Revista Arquitectura y Urbanismo, 3/ 2013 (cujae)

7/22/2019 Revista Arquitectura y Urbanismo, 3/ 2013 (cujae)

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du

`ttp8//rdu.fuhda.abu.fu

IVVK4

041

-1090

drquitafturdy urodkismc

Gdfujtdb ba Drquitafturd baj Ikstitutc Vuparicr \cjitfkifc Hcs Dktckic Af`avar

6/?


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D_TQIRAFRQ_D Y Q_ODKIVMC, 6/?


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VQMD_IC/ VQMMD_Y

FCK F_IRA_IC/ ^IR@ F_IRA_ID

BAJ _AIKC BA AVRA MQKBC / CG EIKNBCK CG R@IV ^C_JB

DFDBMIFDV / DFDBAMIFV


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Jd sdjibd ba asta kmarc ba jd _avistd sa sumd d jdsdftivibdbas fckmamcrdtivds ba uk avaktc qua `dfa fikfuaktddcs fckmcvi d jd fcmukibdb prcgasickdj iktarkdfickdj. Dscjc fudtrc dcs baj triukgc ba jd _avcjufik y akvuajtd aksu fcktdnicsd dftivibdb fradtivd, tuvc jundr ak Jd @dodkdjd fajaordfik baj WII Fcknrasc ba jd Qkik Iktarkdfickdj baDrquitaftcs QID, qua pcr primard vaz takd jundr ak uk pdsbaj III mukbc. \drd tdk impcrtdkta cfdsik, gua ikdunurdbdukd ba jds cords ms rafckcfibds baj pdtrimckic mcbarkcfuodkc, aj \doajjk Fuod, uoifdbc ak jd _dmpd, ukd fktrifdfdjja baj Wabdbc, qua ak asa mcmaktc fckscjib su ibaktibdby oajjazd fcmc rasujtdbc ba bivarsds iktarvakfickas ba djtcsvdjcras gukfickdjas y drtstifcs. \cr astcs bds ba saptiamora,

drquitaftcs y astubidktas ba drquitafturd sa `dk raukibc akaj \doajjk Fuod pdrd rafcrbdr aj dkivarsdric fck vdridsdftivibdbas crndkizdbds pcr jd Vcfiabdb ba Drquitaftcs, aktrajds fudjas sa bastdfdk aj fckvarsdtcric fck parsckdjibdbasqua tuviarck ukd impcrtdkta pdrtifipdfik ak dquajjcs sufascsy jd aspardbd fckgarakfid impdrtibd pcr aj scorasdjiaktaiktajaftudj fuodkc Mdric Fcyujd.Ak asta kmarc ba Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc kuastrcsjaftcras takbrk jd pcsioijibdb ba aktrdr ak fcktdftc fckrafiaktas rasujtdbcs ba ikvastindfickas basdrrcjjdbds akIoarcdmrifd, ak tamds muy bivarscs, parc tcbcs akgcfdbcs`dfid jd scjufik ba prcojamds pdrd mahcrdr jd vibd ba jdsparsckds, d`crrdr rafurscs kdturdjas y sdjvdr jd mamcrid`istrifd ba kuastrds fiubdbas y puaojcs. As pcsioja qua ajbisfursc sa dyd dftudjizdbc y akriquafibc ak astcs fikfuaktddcs trdksfurribcs basba aj Fcknrasc ba jd QID, parc kcfdoa bubd ba qua muf`ds ba jds pracfupdfickas ba dquajjdnakardfik ba drquitaftcs dk nudk kuastrcs pdscs. Virvdasta kmarc pdrd bamcstrdrjc.

ABIRC_IDJ/ ABIRC_IDJ

Mdoaj Mdtdmcrcs Rum

Wcj. PPPIW, kc. 6, saptiamora-bifiamora ?


5/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?


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\rasarvdtick cg mcbast àritdna Vcficmdtaridjsikvastindticks ik tà fity cg Rdkbij, Drnaktikd

\rasarvdfik baj pdtrimckic mcbastc. Ikbdndfickasscficmdtaridjas ak jd fiubdbba Rdkbij, Drnaktikd

Jcrakd Mdrikd Vkfàz

Garkdkbc Fdfcpdrbc

_AVQMAK8 Jd vdjcrdfik ba jds viviakbds qua gcrmdkpdrta baj pdisdha fctibidkc ba jds fiubdbas, fckstituya ukrajavdkta dvdkfa ak aj basdrrcjjc pdtrimckidj. Mabidktauk docrbdha ìstrifc urodkc-drquitaftkifc y scfidj akukd fiubdb iktarmabid ockdaraksa ba Drnaktikd, Rdkbij,sa ikbdndk astrdtanids pdrd jd prasarvdfik sustaktdojaba su ms bastdfdbc pdtrimckic mcbastc. Basba ukdfckfapfik ba jd ikvastindfik ba fdrftar prikfipdjmaktafudjitdtivc, sa axpcka uk prcfasc matcbcjnifc qua

fcmprakba aj frufa ba rajavdmiaktcs ik situ fck ajdkjisis ba pjdkimatrds, oiojicnrdgd y gctcnrdgds,huktc d jd radjizdfik ba aktravistds y akfuastds bacpikik faktrdbds ak jd fckfiakfid-fckfiaktizdfik bajcs usudrics. Ba astd gcrmd sa prasaktd uk basdrrcjjcmatcbcjnifc, tarifc y ba trdksgarakfid gdftioja basar dprcpidbc d ctrcs fcktaxtcs y oiakas bcmstifcs.\DJDO_DV FJDWA8 pdtrimckic mcbastc, viviakbd,prasarvdfik, scfiabdb, sustaktdoijibdb.

DOVR_DFR8 Rà vdjudtick cg `cusas t`dt gcrm d pdrt avarybdy jdkbsfdpa cg tà fitias, fckstitutas dk impcrtdstap gcrwdrb ik tà pdtrimckidj bavajcpmakt. Oy madkcg d ìstcrifdj urodk-drfìtafturdj dkb scfidj ocdrbikik dk iktarmabidta fity cg tà prcvikfa cg Ouakcs Diraik Drnaktikd, Rdkbij, strdtanias gcr tà sustdikdoprasarvdtick cg its mcst rajavdkt mcbast pdtrimcky daxpjcrab. Grcm d fckfaptick cg tà kdtura cg rasadrfprimdrijy qudjitdtiva, it is axpcsab d mat`cbcjcnif

prcfass t`dt ukbarstdkbs tà frcssikn rapcrts situ wit` tà dkdjysis cg mdppikns, oiojicnrdp`y dkp`ctcnrdpìas, djckn wit` iktarviaws dkb puojif-cpikicpcjjs gcfusab ck dwdrakass-rdisikn fckficuskass tà usars. Ik tìs wdy, it is prasaktab d bavajcpmamat`cbcjcnifdj, tàcratifdj dkb cg trdksgarakfy, gadsiocg oaikn dbdptab tc ctàr fcktaxts dkb cusa`cjb nccbEAY^C_BV8 mcbast àritdna, `cusikn, prasarvdticscfiaty, sustdikdoijity.

Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, ?


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Jcrakd Mdrikd Vkf`az y Garkdkbc Fdfcpdrb

Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?, 0].

Baktrc ba jds muf`ds gcrmds ak qua asta `ikfdpi scficmdtaridj `ddjfdkzdbc jd prftifd, as rajavdkta jd axpariakfid iktarkdfickdj cordbd basba4991 pdrd aj trdtdmiaktc pdtrimckidj ba jcs oiakas ba jd fuakfd mabitarrkadd trdvs ba uk fckscrfic pdrd jd ra`doijitdfik ba su drquitafturd trdbifickdj

_a`doiMab. Basba aj dkjisis ba jds rajdfickas astdojafibds aktrapdtrimckic, basdrrcjjc a ibaktibdb fujturdj, sa fckstruyarck bigaraktasastrdtanids pojifds y privdbds mdtaridjizdbds ak jiorcs, pnikds waos,dftivibdbas, bisartdfickas y fdpdfitdfickas criaktdbds d jd prasarvdfik bajcs oiakas?. Ak fudktc d jd radjibdb jdtikcdmarifdkd, rasujtd iktarasdkta ajtrdodhc basdrrcjjdbc basba jd bfdbd ba 490< ak _c ba Hdkairc, Ordsij, pdrdjcs ikmuaojas ba sus rads faktrdjas. Fck dpcyc prikfipdjmakta pojifc, saprcnrdmdrck dffickas birinibds d tfkifcs y, aspafidjmakta, d jcs usudricsba jcs oiakas, fcmc mdkudjas y raukickas aktra jcs dnaktas iktarasdbcs6.Ak jc qua raspaftd dj rafcrta pdtrimckidj drnaktikc, as sinkigifdtivc aj fdscba Ouakcs Diras. Qk dmpjic fdmpc ba axparimaktdfik sa ikdunur d pdrtirba 490< mabidkta jd ikfcrpcrdfik pojifd ba jd tamtifd. Basba ?


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Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?

aikbiscjuojamakta jindbcs dj dffickdr scfidj, ak vspards ba djfdkzdr ukaharfific prasarvdfickistd qua prctahd jcs oiakas pdrd jds nakardfickasprasaktas y guturds.

Ak ukd primard gdsa sa docrb aj dkjisis istrifc urodkc-drquitaftkifcpdrd aktakbar jcs prcfascs qua crinikdrck jd fiubdb ba Rdkbij, su trdzdbcy sus viviakbds, ibaktigifdkbc aj tipc y jcs vdjcras baj pdtrimckic mcbastcprabcmikdkta, fckstituibc pcr fdsds f`crizc. \drd ajjc sa sajaffickdrckjcs grdnmaktcs urodkcs ms raprasaktdtivcs y sa gukbdmaktdrck yajiniarck jds ukibdbas ba dkjisis y cosarvdfik. Dsimismc, jd ikbdndfiksa fcmpjamakt fck jd radjizdfik ba aktravistds samiastrufturdbds dikgcrmdktas fjdvas.

Jds ajdocrdfickas parsckdjas pdrd jd bagikifik matcbcjnifd ba astd gdsa,rasujtdrck gukbdmaktdjas. Basba jd fckstruffik ba jd avcjufik urodkdodsdbd ak bigaraktas drfìvcs oiojicnrgifcs, pjdkimtrifcs y gctcnrgifcs,huktc d jcs tastimckics rafcnibcs0, sa rajavdrck pdrfajd d pdrfajd jds kcvaktdmdkzdkds faktrdjas basba bckba surni aj trdzdbc ba jd fiubdb y sa nakaruk tahibc fck uk aspafidj basdrrcjjc ba fdsds f`crizc9. Baktrc ba astasaftcr, bajimitdbc pcr jds fudtrc dvakibds prikfipdjas _ivdbdvid, Aspdd,Vdktdmdrikd y Dvajjdkabd, sa ibaktigifdrck 6>? fdsds f`crizc huktc d susbigaraktas nrdbcs ba trdksgcrmdfik. Ba asta rajavdmiaktc sa sajaffickuk mifrcsaftcr ba kuava mdkzdkds ba dfuarbc fck jd mdycr fdktibdb baviviakbds f`crizc ms farfdkds d jd crinikdjibdb, yd qua usudjmaktaprasaktdrck iktarvakfickas (ginurd ?d y o).

> Aj trdodhc ba Murdtcri (MQ_DRC_I,Vdvaric. Vtubi par ukd cpardkta Vtcridurodkd bi Wakazid, Istitutc \cjinrdgifcbajjc Vtdtc, _cmd, 4919) fckstituyaaj primar dktafabakta ba asta tipc baikvastindfickas.

0 Ak sktasis, sa rajavdrck8 Drfìvc @istri\dtrimckidj Mukifipdj, Oiojictafd QKIFAOiojictafd \cpujdr _ivdbdvid, Musacbaj Guarta y Drfìvc ba \jdkadmiaktcy Cords \ojifds/ Cords \rivdbdsmukifipdj. Dsimismc, sa aktravistdrck dbigaraktas dftcras fjdvas iktanrdktas bajd Fccrbikdfik ba \dtrimckic Fujturdjy Drfìvc @istrifc, huktc d prastinicscsìstcridbcras jcfdjas.

9As impcrtdkta bastdfdr qua Rdkbij fdrafba astubics aspafgifcs scora sus fdsdsf`crizc.

Ginurd ?d8 Wistd drad ba jd fiubdb baRdkbij bckba sa akmdrfd aj grdnmaktcfaktrdj dkdjizdbc, bajimitdbc pcr jdsfudtrc dvakibds prikfipdjas. Guakta8Nccnja Adrt`, 6/1/?


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Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?).

Dsimismc, jcs rasujtdbcs ba asta jtimc aha prcpcrfickdrck jd gcrmd bamdtaridjizdfik ba jds prcpuastds pjdktadbds. \drd ajjc sar kafasdricfcmoikdr puojifdfickas ak pnikds waos (prcpifidkbc aj bikdmismc y ajiktarfdmoic prcpic ba jc virtudj, gdftioja ak uk mdrfc ba ikgcrmdtizdfik yabufdfik privijanidbc) y ak bidrics jcfdjas (prcpcrfickdkbc aj dffasc d jdikgcrmdfik ak uk scpcrta mdtaridj trdbifickdj, fck basdrrcjjcs virtudjas

Ginurd >8 Vktasis ba jds prcpuastdsastrdtnifds d basdrrcjjdr pdrd jdfckfiaktizdfik pdtrimckidj basba jcs

tras ahas fjdvas docrbdbcs. Guakta8Fcmpcsifik ba jcs dutcras.

