Restoring Degraded Land After Oil/Gas and Mining Operation

Dr. Yadi SetiadiFaculty of Forestry Bogor Agricultural University

Campus IPB, Capus IPB Darmaga, Bogor. INDONESIAysetiad55@gmail.com, hp 08111102302

The Function of Tropical Rain Forest

§ Major habitat for flora and fauna

§ Reservoir for gene pools§ Conserve for soil, water,

nutrients § Maintain biodiversity§ Resources for economical

development§ Maintaining the balance of

local and global climatic conditions

§ Water cycle

Factors for forest destruction

§ Poor Logging Operation§ Illegal Logging§ Forest Fire§ Agriculture Development§ Timber Plantation§ Estate Crops Plantation§ Shifting Cultivation§ Transmigration§ Mining Operation§ Oil and Gas operation

Potential Resources Under Forest

• Nickel• Gold and Cupper• Coal• Tin• Oil• Others

Impact on the Forest Ecosystem

§ Breaking forest canopy : reduced forest, disturbed wildlife habitat

§ Fragmented forest : cut off migration routes of dispersed seed arboreal mamals

§ Exposed areas : increase run off and soil erosion, and sedimentation

§ Open access : enhance deforestation,invasionoccupancy of indigenous land

Degraded land after oil and mining operation

§ Exposed ( lost crown and root function)§ No vegetation (Lost of biodiversity)§ No top-sub soil (lost of land capability )§ Erodable ( lost of land stability)§ Marginal (lost option for development)

§ Eliminate some part of vegetation;

§ Destroy some of the original ecosystem

§ Increase the rate of soil erosion and run-off (sedimentation, contamination)

§ Reduce of native species biodiversity

§ Damage to wildlife habitat and§ Degradation of watershed area§ Change natural landscape

Impact of mining operation

Benefit of Restoration

} Re-establishment of potential native species } Protecting from erosion and surface run-off } Improving wildlife habitat} Improving native species biodiversity} Improving soil productivity, and stability } Improving environmental conditions and

aesthetically pleasing} Producing refuges for native species and

genetic resources that might be lost

Government regulation for rehabilitation and reclamation

§ KEPMenHut, no:43/2008. Guide line for forest lend used § PP, no :76/2008. Rehabilitation and Forest reclamation§ KepMenHut, no 146/1999. Guideline for Reclamation

} NO change the structure and function of forest} Conduct reclamation and reforestation for impacted land} Minimize forest destruction (foot print)} Protect the forest from illegal logging, and land occupancy

§ AMDAL (EIA)} Conduct mitigation measures, for significant impacts} Pre planning, management monitoring

Soil Physical Properties} Soil texture (grain size distribution)} Porosity (aeration)} Depth to hard-pand or impervious layer} Soil Compaction (water-log, root inhibition)} Soil moisture content, surface temperature

Soil Biology} Vegetation cover and carbon content} Microbial population and activitiesSoil Chemical} Poor of soil nutrients} Soil reaction (pH)} Low of cation exchange capacity (CEC)} Mineral toxicity

Soil problems

SITES CHARACTERISTICSCharacteristics Block-1 Block-2 Bolock-3 Block-4

Materials Mixed of sub-surface soil

Peat layer, cov. with leached grayish mineral soil layer

Ultramafic rock Ultramafic rock

Nutrient Status N,P,K,Ca (deficient); Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn (low); C-Org (very low)

N, P, K, Ca, Mg (low); Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn (sufficient); C-

organic (low)

N, K, Ca (low); P (low-very high); Mg (high); Mg>Ca (3-5); Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn

(suff.)

N, P, K, Ca, Mg (low); Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn (suff.); C-org. (low)

Soil reaction (pH)

4.7-5.7 (strongly acidic)

4.6-5.2 (strongly acidic)

3.4-4.7 (extremely acidic)

4.6-4.9 (strongly acidic)

Al saturation 72% (very high) 19.4% (low) 74% (very high) 34% (moderate)

CEC 5-12 (low) 19-28 (medium) 30 (high) 5-17 (low)

Texture Clay Organic+Soil Fraction Fine Clay Loam-Silty

Loam

HC 0.23 cm/hr (very low)

