SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

COLLEGE OF FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

DEPARTMENT OF FOREST ENGINEERING AND WOOD SCIENCES

DEGREE PROGRAM: BSc. FORESTRY

FSP 300: RESEARCH PROJECT II

THE VALUE OF NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS FOR FOOD SECURITY IN A

SOCIETY; A CASE STUDY OF KIFULA WARD IN KILIMANJARO, TANZANIA

BY HAMISI, HAMISI H

REG NO: FOR/D/2018/0276

NAME OF SUPERVISOR: PROF. K.F.S HAMZA

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY

OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.

MOROGORO, TANZANIA

JULY 2021

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ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to assess the value of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) for food

security to the people of selected part of Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

Data were collected using Questionnaire, Direct observation and Focus group discussion. A total

of 30 respondents were involved during collection of data. Microsoft excel version of 2019 was

used for analyzing the data.

Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) that plays a greater role for food security at Kifula ward

were identified which includes Edible fruits, Vegetables, Medicinal plants, Honey and Fodders.

They play a greater role to ensure food security either directly through consuming the given

product as food or indirectly through selling the products to earn money which will be used for

buying food. The study shows that most of the people at Kifula ward uses the Non-wood forest

products collected for food purposes at a high percentage more than other purposes.

People that collects NWFPs at Kifula ward faces threats or problems in terms of Processing and

preservation of Non-wood forest products collected as they have insufficient knowledge on how

to process and to preserve the Non-wood forest products collected.

Deforestation acts as the major threats toward collection of non-wood forest products as they

lead to the decrease of non-wood forest products collected from the forest as a results of cutting

down of trees. The presence of dangerous animals such as snakes in the forest is one of the

obstacle that people faces towards collection of Non-wood forest products from the forests

around Kifula ward.

Hence the study shows that the collection Non-wood forest products should be given a greater

attention as they play a significant role in ensuring food security especially to the people around

rural areas. Therefore, enough education in terms of processing and preservation of Non-wood

forest products should be provided so as to maximize profit derived from the non-wood forest

products collected around various areas in Tanzania. People should be emphasized on

Afforestation and Reforestation programs so as to minimize and remove the problem of

Deforestation which hinder utilization of Non-wood forest products to ensure food security.

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DECLARATION

I, Hamisi Hamisi H, do here by declare to the Senate of Sokoine University of Agriculture that

this special project is my own original work and has neither been submitted nor concurrently

being submitted for any degree award in any other University.

……………………

Hamisi, Hamisi H Date: …………………….

BSc. Forestry Student

The above declaration is confirmed by

Prof. K.F.S. Hamza (Supervisor)

Signature: ……………………... Date: ……………………

Prof. F.B.S. Makonda (Head of Department)

Signature: ……………………... Date: ……………………...

Prof. Suzana Augustino (Principal of College)

Signature: ……………………... Date: ………………………

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COPYRIGHT

No part of this special project may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in

any form or by any means without prior written permission of either the author or Sokoine

University of Agriculture on that behalf.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my supervisor Prof. K.F.S. Hamza as

well as the Head of Department of Forest Engineering and Wood Sciences Prof. F.B.S Makonda,

who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful research project, also helped me to

know about so many things about Non-wood forest products. I am really thankful to them.

I sincerely thank the Higher Education Students Loans Board (HESLB) of Tanzania via Sokoine

University of Agriculture for financial supports that enabled me to accomplish this study.

Also I am highly indebted to the Kifula ward Authority and my parents Ms. Swalihina Ngongi

and Mr. Hassan Mvungi who gave me a great support during Observation and Identification of

some plant species. I also extend my thanks to local communities around villages found in Kifula

ward and those who have contributed information in various ways for their great cooperation.

I also give great thanks to my fellow students; Peter Kilango, Gwalugano Hajji, Paul Pius and

Mwita Magoiga for their ideas, supports and cooperation during the preparation of this research

project.

Finally, I can say to God to be the glory, honour and praise.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. ii

DECLARATION........................................................................................................................................ iii

COPYRIGHT ............................................................................................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... ix

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background information ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem statement and Justification ................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Study Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 4

1.3.1 Main objective .................................................................................................................................... 4

1.3.2 Specific objectives .............................................................................................................................. 4

1.4.0 Research questions ............................................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................ 5

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 The concept of Non-wood forest products .......................................................................................... 5

2.2 Classification of Non-wood forest products ........................................................................................ 5

2.2.1 Extractive products ............................................................................................................................ 5

2.2.2 Edible products and related materials ............................................................................................. 6

2.2.3 Medicinal and pharmaceutical plant products ............................................................................... 6

2.2.4 Bees Products ..................................................................................................................................... 7

2.2.5 Animals based products .................................................................................................................... 7

2.2.6 Fibres ................................................................................................................................................... 8

2.2.7 Floral products ................................................................................................................................... 8

2.3.0 Importance of Non-wood forest products ........................................................................................ 8

2.3.1 Cultural values ................................................................................................................................... 8

2.3.2 Household subsistence ....................................................................................................................... 9

2.3.3 Food and Nutrition ............................................................................................................................ 9

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2.3.4 Fodder and Grazing ......................................................................................................................... 10

2.3.5 Medicinal uses .................................................................................................................................. 10

2.4.0 Constraints/Threats facing Non- wood forest products ............................................................... 10

2.4.1 Deforestation .................................................................................................................................... 10

2.4.2 Improper forest management regimes ........................................................................................... 11

2.4.3 Inefficient promotion on sustainable use of Non-wood forest products ...................................... 11

2.5 The concept of food security .............................................................................................................. 11

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................. 13

3.0 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 13

3.1 Description of the Study Area ............................................................................................................ 13

3.1.1 Location ............................................................................................................................................ 13

3.1.2 Climate .............................................................................................................................................. 13

3.1.3 Socio-economic activities ................................................................................................................. 13

3.2.0 Research Design ............................................................................................................................... 14

3.2.1 Sampling design ............................................................................................................................... 14

3.3.0 Data collection .................................................................................................................................. 14

3.3.1 Primary data ..................................................................................................................................... 14