\rcpuastds pdrd gcrtdjafar jds dprcpidfickaspcsitivds (grdnmaktcs/fdsds)-axpjifdfickas scora jd ìstcrid ba jd fiubdb yjds fdsds f`crizc-mdtaridjizdfik ba uk drfìvc gctcnrgifc-fradfik ba uk odkfc ba dkfbctds aìstcrids ba vibd

\rcpuastds pdrd gcmaktdr jdpdrtifipdfik y fcjdocrdfik ak jdsragcrmds basba uk akgcqua pdtrimckidj(fdsds)-rafcmakbdfickas scora jds iktarvakfickasusudjas-bigusik ba jds trdmitdfickas pdtrimckidjas-nakardfik ba uk drfìvc ba bubds drascjvar y puojifdr paribifdmakta

\rcpuastds pdrd pkuavds fcmpr

pdtrimckidjas ascora jdastdtdja

-axpjifdfik ba fpdtrimckidjas osifcs

-axpjifdfik scora jcba jds viviakbds y jd dk

-bivujndfik ba jdsdyubds mu


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NIV ds d tccj tc imprcva tà mdkdnamakt cg Wistd Djanra bistrifik Vdktidnc ba Fuod

Jcs VIN fcmc àrrdmiaktd pdrd cptimizdr jd nastik baj rapdrtcWistd Djanra ak Vdktidnc ba Fuod

Juis Akriqua Oajjc Fdodjjarc, Mijaka Vctc Vuraz, Mdrd Rarasd Mucz Fdstijjc y Jackdrbc \razWijcric

_AVQMAK8 Jcs sistamds ba ikgcrmdfik nacnrgifd(VIN) fckstituyak àrrdmiaktds pdrd jd pjdkigifdfiky nastik ba jd fiubdb. Fcmc rafursc ikgcrmtifc

bastdfdk pcr jd agaftivibdb y dnijibdb qua cgrafak akjcs astubics scora sitics pdtrimckidjas. Aj rapdrtc WistdDjanra ba Vdktidnc ba Fuod axìoa vdjicsds fudjibdbasak su astrufturd urodkd y drquitafturd. Dftudjmakta,jds iksugifiakfids ak jd nastik ba ikgcrmdfik scora ajsitic, aktra ctrds fdusds, ikgjuyak ak jd prbibd ba susvdjcras. Aj prasakta drtfujc muastrd jcs rasujtdbcsdjfdkzdbcs d pdrtir ba uk prcfasc matcbcjnifc pdrdjd impjamaktdfik baj VIN, crndkizdbc ak bcs gdsas8astrufturdfik y axpjctdfik. Aj VIN prcpuastc iktanrdjd ikgcrmdfik urodkstifd baj rapdrtc y cptimizd ajmdkahc, dftudjizdfik a iktarrajdfik ba bdtcs pdrdfcktriouir d jd nastik baj fckhuktc, takiakbc ak fuaktdvdridojas ba dkjisis akgcfdbds dfid jd avdjudfik ba jdsitudfik dftudj baj pdtrimckic fckstruibc, jd nastik bajd zckd fcmc rafursc turstifc y asfakdric ba riasnc babasdstras.

\DJDO_DV FJDWA8 sistamds ba ikgcrmdfik nacnrgifd(VIN), nastik, pdtrimckic, Vdktidnc ba Fuod, rapdrtcWistd Djanra.

DOVR_DFR8 Nacnrdpìf Ikgcrmdtick Vystams (NIfckstituta pcwarguj tccjs gcr urodk mdkdnamakt dkpjdkkikn. Rà pcssioijitias tc imprcva tà stubias dk

dkdjysis cg urodk pdtrimckidj sitas dra ramdredojWistd Djanra bistrift ik tà fity cg Vdktidnc ba Fuod s`cwnradt qudjitias ik oct`, urodk jdycut dkb drfìtafturKcwdbdys tìs àritdna s`cws d prcnrassiva bdmdnoafdusa cg tà bagifiakfy ik tà mdkdnamakt cg t`sitas ikgcrmdtick, dmckn ctàr fdusas. Rìs pdpbasfrioas tà rasujts t`rcun` tà mat`cbcjcnifprcfass gcr tà impjamaktdtick cg d NIV, crndkizaik twc p`dsas8 strufturikn dkb utijizdtick. \rcpcsaNIV iktanrdtas tà urodk ikgcrmdtick dkb imprcvatà mdkdnamakt, upbdtikn dkb iktarfckkaftick bdtd ik crbar tc fcktriouta tc tà sitas mdkdnamakfcksibarikn vdridojas cg dkdjysis gcr tà avdjudtick tà furrakt fckbiticks cg tà fckstruftiva pdtrimckdjsc tà mdkdnamakt cg tà sita kct ckjy ds d tcuristrascurfa out djsc sfaka cg bisdstar `dzdrb.

EAY^C_BV8 nacnrdpìf Ikgcrmdtick Vystams (NIVmdkdnamakt, pdtrimcky, Vdktidnc ba Fuod, Wistd Djanbistrift.



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Juis Akriqua Oajjc Fdodjjarc, Mijaka Vctc Vuraz, Mdrd Rarasd Mucz Fdstijjc y Jackdrbc \raz Wijcri

Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?].

4Axfaptudkbc d Vdktidnc ba Fuod, aj rastba jcs faktrcs `istrifcs rajdfickdbcsastk bafjdrdbcs pcr jd QKAVFC fcmc\dtrimckic Fujturdj ba jd @umdkibdb. Vragiarak astcs fcmc jcs ms impcrtdktabaoibc dj basdrrcjjc djfdkzdbc pcr jdscgifikds baj fcksarvdbcr c `istcridbcr bajd fiubdb, ikstdkfids fuyd jdocr sa birina`dfid jd prasarvdfik y radjfa ba jcsvdjcras pdtrimckidjas U2].

?Aktibdb akfdrndbd ba dbmikistrdrjd ikgcrmdfik baj tarritcric, fradk ydftudjizdk jds odsas ba bdtcs ba dpcyc dpjdkadmiaktc, jd nastik y aj fcktrcj.

6Aj sitic gcrmd pdrta baj Vistamd baIkgcrmdfik Rarritcridj y ast odsdbcak jd impjamaktdfik ba uk sistamdba ikgcrmdfik nacnrgifd, puabafcksujtdrsa ak jd sinuiakta biraffik8www.sit.c`f.fu

1. MQCX _DVR_A_C, Dktckic yKDWD__C JQKD, Fdrjcs. Mctcr VINba axtrdffik y dkjisis ranjdbc baikgcrmdfik pdrd mcbajcs ba bdtcsba pjdkadmiaktc urodkstifc. Ak8QKIWA_VIBDB BA VAWIJJD. Rafkcjcndba jd ikgcrmdfik nacnrgifd dj sarvificba jcs fiubdbdkcs. Vavijjd8 Vafratdridbba \uojifdfickas, ?


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25/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?].Ak asta saktibc, bastdfdk jcs astubics baj prcgascr titujdr ba jd Qkivarsibdb

Fcmpjutaksa ba Mdbrib y biraftcr baj dujd ba VIN, knaj \uayc Fdmpcs, ajfudj pjdktad jd crndkizdfik ba ukd odsa ba bdtcs d pdrtir ba suosistamdsba ikgcrmdfik8 U6]

- Vuosistamd ba ikgcrmdfik urodkstifd.- Vuosistamd ba ikgcrmdfik fdtdstrdj.- Vuosistamd ba vdjcrdfik a impcsifik.- Vuosistamd ba ikgcrmdfik baj mabic.- Vuosistamd ba vdridojas scfic-afckmifds.

- Vuosistamd ba ikgcrmdfik hurbifd.Vi oiak jcs sais suosistamds pjdktadbcs pcr aj dutcr prasaktdk fdrftar

mujtibisfipjikdric a ikfjuyak jd mdycr fdktibdb ba prcfascs qua sa nakardkak jd fiubdb, pdrd astd ikvastindfik rasujtd impcrtdkta aj suosistamd baikgcrmdfik urodkstifd, aj fudj raquiara ba jd iktarvakfik ba bivarsdsbisfipjikds, parc jd mdycr fdktibdb ba bdtcs qua fckfioa0 sck dquajjcs quapuabak dpcrtdr drquitaftcs y/c urodkistds.

Ba astd mdkard, aj dkjisis ba axpariakfids ak aj mdkahc ba ikgcrmdfikurodkstifd ak sitics ba vdjcr pdtrimckidj pcsioijitd rasumir jcs sinuiaktasdspaftcs qua dpcrtdk d jd fckgcrmdfik baj suosistamd U42]8

42. FIB DJMDNQA_, Dmab. Jcs sistamdsba ikgcrmdfik nacnrgifd fcmc`arrdmiaktd pdrd aj mdkahc y nastikba ikgcrmdfik ragaribd dj pdtrimckicfckstruibc. Aj fdsc aspafgifc baj rapdrWistd Djanra. Rrdodhc ba bipjcmd.Rutcras8 Drq. Juis A. Oajjc y Brd. F.Drq. Mdrd R. Mucz. Vdktidnc ba FuodQkivarsibdb ba Criakta. Gdfujtdb baFckstruffickas, ?\drd asta trdodhc guarck utijizdbcs jcsscgtwdra DrfWiaw 6.6, su varsik dftudjDrfNIV 4< y aj scgtwdra jiora TudktumNI

0\jdkas nakardj y pdrfidjas, astubics babatdjja, rapdrfajdfickas, urodkizdfika ikgrdastrufturds5 fjdsigifdfickas,fdjigifdfickas, abigifdoijibdb y crbakdfiurodkstifd baj suajc5 uscs, bastikcs,fdrdftarstifds tfkifds y tipcjnifds5supargifias ba pdrfajds a ikmuaojas5bctdfickas ak aquipdmiaktcs y sarvificsU6].

Ginurd 28 Jd vdriabdb ba ikgjuakfidsastijstifds y tipcjcnds doitdfickdjasdhustdbds siampra d jd astrufturdurodkd baj odrric akriquafak susfudjibdbas fcmc fckhuktc pdtrimckidGctcs ba jcs dutcras.

Ginurd 18 Asquamd qua rasumaaj prcfasc matcbcjnifc pdrd jd

impjamaktdfik baj sistamd baikgcrmdfik nacnrgifd.


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Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?],gua dftudjizdbd d trdvs ba pjdkijjds ak aj trdodhc ba fdmpc radjizdbc, ypcstaricrmakta ikfcrpcrdbd ak aj VIN. Rcbc aj prcfasc fckt fck jd dsascrdba jcs dutcras ba jcs bigaraktas astubics radjizdbcs. Jcs bdtcs sa crndkizdrcksank jd astrufturd aspdfidj ba jd urodkizdfik ak bigaraktas kivajas (tamdsc fdpds)8 mdkzdkds (tdojd 4), vidjas (tdojd ?), pdrfajds (tdojd 6), abigifdfickas(tdojd 2) y rads varbas (tdojd 1)5 ak jds fudjas sa ikfcrpcrdrck jcs fdmpcs baikgcrmdfik fcrraspckbiaktas d jd odsa ba bdtcs.

\cr ctrd pdrta, jd Biraffik \rcvikfidj ba \jdkigifdfik Gsifd (B\\G)fcktriouy fck jd ikgcrmdfik fdrtcnrgifd baj sitic, pcr mabic baj drf`ivcbinitdj qua fcktiaka jd odsa pjdkimtrifd, basba aj fudj sa cotuviarck bdtcsscora supargifias y fjdsigifdfickas (var tdojds 4-1). Astd ikgcrmdfik tdmoikgua fcmprcodbd fck aj trdodhc ba fdmpc d patifik ba jcs prcgasickdjas bajd B\\G.

41. VDNQ FDM\V, Dkd O. Aj ikmuaojasuobivibibc ak Wistd Djanra.

Jikadmiaktcs pdrd uk prcfasc baiktarvakfik fck uk akgcqua sistmifcRasis ba Mdastrid. Rutcrd8 Brd. F. DrqMdrd R. Mucz Fdstijjc. Vdktidnc baFuod, Qkivarsibdb ba Criakta. Gdfujtdbba Fckstruffickas, ?


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29/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?).

Jd avdjudfik ba jd situdfik ba jcs abigifics ba vdjcr avibakfid aj dffickdrfckstruftivc kandtivc qua `dk takibc dmocs saftcras, privdbc y astdtdj,cfdsickdbc, aktra ctrds fdusds, pcr jds kafasibdbas ba dmpjidfickas csuobivisickas ba jd viviakbd, jds jimitdfickas afckmifds, qua batarmikdkjds trdksgcrmdfickas y aj bataricrc fckstruftivc raspaftivdmakta, aj fdmoicba usc ikfcmpdtioja fck jd astrufturd aspdfidj ba jd abigifdfik y jd dusakfid

ba pcjtifds ba prasarvdfik y mdktakimiaktc.

Ba inudj mdkard sa avdju aj fcmpcrtdmiaktc ba jcs ikmuaojassuobivibibcs y jds trdksgcrmdfickas ak gdf`dbds. Ak aj primar fdscaj rasujtdbc muastrd qua ??2 ikmuaojas `dk sibc suobivibibcs, jc quaraprasaktd aj 64 % baj tctdj ba abigifdfickas baj _apdrtc5 y ak aj sanukbc,jds gdf`dbds trdksgcrmdbds sa avibakfidk ak 9< ikmuaojas qua raprasaktdaj ?< % baj tctdj ba abigifics (ginurd 0).

Jd iktarrajdfik ba astcs bcs fdmpcs ba ikgcrmdfik d trdvs ba jdscpardfickas fck jd odsa ba bdtcs baj VIN, mcstr qua 441 ikmuaojassuobivibibcs baj _apdrtc kc prasaktdk trdksgcrmdfik ak jd gdf`dbd, jc quaraprasaktd aj 14,6 % baj tctdj ba astds abigifdfickas, figrd qua avibakfidqua jd suobivisik kc batarmikd kafasdridmakta jd trdksgcrmdfik ba jdgdf`dbd (ginurd 9).

Ginurd >8 Imdnak ikfcrpcrdbd ak jdodsa ba bdtcs baj VIN qua parmitavisudjizdr aj ikmuaoja sajaffickdbc.

Ginurd 08 \jdkcs qua muastrdk jdsitudfik dftudj ba jcs ikmuaojassuobivibibcs y jds trdksgcrmdfickas bgdf`dbds.

Ginurd 98 Izquiarbd8 sajaffik ba jcsikmuaojas suobivibibcs5 faktrc8 bajd sajaffik dktaricr sa bastdfdk(fcjcr dmdrijjc) jcs qua kc `dk sugribtrdksgcrmdfickas ak jds gdf`dbds5baraf`d8 dkjisis astdbstifc ba jdiktarrajdfik ba dmocs fdmpcs baikgcrmdfik.


