Respiratory Protection

Respiratory Protection

بايد دانشجو جلسه پايان از پسبتواند بايد :فراگير

كنترل -1 روشهاي مورد در اي مقدمهكند بيان كار محيط هواي .آلودگيهاي

را -2 تنفسي ماسكهاي به نياز موارددهد .توضيح

ببرد -3 نام را تنفسي ماسكهاي .انواع

Protecting Employees from Protecting Employees from Workplace HazardsWorkplace Hazards

• Employers must protect employees from hazards such as falling objects, harmful substances, and noise exposures that can cause injury

• Employers must: Use all feasible engineering and work practice

controls to eliminate and reduce hazards Use personal protective equipment (PPE) if the

controls don’t eliminate the hazards. • PPE is the last level of control!

Engineering ControlsEngineering Controls

If . . .

The work environment can be physically changed to prevent employee exposure to the potential hazard,

Then . . .

The hazard can be eliminated with an engineering control

Engineering ControlsEngineering Controls

• Initial design specifications• Substitute less harmful material• Change process• Enclose process• Isolate process

Examples . . .

Dust Control Systems

Dust Control Systems

Work Practice ControlsWork Practice Controls

If . . .

Employees can change the way they do their jobs and the exposure to the potential hazard is removed,

Then . . .

The hazard can be eliminated with a work practice control

Work Practice Controls -- ExamplesWork Practice Controls -- Examples

What is in an Atmosphere?

O E TO E TOXYGEN

EXPLOSIVES

TOXICANTS

تجهيزات اختصاصي كاربردفردي حفاظت

كار با فرآيندهاي جديدورود به محل هاي ناشناختهكارهاي تعمير و نگه داري رفع آلودگي از محيط ،افراد و

تجهيزات آلوده استفاده از آفت هاي

كشاورزي)كاربرد كشاورزي(پاسخ به موارد اضطراري

پاسخ به موارد اضطراري

: هستند حفاظتي تجهيزات نيازمند كه هايي فعاليت حادثه محل بررسي مصدومين نجات آزادسازي كنترل اضطراري پايش... و مصدومين و محل آلودگي رفع

OXYGEN

Normal at Sea Level

22 %

20.7 %

19.5 %

12 %

10 %

8 %

6 %

4 %

OXYGEN

Normal at Sea Level

OXYGENOXYGEN

Wide Awake, Hyper Vigilant22 %

20.7 %

19.5 %

12 %

10 %

8 %

6 %

4 %

OXYGENOXYGEN> 26 % O2, Spontaneous Combustion Can Occur

> 22 % Oxygen is Considered IDLH Due to Exceptional Risk of Fire

22 %

20.7 %

19.5 %

12 %

10 %

8 %

6 %

4 %

OXYGENOXYGEN

Loss of Coordination, Loss of Perception, Lack of Judgment

< 19.5 % Oxygen Considered IDLH by OSHA -- Entry Requires CO’s Permission

22 %

20.7 %

19.5 %

12 %

10 %

8 %

6 %

4 %

OXYGENOXYGEN

Blue Lips, Disorientation

22 %

20.7 %

19.5 %

12 %

10 %

8 %

6 %

4 %

OXYGENOXYGEN

Vomit

22 %

20.7 %

19.5 %

12 %

10 %

8 %

6 %

4 %

OXYGENOXYGEN

Unconscious 5 min : Could recover 6 min: 50% Fatal 8 min: 100% Fatal

22 %

20.7 %

19.5 %

12 %

10 %

8 %

6 %

4 %

OXYGENOXYGEN

Coma in 40 Seconds

22 %

20.7 %

19.5 %

12 %

10 %

8 %

6 %

4 %

OXYGENOXYGEN

Just Remember . . .

Oxygen Levels Greater than 22% or Less than 19.5% are IDLH !

DeathX X

22 %

20.7 %

19.5 %

12 %

10 %

8 %

6 %

4 %

Reasons for Oxygen deficiency:Reasons for Oxygen deficiency:• EductorsEductors

• FiresFires

• Rusting (Oxidation)Rusting (Oxidation)

• InertingInerting

• Decomposing Organic MatterDecomposing Organic Matter

-- Sewage-- Sewage

-- Fermentation of grains, sugars, etc.-- Fermentation of grains, sugars, etc.