3.3.1.1 Direct Observation ........................................................................................................................ 14

3.3.1.2 Questionnaire ................................................................................................................................ 15

3.3.1.3 Focus group discussion ................................................................................................................. 15

3.4 Secondary data .................................................................................................................................... 15

3.5 Data analysis and presentation .......................................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................................... 16

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ....................................................................................................... 16

4.1 Non-wood Forest products (NWFPs) collected around Kifula ward ............................................. 16

4.1.1 Vegetables ......................................................................................................................................... 17

4.1.2 Edible fruits ...................................................................................................................................... 18

4.1.3 Medicinal and Pharmaceutical plant products. ............................................................................ 19

4.1.4 Fodders.............................................................................................................................................. 22

4.1.5 Honey ................................................................................................................................................ 23

4.2.0 Assessment of frequency of collection, processing and Utilization of Non-wood forest products

at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania ............................................................................................... 24

4.2.1 Frequency of collection of Non-wood Forest products ................................................................. 24

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4.2.2 Assessment of processing and utilization of Non-wood forest products collected ...................... 25

4.2.3 Assessment of Utilization of Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) collected at Kifula ward .... 26

4.3.0 Problems/Threats facing utilization of Non-wood forest products at Kifula ward .................... 27

4.3.1 Deforestation .................................................................................................................................... 27

4.3.2 Presence of dangerous animals in the forests ................................................................................ 27

4.3.3 Insufficient knowledge on processing and preservation of non-wood forest products .............. 28

CHAPTER FIVE ...................................................................................................................................... 29

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................. 29

5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 29

5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................... 29

6.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 31

7.0 APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................... 35

7.1 APPENDIX I ....................................................................................................................................... 35

7.2 APPENDIX II ...................................................................................................................................... 38

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Vegetables collected at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. ............................................ 17

Table 2. Edible fruits collected at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania .......................................... 18

Table 3. Medicinal plants collected around Kifula ward Forests in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania ............. 20

Table 4. Fodders collected around Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania......................................... 22

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Types of non-wood forest products collected at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania ... 16

Figure 2. Frequency of collection of non-wood forest products at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro,

Tanzania .................................................................................................................................................... 24

Figure 3. Response of processing of Non-wood forest products at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro,

Tanzania .................................................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 4. Utilization of non-wood forest products at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania ........... 26

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FAO- Food and Health Organization

NWFPS- Non-wood forest products

TZS- Tanzanian Shillings

TFNC- Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre

UNICEF- United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

URT- United Republic of Tanzania

WHO- World Health Organization

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background information

Non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Tanzania and worldwide play a significant role to the

people livelihoods. They cover a wide range of food, fodder fibers, Organic manures,

construction materials, tannins, gums, resins, latex, waxes, essential oils, spices, edible oils,

medicinal extracts, decorative materials, fruits and natural dyes. (Ndalangasi et al. 2007) and

(Shackleton, 2004) reported that in many developing countries including Tanzania majority

of rural household and large proportion of urban household depends on non-wood forest

products to meet some parts of their nutritional, health, construction materials and income

from selling these products.

Food security has been an important discussion in the debate of rural development and

poverty alleviation policies in many developing countries. Despite the substantial increase in

food production in many countries, 790 Million people in developing world do not have

enough to eat. Another 34 million people in the industrialized countries and countries in

transition also suffer from chronic food insecurity (FAO 1999a).

It is argued that in aggregate terms, Tanzania has no food shortage (URT and UNICEF,

1990; Kavishe and Mushi, 1993). However, some parts of the country are prone to food

shortages due to drought, flood, market and transport constraints that hinder smooth transfer

of food from surplus areas to deficit ones. Thus availability of food at national level is not

translated into household food security or equal access among all members of the household.

At a household level food security entails having adequate supply of food. Adequate refers to

quantity and quality; that is there should be enough food to meet daily requirements of all

members of household (Mosha, 1990).

The major causes of food insecurity have been identified as being crop failures, storage

deficiencies and sale of food in higher proportions than food security would require (TFNC,

1992). It is clear that the problem of food insecurity has often been looked into in a narrower

2

sense, with a bias on direct agricultural production. The problem of food insecurity is not

simply one of agricultural output, but encompasses all factors affecting household’s access to

an adequate year round supply of food. For example, it is known that in Tanzania a

widespread hunger prevailing particularly in semi-arid areas is not due to unavailability of

food in the market but due to inadequate purchasing power among the rural poor. Consumer

purchasing power has been declining over the years in Tanzania. The hardest hit is the urban

low wage earners and the rural poor who usually face food deficit and as such have to buy

food (G.C Kajembe et al. 2000).

Analyzing questions of food security in a broader sense allows us to capture the potential

contribution of forest resources to society food security. It is a known fact that most rural

poor are supplementing their food requirements from the forests. This project will synthesize

the work done along the lines of the values of non-wood forest products to the society food

security.

In this view, this study aimed at investigating the values or contributions of Non-wood forest

products to ensure food security to the livelihood of the society at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro

region.

1.2 Problem statement and Justification

Non-wood forest products have been used by man for development since ancient times.

Local communities living adjacent to forest reserves and plantations rely heavily on

extraction of forest products including NWFPs.

Forests and trees do have an important role to play in food security, although it is clearly

wrong to suggest that forests and trees can replace agriculture as a food production system to

any significant extent (FAO, 1990). Forests and trees have the potential benefits either as a

regular dietary supplement, as a seasonal supplement or as a survival strategy, which are so

far not well captured and explained.

However, the issues of accessibility and dependency of NWFPs are not well synthesized and

documented. Moreover, scarcity of NWFPs, that contribute to the household food security

3

directly or indirectly, is already being experienced as a result of increase in population, non-

domestication of NWFP sources and dilution of indigenous knowledge in the wake of

modernization. The indigenous knowledge should be documented to ensure its widespread

use and build up an institutional memory. Tanzania is a huge country with more than 120

ethnic groups. Each of those groups has different cultural norms, beliefs and practices and

hence different food habits.