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33/107

Baw pckbs8 jdkbsfdpa ajamakts ds urodk`ybrdujif ikgrdastruftura

Jdncs drtigifidjas8 ajamaktcs pdisdhstifcs fcmcikgrdastrufturd ìbrujifd

Mdurific Nckzjaz VdjndbcHudk Dksoartc Fruz Nark

_AVQMAK8 Aj drtfujc prasaktd jd primard atdpd baukd ikvastindfik dfarfd baj usc ba jcs jdncs drtigifidjasfcmc ikgrdastrufturd ìbrujifd urodkd qua pckbardk djpdisdha. Jds fiubdbas maxifdkds y su prcojamtifd bafrafimiaktc raspckbak d jds kafasibdbas baj marfdbc ycmitak aj prcfasc ba sustaktdoijibdb qua baoardk cosarvdrasfrupujcsdmakta. Astd ikvastindfik sa fckfaktrd ak aj

bastikc ba jcs asfurrimiaktcs pjuvidjas ak zckds urodkds yfmc dprcvaf`drjcs ak su oakagific. Mabidkta aj dkjisis yjd sktasis bcfumaktdj sa axpckak jcs gukbdmaktcs tarifc-matcbcjnifcs qua astrufturdk jd ikvastindfik y sa pjdktadkikbifdbcras pdrd vdjcrdr jd tacrd, fcmc sanukbd atdpd ba jdikvastindfik, ak uk fdsc aspafgifc, d gik ba dpcrtdr fjdvas yparspaftivds pdrd sar dpjifdbds ak fdscs ba astubic dgikas.

\DJDO_DV FJDWA8 ikgrdastrufturd ìbrujifd, jdncs,sustaktdoijibdb, pdisdha urodkc.

DOVR_DFR8 Rà pdpar prasakts tà girst stdna cg dikvastindtick iktc tà usa cg drtigifidj jdeas ds urodk wdtikgrdstruftura pckbarikn tà jdkbsfdpa. Vprdwj prcojams Maxifdk fitias raspckb, girst tc tà mdreat kaabs dkb cmit tprcfass cg sustdikdoijity s`cujb oa sfrupujcusjy cosarvaRìs rasadrf` gcfusas ck tà gdta cg stcrmwdtar rukcgg urodk drads ds usa tàm tc tàir dbvdktdna. R`rcun` t`

bcfumakt dkdjysis dkb wcre syktàsis axpcsa tà tàcratifdkb mat`cbcjcnifdj gcukbdticks tc struftura tà rasadrfdkb rdisas ikbifdtcrs t`dt dssass tà tàcry ik d spafigikstdkfa, ds d safckb stdna cg tà rasadrf`, tc prcviba fjudkb parspaftivas wit` pcssioijitias tc oa dppjiab ck simijfdsas.

EAY^C_BV8 wdtar ikgrdstruftura, jdeas, sustdikdoijiurodk jdkbsfdpa.



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Mdurific Nckzjaz Vdjndbc y Hudk Dksoartc Fruz Nar

Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?7, aj prasibakta ba jd _apojifd Maxifdkd,

\crgiric Bdz, ikdunur aj garrcfdrrij ak jd fiubdb baFajdyd (ginurd 4) jc qua trdhc dpdrahdbc jd akarndajftrifd y aj tajnrdgc U4] qua mcbigifdrdk jaktdmakta jdvcfdfik prikfipdj ba jd fiubdb8 ba dnrfcjd d ikbustridj.

Ak ?


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Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?1? m?ba rad jctigifdbfck 6


37/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?0,69 441,9>

D. FCMQKAV (m6) 2,94 ?261

D. RCRDJ (m6) 4>,44 0279,69 ?09,47 2?>,>1

\drdjajdmakta sa cotuvc jd bamdkbd ba rianc ak jds

rads varbas baj basdrrcjjc Mdnkc, fcksibardkbc ukdjmikd ba rianc ba 1 mm y 9? bds ba rianc qua aquivdjakd jd tarfard pdrta ba jcs ?>7 bds qua fcmprakbadprcximdbdmakta jd tampcrdbd ba astidha. Astpravistd jd utijizdfik ba pjdktds kdtivds pcr su odhc uscfcksuktivc baj dnud. Jd supargifia d randr fcrraspckbadj 7< % ba jcs 44 ,2< m?, ukdprcgukbibdb mximd ba ??< fm y pjdyds parimatrdjas

fck ukd pakbiakta ba 284 `dstd jjandr d 42< fm baprcgukbibdb tarmikdkbc ak aj gckbc baj jdnc jcs 0< fmrastdktas, fck pakbiakta parimatrdj ba 484 (ginurd 1).Jcs bdtcs dktaricras bdk ukd fdpdfibdb ba 4 096,74 m?y>?6,72 m?raspaftivdmakta y uk tctdj ba ? 747,9> m?.

Aj vcjumak ba avdpcrdfik dkudj baj dnud ak aj jdnc asbikmifc bapakbiakta baj kivaj crbikdric ba dnud sankjd pcfd baj dc5 duk ds sa batarmik uk 4< % pdrdgikas ba fjfujc. Bdbc qua, pcr fuastickas pdisdhstifdssa pratakba mdktakar uk aspahc ba >7


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Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?].

Fudtrc bds ba jjuvid kc mdycras d 4? mm fck ranistrcsak jds astdfickas ba mckitcrac U7] prcvcfdk fdjjas ydvakibds dkandbds (ginurd >). Astc fdusd paribifdmaktaak jds fcjckids Iksurnaktas, Jd Fruz, Hdrbikas ba Fajdyd,

Jioardfik, Baj Xdpcta, Jds Bajifids, Rras Nuarrds,aktra ctrds baj sur ba jd fiubdb, viviakbds dkandbds,fdsds dgaftdbds pcr aj ratcrkc ba jds dnuds kanrds djcostruirsa jcs brakdhas, fiarras baj trgifc, va`fujcsvdrdbcs. Ds mismc, jd odsurd ak jds djfdktdrijjds, jdsgdjjds ak jd ikgrdastrufturd c jcs arrcras `umdkcs ak jdcpardfik ba jd mismd, sa sumdk d jds fdusds ba astdsikukbdfickas U0-4?].

Ginurd >8 Jd nrgifd as ukd simujdfik baj fcmpcrtdmiaktcbaj kivaj baj dnud ak aj jdnc burdkta aj dc ?7 pczcsba dnuds suotarrkads ak cpardfik, qua fckstituyakaj 4]. Huktd Mukifipdj ba Dnud \ctdoja y Djfdktdrijjdbc. Uak jkad].

Fajdyd8 Huktd Mukifipdj, ?


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Akvirckmaktdj Imprcvamakt cg Viknja Qrodk @cusiknik Faktra-Vcut` cg Fìja

Mahcrdmiaktc dmoiaktdj ba viviakbds urodkds ukigdmijidrasak faktrc-sur ba Fìja

_cbrinc Ndrfd Djvdrdbc, Mduraak Rraoijfcfe Eajjy y Hdima Vctc Mucz

_AVQMAK8 Fìja, dj inudj qua muf`cs pdsasak basdrrcjjc, prasaktd uk scstakibc frafimiaktcrasibakfidj y akarntifc, parc fck rajavdkta impdftcdmoiaktdj. Aj pds `d fcmakzdbc dpjifdr prcnrdmds yranujdfickas ak astcs dspaftcs, sik amodrnc, fdrafaba dktafabaktas batdjjdbcs baj fcmpcrtdmiaktcrasibakfidj. Asta trdodhc prasaktd ukd kcvabcsdastrdtanid ba dkjisis ba viviakbds urodkds ukigdmijidrasba jd zckd faktrc-sur, pdrd gcmaktdr uk agaftivcmahcrdmiaktc dmoiaktdj. Aj astubic ast odsdbc akastdbstifds fckstruftivds y ak jd ravisik ba fikfuaktdfdscs, dbams ba dkdjizdr sistamds ba simujdfikakarntifd, mckitcracs y mcbajdfickas ba ukd bcfakdba viviakbds. Va ravisdrck tdmoik djnukds axpariakfidsba bisac y ra`doijitdfik, pcstaricrmakta sa ibaktigifdkpdtrckas ba fcksumc akarntifc y fdrdftarstifdsdrquitaftkifds ikfibaktas, bagikiakbc mcbigifdfickas

aspafgifds pdrd jd simujdfik ba astd tipcjcnd ak jdranik, fcmc fjimd, nacmatrd, cfupdfik, mdtaridjibdby sistamds, y ravajdkbc bisparsickas ak jds fckbifickasba fckgcrt y fdjibdb fckstruftivd. Va dbviarta gikdjmaktaukd akfrufihdbd aktra jds axpaftdtivds pcojdfickdjas yjd ahafufik `doitdfickdj qua sa baoa dhustdr burdktaaj bisac rasibakfidj, mabidkta dkjisis y dffickasdbafudbds dj basdrrcjjc jcfdj.

\DJDO_DV FJDWA8 viviakbd, simujdfik akarntifd,basampac dmoiaktdj, ra`doijitdfik, Fìja.

DOVR_DFR8 Fìja, jiea mdky bavajcpikn fcuktriaprasakts d fcktikucus rasibaktidj nrcwt` dkb cg akarnfcksumptick, out wit` d sinkigifdkt akvirckmaktimpdft. Rà kdtick `ds impjamaktab prcnrdms dkranujdticks, out tàra is d jdfe cg batdijab ikgcrmdticck tà `cusikn pargcrmdkfa. Rìs pdpar prasakts kcvaj strdtany gcr tà dkdjysis cg urodk siknja cusikn tà faktra-scut` drad cg tà fcuktry, tc gcstar aggaftivakvirckmaktdj imprcvamakts. Rà dkdjysis is odsack ouijbikn stdtistifs dkb tà raviaw cg gigty `cmas, dwajj ds akarny simujdtick, wit` mcbajikn dkb jckn-timmckitcrikn cg d bczak cg tàsa fdsas. Vcma axpariakfacg imprcvab `cusikn basink dkb ragurois`makt wadjsc axdmikab. Rìs rasadrf` wcre ibaktigias akarnpargcrmdkfa pdttarks dkb rajdtab drfìtafturf`drdftaristifs. It `ds mdkdnab spafigif fckbiticks simujdta tìs ranickdj typcjcny oy fjimdta, nacmatr

cffupdkfy, mdtaridjity dkb aquipmakt, bamckstrdtikbiggarakfas ik fcmgcrt javajs dkb ouijbikn qudjity. Dtà akb tà stuby ravadjs d fckgjift oatwaak usaraxpaftdticks dkb fckstruftick qudjity, wìf` must ogdfab ik tà basink prcfass wit` dfticks ck jika witjcfdj bavajcpmakt.

EAY^C_BV8 `cusikn, akarny simujdtick,akvirckmaktdj pargcrmdkfa, ragurois`makt, Fìja.



41/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?9impjamaktdr ukd zckigifdfik fjimtifd-`doitdfickdj fck rafcmakbdfickasba bisac y ranistrc ba prcpiabdbas ba jcs ajamaktcs fckstruftivcs. D pdrtirbaj dc ?


42/107

_cbrinc Ndrfd Djvdrdbc, Mduraak Rraoijfcfe Eajjy y Hdima Vctc Muc



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47/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?? m?fck bistiktdsfckginurdfickas nacmtrifds y criaktdfik, qua axprasdk jd ikfibakfidprikfipdjmakta ba ukd gcrmd ms fcmpdftd y dbcsdbd (baj parmatrcaxpuastc). Jcnrdkbc rabufir jd mitdb ba jd bamdkbd (y ba jd akvcjvakta yaspdfic fdjagdffickdbc pdrd ctrcs mahcrdmiaktcs), jc qua suniara pcr tdktc

radjizdr urodkizdfickas ms baksds (scora 4


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50/107

Akvirckmaktdj vdridojas dkb fdpijjdrity-bataricrdtick rajdticksìp8fcjckidj ouijbikns cg tà ìstcrif faktra cg Vdktidnc ba Fuod

Wdridojas dmoiaktdjas y jd rajdfik fdpijdribdb-bataricrc8 viviakbdsfcjckidjas baj faktrc ìstrifc ba Vdktidnc ba Fuod

Mdyajik Nckzjaz Rruhijjc, Abudrbc Oaird Gcktdika , Cbdjys jvdraz _cbrnuazy Ajsi Mdrd Jpaz Drids

_AVQMAK8 Astd ikvastindfik sa radjiz ak aj faktrc

ìstrifc ba jd fiubdb ba Vdktidnc ba Fuod, rad quaprasaktd fckbifickas dmoiaktdjas prcpifids pdrdjd prasakfid ba jd rajdfik fdpijdribdb-bataricrc akabigifdfickas. Jd mismd tuvc fcmc cohativc batarmikdrjd ikgjuakfid ba jds vdridojas dmoiaktdjas qua mcbujdkjd rajdfik fdpijdribdb-bataricrc ak abigifdfickas dtrdvs ba ukd àrrdmiaktd qua parmitd su astubicy mckitcrac, tcmdkbc fcmc fdsc d jds viviakbdsfcjckidjas. Va dpjifdrck mtcbcs tarifcs y amprifcs5y fcmc kcvabdb sa iktrcbuhc aj mtcbc ba mcbajdfikak uk sistamd ba ikgcrmdfik nacnrgifd. Fcmcrasujtdbc gukbdmaktdj sa cotuvc qua jd prcgukbibdb bajkivaj gratifc as fckfjuyakta ak jd mdkigastdfik ba jdrajdfik fdpijdribdb-bataricrc, siakbc agaftivd dstd ukdprcgukbibdb ba 6 m. D astd vdridoja sa dscfid aj tipc basuajc, batarmikkbcsa qua jcs suajcs gikcs sck jcs msparhubifidjas. Jcs rasujtdbcs parmitiarck bamcstrdrtdmoik ctrcs gdftcras ikgjuyaktas fcmc jd criaktdfiknacnrgifd ba jd gdf`dbd y aj tipc mcbujdr ba mdtaridjba fckstruffik.

\DJDO_DV FJDWA8 vdridojas dmoiaktdjas, rajdfikfdpijdribdb-bataricrc, viviakbds fcjckidjas, Faktrc@istrifc.