-- Rotting plant or marine life-- Rotting plant or marine life

• EductorsEductors

• FiresFires

• Rusting (Oxidation)Rusting (Oxidation)

• InertingInerting

• Decomposing Organic MatterDecomposing Organic Matter

-- Sewage-- Sewage

-- Fermentation of grains, sugars, etc.-- Fermentation of grains, sugars, etc.

-- Rotting plant or marine life-- Rotting plant or marine life

% Vapor Concentration

UEL

LEL

Too Rich

Too Lean

Explosive Range

Exp

losi

vity

10%

Levels Near LEL Leave No Buffer for Explosive Gas Build-Up Greater Than 10% LEL is

Considered IDLH -- and Requires CO’s Permission for Entry

EXPLOSIVES

Toxic Gas

Common Shipboard Hazards

Carbon MonoxideHydrogen Sulfide

Halon & Freon

Carbon Dioxide

Nitrogen Dioxide

Methane

HydrogenAmmonia

ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities

• EmployerAssess workplace for hazardsProvide PPEDetermine when to use Provide PPE training for employees and

instruction in proper use• Employee

Use PPE in accordance with training received and other instructionsInspect daily and maintain in a clean and reliable condition

Respirator Respiratorب- ماسك تنفسي ب- ماسك تنفسي ProtectiveProtective

زير زير گروه گروه 33از نظر مطالعات تئوريك آالينده ها را به از نظر مطالعات تئوريك آالينده ها را بهكنند. كنند. گاز،بخاروآالينده هاي ذره اي تقسيم ميگاز،بخاروآالينده هاي ذره اي تقسيم مي ::

هر يك از اين آالينده ها اثرات خاصي را بر روي هر يك از اين آالينده ها اثرات خاصي را بر رويكنند. كنند. سيستم تنفسي ايجاد ميسيستم تنفسي ايجاد مي

: : روشهاي محافظتي در مقابل آالينده هاي گاز و بخارروشهاي محافظتي در مقابل آالينده هاي گاز و بخار11هوا رساني از طريق لوله هاي دمنده. هوا رساني از طريق لوله هاي دمنده .22 استفاده از ماسكهاي مجهز به كپسولهاي هواي . استفاده از ماسكهاي مجهز به كپسولهاي هواي .

فشردهفشرده33 استفاده از ماسكهاي مجهز به فيلتر هاي ضد گاز . استفاده از ماسكهاي مجهز به فيلتر هاي ضد گاز .

((Gas MaskGas Mask))


روشهاي محافظتي در مقابل آالينده هاي ذره روشهاي محافظتي در مقابل آالينده هاي ذرهاياي

11استفاده از شلنگ هواي فشرده. استفاده از شلنگ هواي فشرده .22استفاده از سيستمهاي هوا رسان. استفاده از سيستمهاي هوا رسان .33 استفاده از ماسكهاي مجهز به فيلتر هاي . استفاده از ماسكهاي مجهز به فيلتر هاي .

((Dust MaskDust Mask ) ) ذره گيرذره گير


قسمت تشكيل شده اند: قسمت تشكيل شده اند:22بطور كلي ماسكهاي تنفسي از بطور كلي ماسكهاي تنفسي از جسم اصلي ماسك جسم اصلي ماسكFace PieceFace Piece جزء پاك كننده هوا جزء پاك كننده هواAirAir--Purifying ElementPurifying Element

جسم اصلي ماسك داراي يك ورودي و يك خروجي هوا و يك جسم اصلي ماسك داراي يك ورودي و يك خروجي هوا و يك قاب فيلتر است كه اين ضمائم توسط بندي روي سر قاب فيلتر است كه اين ضمائم توسط بندي روي سر

مستقر مي شوند. ماسكها از نظر ظاهري يا تمام صورت مستقر مي شوند. ماسكها از نظر ظاهري يا تمام صورت مي پوشانند مي پوشانند را را

((Full Face MaskFull Face Mask)) ؛ ؛ صورت را مي پوشانند صورت را مي پوشانندتمامتمام ((Half Half Face MaskFace Mask)).نيمي از صورت را مي پوشانند. نيمي از صورت را مي پوشانند