The study will seek to bring together information on the values of non-wood forest products

(NWFPs)to address problems related to food insecurity around Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro

region. An understanding of the significance of forest products to the rural communities

contributes substantially towards working out possible strategies for involving these

communities in the management of forests. It is essential also to investigate the importance

of forests to the daily life of local communities in their struggle to make ends meet, a struggle

which can sometimes threaten the forests.

4

1.3 Study Objectives

1.3.1 Main objective

To synthesize useful information on the role of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) to ensure

food security of a society at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

To assess the issue of dependency on non-wood forest products (NWFPs) in relation to

food security in a study area.

To examine the local knowledge with regard to collection, processing, and utilization of

non-wood forest products (NWFPs).

To identify potentials and problems/ threats with regard to availability of non-wood forest

products (NWFPs) for food security.

1.4.0 Research questions

What are the importance or values of non-wood forest products in a study area?

There is access and dependency on the use of non-wood forest products for food?

How non-wood forest products are managed including collection, processing and

utilization?

What are the problems/threats facing utilization of non-wood forest products and what

need to be done to overcome the problems/threats?

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The concept of Non-wood forest products

Non-wood Forest Product (NWFP); According to FAO (1999) Non-wood forest products

consist of goods of biological origin other than wood derived from the forests, other wooded

land and trees outside the forests. Following this definition, the term NWFP excludes all

woody raw materials. Consequently, timber, chips, charcoal and fuel wood, as well as small

woods such as tools, household equipment and carvings are excluded. Non timber forest

products (NTFPs) in contrast generally include fuel wood and small woods, this is the main

difference between NWFPs and NTFPs.

2.2 Classification of Non-wood forest products

Classifying these products into like categories is an important first step of understanding the

Non-wood forest products. Non-wood forest products can be broadly classified into Edibles

and Non edibles. The former includes edible plants and animals, honey, oils, fish, spices

while Non edible products it includes grasses, ornamental plants, oil for cosmetic use and

medicinal products.

2.2.1 Extractive products

Extractive products include gums, resins, oleoresins, latex, tannins, dyes, oils, fats and

essential oils. Plant gums are water soluble natural hydrocolloid compounds in form of

exudates produced by plants as a protective mechanism or seed gums isolated from the

endosperm portion of some seeds. They are made up of polysaccharides and small quantities

of protein and mineral salts.

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2.2.2 Edible products and related materials

A great variety of edible products may be obtained from forest land. Forest food, where

available and exploited, may offer the possibility of achieving a nearly perfect balance.

Feeding people is not only a matter of having sufficient quantities of food at hand; diversity

in diet is essential (Poulsen, 1982). Unfortunately, with time, forest foods availability appears

to decline in many places owing to environmental destruction, or just because they are less

used due to changes in eating habits.

Wild food plants play a very important role in the livelihoods of rural communities as an

integral part of their subsistence in many developing countries. Locally available wild food

plants serve as alternatives to staple food during periods of food deficit (Asfaw and Tadesse,

2001), are a valuable supplement for a nutritionally balanced diet (Somnasang and Moreno-

Black, 2000), are also one of the primary alternative sources of income for many resource

poor communities (Melnyk, 1996), and the source of species for domestication (High and

Shackleton, 2000; Atangana et al., 2002). It includes Wild fruits, wild nuts, Edible oils and

Spices.

2.2.3 Medicinal and pharmaceutical plant products

There are multiple benefits of medicinal plants in developing countries. Benefits include:

improved access to primary healthcare, enhanced livelihood security, potentially sustainable

use of the biodiversity and improved benefit sharing with local communities. In the broader

sense, medicinal plants can also address the chronic problem of global poverty and hunger.

Medicinal plants can help meet the basic needs of the poor rural people.

Forest medicines form the base of the African traditional medicine in terms of socio-

economic and socio-cultural heritage, servicing the majority of the population in Africa,

coming a long way from the times of their ancestors. Traditional medicine is the first-choice

healthcare treatment for more than 80% of Africans, who suffer from simple and other

common ailments. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that up to 80% of

people in the developing world are dependent upon traditional medicines primarily because

of their easy accessibility, wide affordability and cultural familiarity (Agustino et al. 2011).

7

2.2.4 Bees Products

Honey is the most important product of beekeeping industry (Hamza, 1997), with several

derived products such as wax, pollen, royal jelly and propolis. Usually bee products are

renewable resources, and with appropriate techniques they can be exploited without

detrimental effect to the environment. Honey is a natural nutritious food and medicine for the

rural and urban people. Honey and beeswax are commodities which support rural livelihood

as alternative income from forests and woodlands, and can contribute to sustainable forest

management if properly integrated.

Honey and beeswax are two NWFPs with a strong relationship with plants.

Honeybees derive the nectar and pollen they need from a wide range of vegetation types.

Forests, woodlands and bush lands are major sources of nectar and pollen, which have made

traditional beekeepers acquire a profound knowledge of trees and other plants that bees

depend on (Chikamai and Tchatat, 2004). Forest types dominated by trees of the legume

family have a very great potential for honey production. Plant species highly preferred by

bees for nectar gathering include Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia gummifera, Commiphora sp.,

Ficussy comorus, Grewia spp, Parinari excelsa, Rauvolfia caffra and Syzygium guineense

(Hamza, 1997). Bees are also responsible for pollination of many flowering plants hence

important for sustaining biodiversity.

2.2.5 Animals based products

It includes animals such as Birds, Insects, Snails and fishes which all are consumed as food

in many African households. For communities residing in the vicinity of forests and

woodlands wild animals play an important role in local diets in terms of Protein supplements.

For example, animal and their products attract attention of a variety of people ranging from

hunters to tourists and zoologists (Makonda, 1997).

8

2.2.6 Fibres

Fibres obtained from forest vegetation are of great importance to African communities. They

are used for making papers, cloths, baskets, mats, cordage, furniture and in house

construction. Tropical Africa is home to about 500 species primarily used for fibres. The

group is very diverse, including species producing the well-known fibres of international

trade such as cotton (Gossypium spp.), jute (Corchorus spp.) and sisal (Agave sisalana), but

also many lesser-known fibre plants found in forest ecosystems (Achigan-Dako and Brink,

2009).