DOVR_DFR8 Rìs rasadrf` wds fckbuftab ik tà istcr

faktra cg Vdktidnc ba Fuod fity5 tìs drad prasakts ddpprcpridta akvirckmaktdj fckbitick tc ikvastindtà fdpijjdry-bataricrdtick pàkcmakd ik ouijbikRà nakardj dim gcfusab ik batarmika tà ikgjuakfa akvirckmaktdj vdridojas t`dt mcbujdta tà rajdticks`fdpijjdrity - bataricrdtick ik ouijbikns t`rcun` d tccj stuby dkb mckitcrikn, tdeikn ds dk axdmpja tà fcjcki`cusas. â dppjiab tàcratifdj dkb ampirifdj mat`cbdkb wds iktrcbufab ds d kaw mcbajikn mat`cb ck nacnrdpìfdj ikgcrmdtick systam. Ds d mdik rasujt wds gcukb t`dt tà bapt` cg tà wdtar tdoja is fckfjusivbamckstrdtick cg fdpijjdry-bataricrdtick rajdticksìoaikn aggaftiva tc d bapt` cg 6m. Rìs vdridoja dsscfidtab wit` scij typa, fckfjubikn t`dt gika scijs dtà mcst `drmguj. Rà rasujts djjcwab tc s`cw djsctàr fcktrioutikn gdftcrs suf` ds tà nacnrdpìfcriaktdtick cg tà gddba dkb tà mcbujdr typa fckstruftick mdtaridj.

EAY^C_BV8 akvirckmaktdj vdridojas, fdpijjdrbataricrdtick rajdticksìp, fcjckidj ouijbikns, ìstcrfaktra.



51/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?].

Ak jd ginurd 4, ? y 6 sa muastrdk viviakbds fcjckidjas bataricrdbds pcrjcs agaftcs ba jd `umabdb fdpijdr. Dkta astd situdfik, jd Cgifikd baj


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Mdyajik Nckzjaz Rruhijjc, Abudrbc Oaird Gcktdika , Cbdjys jvdraz _cbrnuaz y Ajsi Mdrd Jpaz Drid



53/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?.


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Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?)

Xckd 68 Vck rads odhds, `mabds y pcfc vaktijdbds qua fcrraspckbakd zckds odhds ba jd fiubdb, fcikfibiakbc fck jds jkads crinikdjas bajasfurrimiaktc takiakbc iktargarakfid ba juz scjdr y ba jcs viaktcs jcfdjas.

Fcmc sa puaba cosarvdr ak jd ginurd 1, baktrc baj faktrc ìstrifc, suzckd odhd fcrraspckba d jds fdrdftarstifds ba jd zckd 6.

Jds prafipitdfickas sa mdkigiastdk ak biraffik kcrta-kcrasta, fckprabcmikic dj kcrasta. Riakak fcmc vdjcr prcmabic ìstrifc 4 91,1 %, fck vdjcras mkimcs ba >?,4 % y mximc ba >0,9 %, vdjcrasqua prcpifidk uk djtc fcktakibc ba ùmabdb ak aj dmoiakta5 situdfik quagdvcrafa aj gakmakc ba ùmabdb ak jds abigifdfickas.

Jd tampardturd ak jd zckd csfijd aktra ?1,> d ?>,4 cF ak ikviarkc y ba 64 d62 cF ak jcs masas ms fjibcs (hukic-saptiamora).


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Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?. Mdpd tamtifc baj tipc ba suajc ak aj Faktrc @istrifc sdktidnuarc. Guakta8 Nckzjaz at djj, ?


57/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?], U4 viviakbds, pdrd aj dkjisis ba sajaffik.

Ak jd sajaffik ba jd muastrd utijizdbd ak astd ikvastindfik, sa ampjaaj muastrac kc prcodoijstifc pcr huific, bckba aj ikvastindbcr utijizd sufritaric pdrd sajaffickdr d jcs miamorcs ba jd pcojdfik qua puabak nakardrmuastrds raprasaktdtivds.

Jcs fritarics ba sajaffik pdrd bagikir jds viviakbds d ikvastindr guarck84. Abigifdfickas qua fcksarvdodk su astijc drquitaftkifc, fck

trdksgcrmdfickas kc raprasaktdtivds, jds fudjas d su vaz sck birinibds pcr jdCgifikd baj Fcksarvdbcr ba jd Fiubdb (CFF) ak su prcnrdmd ba rastdurdfik,tdjas fcmc sck8 aj fdmoic ba fuoiartd y trdtdmiaktc ba tarmikdfik ak jdsgdf`dbds.

?. Abigifdfickas uoifdbds ak asfakdrics bckba `dyd mdycr ikgjuakfid bajds vdridojas prcgukbibdb baj kivaj gratifc, ds fcmc aj tipc y pcrfaktdha baùmabdb baj suajc.

D pdrtir ba astcs fritarics ba sajaffik jd muastrd quab fckgcrmdbd pcr0? viviakbds, jc qua raprasaktd aj 24,7 %. War tdojd 4 y ginurd 9.

4 1 0? 24,7?

2tc pdsc8 \rcfabimiaktc axparimaktdjJds mabifickas sa ìfiarck ak aj parcbc ba jjuvid, ak aj mas ba mdyc.Wdridojas d mabirJcs vdjcras ba jds vdridojas (tipc ba suajc, prcgukbibdb baj kivaj gratifc d

pdrtir baj kivaj ba fdjja y ùmabdb baj suajc) qua fcrraspckbak d jds viviakbdsba jd muastrd sa batarmikdrck d trdvs ba jcs mcbajcs binitdjas ba (kivaj gratifcy ùmabdb baj suajc) y aj mdpd tamtifc ba tipc ba suajc, fckgaffickdbcs

d trdvs ba uk sistamd ba ikgcrmdfik nacnrgifd U9]. Astcs mcbajcs guarckbaoibdmakta fdjiordbcs ak asta astubic, d trdvs ba 4< fdjds qua sa radjizdrckak jd zckd odhd, pcr sar uk rad fck prcgukbibdbas baj kivaj gratifc farfdkds djd supargifia. Astds fdjds parmitiarck aj mckitcrac ba astds vdridojas.

Ripc ba mdtaridj8 sa bagika astd vdridoja d trdvs baj dkjisis ba jcstipcs mcbujdras ba mdtaridj ba fckstruffik ba jd gdf`dbd. Ak asta fdsc,dpdrafak jcs tipcs8

mdmpuastc fck mcrtarcs y ravastimiaktcs ba fdj y drakd.

jdbrijjc fck mcrtarc y ravastimiaktcs ba fdj y drakd.


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Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?1? (ginurd 4


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Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?6 mm yprcgukbibdb aktra 7,


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Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?).

Dbams sa pubc fcmprcodr qua jd criaktdfik ba jd gdf`dbd tdmoikikgjuya ak jd djturd fdpijdr, siakbc jds gdf`dbds criaktdbds dj casta y astabckba sa djfdkzdk jcs mdycras vdjcras ba djturd fdpijdr, miaktrds qua jdsgdf`dbds criaktdbds dj kcrta jds ms `mabds.

Asta fcmpcrtdmiaktc as axpjifdoja dj dkdjizdr jd ikfibakfid ba jds vdridojastampardturd y `umabdb rajdtivd, qua sank bdtcs `istrifcs ba jd zckd baastubic, prasaktdk vdjcras binkcs ba fcksibardr, huktc fck jd rdbidfik scjdry jd vajcfibdb y turoujakfid ba jcs viaktcs qua ikfibak ak astds abigifdfickas,yd qua jds gdf`dbds criaktdbds dj casta y dj asta rafioak mdycr rdbidfik,baoibc d jd trdyaftcrid scjdr pdrd astd ranik baj pds. Fcmc rasujtdbc, saprcbufa ukd mdycr tampardturd ak jcs mdtaridjas y ak aj dnud fdpijdr akasds gdf`dbds, y pcr fcksinuiakta bismikuya jd baksibdb, aj pasc aspafgifcy jd visfcsibdb ba astd dnud, jc qua prcvcfd uk dumaktc ba jd djturd fdpijdr(sank jay ba Hurk, var afudfik 4)

Kc BiraffikRipc ba

mdtaridjCriaktdfiknacnrgifd

Djturd bajfcrrabcr

(m)Ripc ba gdf`dbd

Drad`mabd

(%)

Kivajgratifc

(m)

Djturdfdpijdr

(m)

@umabdbbaj suajc

(%)Ripc ba suajc

4 \dbra fdjjahds, # 414 Jdbrijjc Vur ,66 Fiakc drfijjcsc?7 Odrrdfckas, # > Jdbrijjc Casta ?,?1 4,09 4,>1 ?7,2> Fiakc drfijjcsc?> Hcoitc, # ?4? 4/? Mdmpuastc Asta ,>1 4,7> 4,0? ?


64/107


Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?. Ripc ba suajc drfijjd ba odhpjdstifibdb.


66/107




67/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ? %) ba fcrrabcr y > (0 %) ba odjfckdha.

?. Ak aj dkjisis astdbstifc ba jds mabifickas ba prcgukbibdb baj kivajgratifc pcr fdjd, pdrd ukd prcodoijibdb baj 91 %, sa bamcstr qua jcs

vdjcras sinuak ukd bistrioufik kcrmdj, fck ukd vdridfik prcmabic bajkivaj gratifc ak jd zckd qua csfijd ba (


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Wdjudtick cg ouijbikns jcfdtab ik drads cg saismif bdknar

Cjnd B. _cmarc Nckzjaz

_AVQMAK8 \drd jd vdjudfik ba abigifdfickas sa

dfaptd nakardjmakta, aj mtcbc baj fcstc c rapcsifikbaprafidbc5 aj cohativc baj trdodhc gua dkdjizdr jdsikfcknruakfids qua sa prasaktdk ak aj prcfasc bavdjudfik, fudkbc pcr su ampjdzdmiaktc jds mismds astkaxpuastds d riasnc ssmifc. Va dkdjiz fmc aj vdjcr barapcsifik kuavc sa ikframaktd pcr jcs raquarimiaktcsbaj bisac sismcrrasistakta, baoibc d uk dumaktc ba jdfudktd ba dfarc, saffickas ba jcs ajamaktcs astrufturdjasy fdjibdb ba jcs mdtaridjas5 aktra ctrcs gdftcras. \arcdj fcksibardr ak jd baprafidfik, ba dfuarbc fck jdmatcbcjcnd vinakta, scjc jd abdb y aj astdbc tfkifc, sa

covid jd coscjasfakfid tfkifd ba jd abigifdfik fudkbc kcfumpja jcs raquarimiaktcs ba jd kcrmd. Astc bamuastrdjd kafasibdb ba ikfcrpcrdr jcs gdftcras qua batarmikdkaj riasnc ssmifc d jd matcbcjcnd ba baprafidfik, fcmcukd coscjasfakfid tfkifd prasakta ak jd abigifdfik, jcfudj parmitird cotakar vdjcras ba jcs ikmuaojas msfarfdkcs d jd radjibdb.

\DJDO_DV FJDWA8 vdjudfik, baprafidfik, ikmuaojas,riasnc ssmifc.

DOVR_DFR8 Gcr tà vdjudtick cg fckstruftickit is nakardjjy dffaptab, tà mat`cb cg tà fcst crapjdfamakt baprafidtab5 tà cohaftiva cg tà wcre wdtc dkdjyza tà ikfcknruitias t`dt dra prasaktab ik t`rdtikn prcfass, wàk gcr its jcfdtick tà sdma ckas draxpcsab tc saismif rise. It wds dkdjyzab ds tà vdjurapjdfamakt kaw is ikfradsa oy tà raquiramakts tà basink sismcrrasistakta, bua tc dk ikfradsa cg t`staaj qudktity, safticks cg tà strufturdj ajamakts dkqudjity cg tà mdtaridjs5 djsc ctàr gdftcrs. Out wàfcksibarikn ik baprafidtick, dffcrbikn tc tà furramat`cbcjcny, ckjy dna dkb taf`kifdj fckbitick, t`

taf`kifdj coscjasfakfa cg tà ouijbikn is covidtab, wàit bcas kct maat tà raquiramakts cg tà stdkbdrRìs bamckstrdtas tà kaab tc ikfcrpcrdta tà gdftct`dt batarmika tà saismif rise tc tà baprafidticmat`cbcjcny, ds taf`kifdj coscjasfakfa prasakt ik tòuijbikns, wìf` wcujb yiajb vdjuas fjcsar tc radjity.

EAY^C_BV8 vdjudtick, baprafidtick, ouijbikns, saismrise.



69/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?->7, IVVK 4041-10

Fck Fritaric/ Wdjudfik ba ikmuaojas uoifdbcs ak zckds ba pajinrc ssmifc.

IktrcbuffikJd vdjudfik ba dftivcs as ukd bisfipjikd mujtibisfipjikdrid qua kafasitd

kutrirsa ba muf`ds rdmds baj sdoar pdrd pcbar takar ak fuaktd tcbcs jcsgdftcras qua iktarviakak ak aj vdjcr baj oiak d vdjudr. Jd iknakiard ssmifdiktrcbufa dkjisis y fckfaptcs qua astk astraf`dmakta jindbcs fck jcs quasa dkdjizdk pdrd radjizdr jd vdjudfik ba ikmuaojas.

\drd radjizdr jd vdjudfik c tdsdfik ba ikmuaojas, sa `dfa uk astubic

cohativc ba tcbds jds fdrdftarstifds y gdftcras iktarkcs y axtarkcs quaikfibak ak aj vdjcr baj oiak y tiaka qua gukbdmaktdrsa tfkifdmakta pdrtiakbcba jd utijizdfik ba fritarics y matcbcjcnds kcrmdjizdbds y rafckcfibdsiktarkdfickdjmakta U4]. Jds vdjudfickas ba ikmuaojas pdrtak ba ibaktigifdrjds fdrdftarstifds prcpids baj mismc aktra jds qua sa akfuaktrdk jdsrajdfickdbds fck su jcfdjizdfik, jd basfripfik gsifd y jandj, ds fcmc jcsdtrioutcs afckmifcs qua tiakak ak fuaktd jd nakardfik ba oakagifics pcrjd gukfik c sarvific qua prastd.

