systemFig.2 Over view of Microbial Restoration of Methane Deposits (MRMD) systemFig.2 Over view of Microbial Restoration of Methane Deposits (MRMD) systemFig.2 Over view of Microbial Restoration of Methane Deposits (MRMD) system
CH4
CH4CO2
CO2 ③③③③CCS (CO2 capture
and Storage)
①①①①Production
resources (CH4)
②②②②Combustion
・・・・Emission
④④④④Microbial
conversion
(CO2 to CH4)
圧入井圧入井圧入井圧入井栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))のみのみのみのみ
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))のみのみのみのみ
キャップロックキャップロックキャップロックキャップロック((((不透水層不透水層不透水層不透水層))))
土着土着土着土着のののの油層常在油層常在油層常在油層常在微生物群微生物群微生物群微生物群のののの活用活用活用活用 有用微生物有用微生物有用微生物有用微生物
のののの圧入圧入圧入圧入
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))+
有用菌有用菌有用菌有用菌
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))+
有用菌有用菌有用菌有用菌
分離
圧入井圧入井圧入井圧入井栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))のみのみのみのみ
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))のみのみのみのみ
キャップロックキャップロックキャップロックキャップロック((((不透水層不透水層不透水層不透水層))))
土着土着土着土着のののの油層常在油層常在油層常在油層常在微生物群微生物群微生物群微生物群のののの活用活用活用活用 有用微生物有用微生物有用微生物有用微生物
のののの圧入圧入圧入圧入
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))+
有用菌有用菌有用菌有用菌
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))+
有用菌有用菌有用菌有用菌
分離
Injecting
Microbes
IndigenousMicrobes
Injection
wellNutrientNutrient
MicrobesMicrobes&&&&
Additives
Microbes CHCH44
Methane
Restoration
OilOil
GasGas
Oil/Gas
production
Oil
Reservoir
COCO22
CO2
Sequestration
Additives
Microbes CHCH44
Methane
Restoration
OilOil
GasGas
Oil/Gas
production
Oil
Reservoir
COCO22
CO2
Sequestration
圧入井圧入井圧入井圧入井栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))のみのみのみのみ
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))のみのみのみのみ
キャップロックキャップロックキャップロックキャップロック((((不透水層不透水層不透水層不透水層))))
土着土着土着土着のののの油層常在油層常在油層常在油層常在微生物群微生物群微生物群微生物群のののの活用活用活用活用 有用微生物有用微生物有用微生物有用微生物
のののの圧入圧入圧入圧入
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))+
有用菌有用菌有用菌有用菌
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))+
有用菌有用菌有用菌有用菌
分離
圧入井圧入井圧入井圧入井栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))のみのみのみのみ
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))のみのみのみのみ
キャップロックキャップロックキャップロックキャップロック((((不透水層不透水層不透水層不透水層))))
土着土着土着土着のののの油層常在油層常在油層常在油層常在微生物群微生物群微生物群微生物群のののの活用活用活用活用 有用微生物有用微生物有用微生物有用微生物
のののの圧入圧入圧入圧入
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))+
有用菌有用菌有用菌有用菌
栄養源栄養源栄養源栄養源((((塩塩塩塩))))+
有用菌有用菌有用菌有用菌
分離
Injecting
Microbes
IndigenousMicrobes
Injection
wellNutrientNutrient
MicrobesMicrobes&&&&
Additives
Microbes CHCH44
Methane
Restoration
OilOil
GasGas
Oil/Gas
production
Oil
Reservoir
COCO22
CO2
Sequestration
Additives
Microbes CHCH44
Methane
Restoration
OilOil
GasGas
Oil/Gas
production
Oil
Reservoir
COCO22
CO2
Sequestration
- 9 -
Fig.3 The Mechanism of Microbial ConversionFig.3 The Mechanism of Microbial ConversionFig.3 The Mechanism of Microbial ConversionFig.3 The Mechanism of Microbial Conversion
Fig.4 Fig.4 Fig.4 Fig.4 Form of MYHForm of MYHForm of MYHForm of MYH----4444 consortiumconsortiumconsortiumconsortium
Injection
* Inorganic reaction of thermal water and
reducing agent (i.e. Fe) of rock
*Hydrogen production with rock formation
(i.e. serpentine rock)
DDepletedepleted
oiloil/gas field/gas field
Organic
matter(i.e.carbohydrate,
hydrocarbone)
H2222Hydrogen-producing
thermophilic eubacteria
Methane-producing
thermophilic archaea
CO2222 CH4 2H2222O4H2222+ +
Injection
* Inorganic reaction of thermal water and
reducing agent (i.e. Fe) of rock
*Hydrogen production with rock formation
(i.e. serpentine rock)
DDepletedepleted
oiloil/gas field/gas field
Organic
matter(i.e.carbohydrate,
hydrocarbone)
H2222Hydrogen-producing
thermophilic eubacteria
Methane-producing
thermophilic archaea
CO2222 CH4 2H2222O4H2222+ +
- 10 -
FigFigFigFig.5 Methane production by indigenous anaerobes .5 Methane production by indigenous anaerobes .5 Methane production by indigenous anaerobes .5 Methane production by indigenous anaerobes under reservoir under reservoir under reservoir under reservoir temperaturetemperaturetemperaturetemperature
BES: inhibitor for methanogens
Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.6666 Microbial methane producing pathway in real reservoirMicrobial methane producing pathway in real reservoirMicrobial methane producing pathway in real reservoirMicrobial methane producing pathway in real reservoir
Acetic acid
Acetoclast methane
producing archaea
Methanosaeta sp.