جزء پاك كننده هوا اساسي ترين جزء ماسك است كه جزء پاك كننده هوا اساسي ترين جزء ماسك است كهشود.شود. تحت عنوان فيلتر از آن ياد ميتحت عنوان فيلتر از آن ياد مي

ها ها فيلتر : : ندندا ا نوع نوع دودوفيلتر( بخارات و گازها گيرنده بخارات )فيلترهاي و گازها گيرنده ((Gas FilterGas Filterفيلترهاي( ذرات گيرنده ذرات )فيلترهاي گيرنده ((Dust FilterDust Filterفيلترهاي خاصي استانداردهاي فيلترها انتخاب مورد خاصي در استانداردهاي فيلترها انتخاب مورد در

مختلف . فيلترهاي بندي درجه در دارد مختلف . وجود فيلترهاي بندي درجه در دارد وجودClassificationClassification)) )شماره چه شماره( هر چه باشد nnهر باشد بيشتر بيشتر

مثال مي كند عمل موثرتر مثال فيلتر مي كند عمل موثرتر ذره P4P4فيلتر ذره توان توان. دارد بقيه به نسبت بهتري .گيري دارد بقيه به نسبت بهتري گيري



CECEاستاندارد استاندارد AA)بخارات آلي )قهوه اي( – بخارات آلي )قهوه اي – BB)بخارات مواد معدني )طوسي(- بخارات مواد معدني )طوسي -EE بخارات اسيدي و - بخارات اسيدي و -SO2SO2)زرد( )زرد( KK)بخارات مواد قليايي )سبز(- بخارات مواد قليايي )سبز -PP)ذرات )سفيد(- ذرات )سفيد -

آموزشآموزش

.چرا کاربرد آن ها الزم است. چرا کاربرد آن ها الزم است چگونه اين ابزار، افراد را حفاظت می کنند؟ چگونه اين ابزار، افراد را حفاظت می کنند؟ محدوديت های آن چيست؟ محدوديت های آن چيست؟ کی و چگونه بايد از اين ابزار استفاده کرد؟ کی و چگونه بايد از اين ابزار استفاده کرد؟ چگونه نشانه های پوشيدن را تشخيص چگونه نشانه های پوشيدن را تشخيص

دهيم؟ دهيم؟ چگونه آن ها را تميز کنيم و اثرات نا چگونه آن ها را تميز کنيم و اثرات نا

مطلوب را از بين ببريم. مطلوب را از بين ببريم. عمر مفيد آن چقدر است و چگونه خراب عمر مفيد آن چقدر است و چگونه خراب

می شود. می شود.

از کارمندان است الزم که صورتی PPEدر : دهید آموزش را آنها کنند، استفاده

Respiratory Inlet Covering

That portion of a respirator that forms the protective barrier between the user’s respiratory tract and an air-purifying device or breathing air source, or both

May be a facepiece, helmet, hood, suit, or a mouthpiece respirator with nose clamp

Tight -Fitting Coverings

Quarter Mask Half Mask

Full Facepiece Mouthpiece/Nose Clamp)no fit test required(

Filter

A component used in respirators to remove solid or liquid aerosols from the inspired air. Also called air purifying element.

Canister or Cartridge

A container with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or combination of these items, which removes specific contaminants from the air passed through the container.

Negative Pressure Respirator

A respirator in which the air pressure inside the facepiece is negative during inhalation with respect to the ambient air pressure outside the respirator.

Filtering Facepiece(Dust Mask)

A negative pressure particulate respirator with a filter as an integral part of the facepiece or with the entire facepiece composed of the filtering medium.

Air-Purifying Respirator (APR)

A respirator with an air-purifying filter, cartridge, or canister that removes specific air contaminants by passing ambient air through the air-purifying element.

Positive Pressure Respirator

A respirator in which the pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering exceeds the ambient air pressure outside the respirator.

Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR)

An air-purifying respirator that uses a blower to force the ambient air through air-purifying elements to the inlet covering.

