-
..................................................................
........................................................................
..........................................................................
..............................................................
...............................................................................................................................
-
:
!"# $ %&' () *+ ) ,--./ .
01 :*+ )
:
(.-23) ( 6&7/ 8-7 97 *& .: ; *7+ 7) "-7 7 # . *+ ) ?% @A
7 7BC 7D% ( E *& % $-% +& $-% (2 7 .
F *& G $-% H ?6 @A @2) 0- I# @2) 8- (6J +6 $-C
( E *& % $-% . K( E +& $-% 2"L &E- M& / 7N
%& $&
)O&;( P; %& K .N $&)Laminar ( !./ % @A C 8- QN ;
6& R1 O+S 82/ TB N ,- * R G U N V R&; . 7%C O&; 7
P; $&=% 0S/ ( E *& % $-% Q"- W 2?% (6J *& 6N 7U
$7
$-C" ++6W 9"X? 7 . 7 ()7 7 Y7+ $7%& (7B& (7J ,7& 7 .
P7; 7
-
)Turbulent (@6J $&& (76J -? S) (X (6J *&%& 82/ 6
(& @&Z D+% -?(& &S . ,-7 7-[ %&7/ 7 $%&
@P"/ ,& \/ 7/ (7& Y7+ K()7 *& . 7%& 7
)Transition (N ,- T J (J (& P; $&. 7 @?-/ 7 7 K7S. $
^'___ /`___ N *& 02/ P; $& . 7"S) Q%S% ,& 0- , 7 b7B
7--[/ 76 7
___ =eR $ (& . %&' *+ ) 6 .
:
01 *+ d*; "6 $S%)( % (7& 7 & . V -7 7 *7 7 , E7# &
F;
R .eP/& C R (f E "- F; . - Q *& G gh $& :h 10 mm 97
T/ 8+6 1"B - . = R% *& ; 0G& BC &h F; E# VN (S?h i%
E#(& .
gh V& - V i% & Ki% -D+/ - "- ,C R -D+/ . ,& i%
eP/& *& 7
&+6 &-= i% / /N E# F; eP/ . &, "- I j %6
*&7%& $7-C
.
01 :3 *+ ) 9-/S
i% E#
i% -D+/ -
VC V& - V
E# =
V
E R G
-
77 77 i77% -77? K776 $77 J 77 -77? T77G @77A 77 (776 77% 776
77+6 ^77+
N $&)O&; ((& . -.k K d&EB& 017 i% (J ; 6
)%& ( B XC% lm 7 #-; F; 83 +1 7C . 7 (7J ,7&
U& P; n6 6 "N D+ (6J & 8- $ +1.
p
-
.................................................................
............................................................
..........................................................................................
..................................
......................................................................................................
.....................................................................................
................................
-
:
!" #$ %% & '!( )*+ !," -.! & %/ &. 0112 .
:
/3. 4 '!( !115 6. 7 -8& %/ :u 9%% 69& & 4 -.!9 :D
9%% !9;1 ?1@/1( ) /= " A8 !B !1C 7 %/ 2" '" &. DE( )/DuRe = F
8!2.
%% & $1F !G 1/7 H IF '!( " J '!( #@ : ' -.! 7 &&!G (
0 &" [1B P;" -.! : -& !;< ' !" 7
%%)D ( `;T a; %%)A (- 1 & . W1@/1 -(=%( ) =1 : :4 V& " (
"#&I " >9("4 cW=18 d " DJ1 ?1W e7 -1B & &(- 3,
6"()(
?1@/1 -(=%
( )s
m 2106 %/ &.
Re -.!
U(m/s) f
'!(
&
Co '
t (sec) L
V(mL)
-
:
. 1/7 !G& ? !" %/ &. " -.! D!115 .1 g !G& 0 9
h9!1G
" U " 0 & '!( f !" # -&h&& -T"; &
. ( " 0 & 7 E & #&I !G 4 &! 4 F 9!," P9;T 9"
!& ?17 :
)J '!( 63 IF " ( h!g h1
i. jW;E e!k) f ($1F P%% !" J '!( & " IF -& .!k 0 DI -*.
eh-M1g '!( f &
O. " 0 & !," %/ &. -&.( )
ducrcr
.Re = A
Qu crcr =.
l. !;< " %% & !GD d " 1F" F& WmD>>d ' 'MW -.! "
%1 F" &n[" : $5 !& ?17 & '!( h&F
