William Shakespeare’s Romeo & Juliet

Acts 1 & 2 English Language Arts 206 Vincent Massey Collegiate

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The  Tales  of  Chivalric  Romances  and  Courtly  Love  

Very  few  of  William  Shakespeare’s  plays  would  be  considered  completely  ‘original’  works,  and  Romeo  &  Juliet  is  no  exception.  The  story  was  Cirst  written  as  a  poem  entitled  The  Tragical  History  of  Romeus  &  Juliet  in  1562.  Shakespeare’s  version  differs  quite  a  bit  from  the  original  plot,  but  they  can  both  be  considered  part  of  the  same  genre  of  literature:  courtly  love  stories.      

Common  Elements  of  Courtly  Love  Stories  

• A  knight  in  shining  armour  falls  in  love  with  a  woman.  • He  almost  always  falls  in  love  from  afar  (sometimes  below).  • The  love  is  based  solely  on  her  appearance.  • They  can’t  be  together  at  Cirst,  which  causes  inexpressible  pain  to  both  of  them.    • The  pain  was  not  just  emotional;  it  was  physical  pain.  • The  pains  of  love  often  resulted  in  the  death  of  one  (or  both)  of  the  characters.  • The  knight  usually  has  a  best  friend  that  is  equal  to  him  in  every  way.  • The  knight  usually  has  an  enemy  that  is  equal  to  him  in  every  way,  but  the  enemy  was  

from  a  different  country,  social  class,  or  religion.  • The  knight  usually  had  an  old  man  to  help  him  on  his  adventure.  • The  knight  usually  had  a  servant  deliver  messages  to  his  beloved.  • The  knight  was  almost  always  a  poet,  though  not  always  a  very  good  one.    • The  qualities  of  the  characters  were  exaggerated  to  the  point  of  disbelief.  • The  writer  used  a  technique  called  signposting,  which  means  giving  clues  about  

what’s  coming.  This  usually  meant  that  the  story’s  plot  was  often  given  in  advance.  

• When  describing  women,  the  writer  compared  them  to:  1. The  Virgin  Mary  2. Heaven,  or  anything  heaven-­‐related  3. The  sun  or  other  stars  4. The  moon  5. Precious  jewels  6. Spring  and  Clowers  7. White  doves  8. Anything  bright  9. Something  green  (a  symbol  for  youth)  10. Something  white  (a  symbol  for  innocence/purity)  

 

 

 

Prologue  

Chorus  

“Two  households,  both  alike  in  dignity,  In  fair  Verona,  where  we  lay  our  scene,  From  ancient  grudge  break  to  new  mutiny,  Where  civil  blood  makes  civil  hands  unclean.  From  forth  the  fatal  loins  of  these  two  foes  A  pair  of  star-­‐crossed  lovers  take  their  life,  Whose  misadventured  piteous  overthrows  Doth  with  their  death  bury  their  parents̓  strife.  The  fearful  passage  of  their  death-­‐marked  love  And  the  continuance  of  their  parents̓  rage,  Which  but  their  children̓s  end,  naught  could  remove,  Is  now  the  two-­‐hours̓trafCic  of  our  stage;  The  which  if  you  with  patient  ears  attend,  What  here  shall  miss,  our  toil  shall  strive  to  mend.”  

[Exit]  

A) Rewrite  the  Prologue  in  Modern  English  

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Guiding  Question  1:  Is  Romeo  and  Juliet  a  realistic  love  story?  

Guiding  Question  2:  Would  you  consider  Romeo  a  hero?

B)  For  what  purpose  would  Shakespeare  spoil  the  ending  of  Romeo  &  Juliet  in  the  Prologue?  _________________________________________________________________________________________________  _________________________________________________________________________________________________  _________________________________________________________________________________________________  

Act  1  Scene  1  

Characters:  Sampson,  Gregory,  Abraham,  Benvolio,  Tybalt,  Capulet,  Montague,  Lady  Capulet,  Lady  Montague,  Prince  Escalus,  and  Romeo.  

A) How  is  the  dialogue  between  Sampson  and  Gregory  a  reSlection  on  the  status  of  women  during  the  Elizabethan  Age?  