2.2.7 Floral products

It includes pine boughs, grapevines, ferns and other plant products used for decorative

applications. These unique forest products may appear in floral arrangements, dried flower

decorations and ornaments common example includes products made from pine boughs,

grape vines, moss, ferns, flowers and cone.

2.3.0 Importance of Non-wood forest products

2.3.1 Cultural values

Rural people use NWFPs for food, income and farm inputs but also for social, cultural and

religious functions.

The intangible, non-economic roles of NWFPs can be more important and even provide a

foundation for the economic roles that development programs usually address. In many

cultures, communities maintain certain areas as sacred groves where harvesting is banned or

carefully controlled (Arnold, 1995). Harvests are, in such cases, restricted to meet the needs

for religious/socio-cultural ceremonies. Certain species may play a crucial role in spiritual

ceremonies, or have taboos associated with them that forbid certain harvests. In central

Africa, parents plant a tree in the wild for a newborn child, and the child's growth is forever

9

linked to the tree's growth (Falconer, 1990). Other trees figure in burial rituals. Forest foods

play a part in wedding rites, initiation ceremonies and other events. In many places, these

cultural and spiritual roles are losing their importance, but in other places they persist and are

even renewed in the face of encroaching values from outside the community

2.3.2 Household subsistence

Among all the many NWFPs, the most common worldwide are used for food, fodder,

medicine, and construction materials. Other uses include, among others, farm tools,

household baskets, sleeping mats, pillows, sponges and brooms (Arnold, 1995).

Rural families provide for their needs not just by growing crops but also with other

household income.

Therefore, assessments of local dependence on NWFPs for food security must count local

product sales as well as direct contributions to food and nutrition. A family often changes its

strategy for food security as its economic options change. This can have varying effects; for

example, more labor-intensive harvesting methods for a product could force women to spend

less time cooking and caring for their children.

2.3.3 Food and Nutrition

Foods from the forest include fruits, leaves, seeds and nuts, tubers and roots, fungi, gum and

sap. Beekeeping for honey is often a forest-based activity. Wildlife is an important source of

food, particularly in Africa. In West Africa, more than 60 wildlife species are commonly

consumed (Falconer, 1990). In parts of Africa, bush meat provides a major source of protein

to people's diets. Smaller animals and invertebrates are more important food sources than

larger game (FAO, 1995).

Forest foods often provide essential vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and protein besides

direct nutritional contributions, they provide variety and taste. Even where people consume

only small amounts of forest foods, they play an important role by adding variety and spice

10

and encouraging children, in particular, to eat more of otherwise bland foods that their bodies

need.

2.3.4 Fodder and Grazing

Forest fodder for stall feeding, in addition to widespread forest grazing is very important in

many developing countries where rural families keep domestic animals, especially in arid

and semi-arid areas. While fodder, almost exclusively, is used locally, uncontrolled fodder

collection and grazing often can lead to forest depletion.

2.3.5 Medicinal uses

More than 80% of people in the world rely heavily on traditional medicinal plants for their

health care and most plants used in traditional medicine system are collected from wild

sources (WHO, 2002). In Tanzania a total of 77 species plants are said to be used for

medicinal practices in Geita district. The sellers of traditional medicine had daily income

ranging from 500 to 2000 TAS (Makonda 1997). Kilonzo (2009) reported that many

traditional healers’ extracts medicinal plants just around their homestead and farm land while

others extracts from forest reserves.

2.4.0 Constraints/Threats facing Non- wood forest products

2.4.1 Deforestation

Food and other non-wood forest products are available in the wild. The problems of

availability of the non-wood forest products are therefore directly related to the problem of

disappearance of forests. This is so because as trees disappear the integrity of the ecosystem

is reduced and biodiversity is lost. Thus, the availability of NWFPs is reduced along with

deforestation and associated biodiversity loss (Otieno, 2000).

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2.4.2 Improper forest management regimes

Lack of proper forest management regimes is one of the constraint facing the development of

non-wood forest products in various areas of Tanzania hence this made the access to non-

wood forest products to be difficult as a results of poor management of those products as they

have been destructed or deteriorated. Hence in order to avoid this constraint Proper forest

management regimes should be effectively considered.

2.4.3 Inefficient promotion on sustainable use of Non-wood forest products

The capacity to promote sustainable use of Non-wood forest products and facilitation to

increase financial benefits to local users as incentive for forest conservation is consequently

low. There are yet gaps in understanding the range of products used from forests, their

classification, socio economic values, technical packages and the policy contexts for their

sustainable use.

2.5 The concept of food security

Food security has been described by variety definitions and received varying interest in the

past.

The Committee on World Food Security defined food security as economic and physical

access to food for all people at all times (FAO, 1989a).

The World Bank defined food security as the access by all people at all times to have enough

food for a healthy and active life (Maxwell and Frankenberger, 1992).

Conventionally, Food security is defined as the balance of food supply (mainly cereal supply)

and effective demand for food.

The World Bank definition of food security cited above has been widely accepted. It

encompasses two elements:

Food supply and

12

The access or the ability of a household to acquire food, either through their own

production or purchase.

Access to food can be seen as the process through which food reaches people. It also

signifies that the level of analysis is no longer only the region or district. It must also

encompass the household or the individual.

Household food security prevails if the actual food intake of all household members

required to fulfill their dietary requirements is secured in terms of both quantity and

quality throughout the year (Mosha, 1990).

Household food security concerns the microeconomics of the household. In particular, it

describes the use of food in the household, access to it by various members in the

household, household survival strategies and the role of gender. In addition, household

decisions concerning the use of resources, output and cash income are some of the

important critical variables in the overall household food security analysis (Ishengoma,

1998).

Therefore, a household is said to be food insecure when it fails to meet its dietary food

intake in terms of quantity and quality. There is evidence to suggest that household food

insecurity is widespread and chronic in some areas of Tanzania, since there seems to be

certain degree of food deficit at one time or another during the year. This is especially true

prior to harvesting season. (Kajembe et al, 2000)

13

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of the Study Area

3.1.1 Location

Kifula ward is located at Ugweno division within Mwanga District in Kilimanjaro Region,

Tanzania. It is situated at latitude ranging between 3° 39' 0" S and 3º 56' 22" S while

longitude ranges between 37° 39' 0" E and 37° 49' 32" E in the Pare Mountains.