\drd aj fdsc ba ikmuaojas uoifdbcs ak zckds bckba axista jd prcodoijibdbba cfurrakfid ba sismcs, astcs mismcs gdftcras sa vak dgaftdbcs pcr jdvujkardoijibdb c jd pcsioijibdb ba prbibd baj fcktakibc c gukfickas pdrdjds qua `dk sibc bisadbcs, batarmikdkbc jc qua sa fckcfa fcmc riasnc

ssmifc.Aj trdodhc dkdjizd jd ikfcknruakfid qua sa prcbufa dj dpjifdr aj mtcbc

baj fcstc pdrd batarmikdr aj vdjcr ba jcs ikmuaojas, pcrqua ak aj vdjcrba rapcsifik sa fcksibardk jds fckbifickas baj bisac sismcrrasistaktasank aj kuavc fbinc, miaktrds qua ak aj fdsc ba jd baprafidfik, sankjds matcbcjcnds ba vdjudfik vinaktas, scjc sa tiakak ak fuaktd jd abdb yastdbc tfkifc, bahdkbc ba ikfjuir jds vdridojas qua fckbifickdk aj riasncssmifc, jds fudjas ikfibak tdmoik ak jd baprafidfik ba jcs ikmuaojas, djbismikuir aj vdjcr katc ba jcs mismcs.

Astd situdfik raparfuta ak uk mdycr vdjcr katc ba jcs ikmuaojas, qua kcsa fcrraspckba fck aj qua radjmakta tiakak, jc qua impjifd ukd dgaftdfik

fcktdoja gikdkfiard pdrd jds amprasds5 dj bismikuir pcr astd fdusd susutijibdbas y rasarvds pdrd fcktiknakfids. Dbams sa ctcrndk frbitcsodkfdrics sustaktdbcs ak uk vdjcr qua axfaba aj qua radjmakta tiaka ajikmuaoja qua sirva ba ndrdktd. Fudkbc aj vdjcr tiaka gikas fdtdstrdjas,impjifd uk ikframaktc baj vdjcr baj ikmuaoja d pdrtir baj fudj sa fdjfujdkjcs impuastcs d pdndr. \cbar jjandr d astdojafar jcs gdftcras fckbifickdktasbaj riasnc ssmifc qua ikfibak ak jd baprafidfik ikmcoijidrid fcmc ukdcoscjasfakfid tfkifd prasakta ak jds abigifdfickas, as gukbdmaktdj pdrdarrdbifdr jds bigifujtdbas qua `cy prasaktdk jcs vdjcras cotakibcs ba jdsvdjudfickas.

Vurnimiaktc y avcjufik ba jd vdjudfik Jd vdjudfik c tdsdfik, sa `d prdftifdbc basba jd dktinabdb ak jds

bistiktds ranickas baj pjdkatd, pcrqua aj `cmora `d takibc kafasibdb bafckcfar aj vdjcr qua raprasaktd uk oiak ak uk mcmaktc batarmikdbc basu vibd. Asta vdjcr `d sibc raquaribc pdrd aj iktarfdmoic fcmarfidj akdffickas ba fcmprd c vaktd, bafisickas pdrd ctcrndr prstdmcs a ipctafds,trdksdffickas qua tiakak qua var fck trdksgarakfids ba prcpiabdb, jitinics ypdnc ba impuastcs.

Ak aj fcktikakta dmarifdkc basba jd pcfd ba jd fcjckid, sa sajaffickdodktdsdbcras, sank sus fckcfimiaktcs y aj prastinic baj qua nczdodk aktrajcs fiubdbdkcs, pdrd jjandr d drranjcs scora batarmikdbds prcpiabdbas

4. MQRIV, Varnic8 Mtcbcs vdjudtcrics.Dvdjcs ikmcoijidrics. Ak8 RdjjarRfkifc baj Jikfcjk Ikstituta cg Jdkb\cjify (@dodkd 8 ?


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Cjnd B. _cmarc Nckzja

Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?->7, IVVK 4041-1090

c tarrakcs. Astcs tdsdbcras ba gcrmdfik dutcbibdftd y amprifd guarckdfumujdkbc axpariakfid y prastinic, dj puktc ba gukbdr ak pcfd tdktamprdkd fcmc gikdjas baj sinjc PIP, aj primar Fcmit Rfkifc ba Rdsdbcrasak \ar, rafckcfibc fcmc aj ms dktinuc baj kuavc mukbc. D gikdjas bajd bfdbd baj 2< baj sinjc PP, sa fcmiakzdk d ikfcrpcrdr kuavcs pdsasbaj fcktikakta, `dstd jjandr d gikdjas ba jd bfdbd baj 1< baj mismc sinjcd fckstituir jd dftudj Qkik \dkdmarifdkd ba Dscfidfickas ba Wdjudfikfckcfibd fcmc Q\DW U?].

Jds vdjudfickas prcgasickdjas fcordk mdycr impcrtdkfid ak aj mukbc, baoibcdj basdrrcjjc djfdkzdbc pcr aj cmora ak tcbds jds asgards ba jd vibd, ikgjuyakbcak jcs kancfics y jd afckcmd. Ak jd dftudjibdb sa rafckcfa jd bivarsibdbba prcpsitcs pdrd jcs qua sa raquiarak jds vdjudfickas ba oiakas, bafisickaspdrd ctcrndr prstdmcs a `ipctafds qua sck ndrdktizdbcs pcr djnk tipc baprcpiabdb, trdksdffickas qua tiakak qua var fck trdksgarakfids ba prcpiabdb,jitinics y pdnc ba impuastcs, ikfjuibc su usc pdrd dftudjizdr astdbcs gikdkfiarcs,puas baoibc dj prcfasc ba njcodjizdfik ba jd afckcmd y jd fcmpatakfid, jcsamprasdrics kafasitdk fckcfar qu rikbak sus dftivcs U6].

Fuod kc gua dhakd d astds prftifds, basba jd pcfd ba jd fcjckid sakcmordrck tdsdbcras ba fiakfid y fckfiakfid, pdrd bagikir prafics ba

tarrakcs U2], vdjcrdr kancfics, ndrdktds ba frbitcs odkfdrics ctcrndbcs djcs fcmarfidktas y prcpiatdrics ba jd pcfd c scjufickdr jitinics ba arakfidU1]. Astcs sck ikbifics ba jd impcrtdkfid qua sa ctcrndod basba jd pcfdfcjckidj, tdktc pcr aj Astdbc fcmc jcs prcpiatdrics, d jds vdjudfickas. Dbamsjd dmpjid vdriabdb ba cohativcs c bastikcs pdrd jcs fudjas sa utijizdodk.

Ak pcfd ba jd _apojifd sa fckcfa qua sa fcktikd astd prftifd, fckbigaraktas uscs a iktarasas. Qk ahampjc as jd tdsdfik radjizdbd pdrd ajfdkha ba jcs tarrakcs baj Drsakdj pcr jcs ba Wijjdkuavd, vdjudfik qua drrchuk ikframaktc baj vdjcr baj tarrakc ba trafa vafas su vdjcr ikifidj akfdsi 0< dcs, avibakfidkbc jd impcrtdkfid qua `dod dbquiribc asd pdrtaba jd fiubdb U7] y bamcstrdkbc fmc jds vdjudfickas ragjahdk aj fdmoicba vdjcr qua axparimaktdk jcs oiakas fck aj pdsc ba jcs dcs, dtakbiakbc

d bigaraktas gdftcras fcmc gua ak asa fdsc, aj basdrrcjjc urodkc y jdsparspaftivds afckmifds ba jd zckd (tdojd 4)

DC

4064

494.>1

$ ? 497 >4-?0.

1. RDOJDBD, Fdrjcs y FDVRAJJ, Ndjid. J`istcrid ba jd odkfd ak Fuod baj sinjcPIP dj PPI, Jd Fcjckid.Jd @dodkd8 Ab.Fiakfids Vcfidjas, ?




1. Vustrdar jd baprafidfik ds batarmikdbd, baj fcstc ba raprcbuffikkuavc, pdrd cotakar aj vdjcr fckfratcU>].

Jds cpardfickas basfritds fcikfibak pjakdmakta fck aj mtcbc bavdjudfik qua sa dpjifd dftudjmakta, tdktc d kivaj iktarkdfickdj fcmc akFuod pdrd aj Mtcbc baj fcstc ba rapcsifik.

Jds jayas ravcjufickdrids amitibds d pdrtir ba 4919 fcktampjdodk qua ajpdnc ba jcs oiakas axprcpidbcs sa radjizdrd ukd vaz `af`d jd tdsdfik. Akfumpjimiaktc ba astds sa radjizdrck tdsdfickas pdrd ikbamkizdfik d jcs

prcpiatdrics axprcpidbcs, gihdkbc aj vdjcr ba jd fcmpaksdfik, pcr tdsdfikradjizdbd pcr paritcs basinkdbcs pdrd vdjcrdr bif`cs oiakas U0].Baspus ba jds kdfickdjizdfickas radjizdbds ak jd bfdbd baj 7. @IMMAJOJDQ, Bdvib. Ikvastindfickaspdrd uscs gikdkfiarcs. Ak8 FurscFcmpjatc ba Fcktdoijibdb. ?bd Abifik.Mxifc B.G.8 Ab. @ispdkc Dmrifd, 4910Rcmc IP, pp.?


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Iktarkdfickdjmakta sa rafckcfak fcmc mtcbcs y prikfipics nakardjas bavdjudfik jcs sinuiaktas8

Fcmpdrdtivc c ba Marfdbc8 Aj mtcbc sa odsd ak aj prikfipic ba sustitufiky puaba sar dpjifdbc d tcbc tipc ba oiak. Impjifd ukd fcmpdrdfik aktrajds ragarakfids ba marfdbc y aj oiak vdjudbc, scora jd odsa ba su abdb,fcksarvdfik y fdjibdb.

Mtcbc baj Fcstc c _apcsifik8Va odsd ak jcs prikfipics ba sustitufikpcr fcksibardr qua aj vdjcr ba uk oiak as aquivdjakta dj ba ctrc ba simijdrasfdrdftarstifds y aj prikfipic ba tampcrdjibdb dj fcksibardr qua aj vdjcr bauk oiak vdrd fck aj tiampc. Va dpjifd d tcbc tipc ba dftivc makcs aj tarrakc,pcrqua aj tarrakc kc as uk dftivc baprafidoja.

Mtcbc ba Iknrascs8 Fck jd dpjifdfik ba asta mtcbc aj vdjcr ba ukoiak, viaka batarmikdbc pcr jd fdpdfibdb qua taknd aj mismc pdrd nakardroakagifics, ikbapakbiaktamakta ba sus fdrdftarstifds gsifds. \drta ba jcsbdtcs afckmifcs gikdkfiarcs rajdfickdbcs fck aj oiak vdjudbc y jcs bdtcspravistcs pdrd aj guturc.

Ak Fuod, aj mtcbc ba fcmpdrdfik c vdjcr ba marfdbc kc as dpjifdojad ikmuaojas astdtdjas c tarrakcs pcr kc axistir uk marfdbc ba jiorafcmpatakfid pdrd astcs dftivcs. Jcs mtcbcs gikdkfiarcs sa dpjifdk

fudkbc as kafasdric batarmikdr aj vdjcr baj tarrakc fck gikas ba kancficsy aj baj fcstc c rapcsifik as aj kcrmdjmakta dpjifdbc pdrd aj rastc ba jdsvdjudfickas qua sa radjizdk, pcr jds pdrtifujdribdbas qua prasaktd.

Va puaba rasumir qua tcbc prcfasc ba vdjudfik fckstituya uk trdodhcba ikvastindfik, qua jjavd impjfitc aj dkjisis aspafgifc baj fdsc, fck ajcohativc ba dpjifdr y/c fcmoikdr mtcbcs, qua parmitdk iktanrdr fritaricsjc ms cohativcs pcsiojas y ukivarsdjmakta dfaptdbcs, tcbc ajjc fck jdgikdjibdb ba prcpcrfickdr ukd cpikik iktajinakta c uk huific gukbdmaktdbc,baj rdknc ak aj fudj sa akfuaktrd aj vdjcr ba uk batarmikdbc oiak pdrd ukdgaf`d aspafgifd.

Mdtaridjas y mtcbcsAj dkjisis sa ods ak jds pdrtifujdribdbas qua prasaktd jd vdjudfik ba

ikmuaojas ak aj drf`ipijdnc fuodkc fudkbc jds abigifdfickas sa uoifdkak zckds ba pajinrc ssmifc y sa dpjifd aj mtcbc baj fcstc ba rapcsifik,dkdjizdkbc aj prcfasc ba fjfujc pdrd fdbd ukc ba jcs pdrmatrcs ba astamtcbc aj vdjcr ba rapcsifik kuavc (W_K) y aj vdjcr ba rapcsifik katc cbaprafidbc (WK_).

Aj mtcbc baj fcstc c ba rapcsifik, as uk mtcbc cohativc y prftifc quapuaba sar utijizdbc ak fudjquiar tipc ba ikmuaoja, fck ikbapakbakfid basu usc y qua nakara c kc utijibdbas. Va fdjfujd fck jd mismd odsa tarifdimpjdktdbd d asfdjd iktarkdfickdj y pcr jds fckbifickas afckmifds, scfidjasy hurbifds ba Fuod, as ba nakardj dpjifdfik ak jd vdjudfik ba tcbds jdsfckstruffickas (ginurds 4, ? y 6).

Jd oiojicnrdgd fcksujtdbd fcikfiba ak qua aj mtcbc ba fcstc c rapcsifik,fcksista ak fdjfujdr tcbc aj vdjcr ba ikvarsik qua raprasaktd fckstruirukd abigifdfik kuavd fck jds mismds fdrdftarstifds ba jd qua sa dkdjizd,pdrd cotakar aj jjdmdbc Wdjcr ba _apcsifik Kuavc (W_K), babufiakbc babif`c vdjcr jd baprafidfik qua tiaka pcr aj usc, astdbc tfkifc y prbibdsgukfickdjas, fck aj cohativc ba cotakar aj vdjcr ba jd abigifdfik ak suastdbc radj dj mcmaktc ba jd vdjudfik, c sad su Wdjcr Katc ba _apcsifik(WK_) U4-?]. Asta mtcbc iktarkdfickdjmakta sa fcksibard criaktdtivc y bafcktrdsta, duk ak jcs fdscs bckba prabcmikd aj marfdbc, baoibc d su odsaba fjfujc.