Methane
Hydrocarbon degrading
hydrogen producing bacteria
Thermotoga sp.
Petrotoga sp.
Thermoanaerobacter sp.
SRB(Thermodesulfobacterium commune)
Hydrocarbons
(Chain-alkane,
Aromatic hydrocarbon)
Hydrogenotroph methane producing archaea
Methanoculleus sp.
M. thermautotrophicus
Hydrogen
Hydrogen producing bacteria
Soengenia saccharolytica
Metabolic
intermediate
Acetoclast hydrogen
producing bacteria Thermaacetogenium phaeum
Thermoanaerobacter sp.
Sintrophomonas sp.
Fig.2. Methane production from reservoir water (#AR-39)
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
0 50 100 150 200 250Incubation time (day)
Meth
ane (N
ml/
L-re
serv
oir w
ater)
#AR-39
#AR-39+BES
Incubation period (days)
Methane production (Nml/L-reservoir brine) 0.13 Nml/L-med/h
- 11 -
Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.7777 AAAAdsorption dsorption dsorption dsorption of bacterial cells of bacterial cells of bacterial cells of bacterial cells in poin poin poin porous media rous media rous media rous media
(visualizing by (visualizing by (visualizing by (visualizing by fluorescent staining methodfluorescent staining methodfluorescent staining methodfluorescent staining method))))
10μm
Bacterial cells
- 12 -
Table 1 Table 1 Table 1 Table 1 Characters ofCharacters ofCharacters ofCharacters of Gas & Oil Fields Gas & Oil Fields Gas & Oil Fields Gas & Oil Fields
Table 2 Eubacteria discovered fromTable 2 Eubacteria discovered fromTable 2 Eubacteria discovered fromTable 2 Eubacteria discovered from reservoir brine and crude oil reservoir brine and crude oil reservoir brine and crude oil reservoir brine and crude oil
at Japan oil/gas fields at Japan oil/gas fields at Japan oil/gas fields at Japan oil/gas fields
3-51851615Current Pressure(MPa)
50-751036912040
Res.Temp(℃)
2600-12000700013,00010,00019,600Salinity conc. (ppm)
Non associatedGas
Gas-dissolvedin Water
Oil FieldsGas Fields
Depth
(m)
Type Of
Sample
SampleOrigin
2200
Water
Minami-aga
(Niigata)
Oil
1200
Water
Yabase
(Akita)
Oil
2200250016711600
waterwaterRockCore
water
Iwaki(Fukushima)
Higashi-Kashiwazaki
(Niigata )
Naruto(Chiba )
3-51851615Current Pressure(MPa)
50-751036912040
Res.Temp(℃)
2600-12000700013,00010,00019,600Salinity conc. (ppm)
Non associatedGas
Gas-dissolvedin Water
Oil FieldsGas Fields
Depth
(m)
Type Of
Sample
SampleOrigin
2200
Water
Minami-aga
(Niigata)
Oil
1200
Water
Yabase
(Akita)
Oil
2200250016711600
waterwaterRockCore
water
Iwaki(Fukushima)
Higashi-Kashiwazaki
(Niigata )
Naruto(Chiba )
-Delftia acidovoransIwaki-oki
-
Desulfotomaculum sp.Desulfovibrio alaskensis
Acetobacterium wieringae
Higashi-
kashiwazaki
Non-associated
gas field
-Clostridium sp.NarutoWater dissolved
gas field
Methylobacterium sp.Pseudomonas iners
Propionibacterium acnes
Streptcoccus thermophilus
Streptmyces avermitilis
Corynebacterium diphteriae
Clostridium sp.
