S r o m e b i I CxataraSvili – SavSeTis materialur-kulturuli Zeglebi (saTlelis svetis cixe) 56 Tornike diasamiZe – banas saepiskoposo 65 kaxa qamadaZe – tbeTis saepiskoposo 71

- 1 -

SoTa rusTavelis

saxelmwifo universiteti

studentTa samecniero centri

studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis

S r o m e b i

I

gamomcemloba

`SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti~

baTumi _ 2010

UDC (uak) 379.4(479.223)(063)+902(479.223)+94(479.223)+39(=351.1)

b-179

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studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebis.

“______” “_________________”

studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebis I

krebulis.

“______” “_________________”

saredeqcio kolegia:

mTavari redaqtori: prof. amiran kaxiZe

saredaqcio kolegiis wevrebi:

Tamaz darCiZe, laSa baJunaiSvili,

tariel kviciani, Tengiz SalamberiZe

studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Srome-

bis I krebuli ibeWdeba SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis studenturi TviTmmarTvelobis finansuri mxardaWe-

riT.

ISSN 1987-9318

© `SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti~ _ 2010

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s a r C e v i

winasityvaoba 4

arqeologia

Tengiz SalamberiZe _ quTaisi Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi 6

ana saxvaZe _ importuli minis WurWlis dinamika

adreantikuri xanis saqarTveloSi 14

sulxan oqropiriZe _ importuli keramikis erTi jgufi

fiWvnaris Zv.w V saukunis berZnuli nekropolidan 21

genadi cincaZe – gonio-afsarosSi 2009 wels warmoebuli

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi 26

giorgi kareliZe – dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

adreeuli da Sua saukuneebis samarxTa tipebi da maTi

SedarebiTi analizi 35

Tamaz darCiZe _ rkinis lazuri culebi samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelodan 43

istoria

andro samxaraZe – saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi zogierT

rusul wyaroSi 49

guram CxataraSvili – SavSeTis materialur-kulturuli Zeglebi

(saTlelis svetis cixe) 56

Tornike diasamiZe – banas saepiskoposo 65

kaxa qamadaZe – tbeTis saepiskoposo 71

lamara burkaZe _ mogzauroba istoriul tao-klarjeTSi 81

sofo kanTelaZe – qarTuli renesansis qristianuli

msoflmxedveloba 87

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winasityvaoba

moxaruli varT, rom mogveca SesaZlebloba, raTa davafuZnoT

kidev erTi tradicia - periodulad gamovceT studentTa da

axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebis krebuli. studentTa

da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumi gasul wels mesamed Catar-

da da SeiZleba iTqvas, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetSi is tradiciad iqca. aRniSnul proeqts mniSvnelovani

wvlili Seaqvs studetTa samecniero muSaobis gaaqtiurebasa da

samecniero muSaobis popularizebis saqmeSi.

studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumi 2007 wels

dafuZnda. Semdgom wlebSi simpoziumis farglebSi warmatebiT

imuSava arqeologiis, eTnologiis, inJineriisa da mSeneblobis,

arqeologiisa da istoriis seqciebma. 2007 wlidan dRemde sim-

poziumSi monawileoben SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universi-

tetis, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis, saqarTvelos

teqnikuri universitetis, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo

universitetisa da saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelmwifo

universitetis studentebi, romlebmac araerTi saintereso da

mniSvnelovani samecniero naSromi gaacnes sazogadoebas.

studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa samecniero simpoziumis

organizeba Zneli warmosadgeni iqneboda mudmivi da erTguli

partniorebis gareSe, romlebic ukve meoTxe welia mxars uWeren

da saTanado daxmarebas uweven proeqts. Cven madloba gvinda ga-

davuxadoT SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitets, baTumis

arqeologiis muzeums, niko berZeniSvilis instituts, gonio-

afsarosis muzeum-nakrZals, petra-cixisZiris muzeum-nakrZals.

studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumi yovelwliu-

rad tardeba SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis stu-

denturi TviTmmarTvelobis mxardaWeriT, winamdebare gamocemac

swored am organizaciis mxardaWeris Sedegia. Cven aseve madlo-

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bas vuxdiT studentTa momsaxurebisa da mxardaWeris samsaxurs

TanadgomisaTvis.

studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa Sromebis I krebulSi

Sesulia studentTa naSromebi, romlebic wakiTxul iqna stu-

dentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa III simpoziumze 2009 wlis 18-

19 noembers. vfiqrobT, krebuli saintereso iqneba studente-

bisaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

Tamaz darCiZe

studentTa samecniero centris xelmZRvaneli.

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studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I

Tengiz SalamberiZe

akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.

arqeologiis specialobis magistraturis

II kursi.

mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: omar lanCava

quTaisi Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi

quTaisi _ saqarTvelos burji, imereTis guli, mdinare

rionis orsave napirze ganlagebuli, erTmaneTs Senacvle-

buli gorak-borcvebi da vake dablobebi. es asimetriuloba

am qalaqs erT-erT ulamazes da Tvalwarmtac qalaqad xdis.

cnobili gamoTqma _ saqarTveloSi yvela sofeli naqala-

qaria da yvela qalaqi aTasjer naqalaqario, yvelaze metad

albaT quTaiss miesadageba, arqeologiur Zeglebs, rom-

lebic ukve aRmoCenilia da kvlavac Cndeba quTaisisa da

misi midamoebis teritoriaze, aTaswleulTa siRrmeebisaken

mivyavarT. es Zeglebi quTaisis uZvelesi da Zveli istoriis

Sesaswavlad erT-erT ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens, vinai-

dan werilobiTi wyaroebis araCveulebrivi simciris, xolo

istoriis garkveul monakveTze _ maTi saerTod ar arsebo-

bis gamo, bunebrivia, arqeologiuri masalis moSveliebis

gareSe quTaisis istoriis erT mTlianobaSi warmodgena

sruliad SeuZlebelia.

1974 wlidan qalaq quTaisSi muSaobs quTaisis Semswav-

leli mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspedicia profesor

omar lanCavas xelmZRvanelobiT. wlebis manZilze gaTxrebi

mimdinareobs mdinare rionis marjvena napirze aRmarTul

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gorakze mdebare cixe-qalaqis, bagratis taZrisa da gabaSvi-

lis goris teritoriaze. aq aRmoCenili mravalricxovani

arqeologiuri masala gadmoeca quTaisis istoriuli muzeu-

mis arqeologiis fondsacavs da mimdinareobs am nivTebis

samuzeumo wesiT Seswavla da damuSaveba.