Ginurd 48 Musac ba jd _avcjufik (Dk\djdfic \rasibakfidj) Gdf`dbd kcrta. tcmdbd pcr jd dutcrd.

Ginurd ?8 Ikstitutc \raukivarsitdric_dgdaj Mdrd ba Makbiva. Gctc tcmdbpcr jd dutcrd.

Ginurd 68 Gorifd ba dfumujdbcras akMdkzdkijjc. Nrdkmd. Gctc tcmdbd pcjd dutcrd.




Jds kcrmds vinaktas ak bigaraktas pdsas U4


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ak dftivibdbas ikfcmpdtiojas, kuavds janisjdfickas c ranujdfickas. Astcsgdftcras puabak sar muy aspafgifcs c nakardjizdbcs pdrd ukd zckd, uk tipcba abigifdfik c tipcjcnd fckstruftivd. Djnukcs aspafidjistds jd ibaktigifdkfcmc baprafidfik dmoiaktdj c ba uoifdfik.

Jds kcrmds fcksujtdbds d kivaj iktarkdfickdj U6, 4




\ajinrc8 Dmakdzd jdtakta qua raprasaktd jd prcodoijibdb ba cfurrakfidba uk gakmakc ba crinak kdturdj, burdkta uk parcbc ba tiampc y ak uktarritcric pdrtifujdr, qua puaba prcbufir agaftcs dbvarscs ak jds parsckds,jd prcbuffik, jd ikgrdastrufturd, jcs sarvifics y aj dmoiakta.

Wujkardoijibdb8 Gdftcr ba riasnc iktarkc, susfaptioijibdb gsifd, afckmifdc scfidj ba uk ajamaktc c suhatc axpuastc d sugrir bdc odhc jd dffik ba ukgakmakc pajinrcsc ba crinak kdturdj c dktrpifc.

_iasnc8 \rcodoijibdb qua sa prasakta uk kivaj ba bdcs afckmifcs,scfidjas c dmoiaktdjas ak uk sitic batarmikdbc y burdkta uk parcbc batiampc bagikibc, as gukfik baj pajinrc y jd vujkardoijibdb.

_iasnc Vsmifc = (\ajinrc Vsmifc)(Wujkardoijibdb)(Wdjcr)Va fdrdftarizd fcmc aj pctakfidj ba prbibds qua puaba cfurrirja d uk

sistamd axpuastc. As ukd gukfik bikmifd qua rasujtd dj fcikfibir jd dmakdzdy jd vujkardoijibdb U47]. Ctrd guakta jc fckfaptudjizd fcmc jd prcodoijibdbba qua jds fcksafuakfids scfidjas y afckmifds ba jcs tarramctcs sadk caxfabdk jcs vdjcras aspafigifdbcs ak aj jundr ba cfurrakfid, c ak uk rad,burdkta uk tiampc ba axpcsifik U49].

Fcmc sa puaba dprafidr ak jcs fckfaptcs axpuastcs, aj riasnc astdr akgukfik ba jd mdnkitub baj gakmakc dmakdzdkta, ak asta fdsc uk gakmakckdturdj ba crinak nacjnifc5 aj sismc. Y dbams bapakbar ba jd prcpaksik bajcs sistamds (ikmuaojas) d sugrir agaftcs dbvarscs dj cfurrir aj avaktc ssmifc,pcr jc qua jd vujkardoijibdb ssmifd sa bagika fcmc jd susfaptioijibdb c ajkivaj ba bdcs qua axparimaktdk c puabak axparimaktdr ajamaktcs axpuastcsc odhc riasnc fudkbc sck scmatibcs d jds sdfubibds ssmifds ba ukd iktaksibdb,dfajardfik, vajcfibdb c baspjdzdmiaktc bdbc U?


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ba jcs mdtaridjas, aktra ctrcs gdftcras, jc qua raparfuta ak mdycr vdjcr barapcsifik kuavc. Vik amodrnc, pdrd batarmikdr aj bamritc c baprafidfikscjc sa vdjcrd jd abdb y aj astdbc tfkifc pcr aj astdbc ba fcksarvdfiky mdktakimiaktc rafioibc, bahdkbc ba fcksibardr jd coscjasfakfid tfkifdba jds abigifdfickas qua sa prasaktd fudkbc, astdkbc axpuastds dj riasncssmifc, kc fumpjak jcs raquarimiaktcs pdrd asa bisac. Astd situdfikraparfuta ak uk mdycr vdjcr katc baj ikmuaoja, dj kc ikfjuir tcbcs jcsgdftcras qua ikgjuyak ak su prbibd ba vdjcr.

Ak Fuod, sa fcksibard qua aj ikframaktc baj fcstc ba jds abigifdfickasast aktra uk 4< y uk 6< %, ak bapakbakfid baj nrdbc ba iktaksibdb pdrd ajfudj sa bisaak jds astrufturds, miaktrds ms djtc sad asta, ms fcstcsdsar jd fckstruffik U?2].

_asujtdbcs y bisfusikBaj dkjisis baj mtcbc ba vdjudfik vinakta sa dprafid qua jds

vdjudfickas ba ikmuaojas uoifdbcs ak zckds ba pajinrc ssmifc qua saradjizdk dftudjmakta ak Fuod dbcjafak ba uk dkjisis iktanrdbcr ba jcsgdftcras fckbifickdktas baj riasnc ssmifc dj qua astk axpuastds jdsabigifdfickas.

Ak aj prcfasc ba vdjudfik ba ikmuaojas qua pcr su ampjdzdmiaktcastk axpuastcs d riasnc ssmifc axista ikfcknruakfid, pcrqua as fcmkfcksibardr ak aj vdjcr ba rapcsifik kuavc jcs raquarimiaktcs ba jd kcrmdba bisac, ds fcmc jcs ndstcs ak astubics a ikvastindfickas kafasdrics,gdftcras qua ikframaktdk aj vdjcr ba astds ikvarsickas. \arc dj bahdr bafcksibardr ak su baprafidfik jd coscjasfakfid tfkifd, ikbufibd pcr jcsajamaktcs qua kc fumpja ba jd mismd kcrmd, sa cotiaka uk vdjcr katcmdycr dj radj.

Baj astubic ba jd matcbcjcnd ba baprafidfik vinakta sa cosarvd qua akjd baprafidfik scjc sa tiaka ak fuaktd jd rajdfik aktra jd abdb y aj astdbctfkifc ba fcksarvdfik y jds kuavds prcpuastds pdrd ikfjuir aj riasncssmifc scjc dgaftdk jd vibd tij baj ikmuaoja pdrtifujdrizdkbc ak uk usc y

ukd tipcjcnd fckstruftivd.\cr tdktc axistak gdftcras qua ikfibak ak jd baprafidfik ba jcs ikmuaojas

uoifdbcs ak zckds ba pajinrc ssmifc y puabak ikfibir ak aj vdjcr katc bajcs mismcs, qua kc sck dkdjizdbds sank jds matcbcjcnds ba vdjudfiktakiakbc ak fcksibardfik aj riasnc ssmifc, astcs sck8

Jd uoifdfik nacnrgifd, qua parmita fckcfar si axista jd prcodoijibdbba cfurrakfid baj gakmakc ssmifc, jd iktaksibdb aspardbd y ajfcmpcrtdmiaktc baj suajc bckba sa dsiaktd jd mismd.

Jd abdb ba jd fckstruffik, su tipcjcnd fckstruftivd, batdjjas bafckginurdfik ak pjdktd y ajavdfik, ds fcmc jd fcktikuibdb c kc ba susistamd astrufturdj, sck gdftcras qua batarmikdk jd vujkardoijibdb ssmifd

astrufturdj y kc astrufturdj ba ukd abigifdfik. Aj usc ba jd abigifdfik, pcr jd impcrtdkfid qua puaba takar scora jcs

ajamaktcs odhc riasnc.D pdrtir ba astcs dkjisis as qua sa pjdktad jd kafasibdb ba ikfcrpcrdr d

jds matcbcjcnds ba baprafidfik vinaktas ukd coscjasfakfid tfkifd, akgukfik ba jcs gdftcras qua fckbifickdk aj riasnc ssmifc y qua ikfibak akjd baprafidfik, jd qua sard dbifickdbd pcr asta fckfaptc d jd cotakibd pcrabdb y astdbc ba fcksarvdfik, pdrd dpjifdr ak jds vdjudfickas ba ikmuaojasuoifdbcs ak zckds ba pajinrc ssmifc, fcksibardkbc ds ba gcrmd iktanrdjtcbcs jcs gdftcras qua ikfibak ak aj vdjcr ba astcs ikmuaojas.

?2. ND_FID \AJDAX, Hujic. Astimdbcba pajinrcsibdb ssmifd pcr aj arrcrdscfidbc pdrd Fuod, fjfujc ba prbibdpdrd jd fiubdb ba Vdktidnc ba Fuodusdkbc tfkifds ba VIN. Rasis baBcftcrdbc. Jd @dodkd, ?




Fckfjusickas4. Aj vdjcr katc qua sa bd d jcs ikmuaojas uoifdbcs ak zckds ssmifds, kc

sa fcrraspckba fck aj qua tiakak, pcrqua jds matcbcjcnds ba baprafidfikkc fcksibardk tcbcs jcs gdftcras qua radjmakta ikfibak ak aj mismc.Astc prcvcfd dgaftdfik ak jcs rasujtdbcs afckmifcs ba jds amprasdsdj bismikuir pcr astd fdusd sus utijibdbas y rasarvds pdrd fcktiknakfids.Dbams si astcs vdjcras sa utijizdk pdrd raspdjbdr frbitcs odkfdrics

rasujtdk pcr akfimd ba jc qua radjmakta tiakak pdrd sarvir ba ndrdktd.?. Fudkbc aj vdjcr batarmikdbc tiaka gikas fdtdstrdjas, impjifd ukikframaktc baj vdjcr baj ikmuaoja d pdrtir baj fudj sa fdjfujdk jcsimpuastcs d pdndr, y pcr tdktc uk ikframaktc kc rdzckdoja ak aj mcktc bajcs impuastcs.

6. Va bamuastrd fmc aj mtcbc baj fcstc c rapcsifik baprafidbcparmita ikfcrpcrdr d jd baprafidfik pcr abdb y astdbc ba fcksarvdfik,jcs gdftcras fckbifickdktas baj riasnc ssmifc5 fcmc ukd coscjasfakfidtfkifd ba jds abigifdfickas qua aj paritc vdjudbcr puaba drnumaktdr aksus ikgcrmas ba dvdjc.

2. Jcs prikfipdjas gdftcras qua fckbifickdk aj riasnc ssmifc y qua baoaksar fcksibardbcs ak jds vdjudfickas sck jcs rajdfickdbcs fck jd uoifdfik

nacnrgifd, jd vujkardoijibdb prcpid ba jds abigifdfickas baoibc d8 gaf`dba fckstruffik dktaricr d jd kcrmdtivd vinakta, fckginurdfik ak pjdktd yajavdfik, fcktikuibdb c kc baj sistamd astrufturdj, tipcjcnd fckstruftivddbafudbd c kc y jd impcrtdkfid pcr aj usc c fcktakibc qua taknd.

1. Aj trdodhc parmita akriquafar jd dpjifdfik baj mtcbc baj fcstc crapcsifik baprafidbc, dj ikfcrpcrdr jd coscjasfakfid tfkifd pcr aj fckhuktcba dspaftcs qua batarmikdk jd vujkardoijibdb qua prasaktd jd abigifdfik,fudkbc jd mismd ast axpuastd d riasnc ssmifc, jc qua rabukbd ak vdjcrasba ikmuaojas dfcrbas fck su radjibdb.

Cjnd B. _cmarc Nckzjaz.Iknakiard Fivij. \rcgascrd IkstruftcrdGdfujtdb ba Fckstruffickas. Qkivarsibba Criakta. A-mdij8 cjnuitdLfckds.fu


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BAJ _AIKCBA AVRA

MQKBCWcj. PPPIW,Kc. 6, saptiamora-bifiamora ?0 Aj Dfuabuftc ba Djoadr, cord mdastrd ba jd iknakiard fuodkdMdrd Wiftcrid Xdrbcyd Jcurabd


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Rà Djoadr Dquabuft, d mdstarpiafa cg Fuodk aknikaarikn

Aj Dfuabuftc ba Djoadr, cord mdastrdba jd iknakiard fuodkd

Mdrd Wiftcrid Xdrbcyd Jcurabd

_AVQMAK8 Aj taxtc dkdjizd jds fdrdftarstifds y ajgukfickdmiaktc baj Dfuabuftc ba Djoadr, ukd cordaxfapfickdj ba jd iknakiard fuodkd ba tcbcs jcs tiampcsprcyaftdbd pcr aj iknakiarc mijitdr Grdkfisfc Djoadr y baJdrd, quiak dbams birini su ahafufik d jc jdrnc ba jdsanukbd mitdb baj sinjc PIP. Astd impcrtdkta cord jcnrsdtisgdfar fck frafas jds kafasibdbas ba jd pcojdfik baaktckfas fck uk dnud ba axfajakta fdjibdb y fcktikdgukfickdkbc ak gcrmd agifiakta `dstd aj prasakta. \cr

su dfartdbc bisac cotuvc impcrtdktas rafckcfimiaktcskdfickdjas a iktarkdfickdjas.

\DJDO_DV FJDWA8 dfuabuftc, Djoadr, dodstafimiaktcba dnud, iknakiarcs mijitdras, pdtrimckic ìbrujifc.

DOVR_DFR8 Rà pdpar dkdjyzas tà f`drdftaristidkb cpardtick cg Djoadr Dquabuft, dk axfaptickwcre cg Fuodk aknikaarikn cg djj tima, basinkab oy t`mijitdry aknikaar Grdkfisfc Djoadr dkb Jdrd, w`c djsbiraftab its impjamaktdtick cvar tà safckb `djg cg t`kikataakt` faktury. Rìs impcrtdkt wcre wds doja maat dkb axfaab tà kaabs cg tà pacpja cg t`dt timwit` axfajjakt wdtar qudjity dkb fcktikuas rukkikaggifiaktjy tc tà prasakt. Gcr its axfajjakt basink wc

mdhcr kdtickdj dkb iktarkdtickdj dwdrbs.EAY^C_BV8 dquabuft, Djoadr, wdtar suppjy, mijitdaknikaars, `ybrdujif àritdna.

Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, ?/


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Mdrd Wiftcrid Xdrbcyd Jcurab

Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?0-01, IVVK 4041-1090

IktrcbuffikJds dftivibdbas fckstruftivds ms sinkigifdtivds qua sa

basdrrcjjdrck ak jd primitivd vijjd ba Jd @dodkd burdkta suprimar sinjc ba vibd astuviarck dscfidbds d jd kafasibdbba bagakbarjd y ba prcvaar ba dnud d sus `doitdktas.Ba `af`c, dmods amprasds guarck fckbufibds pcrjcs mismcs fckstruftcras. Jd Xdkhd _adj, primar nrdk

dfuabuftc radjizdbc pcr jcs aspdcjas ak Dmrifd, safcmakz ak 4177 odhc jd biraffik ba Grdkfisfc Fdjckd,mdastrc mdycr d fdrnc ba jd fckstruffik ba jd gcrtdjazdba jd _adj Guarzd, parc sard aj dgdmdbc iknakiarcmijitdr Odutistd Dktckajji, jjandbc d Fuod bcs bfdbdsms tdrba pdrd birinir jd abigifdfik ba jds gcrtdjazds baJd \uktd y Aj Mcrrc, quiak jd tarmik ak 419?, aj mismcdc ak qua Jd @dodkd dbquiri aj ttujc ba fiubdb. Ds,burdkta ms ba bcs sinjcs, jd pcojdfik ba jd fdpitdjfuodkd sa dodstafi ba jds dnuds ba jd Xdkhd _adj y badjhioas djimaktdbcs baj dnud ba jjuvid qua sa rafcnd dtrdvs ba jcs tahdbcs.

Aj sinjc PIP sa ikifi fck jd fckstruffik baj famaktaricAspdbd, primar famaktaric pojifc ba jd fdpitdj,pcr mdkbdtc baj coispc Hudk Hcs Bdz ba Aspdbd yGarkkbaz ba Jdkbd, bafisik d jd qua ja sufabiarck d jcjdrnc ba jd primard mitdb ba asd fakturid ctrds dffickasakfdmikdbds dj sdkadmiaktc ba jd fiubdb, akgrdsfdbdaktckfas ak jd mcbarkizdfik ba sus prikfipdjasastrufturds prcbuftivds. Aj paksdmiaktc `iniakistdbafimckkifc trdhc nrdkbas fdmoics pdrd ukd @dodkdyd basocrbdbd guard ba sus murdjjds, fck ukd pcojdfikqua raodsdod jcs 0< mij `doitdktas, jc qua dumakt jdurnakfid ba pcbar fcktdr fck mdycr vcjumak y scora

tcbc, fck mahcr fdjibdb baj dnud.Ak pcfd baj ncoiarkc ba Grdkfisfc Bickisic Wivas

(40?6-406?), aj Iktakbakta ba @dfiakbd, Fjdubic Mdrtkazba \ikijjcs, Fckba ba Wijjdkuavd, scjifit dutcrizdfikpdrd fckstruir uk kuavc dfuabuftc qua rampjdzdrd djd Xdkhd _adj. Aj Dfuabuftc ba Garkdkbc WII sa ikifiak hukic ba 4064, odhc jd biraffik ba Mdkuaj \dstcr yKifcjs baj Fdmpc y sa fckfjuy ak 4061, burdkta ajmdkbdtc ba Minuaj Rdfk. Asta dfuabuftc fckbufd ajdnud d trdvs ba tuoards basba jcs dktinucs Mcjikcs baj_ay `dstd jd fiubdb, jc qua sinkigif uk pdsc ba dvdkfa

basba aj puktc ba vistd sdkitdric ak rajdfik fck jd Xdkhdpcr bckba aj dnud fcrrd d fiajc doiartc. \cr ctrc jdbcparmiti ukd mdycr fdktibdb ba tcmds ba dnud pdrd ajdodstafimiaktc ba abigifics pojifcs, sumikistrdr dnud dmuf`ds rasibakfids d trdvs baj sarvific ba pjumdsU4],y d su vaz sarvir d ms ba ukd bafakd ba guaktas quaakndjdkdrck jds prikfipdjas pjdzds y pdsacs fdpitdjikcs,fcmc pdrta baj suktucsc mcoijidric urodkc quafdrdftariz d jcs aspdfics pojifcs ba ascs dcs. Vikamodrnc, kc sa jcnr jd agifiakfid qua sa fdjfuj baoibc

d qua jd fdpdfibdb ba jcs astdkquas ard iksugifiaktaaj gukfickdmiaktc ba jcs gijtrcs gua jaktc. Dsimismjd basfdrnd rasujt makcr ba jd aspardbd y dbamaj dnud sa akturoidod ak jd pcfd ba frafibds baj rDjmakbdras.

Aj Dfuabuftc ba DjoadrAk 4020 sa basink d Grdkfisfc Djoadr y ba Jdrd fcm

biraftcr ba cords pojifds ba jd _adj Huktd ba GcmaktAj iknakiarc Djoadr `dod kdfibc ak Jd @dodkd ak 40y d jcs 49 dcs mdrf` d Aspdd pdrd astubidr ak Dfdbamid baj _adj Fuarpc ba Iknakiarcs U?], sinuiakbjd trdbifik gdmijidr. Vu astdkfid ak jd Matrpcprftifdmakta fcikfibi fck aj ncoiarkc baj fdpitnakardj Minuaj Rdfk burdkta aj fudj sa radjizdrcsinkigifdtivds cords d asfdjd urodkd qua trdksgcrmdrckimdnak ba Jd @dodkd y bagikiarck dspaftcs impcrtdktba su bastikc guturc.

4. GA_KKBAX VIMK, Doaj. Ikvastindfik, djumordmiaktcy fdptdfik ba dnuds suotarrkads ak aj vdjja faktrdj bajd prcvikfid ba Jd @dodkd y ak jds vartiaktas fcstards.Drquitafturd. 4929, kcviamora., pp. 6?>-666.

?. ND_FD OJDKFC, _cjdkbc. Grdkfisfc ba Djoadr. Qk nakic fuodukivarsdj. Jd @dodkd8 Abitcridj Fiaktgifc Rfkifd, ?


81/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?0-01, IVVK 4041-10

Aj raikc ba asta mukbc/ Aj Dfuabuftc ba Djoadr, cord mdastrd ba jd iknakiard fuodkd.

6. Mamcrid scora aj prcyaftc ba fckbuffik d Jd @dodkd bajds dnuds ba jcs mdkdktidjas ba Waktc, gcrmdbc ba crbak bajAxfmc. Vr. Ncoarkdbcr Fdpitk Nakardj ba jd Isjd ba Fuod,Bck Hcs Nutirraz ba jd Fckf`d, pcr jd Fcmisik akfdrndbdbaj astubic pdrd dodstafar ba dnuds d jd @dodkd, rabdftdbcpcr aj prasibakta ba jd mismd, Rakiakta Fcrckaj baj Fuarpcba Iknakiarcs, Bck Grdkfisfc ba Djoadr y Jdrd-Dc 4017. Ak8GA_KKBAX VIMK, Doaj. Ikvastindfik, djumordmiaktcy fdptdfik ba dnuds suotarrkads ak aj vdjja faktrdj bajd prcvikfid ba Jd @dodkd y ak jds vartiaktas fcstards,Drquitafturd. 4929, dncstc, pp. ?27-?1


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dnud, qua bakcmik d jcs prikfipdjas mdkdktidjas fckaj kcmora ba Jckbras, \drs, Mdbrib, Vdk \atarsourncy Kpcjas, puas jcs fcksibardod fdpdfas fdbd ukc badodstafar d asds pcpujcsds fiubdbas.

Vik amodrnc, d pasdr ba jds ockbdbas baj sitic, axistdkvdrics ikfckvakiaktas d sdjvdr. Astcs mdkdktidjasastdodk muy prximcs dj rc Djmakbdras y jcs mahcrassa akfcktrdodk ak su mdrnak izquiarbd, pcr jc qua ard

kafasdric fckbufir aj dnud `dfid jd fiubdb dtrdvasdkbcaj rc. \cr ctrc jdbc, su uoifdfik ak aj gckbc ba ukdaspafia ba amoubc prcvcfdod qua aj rc jcs tdpdsafudkbc frafd ak pcfd ba jjuvids y qua jd Fddbd baWaktc drrdstrdsa dnud sufid `dfid ajjcs. Kc costdkta,Djoadr fcksibar qua ardk bigifujtdbas supardojas sisa trdodhdod fck iknakic, prubakfid y parifid, y trdsscpasdr jds vaktdhds a ikfckvakiaktas ba su prcpuastd,fckfjuy fck jd rctukbd fckviffik ba qua jd cord quaprcpckd ard gdftioja y qua ramabidrd jcs prcojamds badodstafimiaktc ba dnud qua pdbafd Jd @dodkd.

Jd scjufik fckfaoibd pcr Djoadr fcktampjdod ukpuktc ba rafcjaffik ba jds dnuds, uk fdkdj qua jdsfckbuhasa, astdkquas pdrd djmdfakdrjd y aj sistamd babistrioufik d jd fiubdb. \arc astd safuakfid impjifdodprafiscs trdodhcs iknakiarijas pdrd mdtaridjizdrsa, akpdrtifujdr, jd kafasibdb ba tcmdr jds dnuds ba Waktcsapdrdbds ba jds baj rc Djmakbdras y jds ba jd Fddbd.Ak uk ikific prcpusc raprasdr aj dnud ajavdbd d tras c

fudtrc matrcs ba djtc, parc basisti baspus y mdktujcs mdkdktidjas dj kivaj kdturdj ba su dgjcrdmiaktc ak Fddbd ba Waktc, as bafir d fdsi uk matrc scora aj kivmkimc baj rc.

Aj prcyaftc ba fckbuffik ba jds dnuds ba jcmdkdktidjas ba Waktc d jd fiubdb ba Jd @dodkd gudprcodbc pcr jd Huktd Fcksujtivd ba Fdmikcs, Fdkdjay \uartcs ba Mdbrib aj 4> ba kcviamora 401>, y pcr

fdpitk nakardj ba jd Isjd ba Fuod, Jacpcjbc CBckaak cftuora baj dc sinuiakta. Jd primard piabrd bkuavc dfuabuftc sa fcjcf aj ?7 ba hukic ba 4074.

Rcmd baj dnud\drd jd rafcjaffik baj dnud gua bisadbc uk astdkqu

fckcfibc fcmc Rdzd ba Waktc c ba Djoadr ak aj qua srakak jcs mdkdktidjas, qua dbams fumpja jd gukfiba ikbapakbizdr fck uk murc ba fcktakfik aj dnuba ascs mdkdktidjas ba jds baj rc y jds ba jd FddbJd Rdzd fcksista ak uk nrdk astdkqua ak gcrmd b`amififjc, qua rafuarbd uk tadtrc nrianc, fck uk rdb

ba biaz matrcs. @dfid aj jdbc baj rc ast bajimitdbpcr uk raftknujc, fuyc jdbc mdycr fckstituya jd odsbaj murc qua ikbapakbizd jd rafcjaffik baj dnud bjcs mdkdktidjas ba jd fcrriakta baj rc Djmakbdras. Auk murc mdfizc, fck uk tdjub jinarc ak jd fdrd qua b`dfid aj rc, miaktrds qua jd qua bd d jd Rdzd axpckaj baspiafa ba jcs sijjdras qua jc fcmpckak, jc qufumpja dbams ukd gukfik bafcrdtivd. Aj murc asdpcydbc scora uk zfdjc, qua firfukbd tdmoik `amififjc d mcbc ba mdrfc fcktakabcr baj dnud qua sfdptd. Fcmc fcmpjamakt jd Fddbd sa rajjak fck ukfriod drmdbd fck fdktcs dfcmcbdbcs sik mcrtarc, qufckstituya ukd rab ba basdna pdrd ikfcrpcrdr d jd Rdzaj dnud doscroibd prcvakiakta ba ctrcs mdkdktidjaprximcs. Ba jd Rdzd sdja uk fdkdj ba barivdfik qua sfckaftd fck jd Rcrra Vur, puktc ba pdrtibd baj tkaj qudtrdviasd ak rc Djmakbdras.

Rdzd ba Djoadr, ak jd qua sa fdptd aj dnud ba jcsmdkdktidjas ba Waktc.

Qoifdfik baj puktc ba rafcjaffik ba jds dnuds, bajrafcrribc baj fdkdj y baj astdkqua ba djmdfakdmiaktc, akrajdfik fck aj rad qua cfupdod jd fiubdb ba Jd @dodkd ak4096. Nrgifc ajdocrdbc pcr Drq. _usjdk Mucz.


83/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?0-01, IVVK 4041-10

Aj raikc ba asta mukbc/ Aj Dfuabuftc ba Djoadr, cord mdastrd ba jd iknakiard fuodkd.

Rkaj odhc aj rcJd fckstruffik ba astd cord sumdmakta fcmpjahd

bamdkb baj iknakiarc Djoadr aj baspjianua ba susaxfapfickdjas bctas, puas gua kafasdric basvidr ajfursc baj rc burdkta su fckstruffik. Aj tkaj astfckgcrmdbc pcr bcs murcs vartifdjas qua dpcydk ak ajgckbc, fuoiartcs pcr ukd ovabd ba fudtrc matrcs babimatrc, scora jd qua sa fckstruy dbams uk fdkdj baodsa raftdknujdr pdrd qua firfujdsa aj rc ak aj trdmcqua vd scora bif`c tkaj. Ak aj prcfasc ba fckstruffiksurniarck ikfckvakiaktas kc pravistcs, fcmc jd dpdrifikba uk mdkdktidj vartifdj qua gua kafasdric aktuodr yfradr pdrd j ukd fdptdfik aspafidj.

\cr baktrc baj tkaj firfujd aj dnud d trdvs ba uk sigkfckgcrmdbc pcr bcs tuoards ba iarrc gukbibc ba uk matrcba bimatrc, basba jd Rcrra sur `dstd jd Rcrra kcrta.