Minami-aga
Anaerobaculum thermoterrenum
Petrotoga mobilis
Clostridium perfingens
Geobacter metallireducens
Nitrobacter winogradskyi
Desulfotomaculum thermobenzoicum
Desulfitobacter alkalitolerans
Thermotoga sp.Petrotoga mobilis
Thermoanaerobacter sp.Anaerobaculum sp..Thermoacetogenium
phaeum
Thermodesulfobacterium sp.Clostridium sp.
YabaseOil field
From Crude oilFrom Reservoir brineName of field
-Delftia acidovoransIwaki-oki
-
Desulfotomaculum sp.Desulfovibrio alaskensis
Acetobacterium wieringae
Higashi-
kashiwazaki
Non-associated
gas field
-Clostridium sp.NarutoWater dissolved
gas field
Methylobacterium sp.Pseudomonas iners
Propionibacterium acnes
Streptcoccus thermophilus
Streptmyces avermitilis
Corynebacterium diphteriae
Clostridium sp.
Minami-aga
Anaerobaculum thermoterrenum
Petrotoga mobilis
Clostridium perfingens
Geobacter metallireducens
Nitrobacter winogradskyi
Desulfotomaculum thermobenzoicum
Desulfitobacter alkalitolerans
Thermotoga sp.Petrotoga mobilis
Thermoanaerobacter sp.Anaerobaculum sp..Thermoacetogenium
phaeum
Thermodesulfobacterium sp.Clostridium sp.
YabaseOil field
From Crude oilFrom Reservoir brineName of field
- 13 -
Table 3 Archaea discovered fromTable 3 Archaea discovered fromTable 3 Archaea discovered fromTable 3 Archaea discovered from reservoirreservoirreservoirreservoir brine and crude oil at Japan oil/gas fields brine and crude oil at Japan oil/gas fields brine and crude oil at Japan oil/gas fields brine and crude oil at Japan oil/gas fields
TableTableTableTable 4 Parameters of 4 Parameters of 4 Parameters of 4 Parameters of primitive primitive primitive primitive economic assessmenteconomic assessmenteconomic assessmenteconomic assessment
1. Reservoir condition 2. CO2 injection (expenditure)
Mean reservoir area (m2) CO2 injection volume (t)
Effective thicknese (m) CO2 injection period (y)
Porosity (%) Cost of separation and injection ($/t)
3. Methane restration (expenditure) 4. Income
Velocity of methane production (ml/L-med/h) Price of CO2 emissions rights trading (€/t CO2)
Efficiency of methane conversion (%) Methane selling price (realized price) ($/t CO2)
Methane production period (y)
Quantity of methane production (million t)
Cost of methane production ($/t)
-Methanobacterium formicicumIwaki-oki
-Methanocalculus halotoleransHigashi-
kashiwazaki
Non-associated
gas field
-Methanocalculus halotorerance
Methanocalculus pumilusNaruto
Water dissolved
gas field
Methanoculleus sp.Methanosaeta sp.
Methanoculleus sp.Methanosaeta sp.
Minami-aga
Methanoculleus sp.Methanocalculus halotorerance
Methanoculleus sp.Methanobacterium
thermoautotrophicum
Methanocalculus halotorerance
Methanosarcina mazeii
YabaseOil field
From Crude oilFrom Reservoir brineName of field
-Methanobacterium formicicumIwaki-oki
-Methanocalculus halotoleransHigashi-
kashiwazaki
Non-associated
gas field
-Methanocalculus halotorerance
Methanocalculus pumilusNaruto
Water dissolved
gas field
Methanoculleus sp.Methanosaeta sp.
Methanoculleus sp.Methanosaeta sp.
Minami-aga
Methanoculleus sp.Methanocalculus halotorerance
Methanoculleus sp.Methanobacterium
thermoautotrophicum
Methanocalculus halotorerance
Methanosarcina mazeii
YabaseOil field
From Crude oilFrom Reservoir brineName of field