Zv.w. VIII-´VII saukuneebi kolxeTis socialur-ekono-

mikur da politikur cxovrebaSi umniSvnelovanesi xanaa. am

periodSi iwyeba kolxeTis teritoriaze rkinis farTod aT-

viseba, romelmac didi gadatrialeba moaxdina sazogadoeb-

riv da kulturul-sameurneo cxovrebaSi.

am periodis namosaxlarebi saqarTveloSi zRvispira

zolSi, Sida kolxeTSi Tu mTianeTSi mravladaa aRmoCeni-

li. ZiriTadad Zeglebi warmodgenili aris namosaxlarebis

da samarovnebis saxiT; aRmoCenilia rkinis warmoebis

uamravi naSTebi.

rogorc Cven viciT da arqeologiuri monacemebic gviC-

veneben, quTaisis mxareSi saukeTeso pirobebi arsebobda

sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis warmatebuli ganviTarebi-

saTvis, yovelive amas xeli Seuwyo rkinis farTod

aTvisebam. aq yvela piroba arsebobda imisaTvis, rom rkinis

damuSaveba umaRles safexurze asuliyo. aq moipoveboda

madneuli, xe-tye da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, arsebobda li-

Tonwarmoebis Zveli tradiciebi. ukve Zv.w. VIII-´VII sauku-

neebSi rkinas brinjaosTan erTad wamyvani adgili uWiravs.

am periodis nawarmi mravladaa arqeologiur masalebSi.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia warmoebis naSTebis uaxlesi

aRmoCenebi Zveli qalaqis sxvadasxva ubanSi. esenia: widebi,

Tixis saqSeni milis fragmentebi, culisa da satexis qvisagan

damzadebuli yalibebi. rkinis warmoebis naSTebi aRmoCnda

2005 wels quTaisis vake teritoriaze, kerZod, griSaSvilisa

da rusTavelis quCis gadakveTaze. warmoebis naSTebi Ziri-

Tadad warmodgenili iyo rkinis widebiT da Tixis saqSeni

milebis fragmentebis saxiT, rac mianiSnebs meliTone-

- 8 -

xelosanTa ubnis arsebobaze. rkinis warmoebis farTo mas-

Stabebs upiratesad ganapirobebda miwaTmoqmedebis aRmav-

loba da saerTod soflis meurneobis intensiuri ganviTa-

reba. rkina aseve farTod gamoiyeneboda mravaldargovan

xelosnobaSi da samxedro saqmis interesebiTac iaraR-

saWurvlis damzadebisaTvis rkinasTan erTad brinjaos niv-

Tebis damzadebac xdeboda. amaze metyvelebs brinjaosagan

damzadebuli imdroindeli sameurneo Tu saomari daniS-

nulebis iaraRebi, culebi, Toxebi, isris pirebi da mcire

zomis qandakebebi. agreTve quTaisis eqspediciis mier iqna

aRmoCenili orfrTiani yunwiani isris piri, romelic Zv.w.

VIII saukuniT TariRdeba. aseTi isris pirebi im droisaTvis

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli.

quTaisSi Zv.w. VIII-´VII saukuneebis fenebSi aRmoCenili

mravalricxovani masalebi mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoad-

genen qalaqis xelosnuri warmoebis istoriisaTvis. rkinis

warmoebis gverdiT ayvavebas ganicdida meTuneobac. pirvel

rigSi aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenda nedleuli, kerami-

kuli Tixebi, romliTac

mdidaria quTaisis miwa-

wyali.

keramikuli warmoebis

calke xelosnur dargad

gamoyofis erT-erTi utyua-

ri mowmobaa keramikuli

Carxis SemoReba. sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom kerami-

kul Carxze damzadebuli WurWeli Cndeba dasavleT sa-

qarTveloSi sul cota Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan.

quTaisSi aRmoCenili Zv.w. ádre rkinis xanis sameTuneo

nawarmic, rogorc wesi, keramikul Carxzea damzadebuli.

keramikuli masala gamoirCeva formebis mravalferov-

nebiT da sinatifiT. Tixis nawarmi mravalricxovani, mra-

valferovani da amasTan erTad kargadaa gamomwvari.

- 9 -

wamyvani adgili uWiravs sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis sao-

jaxo WurWels: dergebs, qoTnebs, surebs, jamebs, sasmisebs

da sxva. yuradRebas iqcevs sameurneo damiSnulebis WurW-

lebis, dergebi simravle. maT aqvT vertikaluri yeli, rom-

lis gare zedapiri an sadaa, anda zogjer koncentrirebuli

RarebiT da savarcxliT gamoyvanili ornamentiTaa Sem-

kuli. zogierTi am tipis WurWeli ki farTo vertikaluri

kanelurebiTaa Semkuli da xSirad nawilobriv gapriale-

bulia.

garda sameurneo daniSnulebis WurWlebisa, did inte-

ress iwvevs saojaxo Tixis nawarmi, romlebic warmod-

genili aris surebis, qoTnebis da sasmisebis saxiT. maTi

umravlesoba ruxkeciania, magram aris yavisferkeciani da

mowiTalo-Calisfrad gamomwvari WurWlebic. gansakuTre-

bul yuradRebas ipyrobs kulturul fenaSi aRmoCenili

erTi mTliani koWobi, saojaxo keramikidan aRsaniSnavia

ramdenime fragmenti qoTnisa, romelTa zedapiri horizon-

taluri RarebiT an talRiseburi ornamentiTaa Semkuli.

sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia WurWlis yurebis simravle.

maTi umetesoba Semkulia

zoomorfuli saxeebiT. ase-

Tia saxeluris zeda mxares

daZerwili boloebwakveTi-

li cilindruli lilvi, ro-

melic SuaSi unagirisebura-

daa Cazneqili. aseTi masala cnobilia dasavleT saqarT-

velos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan. zogjer maTi gavrcelebis

areali scildeba dasavleT saqarTvelos da aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSic gadadis. saerTod ki am tipis WurWlebis

gavrcelebis areali kolxuri brinjaos kulturis gavr-

celebis sazRvrebSi Tavsdeba da kolxuri kulturis erT-

erT damaxasiaTebel elementad aris aRiarebuli. qrono-

- 10 -

logiurad ki winare antikur xanas, ufro zustad, gvian

brinjao-adre rkinis xanas ganekuTvneba.

quTaisis da saerTod Zveli namosaxlaris xuroT-

moZRvrebaze saubari sakmaod mwiri monacemebiT gvixdeba.

Tumca, samSeneblo wesebis Sesaxeb aq aRmoCenil masalebTan

erTad mniSvnelovan warmodgenas gviqmnis werilobiTi

wyaroebi da Zveli kolxuri namosaxlarebis, namWeduris,

nosiris da simagris arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, sadac saqme

gvaqvs mxolod xis arqiteqturasTan kolxeTSi.

analogiuri monacemebi dadasturebulia Zv.w. ÍII

saukunis namosaxlarebze

quTaisSic. xis arqiteqtu-

ris ganviTarebas maRal

doneze ganapirobebda kli-

maturi pirobebi da tyeebis

simravle, romelic iZleo-

da SesaniSnav saamSeneblo

masalas. kolxeTSi aRmoCe-

nili uZvelesi xis nagebo-

bani Zv.w. III aTaswleuliT TariRdeba da Senobis ZiriTadi

tipi „jargvali“ Tavs inaxavs TiTqmis ukanasknel dromde.

kolxeTis rogorc bari, aseve mTiswina zoli da mTiani

olqebi Zalze mWidrod aris dasaxlebuli. yvelgan ZiriTad

saamSeneblo masalas xe warmoadgenda. kolxuri sacxovreb-

lebis aRweriloba Semonaxuli aqvs romael arqiteqtors

vitruviuss, romelic ax.w. II saukuneSi moRvaweobda. am

avtoris naSromia „aTi wigni arqiteqturis Sesaxeb“, misi

gadmocemiT: „kolxebi pontos mxareSi tyis siuxvis gamo

awyoben miwaze marjvniv da marcxniv mTlian xeebs erT-

maneTs Soris maTi sigrZis toli manZilis datovebiT, maT

zemodan ki Tavsa da bolos gardigardmo gasdeben sxva

Zelebs, romlebic amgvarad zRudaven binis Siga sivrces.