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B)  The  name  “Benvolio”  translates  to  “good-­‐will”  or  “peacemaker”.  Find  and  describe  two  examples  in  the  scene  where  Benvolio  lives  up  to  his  name.    

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C)  Find  an  example  in  the  scene  where  Benvolio  and  Romeo  Sinish  each  other’s  sentence  while  still  maintaining  the  iambic  pentameter.  What  is  Shakespeare  suggesting  about  their  friendship?  

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“Well,  in  that  hit  you  miss.  She'll  not  be  hit  With  Cupid's  arrow.  She  hath  Dian's  wit,  And,  in  strong  proof  of  chastity  well  armed,  From  Love's  weak  childish  bow  she  lives  uncharmed.    She  will  not  stay  the  siege  of  loving  terms,  Nor  bide  th'  encounter  of  assailing  eyes,  Nor  ope  her  lap  to  saint-­‐seducing  gold.  O,  she  is  rich  in  beauty;  only  poor  That,  when  she  dies,  with  dies  her  store.”  

D)  What  tactics  does  Romeo  use  in  order  to  woo  this  woman?  What  does  he  suggest  about  beauty?  What  is  Romeo  really  after?  You  can  answer  these  questions  by  translating  the  lines  into  your  own  words.    

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Do  you  think  Romeo  is  describing  love  or  something  else?

Act  1  Scene  2  

Characters:  Capulet,  County  Paris,  Clown,  Romeo,  and  Benvolio.  

“And  too  soon  marred  are  those  so  early  made.    Earth  hath  swallowed  all  my  hopes  but  she.    She's  the  hopeful  lady  of  my  earth.    But  woo  her,  gentle  Paris,  get  her  heart.    My  will  to  her  consent  is  but  a  part.    An  she  agreed  within  her  scope  of  choice,    Lies  my  consent  and  fair  according  voice.”  

A) What  do  these  lines  suggest  about  Capulet’s  relationship  with  his  daughter?  Explain.    

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Benvolio  Compare  her  face  with  some  that  I  shall  show,  And  I  will  make  thee  think  thy  swan  a  crow.  

Romeo  When  the  devout  religion  of  mine  eye  Maintains  such  falsehood,  then  turn  tears  to  Cires,  And  these,  who,  often  drowned,  could  never  die,  Transparent  heretics,  be  burnt  for  liars!  One  fairer  than  my  love?  The  all-­‐seeing  sun                                                                          

           Ne'er  saw  her  match  since  Cirst  the  world  begun.  

Benvolio  Tut,  you  saw  her  fair,  none  else  being  by,  Herself  poised  with  herself  in  either  eye.  But  in  that  crystal  scales  let  there  be  weighed  Your  lady’s  love  against  some  other  maid  That  I  will  show  you  shining  at  the  feast,  And  she  shall  scant  show  well  that  now  shows  best.  

B)  Find  three  metaphors  in  these  lines.  

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Act  1  Scene  3  

Characters:  Lady  Capulet,  Nurse,  Juliet  

A) While  discussing  Paris,  Lady  Capulet  and  the  Nurse  describe  him  as  book  and  a  man  of  wax.  What  do  each  of  these  metaphors  suggest  about  Paris?  

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“So  shall  you  share  all  that  he  doth  possess,  Be  having  him,  making  yourself  no  less.”  

B)  What  is  Lady  Capulet  saying  in  the  lines?  After  this  scene,  do  you  believe  she  is  a  good  mother?  Why  or  why  not?  

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After reading the first three scenes, consider how

Shakespeare probably felt about Elizabethan marriage customs.

Act  1  Scene  4  

Characters:  Romeo,  Mercutio,  Benvolio,  Capulet,  Tybalt,  Juliet,  Nurse  

ROMEO  Is  love  a  tender  thing?  It  is  too  rough,  Too  rude,  too  boisterous,  and  it  pricks  like  thorn.  

MERCUTIO  If  love  be  rough  with  you,  be  rough  with  love.  Prick  love  for  pricking,  and  you  beat  love  down.—  Give  me  a  case  to  put  my  visage  in!  A  visor  for  a  visor.—What  care  I  What  curious  eye  doth  cote  deformities?  Here  are  the  beetle  brows  shall  blush  for  me.  

A) What  is  Mercutio's  solution  for  Romeo’s  lovesickness?    