Atmosphere-Supplying Respirator

A respirator that supplies the user with breathing air from a source independent of the ambient atmosphere

Includes supplied-air respirators )SARs( and self-contained breathing apparatus )SCBA( units

Classes of Atmosphere-Supplying Respirators

Continuous Flow. Provides a continuous flow of breathing air to the respiratory inlet covering

Demand. Admits breathing air to the facepiece only when a negative pressure is created inside the facepiece by inhalation

Pressure Demand. Admits breathing air to the facepiece when the positive pressure inside the facepiece is reduced by inhalation

Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)

An atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the source of breathing air is not designed to be carried by the user. Also called airline respirator.

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

An atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the breathing air source is designed to be carried by the user.

Escape-Only Respirator

A respirator intended to be used only for emergency exit.

CLASSES OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

EQUIPMENT

• Air Purifying

• Supplied Air

AIR PURIFYING

• Remove contaminants from atmosphere

• Do not generate oxygen (must be used in 19.5 - 22% 02 atmosphere)

Mechanical - protection from particles (dust, fumes, fog)

Chemical - vapors and gases in low concentrations

AIR PURIFYING

• Color coded for intended useLISTING OF COLOR CODE:

MANUFACTURER’S CHART NAVOSH MANUAL B-6

• Filters labeled• Cartridge combinations

CARTRIDGE SELECTION

REUSABLE HALF MASK

• Replaceable cartridges to capture gases and vapors

• Prefilter to trap particles

SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATORS

• Air-line

• Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

DEMAND MODE

• Supplies air upon user inhalation

• Creates negative pressure within facepiece

• Some leakage may occur

PRESSURE DEMAND MODE

• Continuous positive pressure within facepiece

• Prevents leakage into facepiece

• SCBA (Scott Air Pack)

• SAR with SCBA

CONTINUOUS FLOW

• Continuous positive pressure and flow of air to facepiece

• Rhine Air Pump

RHINE AIR PUMP• LP air driven

• Ambient air

• 50 Ft collapsible hose

• 2 Person capacity

• Snorkle

• No back-up air!No back-up air!

RHINE AIR PUMP

IDLH RESPIRATORY REQUIREMENTS

• “Full facepiece, SCBA in pressure demand mode” or

• “Full facepiece air-line respirator in pressure demand mode with 15 minute auxiliary air supply”

NSTM 074 vol 3

SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATOR WITH SCBA

(SAR WITH SCBA)

USN LATEST AND GREATEST IN USN LATEST AND GREATEST IN RESPIRATORY PROTECTIONRESPIRATORY PROTECTION

• Fulfills requirements of NSTM 074 Vol 3

PASP RASP SCBA


)SAR WITH SCBA(


South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium

InhalationInhalation

• Small particles and gases are absorbed deep within the alveoli

• Chemicals are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream.


Respiratory ProtectionRespiratory Protection

• Particulate respirator • Chemical Cartridge/Gas Mask

respirator • Powered Air-Purifying Respirator

(PAPR) • Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

(SCBA) • Supplied air


Effective Only IF…Effective Only IF…

• The correct respirator is used

• It's available when you need it

• You know when and how to put it on and take it off

• It achieves a secure seal with normal activity

• It’s properly stored and maintained


Particulate RespiratorParticulate Respirator

• Simplest and least expensive

• Only protect against particles, not chemicals, gases, or vapors.


Particulate RespiratorParticulate Respirator

• Rated by NIOSH

• Assumes tight seal

• N95 = 95% at 3-5 microns

• N99 = 99% at 3-5 microns

• N100 = 99.97% at 0.3 microns


Take-home PointTake-home Point

• N100 effective against microbes if seal is tight.

• If seal is not tight, a positive pressure respirator is required

• No protection against chemical liquids, vapors, and gases


Chemical Cartridge/Gas Chemical Cartridge/Gas Mask RespiratorMask Respirator

• Clean air of particles by passing it through filter.

• A charcoal layer absorbs chemicals• Other absorbents have actions against

specific chemicals and certain combinations.