Semdeg oTxive mxares kuTxeebSi SeuRlebuli xeebis

- 11 -

TandaTanobiT wyobiT amohyavT ra Zelebis Sveulad xis

kedlebi, ageben koSkebs da Sualedebs ki, romlebic xeebs

Soris rCeba mTeli sisqis gamo, amoavseben faTxebiTa da

TixiT. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba im azris aris, rom vit-

ruvius is aRwerilobaSi warmodgenilia kolxuri sacxov-

rebeli saxlis uZvelesi tipi: centralur erdoian-gvirgvi-

niani koSkura Zeluri nageboba.“

mSeneblobis aseTive wesi Cans quTaisis miwa-wyalzec.

nagebobaTa naSTebi aq ukve Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasaw-

yisidan Cndeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom es nagebobebi ZiriTadad

gamarTulia xelovnur miwatkepnilze, maT TixiT Selesili

xis kedlebi hqondaT. nagebobaTa erT nawils qvis saZir-

kveli aRmoaCnda.

qvis saZirkvlis Seqmna ki faqtobrivad siaxlea adrerki-

nis xanis kolxur arqiteqturaSi. agreTve SenobaTa win

dafiqsirda riyis qvebiT mokirwyluli ezoTa naSTebi da

quCebic ki.

xuroTmoZRvruli TvalsazrisiT Zalze saintereso ma-

sala mogvca bagratis taZarma da misma midamoebma. taZris

interierSi dadasturda 2 m-de simZlavris mxolod baTqa-

Sebs fena Zelebis anabeWdebiT. aRniSnuli fena Zalzed

gavrcelebuli iyo taZris CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT

nawilSi. rogorc Cans, aq Cawolili nagebobaTa kompleqsi

da misi daleqva meti kompaqturobiT Crdilo-aRmosavleT

mxares moxda, magram, samwuxarod, am Zeglis bolomde

gaTxra ver xerxdeba da amitom nagebobis zusti gegmis

dadgena SeuZlebeli gaxda.

Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi quTaisis ekonomikur ganviTa-

rebaze ZiriTadad mainc zogad aspeqtSi gviwevs saubari.

savaraudoa, rom qalaqis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Ziri-

Tad safuZvlad kvlav intensiuri miwaTmoqmedeba rCeboda,

romlis gverdiT warmatebiT viTardeboda mesaqonleoba da

mravaldargovani xelosnuri warmoeba. samiwaTmoqmedo

- 12 -

iaraRebSi brinjaos iaraRebis GgverdiT masiurad Semovida

rkinis iaraRebi: Toxebi, culebi, waldi, namgali da sxva.

warmoebis saSualebaTa gaumjobesebam ki Seqmna maRali

samiwaTmoqmedo meurneoba. gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvne-

loba hqonda guTnis gamoyenebas niadagis damuSavebisaTvis.

am droisaTvis meurneobaSi wamyvani adgili pureuli kul-

turebis moyvanas eWira, Tumca quTaisis mxaris nayofieri

niadagis mebaRCeoba-mebaReobis ganviTarebis SesaniSnav pi-

robebs iZleva. arqeologiuri masalebi miuTiTeben mevena-

xeoba-meRvineobis maRal donesac.

miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad warmatebiT viTardeboda

mesaqonleoba, wvrili da msxvili rqosani pirutyvis, Ro-

risa da frinvelis moSeneba, rasac SesaniSnavad mowmobs

kulturul fenebSi aRmoCenili cxovelTa Zvlebis simrav-

le. safiqrebelia aseve is, rom pirutyvis simravle simdid-

ris mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda da socialuri

diferenciaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementi iyo.

maSasadame, quTaisis teritoriaze aRmoCenili winarean-

tikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvelze

irkveva, rom aq mcxovreb mosaxleobas gvianbrinjao-

adrerkinis xanaSi metad mdidari brinjaos kultura

hqondaT Seqmnili. nivTieri kulturis Zeglebis analizi

gviCvenebs, rom am periodSi maRalganviTarebul miwaTmoq-

medebasa da mesaqonleobasTan erTad ganviTarebis aseve

maRal doneze dgas mravaldargovani xelosnoba: brinjaosa

da rkinis metalurgia, xuroTmoZRvreba, meTuneoba da sa-

feiqro saqme.

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom SuarionispireTi ekonomiku-

rad erT-erTi yvelaze dawinaurebuli mxare iyo, amitomac

aq samiwaTmoqmedo dabebTan erTad gaCnda saxelosno

sawarmoo ubnebi, sadac saqoneli mzaddeboda da ara mxo-

lod piradi moxmarebisaTvis, aramed gasacvlel-gasayidad

bazrisaTvis, rac xels uwyobda savaWro ekonomikuri

- 13 -

kavSirebis gaZlierebas qveynis sxvadasxva mxares Soris da

qveynis gareTac. amitomac Zv.w. VIII-´VII saukuneebisaTvis

quTaisi Cven warmogvidgenia mZlavr savaWro-ekonomikur

centrad.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. lanCava omar, quTaisis arqeologia, 2007

2. quTaisis eTnografiuli muzeumis Sromebi, quT., 2009

- 14 -


ana saxvaZe

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.

arqeologiis mimarTulebis IV kursi.

mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: vaxtang liCeli

importuli minis WurWlis dinamika

adreantikuri xanis saqarTveloSi

winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens vrceli gamokvlevis

pirvel nawils. misi mizania warmoaCinos adreantikuri

xanis minis poliqromuli WurWlis importis dinamika sa-

qarTveloSi.

feradi minis WurWlis damzadebas didi xnis istoria

aqvs, is jer kidev Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi Zveli aRmosav-

leTis qveynebSi _ egviptesa da mesopotamiaSi Caisaxa. minis

sawarmoo saxelosnoebi dafiqsirebulia _ egvipteSi, me-

sopotamiaSi, mcire aziaSi, siriaSi, evropis qveynebsa da

SavizRvispireTSi.

feradi minis warmoeba rTul teqnikur procesebs ukav-

Sirdeboda, ris gamoc isini mcire raodenobiT mzaddeboda.

bunebrivia, msgavsi fufunebis sagnebi farTo masebisTvis

ver iqneboda xelmisawvdomi.

Tavdapirvelad minisgan mzaddeboda mxolod samkau-

lebi, sakidebi, feradi Tvlebi da sabeWdavebi, xolo mogvia-

nebiT _ WurWeli, romelic garkveul xanaSi Tixisa da li-

Tonis nakeTobebs enacvleboda.

- 15 -

parfiumeriisaTvis gankuTvnili minis WurWlis damzade-

bisas rkinis Reroze axvevdnen Tixis Sezelil masas, romel-

sac sasurveli sanelsacxeblis formas aZlevdnen, Semdeg

gularze ixveoda cxeli minis Soltebi da iqmneboda foni,

romelic gaumWvirvale Tu naxevrad gamWvirvale iyo. zeda-

pirs faravdnen sxvadasxva xasxasa feris mravalrigiani

dekoriT, Reroze brunvis gziT axvevdnen minis ferad

Zafebs, sagangebo iaraRiT gamohyavdaT (“ivarcxneboda”)

zigzagiseburi zoli. amis Semdgom qvis an metalis filaze

mravalgzis gorebiT feradi Zafebi jdeboda korpusSi, ris

Sedegadac miiReboda erTiani swori zedapiri. gacivebis

Semdeg aclidnen Reros gularTan erTad da bolos kidev

erTxel axurebdnen minis WurWels masze calke damzadebuli

pir-yelis, yurebisa da quslis mierTebis mizniT, swored es

ukanasknelni arian xSir SemTxvevaSi gamWvirvaleni.

saqarTveloSi minis WurWeli aRmoCenilia fiWvnarSi,

vanSi, sairxeSi, brilSi, walkis raionis sofel kuCSi, qa-

relis raionis sofel taxtiZirsa da TeTriwyaros raionSi.

keramikuli WurWlis msgavsad, minis WurWelsac gaaCnia

formaTa Tavisebureba. CvenTvis saintereso periodis fera-

di minis gavrcelebuli formebia: aribalosi, oinoxoia,

amforiski da albastri.

importuli minis WurWeli saqarTveloSi. minis impor-

tis dinamikis dasadgenad saWiro gaxda adreantikuri pe-

riodisTvis a. kaxiZisa da T. SalikaZis mier SemuSavebuli

xuTi qronologiuri jgufis gaziareba: 1. Zv.w. V saukunis

pirveli meoTxedi; 2. Zv.w. V saukunis meore meoTxedi. 3.