2.34 – 8.09 cm/hr (fast) 0.62 cm/hr (low) low

BD 1.45 gr/cc (high) 0.43-0.97 gr/cc (low)

0.97 gr/cc (moderate)

1.12 gr/cc (moderate)

DrainageCompacted, poor aeration, water-

log

Poor drainage and aeration

Poor drainage, aeration, water-log

Moderate drainage

§ Top soil, Fertilizer, § Compost active, lime, § Mycorrhizae§ Humic acid, Bio-enzim,

§ Improve root development§ Solubilize fixed mineral (phosphate)§ Increase cation exchange capacity§ Increase water-holding-capacity§ Chelating heavy metal § Improve nutrient uptake§ Improve potential microbes§ Provide macro-nutrients

Soil amendment

Restoration Objectives

§ Protection• Stabilize land• Cover the exposed land• Reduce the erosion and surface run-off

§ Conservation• Stimulate native plant species (biodiversity)• Conserve potential native species• Improved wild life habitat

§ Production• Improved soil fertility (long term)• Produce non woody products• Benefit for local people

Restoration Activities

§ Native potential trees selection§ Planting stock production§ Site preparation§ Soil amendments§ Planting techniques§ Maintenance§ Monitoring§ Training§ Management commitment

Species selection

1. Select adapted local species

2. Relatively fast growing3. Light demanding and low

nutrient demand4. Produce abundance litter

and its litter decomposed5. The species can perform

or function as “catalytic”6. Easy to propagate and to

culture7. Low cost for planting and

maintenance8. Easy to manage

Oil operation

Heavily degraded site

Abandoned Well

Tree growth performance 13 Mo

Wild life habitat Improvement

Sandy tailing-1

Coal overburden

Post Nickel Mining

Rehabilitation post nickel mine site

Criteria for sustained restored degraded land

1. The rate of seedling survival is high2. Plant growth performance normal and continuous3. Root extension can pass on the original soil4. Crown closure is fast, stratified and diverse5. The system produce abundance litter and

decomposed6. The system diverse and naturally regenerate native

species re-colonization7. The system create habitat suitable for different wild-

life8. Land-form (safe, stabile and limited erosion)

Setiadi (2006)

Success criteria§ Adaptability

} Survival >80%} Growth performance (progressive)} Root development (across mine land)

§ Sustainability} Biodiversity (shannon, Spec richness)} Natural colonization (abundance)} Nutrient retention (decomposed litter)} Wild life status (spec richness)

§ Stand structure} Plant density (800-1000/ha)} Crown structure (3-5 layer)} Crown coverage (60-70%)} Spec composition (Pioneer (40 %),Primer (50%), Wildlife (10%)

§ Land Form} Slope (leveling <30o)} Erosion status (below threshold level)} Land stabilization (controlled)

Setiadi (2006)

1. Species usedNo exotic species, preferable using native species

Identified no pest and endemic diseases Planting stock (seeds) easily to provide

2. Seed sourcesHealthy seed (no carried pathogen)

Purity (no mixed with a weeds)High germination value

3.Chemical fertilizer usedEnsure the original product

Used based on optimum recommended dosageApply following standard recommendation

No contained heavy metals4.Organic fertilizer

No contained pathogenNo contained seed of weed

Ensure the quality ( low C/N ratio)No toxic materials

5.Soil amendment materialsNo contained exotic microbes

Apply following the standard recommendation6.Site preparation

Minimize using herbicide for weeds controlConserve soil condition and prevent soil erosion

7.Planting methodsConducted on the right time

Suitable with specific site conditions8.Maintaining

Minimize using pesticide and herbicideQuick response when plants sowing deficiency or abnormality

9.MonitoringAssess the growth performance regularly

Made improvement for unsuccessful performance 10.Safety

Follow the standard procedure

Lesson Learned

• Degraded land can be recovered• Avaiable information of frame work sepcies for

restoring degraded land • Avaiable information for soil amendment• Avaiable information for revegetation model• Avaiable information for monitoring tool and

succsesfull criteria• Guide line for restoring degraded post mine land

The challenge

• The action limited on site level• Focus on ecosystem recovery• Limited involving stakholder• No social and economical consederation

§ Challenge to link from site level to landcape level § Promote the FLR as alternative post mining land use

THANK YOUand

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