The ward is located at an altitude between 1339m and 1357 m above the mean sea level.

Kifula ward consists of villages namely Rangaa, Kisanjuni, Mwaniko, Raa and Masumbeni.

Kifula ward has a population of about 8200 according to 2012 Tanzania National census.

3.1.2 Climate

Kifula ward has Humid Subtropical Climate. The summers have a good deal of rainfall while

the winters have very little rainfall. The average temperature in Kifula is of about 20.0°C and

estimated annual rainfall of about 1150 mm. The driest month is July, with 12 mm of rain.

Most of the precipitation at Kifula falls in April, averaging 218 mm. February is the warmest

month of the year. The temperature in February averages 22.0 °C. July is the coldest month,

with temperatures averaging 17.4 °C.

3.1.3 Socio-economic activities

The area's chief produce is coffee and banana. The area also produces maize and rice which

is grown in the swampy plains, also some of the villagers are involved in livestock keeping

especially cows, sheeps and goats.

14

3.2.0 Research Design

3.2.1 Sampling design

In this study households were the sample units. The households were picked randomly from

the village for the study. Given financial and time constraints a total 30 households in a

village were chosen for study.

Simple random sampling was chosen over other sampling methods for the reason that the

method ensures the possibility of each individual element in the population to have an equal

chance of being selected and being representative, hence minimizing sampling biases.

Also simple random sampling is used when the population is uniform or has similar

characteristics such as main economic activities. Simple random sampling is considered to be

simpler and more cost effective system than systematic and clustered forms of sampling.

3.3.0 Data collection

3.3.1 Primary data

The primary data was obtained by using questionnaire as a method of primary data

collection, focus group discussions and researcher’s direct observation. The respondents were

inquired about various kinds of NWFPs harvested from the forest, amount collected, their

food value, their monetary value and the associated implications and conservations.

3.3.1.1 Direct Observation

This method of data collection involved observing various NWFPs products collected by

villagers from the forests. Apart from observing, photographs were taken on the observed

phenomena that relates to NWFPs practices based on extraction. This method provides

additional information on the collected data thus can lead to a valid conclusion.

15

3.3.1.2 Questionnaire

A questionnaire technique was a core method of data collection in this study, the

questionnaire was designed to collect the primary data which reflect the main and specific

objectives of this study. Thirty (30) households in a village were selected randomly for

questionnaire. Both open ended and closed questionnaires were used in primary data

collection. Open ended questionnaires allowed respondents to freely state what they think

and help to disclose the opinions that have been overlooked. Moreover, closed questionnaires

aim at collecting very specific information, it confines the respondent to a limited number of

answers, reduces the bulkiness of the data to be collected hence ease analysis of data. Also

this method is relatively cheap way in collecting information of a huge population.

3.3.1.3 Focus group discussion

Several focus group discussions were carried out which included village government leaders,

influential people in the village (elders) and Traditional healers who uses NWFPs for

treatments. Topic for discussions was guided by the given checklist at appendix II.

3.4 Secondary data

Secondary data were obtained from literatures available at Sokoine University of Agriculture

Library (SNAL), online journals, articles and information from Kifula ward authority.

3.5 Data analysis and presentation

The results of the data collected was handled and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel Spread

Sheet version of 2019. The analyzed data from the field were presented in form of tables,

charts, percentages and graphs for easy interpretation and understanding.

16

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Non-wood Forest products (NWFPs) collected around Kifula ward

Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) that are collected around Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro

includes Vegetables that accounts about 37% of the total respondents, Fruits that accounts

about 27% of the total respondents, Medicinal plants which accounts about 20% of the

respondents, Fodders for feeding livestock’s which accounts about 13% of the respondents

and lastly Honey which are produced by bees which accounts about 3% of the total

respondents. These Non-wood forest products play a greater role to ensure the availability of

food among the households that surrounds the Forests at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro,

Tanzania especially during the period of food shortage.

The results show that Vegetables are collected at a huge amount around Kifula ward forests

followed by Forest fruits, Medicinal plants, Fodders and finally Honey which are collected in

small amount as the results shows in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. Types of non-wood forest products collected at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro,

Tanzania

37%

27%

20%

13%

3%

Vegetables

Fruits

Medicinal plants

Fodders

Honey

17

4.1.1 Vegetables

The study mentioned that about 37% of the respondents around Kifula ward consumes wild

vegetables for food and some use them for sell. Leaves of wild plants like trees, shrubs and

herbs are good source of food for the people around Natural forests in semi-arid areas. The

wild vegetables play an important role during periods of food shortage. Around Kifula ward

the respondents mentioned about 12 species of vegetables which are consumed by people

around the ward as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Vegetables collected at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

S.NO SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME USES

1. Launea cornuta Mchunga/Kiruarua Food , Medicine

2. Bidens pilosa Mashona nguo, Food, Medicine

3. Cleome gynandra Mgagani Food, Medicine

4. Solanum incanum Mtula Food, Medicine

5. Solanum nigrum Mnavu/Mnafu Food

6. Amaranthus spp. Mchicha pori Food

7. Ipomeas spp. Matembele pori Food

8. Solanum betaceum Nyanya pori/Nukuria Food

9. Corchorus spp. Mlenda pori Food

10. Basella alba Inyiri Food

11. Momordica foetida Mokiki Food

12. Vigna vexillata Kunde pori Food

The results above show that wild vegetables play a greater function in ensuring food security

around various areas in Kifula ward, hence this ensures the availability of food in the study

area especially during the period of food shortage. Hence this indicates that NWFPs are very

important components for food security.