Zv.w. V saukunis Sua xanebi; 4. Zv.w V saukunis bolo mesamedi;

5. Zv.w IV saukune da III saukunis dasawyisi (kaxiZe, SalikaZe,

2009: 20-54).

pirvel qronologiur jgufSi warmodgenili minis

WurWlis umetesi nawili cixisZirSia aRmoCenili. am jgufSi

saparfiumerio minis WurWlis ori tipi Sedis: aribalosebi

- 16 -

da amforiskebi. aribalosi _ sferos formis saparfiumere

WurWelia, saberZneTSi maTSi Zvirfas zeTebs inaxavdnen.

berZeni aTletebi palestraSi siarulisas majaze zeTiT

savse aribalosebs imagrebdnen varjiSis Semdeg WuWyisa da

oflis mosacileblad. zeTiTve izeldnen zurgs.

meore qronologiur jgufSi Semavali WurWlis Ziri-

Tadi nawili warmodgenilia fiWvnaris samarxebidan. am

jgufSi saparfiumerio minis WurWlis yvela tipi Sedis.

fiWvnaris berZnul nekropolze aRmoCnda agreTve berZnu-

li saRvine doqis erT-erTi saxeoba oinoxoia samtuCa

formis piriTa da vertikaluri yuriT.

fiWvnarSi aRmoCenil minis nawarmSi gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas imsaxurebs viwro, wagrZelebultaniani, mili-

sebrRruiani sanelsacxeble, romelsac specialur litera-

turaSi moixsenieben saxelwodebiT ”Kohl-tube”. ”Kohl” arabu-

lad quTuToebis saRebavs niSnavs. aRniSnul sanelsacxeb-

leebs swored quTuToebis kosmetikuri saRebavis Sesanaxad

iyenebdnen. kohl-tube-ebis sakmaod didi jgufi Seiswavla d.

baragma, man Tavis naSromSi mogvca maTi klasifikacia, da-

TariReba da rac mTavaria, naTeli mohfina maTi damzadebis

teqnikas.

mesame qronologiur jgufSi fiWvnaris mravalferovan

minis nawarmTan erTad sayuradReboa vanSi aRmoCenili

minis ori Tasi, romlebic am xanaSi aRmoCenil sanelsacxeb-

leTagan mkveTrad gamoirCevian didi zomiTa da uCveulo

formiT (h-15sm). mecnierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom pirfar-

To, Tasis tipis Ria WurWeli cnobili ar aris Zv.w. V

saukuneSi, am dros ZiriTadad poliqromuli minis viwro-

yeliani da viwropiriani WurWlebia gavrcelebuli, am

Tasebis yvelaze ganieri nawili ki piria. Znelia ramis Tqma

maTi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb, Tumca Tasebs im nawilSi, sadac

tani yels uerTdeba, irgvliv aqvT Rari, romelic mosa-

xerxebelia zonaris an raime CasaWidis Sesabmelad (vani VII.,

- 17 -

1983, 84). SesaZloa es WurWeli dasakidi yofiliyo

kosmetikuri sagnebis Sesanaxad.

meoTxe qronologiuri jgufi warmodgenilia fiWvnarSi

aRmoCenili amforiskiT da alabastrebiT, vanSi aRmoCenili

amforiskebiT, Kohl-tube-s tipis sanelsacxebliTa da oino-

xoiT, sairxeSi aRmoCenili feradi minis alabastriT (nadi-

raZe, 42-44) da mTian raWaSi, kerZod ki brilSi aRmoCenili

feradi minis amforiskiT (kaxiZe, vikersi, 2007: 179). amave

qronologiur jgufs unda mivakuTvnoT 2009 wels igoeTis

arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier graklianis samarovanze

aRmoCenili khol-Tube, romelic baragis klasifikaciis IA

jgufs Seesabameba.

mexuTe qronologiur jgufSi Sedis fiWvnaris elinistu-

ri xanis samarovanze aRmoCenili ori alabastriBda Kohl-

tube-s tipis sanelsacxebleebi, romlebic aRmoCenilia wal-

kis raionis sofel kuSCSi (gagoSiZe, 1982: 47-53), TeT-

riwyaros raionis sof. Savsaydaras II samarovanze, amave

raionis sof. enageTTan gaTxril #6 samarxSi da qarelis

raionis sof. taxtiZiris samarovanze, sadac 3 aseTi tipis

sanelsacxeblea dafiqsirebuli. taxtiZiris mdidrul sa-

marxSi aRmoCenil or sanelsacxebleSi SemorCenili iyo

Savi feris mkvrivi masa, rac amtkicebs azrs imis Taobaze,

rom es WurWeli namdvilad gamoiyeneboda quTuToebis kos-

metikuri saRebavis Sesanaxad. 2003 wels vanSi iqna aseve

aRmoCenili khol-tube-s tipis sanelsacxeble (Darejan kacharava,

Guram kvirkvelia -Recent Arcchaeological Finds on the Upper Terrace of

the Vani Site _ Ancient civilization from scythia to siberi Vol.14 No.3-4

BRILL , 254-256).

sainteresoa is faqti, rom kohl-tube-ebs berZnuli samya-

ro ar icnobs, razec maTi gavrcelebis areali metyvelebs,

savaraudod, am tipis WurWeli Crdilo-dasavleT iranSi

mzaddeboda.

- 18 -

d. baragi miiCnevs, rom vanSi aRmoCenili Kohl-tube-s

tipis sanelsacxeble, ase Sors iranidan, SemTxveviTi

kontaqtebis Sedegi unda iyos, Tumc, Cemi azriT, am WurWlis

saqarTveloSi gavrceleba logikuri gagrZelebaa im kon-

taqtebisa, romlebic saqarTvelosa da aqemenidur samyaros

Soris arsebobda, risi dasturic aris kolxeTis terito-

riaze mravlad aRmoCenili aqemeniduri tipis samkauli,

iseve rogorc aqemeniduri tipis moxatuli keramika aRmo-

savleT saqarTveloSi.

sayuradReboa is, rom saqarTveloSi ukve ori SemTxveva

dadasturda Kohl-tube-ebis aRmoCenisa berZnul samyaroSi

farTod gavrcelebul minis WurWelTan erTad, erT sa-

marxSi, es ki imaze unda migvaniSnebdes, rom erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavebuli orive tipis WurWeli Zv.w V-IV saukuneebSi

erTdroulad Semodioda CvenSi. am dros saqarTveloSi

moqmedebda saerTaSoriso savaWro magistrali, romelzec,

bunebrivia, saqoneli orive mimarTulebiT moZraobda, am

gziT – dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT moxvda

albaT amforiski enageTSi, xolo aRmosavleTidan importi-

rebuli Kohl-tube - vanSi (gobejiSvili, 2007: Ziebani #V.,

72-76).