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B)        What  role  do  masks  play  in  this  scene?  

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And  in  this  state  she  gallops  night  by  night  Through  lovers'  brains,  and  then  they  dream  of  love;  On  courtiers'  knees,  that  dream  on  curtsies  straight;  O'er  lawyers'  Cingers,  who  straight  dream  on  fees;  O'er  ladies'  lips,  who  straight  on  kisses  dream…  Sometime  she  gallops  o'er  a  courtier’s  nose,  

And  then  dreams  he  of  smelling  out  a  suit.  

And  sometime  comes  she  with  a  tithe-­‐pig’s  tail  Tickling  a  parson’s  nose  as  he  lies  asleep,  Then  he  dreams  of  another  beneCice.  Sometime  she  driveth  o'er  a  soldier’s  neck,  And  then  dreams  he  of  cutting  foreign  throats,  Of  breaches,  ambuscadoes,  Spanish  blades,  

C)  Summarize  this  section  of  Shakespeare’s  famous  Queen  Mab  speech  in  your  own  words.  Consider  what’s  being  said  about  Elizabethan  society.  

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D)  Describe  the  sudden  change  in  tone  during  his  speech.  What  might  Shakespeare  be  suggesting  by  doing  this?  

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E)  What  is  Mercutio’s  opinion  on  dreams?  

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I  fear  too  early,  for  my  mind  misgives  Some  consequence  yet  hanging  in  the  stars  Shall  bitterly  begin  his  fearful  date  With  this  night’s  revels,  and  expire  the  term  Of  a  despisèd  life  closed  in  my  breast  By  some  vile  forfeit  of  untimely  death.  

F)  What  literary  technique  is  Shakespeare  using  in  these  lines?  What  effect  does  it  have  on  the  rest  of  the  play?  

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“Oh,  she  doth  teach  the  torches  to  burn  bright!  It  seems  she  hangs  upon  the  cheek  of  night  Like  a  rich  jewel  in  an  Ethiope’s  ear,  Beauty  too  rich  for  use,  for  earth  too  dear.  So  shows  a  snowy  dove  trooping  with  crows  As  yonder  lady  o'er  her  fellows  shows.  The  measure  done,  I’ll  watch  her  place  of  stand,  And,  touching  hers,  make  blessèd  my  rude  hand.  Did  my  heart  love  till  now?  Forswear  it,  sight!  For  I  ne'er  saw  true  beauty  till  this  night.”  

G)  Find  three  examples  of  Medieval  imagery.    

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H)  Compare  Romeo’s  poetic  skills  here  with  his  poem  about  Rosaline.  What’s  different?  Do  they  say  anything  about  Romeo’s  love?  

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Sonnet  Structure  

There  are  fourteen  lines  in  a  Shakespearean  sonnet.  The  Cirst  twelve  lines  are  divided  into  three  quatrains  with  four  lines  each.  In  the  three  quatrains  the  poet  establishes  a  theme  or  problem  and  then  resolves  it  in  the  Cinal  two  lines,  called  the  couplet.  The  rhyme  scheme  of  the  quatrains  is  ABAB  CDCD  EFEF  The  couplet  has  the  rhyme  scheme  GG.  This  sonnet  structure  is  commonly  called  the  English  sonnet  or  the  Shakespearean  sonnet,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Italian  Petrarchan  sonnet  form  which  has  two  parts:  a  rhyming  octave  (abbaabba)  and  a  rhyming  sestet  (cdcdcd).  The  Petrarchan  sonnet  style  was  extremely  popular  with  Elizabethan  sonneteers,  much  to  Shakespeare's  disdain  (he  mocks  the  conventional  and  excessive  Petrarchan  style  in  Sonnet  130).  Although  love  is  the  overarching  theme  of  the  sonnets,  there  are  three  speciCic  underlying  themes:  (1)  the  brevity  of  life,  (2)  the  transience  of  beauty,  and  (3)  the  trappings  of  desire.  1_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Juliet:  “My  grave  is  like  to  be  my  wedding  bed.”  

What  literary  device  is  Shakespeare  using  in  this  line?  Give  details.  