Vu ahafufik pusc ak avibakfid jd parifid baj iknakiaDjoadr ak aj fjfujc ba jd fckstruffik baj fckhukba ovabds ba sijjard qua jds fckgcrmd, ds fcmc supracfupdfickas asttifds axpuastds ak jds dbafudbprcpcrfickas y jcs sakfijjcs batdjjas crkdmaktdjkacfjsifcs qua fdrdftarizdk sus axtaricras.

Fdkdj ba Djoadr

Aj fdkdj fuoiartc qua trdsjdbd aj dnud basba jd Rcrkcrta `dstd jcs Bapsitcs ba \djdtikc sa fckfioi fck kcmora ba Fdkdj ba Isdoaj II, parc sa ja fckcfa fcmFdkdj ba Djoadr. As ukd aspafia ba rc suotarrkac qufckbufa aj dnud d jc jdrnc ba ms ba biaz eijmatrpcr uk fdufa jimpic, fck ukd pakbiakta qua parmisdjvdr jd bigarakfid ba fctd (fdsi bcs matrcs) qua axisaktra Waktc y jcs Bapsitcs ba \djdtikc. Aj fdkdj tiakgcrmd cvciba vartifdj, djnc qua gua ikkcvdbcr ak smcmaktc, jc qua rasujtd muy agaftivc pdrd fcktakar jdprasickas axtarkds ba uk tarrakc sdturdbc ba dnud. J

Astds tcrras fcktiakak jcs fdkdjas ba aktrdbd y sdjibd

pcr jcs qua sa oigurfd aj dnud `dfid jcs bcs tuocs baìarrc. Jd tcrra sur fuaktd fck tras fcmpuartds baìarrc, bcs qua fcktrcjdk jd fckaxik fck jcs tuocs y jdtarfard pdrd fcktrcjdr aj basvc baj dnud `dfid aj rc.

pdrta ikgaricr pcr bckba firfujd aj jquibc sa fckstruyfck mdmpcstard ìbrujifd y jd suparicr fck jdbrijjcba farmifd.

D jc jdrnc ba su trdyaftc sa abigifdrck tras fdsds bfcmpuartds qua tiakak jd gukfik ba basdnudr `dfid rc, jc qua sirva ba djividbarc pdrd qua aj fdkdj trdodd jd fdpdfibdb pdrd jd qua gua fdjfujdbc. D astds trafdsds ba fcmpuartds ba pjdktd fudbrdbd sa sumd

Iktaricr ba jd Rcrra Kcrtabaj tkaj ba Djoadr ak Waktc.

Rkaj sigk odhc aj rc Djmakbdras.

Aktrdbd d jd Rcrra Vur akWaktc.

Rcrra ba vaktijdfik baj Fdkdj ba Djoadr.


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vaiktifudtrc tcrras fijkbrifds bastikdbds dj ranistrc aikspaffik y d jd vaktijdfik baj fckbuftc, jds qua sabafcrdrck fck bisfratds fcrkisds y pjdtdodkbds quaakmdrfdk jds puartds, fck drfcs ba mabic puktc.

Bapsitcs ba \djdtikcAktra aj sistamd ba dodstafimiaktc y aj ba bistrioufik

ard kafasdric uk bapsitc qua ndrdktizdsa jd fcktikuibdb

baj sarvific, as bafir, uk dodstafimiaktc fckstdktaikbapakbiaktamakta ba jds vdridbds axinakfids bafcksumc y sus gjuftudfickas d jc jdrnc baj bd. Aj bapsitcdbams sarvird ba rasarvd dkta jd pcsioja kafasibdbba jimpiazd, mdktakimiaktc c ba rapdrdfik ba djnktrdmc baj fdkdj. \cr jc tdktc Djoadr fcksibar kafasdricfckstruir uk bapsitc qua parmitiasa ukd rasarvd ba 1?

jd fiubdb `dod fcmakzdbc d rafioir dnud prcvakiaktaba Waktc, puas sa fckaft aj fdkdj tarmikdbc `dstd asdgaf`d fck jd viahd rab baj Dfuabuftc ba Garkdkbc WII. Jdcord bur traiktd dcs, parc ak radjibdb pdrta ba asatiampc astuvc batakibd fcmc fcksafuakfid baj ikificba jds nuarrds ba ikbapakbakfid y dbams pcr rdzckasafckmifds.

Aj Dfuabuftc ba Djoadr as aj grutc ba uk bisactafkcjnifc agifiakta ak aj qua pusiarck ak prftifdjcs fckcfimiaktcs ms dvdkzdbcs ak aj fdmpc ba jdiknakiard `ibrujifd baj mcmaktc ak qua sa prcyaft.

Gua ukd scjufik nakidj qua iktanr ak gcrmd axfajaktadspaftcs tfkifcs, afckmifcs y asttifcs, fck ukd

imprasickdkta prafisik tfkifd, jc qua parmiti fumpfck su prikfipdj fcmatibc, bctdr d Jd @dodkd ba dnuba axfajakta fdjibdb y ak fdktibdb sugifiakta pdrd pcojdfik ba aktckfas. \cr sus vdjcras axfapfickdjaaj prcyaftc ba asta dfuabuftc rafioi mabdjjd ba Crc ajd Axpcsifik Qkivarsdj ba \drs ba 40>0.

Dmpjidfickas baj Dfuabuftc ba Djoadr

Fck aj frafimiaktc urodkc qua sa prcbuhc d ikifics bsinjc PP ak Jd @dodkd, kdfiarck kuavds urodkizdfickauoifdbds ak zckds djtds d jds qua kc jjandod aj dnupcr nrdvabdb. Ba inudj gcrmd ak 494< jd pcojdfidsfakbd d 6


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Mdrd Wiftcrid Xdrbcyd JcurabdBr.FR, Drquitaftd, \rcgascrd Ritujdr, Gdfujtdb ba DrquitafturIkstitutc Vuparicr \cjitfkifc Hcs Dktckic Af`avarrd, Fuhda

Jd tarfard dmpjidfik baj dfuabuftc sa prcbuhc akt492> y 4920, birinibd pcr aj iknakiarc Garkkbaz Vima impjif jd ikstdjdfik ba uk kuavc fckbuftc ba 77 bbimatrc aktra Mdzcrrd y \djdtikc, pdsdkbc pcr Waktqua parmiti fckbufir `dstd jcs bapsitcs ba \djdtikuk fdubdj ba fudraktd mijjckas ba ndjckas bidricbasba Dnudbd baj Furd, jc qua mahcr aj sumikistrc bWabdbc, Juydk, jd Wocrd, aj Farrc y parmiti dodstaf

aj rapdrtc Jcs \ikcs, Drrcyc Kdrdkhc y Fdjvdric.\arc yd ak jd sanukbd mitdb baj sinjc gua ikajubioja

fradfik ba kuavcs dfuabuftcs qua fcmpjamaktdsak gukfickdmiaktc baj Dfuabuftc ba Djoadr y sa sumdrcd asta jd pjdktd ba Fcsfujjuajd ak 4929, aj Dfuabuftc b\dsc Vafc ak 491, jd \jdktd ba gijtrcs ak 49>2, Mairajas Kuavc a49>0, jcs pczcs Fctcrrc 4, ?, 6, 2 y 1 ak 490, Aj _ikfk ak 499< y pcr jtimc jd guakba dodstc Fdknrahards, ak 4992.

Aj Dfuabuftc ba Djoadr, Mckumaktc Kdfickdj

Aj Dfuabuftc ba Djoadr sinua dftivc y as aj kifc qugukfickd prasfikbiakbc ba jd akarnd ajftrifd pufcktikd utijizdkbc fcmc kifd akarnd jd guarzd fck quorctd aj dnud ba jcs mdkdktidjas. Dodstafa d jcs fikfmukifipics faktrdjas ba jd fiubdb ba Jd @dodkd8 @dodkWiahd, Faktrc @dodkd, Farrc, 4< ba Cftuora y \jdzd bjd _avcjufik, jc qua fckstituya dprcximdbdmakta 4? % ba jd pcojdfik ba Jd @dodkd ba `cy. Astd cogua sajaffickdbd pcr jd Qkik Kdfickdj ba DrquitaftcsIknakiarcs ba jd Fckstruffik ba Fuod, QKDIFF, fcmukd ba jds Viata Mdrdvijjds ba jd Iknakiard ba Fuod.

Dtakbiakbc d sus vdjcras pdtrimckidjas, aj 9 ba akabaj ?


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@cjcnrdp`y ik bisfjcsura dkb fcksarvdtickcg fuodk fujturdj àritdna

Jd `cjcnrdgd ak jd bivujndfik y fcksarvdfikbaj pdtrimckic fujturdj fuodkc

_cjdkbc Varrd RcjabcDjgrabc Mcrakc Yards

_AVQMAK8 Fck aj surnimiaktc ba jcs `cjcnrdmdsrafckstruiojas fck juz ojdkfd y su basdrrcjjc ak jdjtimd bfdbd baj sinjc pdsdbc, sa doriarck nrdkbaspcsioijibdbas pdrd su utijizdfik fcmc mabic baabufdfik scfidj pcr sus fdrdftarstifds ba prcbufirukd imdnak tribimaksickdj qua fckstituya uk bupjifdbcptifc ba uk cohatc. Ak aj trdodhc sa muastrdk jcsrasujtdbcs djfdkzdbcs ak jd dpjifdfik ba jd `cjcnrdgdd jd musacjcnd fcmc fcktrioufik d jd bivujndfik y

fcksarvdfik baj pdtrimckic fujturdj fuodkc mabidktajd fckstruffik y utijizdfik ba axpcsifickas cjcnrgifdsparmdkaktas ak musacs, jc fudj fckstituya uk rasujtdbcba axtaksik ukivarsitdrid ba jds ikvastindfickas gsifdsradjizdbds.

\DJDO_DV FJDWA8 `cjcnrdgd, musacjcnd, pdtrimckicfujturdj

DOVR_DFR8 ît` tà amarnakfa dkb bavajcpmakt tà wìta-jin`t cjcnrdms, kaw pcssioijitias wara fradtagcr its utijizdtick ds d scfidj abufdtick mabium bua tc t`f`drdftaristif cg prcbufikn d t`raa-bimaksickdj imdnwìf` fckstitutas dk cptifdj bupjifdta cg tà cohaft. R`pdpar s`cws tà rasujts dfìavab ik tà impjamaktdticcg `cjcnrdp`y tc musacjcny ds d fcktrioutick tc t`bissamikdtick dkb fcksarvdtick cg Fuodk fujturàritdna t`rcun` tà fckstruftick dkb usa cg parmdka

`cjcnrdpìf axìoiticks ik musaums ds d rasujt ukivarsity axtaksick grcm p`ysifdj ikvastindtickfckbuftab.

EAY^C_BV8 `cjcnrdp`y, musacjcny, fujturdj àritdn



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_cjdkbc Varrd Rcjabc Djgrabc Mcrakc Yard



89/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?.

>. VA__D, _cjdkbc8 Jd utijizdfik baj `cjcnrdmd fcmc mabic baaksadkzd y ba abufdfik scfidj ak Fuod d trdvs baj vkfujcIkvastindfikBcfakfidAxtaksik Qkivarsitdrid. Biraftcras8Nijbd Wand Fruz y knaj Garrdt Xdjbc. Rasis Bcftcrdj. IV\HDA, J@dodkd, ?


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_cjdkbc Varrd Rcjabc Djgrabc Mcrakc Yard



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Drquitaftura dkb pcatryik Hcdk Mdrndrit

Drquitafturd y pcasdak Hcdk Mdrndrit

Hcdk Mdrndrit Fcksdrkdu

_AVQMAK8 Fckvarsdr fck Hcdk Mdrndrit Fcksdrkdu,rafckcfibc pcatd fdtdjk, ba cgific drquitaftc sanksus prcpids pdjdords, rasujtd uk basfuorimiaktc bafmc docrbdr jd vibd. Basba su fckfaptc ba jc qua asdrquitafturd y pcasd kcs muastrd, sik sar su iktakfik

`dfarjc, fmc dfarfdrkcs d astds bcs fradfickasiktajaftudjas baj cmora. \rcodojamakta ms fckcfibcpcr su cord pctifd, asta drquitaftc tdmoik tiakapuojifdbd ukd vdstd cord fiaktgifd. Fckcfar ba farfd jdsfckviffickas y axpariakfids ba Hcdk Mdrndrit, parmitirdmpjidr kuastrd prcyaffik `dfid jd fujturd ba jd quagcrmdk pdrta jd drquitafturd y jd pcasd.

\DJDO_DV FJDWA8 Hcdk Mdrndrit, drquitafturd, fjfujcba astrufturds, pcasd.

DOVR_DFR8 Hcdk Mdrndrit Fcksdrkdu is d varakcwkab dkb dwdrb-wikkikn, Fdtdjdk pcat w`c, dà sdys, `ds tà prcgassick cg drfìtaft. @a axpcsìs parsckdj fckfapt cg Drfìtaftura dkb \catry, dkwit`cut dky iktaktick, Mdrndrit prasakts us `cw

maat wit` tàsa oct` iktajjaftudj ùmdk fradticks. @is prcodojy mcra ekcwk gcr ìs pcatry, djt`cun` à `ddjsc d prcjigif axpariakfa ik dppjiab sfiaktigif rasadrfNattikn tc ekcw tà fckvifticks, oajiags dkb axpariakfacg Hcdk Mdrndrit is d bisfcvary docut `cw it is pcssiotc gcfus jiga dkb it s`djj djjcw us tc ikfradsa cur rajdticwit` Drfìtaftura dkb \catry ds fujturdj axprassickEAY^C_BV8 Hcdk Mdrndrit, drfìtaftura, strufturdkdjysis, pcatry.



93/107Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?7), aurcpac ba Astrufturd Matjifd (49>>),Gcmaktc ba jds Drtas Bafcrdtivds (499


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Djaxis F. Mkbaz



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Djaxis F. Mkbaz

Drquitafturd y Qrodkismc, vcj. PPPIW, kc 6, saptiamora-bifiamora, ?8 Fcjk. \camd. Hcdk Mdrndrit. Jufas ba jds cordsDrquitaftc aktra pc

Documents

Revista Arquitectura y Urbanismo, 3/ 2013 (cujae)