amrigad, minis WurWlis importis dinamikis dasadgenad,

Catarda im kompleqsebis statistikuri analizi, romlebSic

es masala aris aRmoCenili. erTmaneTs Sedarda saxvadasxva

qronologiur jgufebSi Setanili masala, minis WurWlis

saerTo raodenobidan qrinologiur jgufebSi igi gada-

nawilda Semdegnairad:

1. Zv.w. V saukunis pirveli meoTxedi _ 3.5%

2. Zv.w. V saukunis meore meoTxedSi minis WurWlis wili

11.9% Seadgens;

3. Zv.w. V saukunis Sua xanebSi fiqsirdeba 14% minis WurW-

lisa;

- 19 -

4. Zv.w V saukunis bolo meoTxedSi minis WurWlis Pwili

12.6%-ia;

5. Zv.w. IV saukune Zv.w III saukunis dasawyisSi minis

WurWlis 7% fiqsirdeba;

SesamCnevia sxvaoba ukve warmodgenil qronologiuri

jgufebis procentul maCvenebelTa Soris, rac kidev erT-

xel adasturebs zogadad importuli masalis mozRvavebis

faqts Zv.w. V saukuneSi, rac Seexeba bolo, mexuTeE jgufs,

sadac minis WurWlis importi kvlav mkveTrad klebulobs,

es gamowveuli unda iyos erTi mxriv am WurWlis warmoebis

SemcirebiT da meore mxriv am periodSi arsebuli politi-

kuri viTarebiT, ris Sedegadac mkveTrad gaizarda berZen-

Ta interesi da savaWro SesaZleblobebi aRmosavleTis

qveynebis mimarTulebiT.

naSromis momdevno TavebSi ganxiluli iqneba elinistu-

ri da romauli xanis minis nakeTobani statistikuri ana-

lizis fonze.

amrigad, Cven SevecadeT warmogvedgina adreantikuri

xanis poliqromuli minis WurWlis importis dinamika sa-

qarTveloSi. dinamikis dasadgenad saWiro gaxda a. kaxiZisa

da T. SalikaZis mier adreantikuri xanisTvis miRebuli

xuTi qronologiuri jgufi gagveziarebina da amave dros

warmogvedgina im kompleqsebis statistikuri analizi, rom-

lebSic CvenTvis saintereso masala iyo aRmoCenili.

- 20 -


1. gobejiSvili g, fiWvnari t. II., miTiTebuli aqvs a. kaxiZes

(1959:198)

2. kaxiZe a., SalikaZe T., minis nawarmi samxreT-dasavleT sa-

qarTvelos zRvispireTidan, fiWvnari t. IV. baTumi-oqs-

fordi 2009

3. gagoSiZe i., TrialeTis samarovnebi. Tbilisi (1982)

4. kaxiZe a, vikersi m., fiWvnari t. I (2004)

5. kaxiZe a, vikersi m., fiWvnari t. II (2007)

6. nadiraZe j., sairxe saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, wigni I.

Tbilisi, (1990)

7. saginaSvili m., minis sanelsacxebleebi – kohl-tube-ebis

gavrceleba saqarTveloSi Ziebani V (2000).

8. fircxalava m., minis nawarmi. vani t. VII. Tbilisi, (1983).

9. Darejan kacharava, Guram kvirkvelia, _ ”Recent Arcchaeological Finds

on the Upper Terrace of the Vani Site” _ Ancient civilization from scythia

to siberia. Vol.14 No.3-4 2009 BRILL .

10. Darejan kacharava, Guram kvirkvelia, Grave 11, Grave 6. Wine,

Worship, and Sacrifice: The Golden Graves of Ancient Vani. New York

University 2008.

- 21 -


sulxan oqropiriZe

SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis


arqeologiis specialobis magistraturis II kursi.

mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: amiran kaxiZe

importuli keramikis erTi jgufi

fiWvnaris Zv.w V saukunis berZnuli

nekropolidan

fiWvnaris Zv.w. V saukunis berZnul samarovanze aRmo-

Cenil importul keramikis nawarms didi mniSvneloba aqvs

Zvel saberZneTsa da kolxeTs Soris arsebuli urTierTo-

bebis Seswavlis saqmeSi. esaa periodi, rodesac saerTa-

Soriso bazarze gabatonebuli aTeni keramikiT amaragebda

yvela im qveyanas, romelTanac savaWro urTierToba hqon-

da. am mxriv gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda fiWvnaris dasax-

leba. aTensa da, fiWvnaris saxiT, kolxeTs Soris arsebuli

politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobis

Sesaxeb saintereso masalebs gvawvdis fiWvnaris berZnuli

samarovani, romelic am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,

unikaluri Zeglia mTels amierkavkasiaSi.

Zv.w. V saukunis meore meoTxedis masalaSi calke gamoi-

yofa ucnobi sawarmoo centris miniaturuli amforebisa da

mozrdili lekiTosebis jgufi. TiTqmis srulad dacul

nimuSebTan erTad umetesad warmodgenilia sakmaod mozr-

dili fragmentebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdis formis

rekonstruqcias. rogorc lekiTosebis, ise amforebis keci

- 22 -

Ria moyviTaloa, mowiTalo-moyavisfro zedapiriT, wvril-

marcvlovani, qarsis mravalricxovani CanarTebiT. amfo-

riskebisa da lekiTosebis saerTo maxasiaTeblebi Semdegia:

aqvT wagrZelebuli, sqelkedliani konusisebri moyvanilo-

bis tanisagan mkveTrad gamoyofili daqanebuli mxrebi,

pirisken Zabriseburad Seviwroebuli yeli. lekiTosebs

maRali diskoseburi swori piri, ovalurganivkveTiani yuri

da eqiniseburi brtyelZiriani qusli aqvT, zog egzemplars

yelze dafiqsirebuli aqvs wibo. amforiskebs – lekiTosi-

saze ufro dabali piri, wyvili ovalurganivkveTiani yuri

da patara fosoiani gamokveTilqusliani Ziri (kaxiZe,

vikersi, 2004, 67-68).

saqarTveloSi am tipis lekiTosebi aRmoCenilia petra-

cixisZiris samarovanis saaRapo moedanze (vaSakiZe, inai-

Svili, 2002: 14), fazisis midamoebSi (WaladidSi), sairxeSi

(nadiraZe, 1990: 85 ), vanSi, raWaSi (lorTqifaniZe, 1966: 84-85),

xolo CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi - porfmiis naqalaqarze

(Кастанаян, 1971, 189). maTgan fiWvnari gamoirCeva masalis

mravalricxovnebiT. yvelgan dafiqsirebulia mxolod

lekiTosebis TiTo egzemplari, fiWvnarSi ki Tanabari

raodenobiTaa warmodgenili orive saxeoba.

oTar lorTqifaniZe am jgufis nawarms Tazosis produq-

ciad miiCnevda 1963 wels WaladidSi aRmoCenili mTliani,

wagrZelebuli proporciebisa (38sm. simaRlisa) da maRali

konusuri tanis lekiTosis mixedviT, romlis kecic Zalze

gavs Zv.w. V-IV ss. Tazosur amforaTa kecs (lorTqifaniZe,

1966: 84-85).