• There is no “all purpose” filter

• Not safeagainst an unknown


Chemical Cartridge/Gas Chemical Cartridge/Gas Mask RespiratorMask Respirator

• Filters become saturated in high concentrations of agent

• Filters outdate

• A gas mask protects the respiratory tree but does nothing to prevent skin absorption


Powered Air-Purifying Powered Air-Purifying Respirator )PAPR(Respirator )PAPR(

• Uses a battery powered fan to blow air through filter

• Positive pressure inside mask overcomes any leak

• Requires less work of breathing

• Requires agent-specific filter


Self-Contained Breathing Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus )SCBA( Apparatus )SCBA(

• Air is supplied from tanks under positive pressure into mask.

• Positive pressure gradient overcomes leaks

• No filters or batteries are required.


Self-Contained Breathing Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus )SCBA( Apparatus )SCBA(

• Safe without regard to concentration of agent

• Heavy

• Requires training and practice

• Tanks run out of air.


Supplied AirSupplied Air

• Air under pressure from outside source through a hose

• Unlimited air supply

• Mobility impaired by tether


Some Can’t Use Some Can’t Use Some RespiratorsSome Respirators

• Respirators increase work of breathing.

• Claustrophobia an issue

• Do not accommodate eyeglasses well


Respiratory StandardsRespiratory Standards

• OSHA respiratory-protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134)


AbsorptionAbsorption

• The passage of chemicals through intact skin

• Requires barrier protection that resists degradation, penetration, and permeation by the chemical

• Need not be air-tight for splash protection

• Must be airtight for gases and vapors


Chemical Protective Chemical Protective Barriers Are Agent Barriers Are Agent

Specific!Specific!

• Degradation

• Penetration

• Permeation


PuncturePuncture

• Awareness, procedures, and engineering controls have limited incidence of skin penetration with contaminated sharps.

• PPE adds little additional protection


IncorporationIncorporation

• Introduction of contaminant into a wound or through a skin defect.

• Appropriate barrier protection prevents both incorporation as well as absorption.


EPA Levels of EPA Levels of Chemical ProtectionChemical Protection

• Level D

• Level C

• Level B

• Level A


Level DLevel D

• Ordinary work clothes.

• Should not be used in an environment where respiratory or skin hazards exist.


Level CLevel C

• Full face air purifying respirator• Cloth coveralls• Chemical resistant overgarment with hood• Chemical resistant inner and outer gloves.• Chemical resistant boots• Hard hat• Two way radio• Escape mask


Level BLevel B

• Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (air from tank or hose)

• Chemical resistant overgarment• Inner and outer chemical resistant gloves. • Chemical resistant boots• Two way radio• Hard hat


Level ALevel A

• Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus with air supplied by tank or hose.

• Fully encapsulating chemically resistant suit over cloth coveralls

• Inner and outer chemically resistant gloves• Chemically resistant boots• Two way radio• Hard hat


• Medical care to chemical victims is best performed after decontamination.

• Airway control and control of hemorrhage performed in PPE may be lifesaving.


Unknown Biological Unknown Biological Hazard Demands Level CHazard Demands Level C• The use of liquid splash protection and a

powered air purifying respirator (PAPR) are adequate for protection against victims of a biological attack.

• Virtually all medical procedures can be performed in this attire

• This is NOT sufficient protection against an unknown chemical


Personal Protective Personal Protective EquipmentEquipment

• Scrub suits• Head covering• Masks• Gown• Outer garments impervious to fluids• Gloves• Shoe covers• High top rubber overboots• Eye protection


Crime SceneCrime Scene

• A site associated with terrorist activity is a crime scene.

• Recognition and preservation of evidence is critical.


Case #1Case #1

• A paramedic is a recreational cave explorer who is certified in cave rescue. A caving novice has been injured deep within a cave inhabited by a large colony of bats, some of which have tested positive for rabies in the past.

• What is his best bet for PPE?


Case #1 )continued(Case #1 )continued(

• The paramedic wears a moustache and beard. He is unsure that a particulate mask will achieve a tight seal.

• What should he do?


Case #2Case #2

• Several people in the Federal Building next door to your office have experience a “white powder incident” in which exposure to anthrax has been alleged. They come to your office to be checked.

• What personal protective equipment do your require?


Summary of Key PointsSummary of Key Points

• Appropriate personal protective equipment for workers potentially exposed to an unknown organism includes a powered air purifying respirator with full facepiece and HEPA filter, disposable clothing, and gloves.

Documents

Respiratory Protection