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Mabillard, Amanda. Shakespearean Sonnet Basics: Iambic Pentameter and the English 1

Sonnet Style. Shakespeare Online. 30 Aug. 2000. < http://www.shakespeare-online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html >

Romeo  If  I  profane  with  my  unworthiest  hand  This  holy  shrine,  the  gentle  sin  is  this:  My  lips,  two  blushing  pilgrims,  ready  stand  To  smooth  that  rough  touch  with  a  tender  kiss.  

Juliet  Good  pilgrim,  you  do  wrong  your  hand  too  much,  Which  mannerly  devotion  shows  in  this,  For  saints  have  hands  that  pilgrims'  hands  do  touch,  And  palm  to  palm  is  holy  palmers'  kiss.  

Romeo  Have  not  saints  lips,  and  holy  palmers  too?  

Juliet  Ay,  pilgrim,  lips  that  they  must  use  in  prayer.  

Romeo  O,  then,  dear  saint,  let  lips  do  what  hands  do.  They  pray;  grant  thou,  lest  faith  turn  to  despair.  

Juliet  Saints  do  not  move,  though  grant  for  prayers'  sake.  

Romeo  Then  move  not,  while  my  prayer’s  effect  I  take

Act  2  Scene  1  

Characters:  Romeo,  Benvolio,  Mercutio,  Juliet,  Nurse  

“Romeo!  Humours,  madman,  passion,  lover!  Appear  thou  in  the  likeness  of  a  sigh!  Speak  but  one  rhyme,  and  I  am  satisCied.  Cry  but  “Ay  me!”  Pronounce  but  “love”  and  “dove.””  

A) Based  on  these  lines,  what  do  you  think  is  Mercutio’s  opinion  about  romantic  poetry?  What  does  it  suggest  about  love?  

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But  soft!  What  light  through  yonder  window  breaks?  It  is  the  east,  and  Juliet  is  the  sun.  Arise,  fair  sun,  and  kill  the  envious  moon,  Who  is  already  sick  and  pale  with  grief,  That  thou,  her  maid,  art  far  more  fair  than  she.  Be  not  her  maid  since  she  is  envious.  Her  vestal  livery  is  but  sick  and  green,  And  none  but  fools  do  wear  it.  Cast  it  off!  It  is  my  lady.  Oh,  it  is  my  love.  Oh,  that  she  knew  she  were!  She  speaks,  yet  she  says  nothing.  What  of  that?  Her  eye  discourses.  I  will  answer  it.—  I  am  too  bold.  'Tis  not  to  me  she  speaks.  

Two  of  the  fairest  stars  in  all  the  heaven,  Having  some  business,  do  entreat  her  eyes  To  twinkle  in  their  spheres  till  they  return.  What  if  her  eyes  were  there,  they  in  her  head?  The  brightness  of  her  cheek  would  shame  those  stars  As  daylight  doth  a  lamp.  Her  eye  in  heaven  Would  through  the  airy  region  stream  so  bright  That  birds  would  sing  and  think  it  were  not  night.  See  how  she  leans  her  cheek  upon  her  hand.  Oh,  that  I  were  a  glove  upon  that  hand  That  I  might  touch  that  cheek!

B)  Find  Sive  examples  of  feminine  imagery  in  these  lines.  (Hint:  Refer  to  the  page  earlier  in  the  course  package)  

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C)  What  is  Romeo  really  saying?  What  does  this  suggest  about  the  whole  process  of  courtship?  

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O  Romeo,  Romeo!  Wherefore  art  thou  Romeo?  Deny  thy  father  and  refuse  thy  name.  Or,  if  thou  wilt  not,  be  but  sworn  my  love,  And  I’ll  no  longer  be  a  Capulet.    'Tis  but  thy  name  that  is  my  enemy.  Thou  art  thyself,  though  not  a  Montague.  What’s  Montague?  It  is  nor  hand,  nor  foot,  Nor  arm,  nor  face,  nor  any  other  part  Belonging  to  a  man.  O,  be  some  other  name!  

What’s  in  a  name?  That  which  we  call  a  rose  By  any  other  word  would  smell  as  sweet.  So  Romeo  would,  were  he  not  Romeo  called,  Retain  that  dear  perfection  which  he  owes  Without  that  title.  Romeo,  doff  thy  name,  And  for  that  name,  which  is  no  part  of  thee  Take  all  myself.