fiWvnaris masalidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 1980

wels aRmoCenili miniaturuli amfora, romelic propor-

ciebiTa da Tixis struqturiT hgavs Tazosisebur lekiTo-

sebs. aseTi WurWeli pirvelad aRmoCnda fiWvnarSi. restav-

raciis Semdeg dadginda, rom miniaturuli amforis muclis

areSi, basri iaraRiT gaekeTebinaT sagangebo xvreli 10-7 sm

- 23 -

diametriT, TviT amforis simaRle 39,5 sm-ia. muclis dia-

metri - 14,5 sm. amforis simaRlisa da muclis areSi gakeTe-

buli xvrelis diametric mixedviT Cans, rom masSi SeiZleba

4 Tvis nayofi yofiliyo Casvenebuli. haazes sqemis mixed-

viT cnobilia, rom 4 Tvis nayofi 16 sm-ia da daaxloebiT 120

grams iwonis. swored aseTi nayofi unda yofiliyo

Casvenebuli am miniaturul amforaSi (kaxiZe, vikersi, 2007:

27).

sul fiWvnaris berZnul samarovanze aRmoCenilia am

saxeobis amforis 11 da lekiTosis 17 erTeuli. amaTgan 5

amfora da 6 lekiTosi samarxeuli inventaria, 6 amfora da

11 lekiTosi – amoRebulia saaRapo moednebidan.

ramdenime amforasa da lekiTosze datanilia erTasoia-

ni mozrdili grafito: Γ, Ξ(orjer), Α. gansakuTrebiT sain-

teresoa zemoT aRniSnuli amfora-samarxis SemTxveva. masze

gamosaxulia wverebiT SeerTebuli ori berZnuli Δ an se-

kiriseburi niSani (labrisi). igi SeiZleba magiurad CavTva-

loT da sekiris gamosaxulebad miviCnioT. cnobilia, rom

sekira avi sulebisagan dacvis simbolod iTvleboda da

nayofierebis kultTan iyo dakavSirebuli. olbiaSi cnobi-

lia keramikul WurWelze amokawruli labrisi, simbolo

orfikuli dionise-zagrevsisa, romelsac opoziciuri

orbunebovneba axasiaTebs (labrisi wverebiT SeerTebuli

or Δ-a, romlebic erTmaneTisadmi sarkiseburadaa ganla-

gebuli). bavSvis samarxad gamoyenebul amforaze gamosaxu-

li erTmaneTisadmi sarkiseburad ganlagebuli, wverebiT

SeerTebuli ori Δ saaqao da saiqio cxovrebis simbolo

unda iyos (ZnelaZe, 2008: 70).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mocemuli masala nekropoli-

dan momdinareobs. saaRapo moednebze aRmoCenil nimuSebTan

erTad napovnia sxva keramikac, rogorc mozrdili amfore-

bi, ise sasmisebis sxvadasxva saxeobebi, aseve aRapis ritua-

lis Sesasruleblad aucilebeli inventari, maT Soris

- 24 -

atikuri lekiTosebic, romlebic surnelovani zeTisTvis

gamoiyeneboda. vfiqrobT, aseTi, saSualo zomis WurWeli

gamoiyeneboda amforebidan gadmosxmuli Rvinis mcire

zomis sasmisebSi dasasxmelad.

yovelive zemoT Tqmuls Tu SevajamebT, aseT suraTs

miviRebT. saxezea e.w. Tazosis wris produqcia, romelic

yvelaze didi raodenobiT swored fiWvnarSia warmodge-

nili. samwuxarod, ucxoeTSi daculi paralelebisa da

Sesabamisad, ucxouri literaturis moZieba am etapze ver

moxerxda. amave dros sainteresoa da mniSvnelovani am

saxis nawarmis sawarmoo centris dadgena. o. lorTqifa-

niZisa da a. kaxiZis mosazrebas, rom saqme gvaqvs Tazosis an

Tazosis wris produqciasTan, rac am nawarmis kecis struq-

turaze dayrdnobiTaa gamoTqmuli, sWirdeba Semdgomi gan-

mtkiceba, rac SesaZlebeli iqneba Tixis analizisa da misi

Tazosuri amforebis Tixis struqturasTan Sejerebis Sem-

deg.


1. a. kaxiZe, m. vikersi, saqarTvelo-britaneTis erToblivi

arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi (1998-2002), fiWvnari I,

baTumi-oqsfordi, 2004

2. a. kaxiZe, antikuri samyaro aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi,

fiWvnaris Zv. w. V s berZnuli nekropoli, fiWvnari II,

baTumi-oqsfordi, 2007

3. n. vaSakiZe, n. inaiSvili, vaWroba Sav zRvaze arqaulsa da

klasikur xanaSi: abreSumis gzis istoriuli perspeqtivebi,

Tbilisi, 1999

4. j. nadiraZe, sairxe - saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi,

Tbilisi, 1990

- 25 -

5. o. lorTqifaniZe, antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi,

Tbilisi, 1966

6. n. ZnelaZe, miTologiuri saxeebi da siuJetebi antikuri xanis

koroplastikaSi, epigrafikasa da vazaTmxatvrobaSi

(sadisertacio naSromi), baTumi, 2008

7. Кастанаян Е. Г. Раскопки Порфмия, археологические исследования

на Украине в 1968, Киев, 1971

- 26 -


genadi cincaZe




mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: SoTa mamulaZe

gonio-afsarosSi 2009 wels warmoebuli

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis ZiriTadi

Sedegebi

2009 wels gonio-afsarosis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiu-

ri eqspedicia savele arqeologiur kvleva-Ziebas awar-

moebda sam ubanze: cixis samxreT-dasavleT monakveTSi (SW -

IX-XII seqtorebi), centralur ubanze (SW-I da XI seqto-

rebi) da #3 koSkis teritoriaze.

mimdinare wels gaTxrebis erT-erT ZiriTad obieqts

warmoadgenda cixis Sida teritoriis samxreT-dasavleTi

monakveTi. igi pirvel da meore koSkebs Soris arsebuli

teritoriaa da eqceva SW-IX seqtoris 41-48, 51-58, 61-68, 71-

91 da SW –XII seqtoris 3-7, 13-17, 97-99-e kvadratebSi.

am ubanze arqeologiuri samuSaoebi gasuli saukunis 90-

ian wlebSic mimdinareobda. aq gaTxrebi gagrZelda 2004

wlidan. ZiriTadad Seswavlili iqna osmaluri (XVI-XIX ss),

bizantiuri (IV-VII ss) da nawilobriv romauli xanis kul-

turuli fenebi.