18

4.1.2 Edible fruits

The respondents (27%) mentioned to collect and use different types of fruits in various

forests around Kifula ward as shown in table 1. They reported that the forest fruits are

important food supplement around the ward because they play an important role in human

nutrition for the members of the family and also adds income to their households after selling

the fruits. The study revealed that local people mostly used the wild fruits on the period when

they are found especially in wet conditions started from November to March mostly of fruits

were found in large amount also the study revealed that the fruits were used much as fresh

for household’s consumption or for sale.

Table 2. Edible fruits collected at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

S.NO SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME USES

1. Tamarindus indica Mkwaju Fruit, Medicine

2. Vitex doniana Furu Fruit

3. Hyphanene

compressa

Mkoche Fruit

4. Andosonia dizitata Mbuyu Fruit

5. Annona senegalensis Mkonokono Fruit

6. Annona squamosa Mtopetope/Mtomoko Fruit

7. Annona muricata Mstafeli Fruit, Medicine

8. Syzygium guineense Mzambarau Fruit

9. Manilkara mochisa Msapa Fruit

10. Vangueria infausta Mviru Fruit, Medicine

11. Ficussy comorus Mkuyu Fruit

12. Grewia similis Mkole Fruit

13. Strychnos cocculoides Mtonga Fruit

14. Sclerocarrya birrea Marula Fruit juice, medicine

19

These results were compared with previous researchers such as Nyingili (2003) identified 33

species of wild fruits in Mbozi district while Hamza and Msalilwa (2004) identified about 8

species of wild fruits in Mgori Forest Reserve also the assessment of the study revealed that

potential wild fruits such as Myrianthus holstii, Uapaca kirkiana, Cyphomandra betacea,

Vitex mombassae and Caped gooseberry were mentioned to be highly used and sold by

households.

4.1.3 Medicinal and Pharmaceutical plant products.

The assessment shows that 20% of respondents mentioned to use the medicinal plants

products that are collected around forests in Kifula ward as shown in Table 3. It revealed that

the medicinal plants were among the potential NTFPs for income generation and

supplements for medicine especially for highly chronic diseases like Diabetes, urinary tract

and male and female infertility for example mostly of traditional healers as key informants

mentioned Moringa oleifera, Sena spectabilis and Custonia holstii as a supplement medicine

for Diabetes mellitus.

20

Table 3. Medicinal plants collected around Kifula ward Forests in Kilimanjaro,

Tanzania

S.NO SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME USES

1. Sphagneticola trilobata Kisapa Medicine

2. Senna occidentalis Mkunde pori Medicine

3. Cassia abbreviata Mkakatika Medicine

4. Combretum zeyheri Msana Medicine

5. Melissa officinalis Nanaa Medicine

6. Lantana camara Mzungwa Medicine

7. Aloe barbadensis Aloe vera Medicine

8. Sena spectabillis Mjohoro Medicine

9. Solanum incanum Ndula Medicine

10. Moringa oleifera Mlonge Medicine

11. Zizphus abysinica Mshao Medicine

12. Vernonia colorata Lilonga Medicine

13. Rhus natalensis Ukate Medicine

14. Albizia anthelmintica Limulimuli Medicine

15. Custonia hostii Mswisa Medicine

21

The results in the table above shows about 15 species of medicinal plants that are collected

around the study area, which are used as medicine by the indigenous people and some of them

are sold so as to obtain income for the daily uses. The medicinal plants before selling are

processed through various methods such as; drying, boiling, grinding, soaking and extracting

juices from the stem of the plants by tapping the stem of the given plant. Hence after selling the

medicines people get income that helps them to buy food for the household. Therefore, this

shows that medicinal plants play an important role in terms of ensuring food security in the

society.

22

4.1.4 Fodders

Fodders are one of the NWFPs that are collected by the people around Kifula ward, the

assessment shows that about 13% of the respondents are involved in collection of fodders that

are used for the purpose of feeding the livestock’s including cows, sheep’s and goats. The

mentioned animals are important for the provision of milk, meats and skin. Hence when the

animals or their products are sold they provide incomes that are used by the farmer to obtain

various needs including food. Hence this shows that fodders are one of the NWFPs that are

important in ensuring food security around the ward. Fodders that are collected in a study area

are shown Table 4 below. Therefore, in this essence it shows that fodders play an important role

to ensure food security around the study area.

Table 4. Fodders collected around Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

S.NO SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME USES

1. Pennisetum purpureum Elephant grass Livestock fodder

2. Cajanus cajan Mbaazi Livestock fodder

3. Calliandra calothyrsus Mkaliandra Livestock fodder

4. Eleusine indica Kifunga mbuzi Livestock fodder

5. Terminalia stuhlmannii Mbukwe Livestock fodder

6. Brachystegia sp. Mguji Livestock fodder

7. Ficus sp. Mrumba Livestock fodder

8. Sapium bussei Mzejezeje Livestock fodder

9. Solanum sp. Mturatura Livestock fodder

10. Boscia indica Mtumba Livestock fodder

11. Grewia platyclada Mperemehe Livestock fodder

23

4.1.5 Honey

The assessment in the study area shows that 3% of the respondents are involved in honey bee

keeping and the respondents are engaged in traditional methods of keeping the bees such as

the use of traditional logs bee hives and the bee hives are placed inside the forests at the top

of the trees. The assessment shows that there is small number of people in the study area who

are involved in beekeeping activities. Beekeeping is an important activity that is useful for

income generation and food provision hence it is a very important component for ensuring

food security in a society.

Honeybees act as cost free bio-inputs in farming and forestry systems and increase cross

pollination in cultivated as well as wild plant species.

Storing honey starts right at the beekeeper’s apiary site in the woodland or forests whereby

the preferred vessels for storing honey is the 20 litre plastic pails, a 300 kg- drums, guard and

clay pots. The honey is stored under favorable condition for instance in the roof, which is

thatched with grass in order to avoid denaturing of honey by heat of the sun.

Honey is another valued NWFP around the world. In Tanzania it is reported that honey is a

very important food for the Sandawe agriculturalists in central part of the country, Dodoma

and Singida Regions (Kihwele et al., 1999). In this part of the country, honey is collected

three times a year. Honey provides an important source of non-proteneous animal food

product. Honey is nutritionally valuable especially due to the energy it provides. It is

estimated that 100g of honey has 280 Calories. It is normally consumed as a side dish of the

main dish "Ugali". It is also used as jam and in many parts of Tanzania. Also honey is used

for making local brew popularly known as Wanzuki. (Kihwele et al., 1999).