D)  Figure  out  what  Juliet  is  saying  by  translating  these  lines  into  your  own  words.  Do  you  agree  with  what  she’s  saying?  Is  she  totally  correct?  

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“Hist!  Romeo,  hist!—Oh,  for  a  falconer’s  voice,  To  lure  this  tassel-­‐gentle  back  again!”  

E)  What  is  Juliet  comparing  Romeo  to?  Why  is  this  signiSicant?  

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Act  2  Scene  2  

Characters:  Friar  Laurence,  Romeo  

“Virtue  itself  turns  vice,  being  misapplied,  And  vice  sometime  by  action  digniCied.”  

A) What  is  Friar  Laurence  saying?  How  is  this  idea  represented  in  the  play?  

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Consider  how  someone’s  name  can  change  how  they  are  

perceived.

“Holy  Saint  Francis,  what  a  change  is  here!  Is  Rosaline,  whom  thou  didst  love  so  dear,  So  soon  forsaken?  Young  men’s  love  then  lies  Not  truly  in  their  hearts,  but  in  their  eyes.  …  If  e'er  thou  wast  thyself  and  these  woes  thine,  Thou  and  these  woes  were  all  for  Rosaline.  And  art  thou  changed?  Pronounce  this  sentence  then:  Women  may  fall  when  there’s  no  strength  in  men.”  

B)  What  is  Friar  Laurence’s  criticism  of  Romeo?  Explain  the  last  two  lines.  

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Act  2  Scene  3  

Characters:  Benvolio,  Mercutio,  Romeo,  Nurse,  Peter  

A) Mercutio  describes  at  length  Tybalt’s  Slawless  Sighting  style.  He  follows  this  by  criticizing  the  higher  classes  and  their  “manners”.  What  might  these  lines  suggest  about  Shakespeare’s  view  on  social  classes?  

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B)  How  does  the  Nurse  respond  to  Merutio’s  sauciness?  Find  an  example  in  the  play  to  support  your  answer.  

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C)  In  your  opinion,  who  is  a  better  role  model  for  Juliet:  Lady  Capulet  or  the  Nurse?  Why?  

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Act  2  Scene  4  

Characters:  Juliet,  Nurse  

“Had  she  affections  and  warm  youthful  blood,  She  would  be  as  swift  in  motion  as  a  ball.  My  words  would  bandy  her  to  my  sweet  love,  And  his  to  me.  But  old  folks,  many  feign  as  they  were  dead,  Unwieldy,  slow,  heavy,  and  pale  as  lead.”  

A) What  is  Juliet’s  justiSication  for  her  Nurse’s  lateness?  Also,  Sind  the  three  similes  used  in  these  lines.  

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“Well,  you  have  made  a  simple  choice.  You  know  not  how  to  choose  a  man.  Romeo!  No,  not  he,  though  his  face  be  better  than  any  man’s,  yet  his  leg  excels  all  men’s,  and  for  a  hand  and  a  foot  and  a  body,  though  they  be  not  to  be  talked  on,  yet  they  are  past  compare.  He  is  not  the  Clower  of  courtesy,  but,  I’ll  warrant  him,  as  gentle  as  a  lamb.”  

B)  Reread  the  Nurse’s  assessment  of  Romeo.  What  about  him  is  she  describing?  Try  and  remember  how  Paris  was  described  in  Act  1  Scene  3.  Are  they  really  that  different?  Why,  in  your  opinion,  do  you  think  Juliet  prefers  Romeo?  

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“These  violent  delights  have  violent  ends  And  in  their  triumph  die,  like  Cire  and  powder,  Which,  as  they  kiss,  consume.  The  sweetest  honey  Is  loathsome  in  his  own  deliciousness  And  in  the  taste  confounds  the  appetite.  Therefore  love  moderately.  Long  love  doth  so.  Too  swift  arrives  as  tardy  as  too  slow.”  

C)  Explain  the  last  two  lines  of  the  Act  by  Friar  Laurence.  What  is  he  hinting  at?    

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D)  Based  on  these  lines,  what  is  the  Friar’s  opinion  on  love?  Do  you  agree  or  disagree?  Is  it  realistic  or  unrealistic?  

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