2009 wels ZiriTadad SW-IX seqtoris 51-58 kvadratebSi

warmoebda sapreparacio samuSaoebi. am doneze warmodge-

- 27 -

nilia adreSuasaukuneebis (VI-VII ss) xanis kulturuli fena.

dafiqsirda am epoqis kramitsaxuraviani nagebobis naSTebi,

sadac kramitebTan erTad gvxvdeba bizantiuri epoqis kera-

mikuli masala da sxvadasxva zomisa da formis lursmnebi.

mTel farTobze danaxSirebuli masis gavrcelebis mixedviT

Cans, rom VI-VII saukuneebSi aq gamarTuli nageboba xanZris

Sedegad ganadgurda. nayaris gawmendis Semdeg aq sxvadasxva

zomis riyis qvebiT mogebuli iataki dadasturda. amave do-

neze dafiqsirda gviani Sua saukuneebis (XVI-XIX ss) ramde-

nime ormo. maTi amoWrisas dazianda rogorc bizantiuri, ise

romauli epoqis kulturuli fenebi. amitomac iyo, rom am

doneze ormoebis irgvliv aRmoCnda sakmaod adreuli xanis

masalebi (italikuri amforis, wiTellakiani keramikis

fragmentebi, brinjaos sakmaod dazianebuli ori moneta da

a.S.).

paralelurad, aseve sapreparacio samuSaoebi gagrZel-

da uSualod romauli epoqis kulturul fenaze, SW-IX

seqtoris 71-72, 81-82 kvadratebSi. aq gamovlenil arqitqtu-

rul nagebobaTa naSTebTan erTad, erTsa da imave doneze,

aRmoCnda sxvadasxva daniSnulebis keramika, minis nawarmi,

rkinis nivTebi, qvis birTvebi da sxva.

2009 wels arqeologiuri samuSaoebi ganaxlda cixis

centralur nawilSic (NW –I da XI seqtorebi). aq samuSaoebi

jer kidev 1995 wlidan daiwyo, sadac aRmoCnda principiis

(sigrZe-28 m, sigane-24 m) naSTebi. nageboba gamagrebulia

pilonebiTa da damcavi kedlebiT (etyoba rekonstruqciis

kvali). gamoiyofa wiTeli feris hidravlikuri xsnariT

momzadebuli iatakis mqone saTavsebi, derefnebi, wyalmoma-

ragebis sistema da a.S.). aRmoCenili masalebis mixedviT

(keramika, monetebi, minis WurWeli da a.S.) nageboba ax.w. I s

meore naxevarsa da III s pirvel naxevarSi funqcionirebda

(xalvaSi B, 2002: 134-141). aqve iyo gamarTuli kvadrebiT

- 28 -

SemosazRvruli nageboba (sigrZeE- 15 m, sigane - 11 m),

romelic sakulto daniSnulebis unda iyos (mamulaZe: 2009).

am ubanze wels samuSaoebi ZiriTadad warmoebda

principiis CrdiloeTiT (NW –I seqtori, # 30, 40, 50, 60, 70

kvadratebi). aq mTels sigrZeze aRebuli iqna 40 sm sisqis VI

saukunis kulturuli fena, romelic warmodgenili iyo

usistemod Cayrili nagleji qvebiT, gverdakecili kramite-

biT, Tanadrouli periodis importuli da adgilobrivi

keramikis-amforebis, jamebis, qoTnebis, langrebis, minis

nawarmis da sxvaTa natexebi. aq bizantiuri xanis kulturul

fenas mosdevs 20-25 sm sisqis steriluri fena, romelic

afsarosSi IV-V saukuneebSi unda iyos Seqmnili. misi aRebis

Semdeg Seswavlili farTobis dasavleT monakveTze qvis

svetiani iatakis fragmentebi kvlav dadasturda, romlis

zedapirze II-III ss amforebisa da samSeneblo keramikis

usaxuri natexebi iqna napovni. welsve Crdilo-aRmosavleT

nawilSi aRebuli iqna miwis darCenili farTobi da gamoCn-

da uSualod administraciuli nagebobis mesame saTavsos

wiTeli kirxsnariT Sedgenili iatakis done. iataki aqac

grZeldeba da analogiuradaa damzadebuli. rac mTavaria,

mimdinare wels gamoikveTa principiis CrdiloeTi kedeli,

romelic aRmosavleTi kedlis msgavsad, pilonebiTaa gamag-

rebuli. aseve gamovlenil iqna wyalgayvanilobis milebi,

romelic SenobaSi Semodis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT arsebu-

li Riobis saSualebiT da eqceva svetiani iatakis qveda

doneze.

2009 wels am ubanze garkveuli samuSaoebi Catarda aseve

Txrilis Crdilo-dasavleT monakveTSi (NW-XI seqtori,

#8-10, 18-20 kvadratebi), sadac Seswavlili iqna VI saukunis

fena, romelic iatakiT, mravalferovani sameurneo da

samzareulo daniSnulebis WurWlebiTa da didi raodenobis

samSeneblo keramikiTaa warmodgenili. Cans, aq idga rkinis

- 29 -

lursmnebiT SeWedili xis nageboba, romelic solenisa da

kalipteris tipis kramitiT yofila gadaxuruli.

Seswavlili iqna aseve osmalur periodSi CaWrili sa-

nagve ormoebi, romlebSic ZiriTadad am epoqis masalebi

iqna napovni.

gasul wels Seswavlili iqna # 3 koSkis Sida terito-

riac. igi datanilia cixis dasavleT kedelSi da eqceva SW-

X seqtorSi (26-e kvadrati). koSki marTkuTxa formisaa.

sigrZe - 4,87 m, sigane - 2,90 m.

koSki samsarTuliania, romelsac aRmosavleTiT hqonda

kari. sami mxridan aqvs sxvadasxva zomis sarkmlebi. dasav-

leTis kedlis sarkmeli dagmanulia. koSkSi fenis moxsnis

Semdeg gairkva, rom Sig Cayrili iyo didi zomis kedlis

wyobaSi gamoyenebuli kvadrebi. maTi alagebis Semdeg samu-

Saoebi gagrZelda 2,5 metris siRrmemde. dadasturda, rom aq

kulturuli fenebi mTel farTobze darRveulia. amitomacaa,

rom erTdroulad sxvadasxva doneze gvxvdeba osmaluri,

bizantiuri da romauli epoqis keramikuli masalebi. maT

Soris aris moWiquli keramikis, faiansis, kramitis, aguris,

amforebis, doqebis, xelsafqvavebis, qvis birTvebi da sxva

masalebi.

paralelurad moisinja koSkis Sesasvlelis mimdebare

teritoriac. aq dafiqsirda erT-erTi kontrforsi (sigrZeE-

1,2 m, sigane - 1,3 m, simaRle - 1,2 m), romlis msgavsi nimuSebic

galavnis dasavleT kedels Signidan mTels sigrZeze miuy-

veba. aqve aRmoCnda kirxsnariani fena, romelic qmnis koSkis

SesasvlelTan moedans da safexurs.

axla ki Zalze mokled samive ubanze aRmoCenili masale-

bis Sesaxeb. rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, 2009 wlis gaTxrebma

osmaluri periodis sakmaod saintereso masala mogvca.

maTgan gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos sada da moWiquli

keramikis natexebi, faiansi, sxvadasxva zomis lursmnebi, am

epoqis agurisa Tu Rariani kramitis natexebi da a.S.

- 30 -

am epoqis sada keramikuli nawarmidan unda gamoiyos

xeladebis, doqebis da sxvaTa natexebi. isini sruliad

msgavsia cixis Sida teritoriaze da gansakuTrebiT samxreT

karibWesTan wina wlebSi aRmoCenili mTliani calebisa

(kaxiZe, mamulaZe, 2004: 4-73).

yuradRebas iqcevs amave

epoqis miWiquli keramikis na-

texebi. maT umravlesobas ja-

mebi, fialebi, doqebi Seadgens

(g. a. 2009, 10, 11, 88, 89…..,), eseni

adreuli periodis moWiquli

WurWlisagan ramdenadme gan-

sxvavdebian. amaTi keci SedarebiT uxeSia, ufro cudadaa

damuSavebuli da gamomwvaric ki. aseve saRebavebis ferebis

Sexameba da TviT moxatva, moWiqvis teqnika da sxva, ufro

dabal donezea Sesrulebuli. am tipis keramika gonio-

afsarosSi mravladaa aRmoCenili sxvadasxva dros da isini

ZiriTadad XVI-XIX saukuneebiT TariRdeba (kaxiZe,

mamulaZe, ebraliZe, 2002: 45).