Honey contributes at average of TZS 62500 per annual household income as NWFPs

(Balama et al, 2016) compared with mean annual value of TZS 254000 per household

obtained from 25.7 kg of honey per household in Kilombero District, Tanzania. Also it was

mentioned by Schure, (2010) that honey have high price than other NWFPs because of its

scarcity and its value in supplementing numbered of uses such as food and manufacturing of

cosmetics.

24

4.2.0 Assessment of frequency of collection, processing and Utilization of Non-wood

forest products at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

4.2.1 Frequency of collection of Non-wood Forest products

The results from the respondents shows that 2 of them (7%) collects Non-wood forest

products daily, 6 respondents (20%) collects Non-wood forests products weekly, 9 of the

respondents (30%) collects non-wood forest products monthly and 13 respondents (43%)

collects Non-wood forest products occasionally.

These results shows that the majority of the respondents collect non-wood forest products

(NWFPs) occasionally, hence this indicates that huge number of people at Kifula ward

depends on Non-wood forest products for food. Hence this shows that Non-wood forest

products play a greater role in food security around Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro.

Figure 2. Frequency of collection of non-wood forest products at Kifula ward in

Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Daily Weekly Monthly Occasionally

Re

spo

nd

en

ts

Frequency of collection

25

4.2.2 Assessment of processing and utilization of Non-wood forest products collected

Assessment of processing and utilization of Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) was done at

Kifula ward and 7 of the respondents (23%) said that they are involved in processing of Non-

wood forest products after collection from the forest and 23 respondents (77%) said that they

do not process Non-wood forest products after collection from the forest as shown in Figure

3 below.

Therefore, this shows that the majority of the respondents they are not processing the NWFPs

collected from the forest while the minority of them they are processing NWFPs which are

collected from the forest.

Some of the respondents said that they do not process them because they use the NWFPs

collected urgently after collection especially fruits and Vegetables and some of them said that

they have little knowledge in terms of processing NWFPs.

Most of the respondents that are involved in processing of NWFPs collected they are

engaging in processing Medicinal plants which is done through applying methods such as;

Boiling the plant parts to extracts the active medicinal ingredients, Drying, Grinding the part

after drying into powder, soaking in cold/boiled water and Extracting juice by tapping the

stem of some plants.

Figure 3. Response of processing of Non-wood forest products at Kifula ward in

Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

23%

77%

Yes No

26

4.2.3 Assessment of Utilization of Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) collected at

Kifula ward

The study shows that 13 of the respondents utilizes NWFPs collected as food, 2 respondents

utilizes them for selling purposes, 4 respondents utilizes them for treatments, 5 of the

respondents utilizes the NWFPs collected for both Food and Selling, 2 respondents utilizes

NWFPs collected for both Food and treatments, 3 of the respondents utilizes NWFPs for

selling and treatments and finally 1 of the respondent utilizes NWFPs collected for both

Food, selling and Treatments as shown in figure 4 below.

Hence the results show that high percentage of the respondents utilizes the Non-wood forest

products (NWFPs) collected for food more than other utilization purposes in Kifula ward.

Therefore, this indicates that NWFPs collected have a greater role in ensuring Food security

at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

Figure 4. Utilization of non-wood forest products at Kifula ward in Kilimanjaro,

Tanzania

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Food Selling Treatments Food andSelling

Food andTreatments

Selling andtreatments

Food,selling andTreatments

Nu

mb

er

of

resp

on

de

nts

Purpose of utilization

27

4.3.0 Problems/Threats facing utilization of Non-wood forest products at Kifula ward

4.3.1 Deforestation

Food and other non-wood forest products are available in the forest. The problems of

availability of the non-wood forest products are therefore directly related to the problem of

disappearance of forests. Cutting down of forest trees without planting others is one of the

major threat or problem facing Forests in Kifula ward hence this made the availability of non-

wood forest products around Kifula ward to decrease as a result of clearing of trees. This is so

because as trees disappear the integrity of the ecosystem is reduced and biodiversity is lost.

Thus, the availability of NWFPs is reduced along with deforestation and associated

biodiversity loss (Otieno, 2000).

A loss of diversity in farms also leaves crops more vulnerable to pests and diseases. Serious

economic loss and human suffering are inevitable when pests attack mono-cultural and

uniform varieties. In addition, there has been serious decline in soil organisms, which are vital

for soil fertility and structure, and beneficial insects and fungi are also disappearing. Such

losses, along with reduced diversity of farming systems types, further increase risks and reduce

productivity.

4.3.2 Presence of dangerous animals in the forests

The presence of dangerous animals in the forests was stated as one of the obstacle facing

utilization of non-wood forest products to the people around Kifula ward. Dangerous animals

such as snakes, hyena, scorpions, sting bees and poisonous spiders are the example of animals

which are dangerous that found inside forests, hence in that essence some of the people creates

fear during the collection of Non-wood forest products. Also some of the respondents said that

they do not allow their Childs to go for collection in the forests as a result of the existence of

dangerous animals in the forests.

28

4.3.3 Insufficient knowledge on processing and preservation of non-wood forest products

This is one of the problems facing people that collect non-wood forest products in Kifula

ward. Hence as a result of lack of enough knowledge on how to process NWFPs they go into

deterioration in a short time, in this essence insufficient knowledge on processing and

preservation of non-wood forest products became one of the major threats with regards to

utilization of non-wood forest products.

29

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

It has been further established that NWFPs contribute either directly or indirectly to

household food security. They contribute directly by providing food for consumption, and

indirectly by income generation. The income can then be used to purchase food from the

market.

Integration of modern technologies in activities related to wild foods has not been widely

reported. It is therefore pertinent that efforts be made to incorporate modern technologies in

identification, preparation, preservation and storage of wild foods.

The study has revealed that deforestation, presence of dangerous animals in the forest and

insufficient knowledge on processing and preservation of non-wood forest products are the

main threats against collection and utilization of NWFPs for household food security.

5.2 Recommendations

Large numbers of people already depend on collection of Non-wood forest products as a

source of food and income. By supporting those activities and helping to make them more

profitable and sustainable, the livelihood of those concerned can be improved and their food

security enhanced. This is of particular relevance for the landless and other disadvantaged

groups, as these are the people who generally depends the most on these activities.

It is also recommended that knowledge on processing and preservation of non-wood forest

products should be provided to the people in various parts of the country so that people will

obtain enough knowledge that will make them benefit from Non-wood forest products

collected to raise their living standards and the country economy.

Establishment of clear marketing channels for non-wood forest products will provide income

to households. Transparency and promotional activities will increase demand for the forest

30

foods. In general, indirect contribution of NWFPs to household food security through income

generation depends on availability of market. Most policy makers have not acknowledged the

need for markets for such products. It is therefore recommended that detailed studies on

establishment of good marketing system of all types of wild foods be conducted.

To ensure mass production and sustainability of non-wood forest products efforts aimed at

domestication of these resources should be enhanced. To this end, studies should be done on

suitable agronomic practices of various species producing non-wood forest products.

31

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Arnold, J.E.M. 1995. Socio-economic benefits and issues in non-wood forest products use.

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Indonesia, 17-27 January 1995. Non-Wood Forest Products 3. FAO, Rome.

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Atangana, A.R., Ukafor, V., Anegbeh, P., Asaah E., Tchoundjeu, Z., Fondoun J.M.,

Ndoumbe, M. and Leakey, R.B.B. 2002. Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis: 2. the

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Chikamai, B. and Tchatat, M. 2004. Forest management for non-wood forest products and

Services in Africa. A report prepared for the project, “Lessons learnt on sustainable

Forest management in Africa.” KSLA/AFORNET/FAO. 35 pp.

FAO (1990). The major significance of minor forest products. The local use and value of

Forests in the Western African humid forest zones. FAO, Rome

FAO (1995). Edible nuts. Non-Wood Forest Products No. 5, Rome

FAO (1999a). The state of food insecurity in the world. Pp 31

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FAO (1999b) Non-wood Forest Products and income generation UnasylvaAn international 29

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Falconer, J. and Kopell, C.R.S. 1990. The major significance of ‘minor’ forest products. In:

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Ishengoma C.G. (1998). The role of Women in household food security in Morogoro rural

and Kilosa districts PhD Thesis SUA. pp 371.

Hamza, K.F.S(1997). Introduction to Non-wood forest products NWFPs. Compendium for

Teaching BSc. Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Sokoine University of Agriculture,

Morogoro. 80 pp.

Hamza, K. F. S, Msalilwa, U.L and Mwakimbullah, R.J.L (2007). Contribution of Non-Timber

Forest Products to household food security and income generation; a case of villages

around Mgori Forest in Singida, Tanzania. Journal of the Tanzania association of

foresters11:11-22.

Kajembe G.C. (1994). Indigenous Management System as a basis for community forestry in

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Tanzania.

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35

7.0 APPENDICES

7.1 APPENDIX I

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

Section A: Background information

1. Name of respondent......................................................

2. District…………. Division…….…. Ward……………Village………….

3. Age…………

4. Sex………….

5. Marital status: Single…… Married…. Divorced……. Widow…….

6. Education level: ……………...

7. Ethnic group: ………………...

8. Size of household: …………….

9. Main occupation of household: ……………

Section B: Availability of Non-wood forest products

1. For how long have been residing in this village?.............................. years

a) Do you collect NWFPs? Yes/No…………

b) If yes, what types of NWFPs do you collect? ............................

2. How frequent do you go for collection of NWFPs?

a) Daily…….

36

b) Weekly……

c) Monthly……

d) Occasionally….

3. How much do you collect?

a) Enough for meal ( )

b) As much as possible ( )

4. What is the current availability of NWFPs as compared to the past years?

a) Constant ( )

b) Increasing ( )

c) Decreasing ( )

d) Fluctuating ( )

Section C; Collection, Processing & Utilization of NWFPs

1. Do you use food plants?

a) Yes ( )

b) No ( )

2. If yes where do you get them?

a) Collect yourself from the forest ( )

b) Buy from the collectors ( )

3. What type of plant species do you use?

Plant species Quantity collected Frequency of collection

4. Are you processing the NWFPs collected?

37

a) Yes ( )

b) No ( )

If yes how?

5. Are you preserving the NWFPs collected?

c) Yes ( )

d) No ( )

6. If yes, why are you preserving them?

a) To use them during shortage ( )

b) For sale ( )

c) Others Specify ( )

7. Do you sell NWFPs?

a) Yes ( )

b) No ( )

8. If yes, how much money do you get per week from selling NWFPs in Tsh?

a) Less than 5,000/= ( )

b) 5,000/= to 10,000/= ( )

c) More than 10,000/= ( )

9. What are uses of money you get from selling NWFPs?

38

7.2 APPENDIX II

Focus Group Discussion

1. Village Leaders

i. What is the name of the village?

ii. What is the population of your village?

iii. What are the main economic activities in this village?

iv. What are NWFPs available and how used in this village?

Main product of NWFPs Uses

Honey

Medicinal Plants

Thatching grasses

Vegetables

Fruits

Edible Mushrooms

Fibres

Others specify

2. Village Elders

i. For how long have you been in this village?

ii. How is the situation with respect to the availability of NWFPs in the past years as

compared to now?

39

iii. What are commonly used NWFPs in this village? List them

iv. When is NWFPs mostly used?

v. What are the constraints/threats with regard to utilization of non-wood forest

products?

3. Traditional Healers

i. When did you start this activity?

ii. Which plant species do you use in your activities?

Plant species Diseases Part used

iii. What is the number of patients treated per week?

iv. How much money is earned per week?

v. What are the uses of money you earn from selling Medicinal products?

vi. Do you have any other alternative economic activity (s)?

a) Yes ( )

b) No ( )

vii. If yes list them.

viii. How much money you earn from them?