2009 wlis gaTxrebis dros #3 koSkSi, aRmoCnda faiansis

WurWlis fragmentebi. maTi umetesoba finjniseburi WurWlis

natexebia. gonioSi isini wina wlebSi didi raodenobiTaa

mopovebuli. Tvlian, rom aq

aRmoCenili faiansi umTavre-

sad ori osmaluRi centris _

iznikis (Zveli nikua) da quTa

(h)ias nawarmi unda iyos.

aqedan pirvelSi xelosnobis

am dargis ayvaveba XVI-XVII

saukuneebSi iyo, meoreSi ki-XVIII da XIX saukunis

dasawyisSi (.Мюлер:1972; afxazava, mamulaZe, 1998: 269-276).

am epoqis masalebidan unda gamoiyos aseve agurisa da

Rariani kramitis natexebi, romlebic ZiriTadad me-3 koSkis

- 31 -

wina moedanze iqna fiqsirebuli. isinic ZiriTadad msgavsia

wina wlebSi aRmoCenili nimuSebisa da zogadad XVI-XIX

saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes.

2009 wlis gaTxrebis dros, warmodgenili iyo

adrebizantiuri xanis keramikuli masalac. maT Soris sim-

ravliT unda gamoiyos rogorc adgilobrivi, ise

importuli amforebis natexebi. gvxvdeba

e.w. tandaRaruli amforebis fragmentebi

(g. a. 2009, 34, 36..,), maT axasiaTebT lilvi-

seburi moyvanilobis piri, dabali, viw-

ro cilindruli formis yeli. am tipis

amforebi aRmoCenilia cixisZirSi, biWvin-

TaSi da a.S. gansakuTrebiT mravladaa

mopovebuli gonio-afsarosSi. erT-erTi

maTgani adre #2 koSkSi gaTxrebis dros

iustiniane I saxeliT moWril monetebTan erTad aRmoCnda.

fiqroben, rom es saxec amforebisa mcire aziaSi unda iyos

damzadebuli. isini V-VI saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli

(xalvaSi, 2002: 42-52). amave epoqas ganekuTvneba e.w. gofrire-

bulzedapiriani amforis natexebi, romlebic gonio-afsa-

rosSi aRmoCenili amforebis I tipSia gaerTianebuli da

maT sawarmoo centrad samxreT-dasavleT mcire azia da

CrdiloeT siriaa miCneuli (xalvaSi, 2002: 42-52; mamulaZe,

xalvaSi, kaxiZe, 2009: 408). gvxvdeba sxva tipis amforebis

fragmentebic.

am epoqis kulturul fenebSi mcire raodenobiT aRmoCn-

da qvab-qoTnebis, qoTnebis, wi-

Tellakiani keramikisa da minis

sasmisis fragmentebi, romlebic

wina wlebSi aRmoCenili msgavsi

nimuSebis mixedviT VI-VII sauku-

neebiT TariRdebian. rac Seexeba

cixis centralur da samxreT-

- 32 -

dasavleT monakveTebze amave epoqis fenebSi aRmoCenil

kramitebs, sakmaod bevria. bevria aguris natexebic. krami-

tebis umravlesobas zedapirze RarebiT, xolo agurebi zog-

jer diagonaluri xazebiTaa Semkuli. kramitebi propor-

ciebisa da gaformebis mixedviT ZiriTadad Seesabameba ad-

reSuasaukuneebSi gavrcelebul formebs (afaqiZe, 1977: 224-

228).

2009 wels gonio-afsarosSi samive ubanze warmoebuli

gaTxrebisas SedarebiT didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda romau-

li epoqis arqeologiuri masalebic. maT Soris simravliT

gamoirCeva amforebi. maTgan gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos

yavisferkeciani amforebis yelis, tanisa da Ziris

fragmentebi (g.a. 2009, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34..,) am tipis amforebi

gonio-afsarosSi mravladaa aRmoCenili da isini TariR-

debian ax. w. I - III saukuneebiT (xalvaSi, 2002: 11 - 12; 61 - 62).

2009 wlis monapovarSi gvxvdeba e.w. qimisebrSveriliani

amforis piris, yelisa da yuris fragmenti (g.a. 2009, 5). am

tipis amforebic mravladaa aRmoCenili gonioSi. maTTvis

damaxasiaTebelia piris moxris adgilas daZerwili qimise-

buri Sverili da maRali cilind-

ruli qusli sayrden areSi mkveT-

ri burcobiT. Zv.w. I da ax.w. I sai-

kuneebSi farTod gavrcelebuli

amforebis es tipi arsebobas ga-

nagrZobs ax.w. II saukuneSic

(xalvaSi, 2002: 24-25).

gvxvdeba romauli epoqis amfo-

rebis sxva fragmentebic, romlebzedac aq vrclad aRar

SevCerdebiT.

amforebis garda, am wlis monapovarSi gvxvdeba roma-

nizebuli qvab-qoTnebis, qoTnebis, luTeriebis da sxva saxis

WurWelTa natexebic.

- 33 -

importuli keramikis calke

saxeobas qmnis wiTellakiani ke-

ramika. maTSi ZiriTadad warmod-

genilia TefSisebur Tu koWobis

msgavs WurWelTa piris, tanis

fragmentebi (g.a. 2009, 22, 107, 109..,)

aseve gvxvdeba sinopuri xufi, luTeriis da sxvaTa natexebi

(g.a. 2009, 40-45, 47..,) es masalebi zogadad ax.w. I-III

saukuneebiT TariRdebian (ebraliZe, 2005: 31-48; 2009: 147-167).

amave periodiT TariRdeba mcirericxovani minis sasmisebis

Zirebic (SalikaZe: 2004). gvxvdeba qvis birTvebic, romelic

damzadebuli unda iyos adgilobrivi qvisagan. es advilad

misawvdomi qvis iaraRi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mTel

antikur samyaroSi (aslaniSvili, 2004: 152-155).

aseTia mokled cixis Sida teritoriaze 2009 wels war-

moebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi. save-

le samuSaoebi gonio-afsarosSi momavalSic gagrZeldeba.


1. aslaniSvili l., qvis birTvebi.-gonio-afsarosi IV. baTumi,

2004 gv 152-155.

2. afaqiZe g., biWvinTis samSeneblo keramika_didi pitiunti II.

Tb., 1977

3. afxazava n., mamulaZe S., gvianSuasaukuneebis arqeologiuri

masala goniodan. baTumis saxelmwifo universitetis

Sromebi II. baTumi, 1998, gv. 269-276.

4. ebraliZe t., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi

gvianelinistursa da romaul xanaSi (savaWro-ekonomikuri

urTierTobani importuli keramikis mixedviT). gonio-

afsarosi VI. baTumi, 2005

- 34 -

5. ebraliZe t., afsarosi ax.w. I saukuneSi. gonio-afsarosi VIII.

baTumi, 2009, gv. 147-167.

6. kaxiZe a., mamulaZe S., samxreT karibWisa da abanoTubnis

teritoriaze 1995-1999 wlebSi warmoebuli kvleva-Ziebis

umTavresi Sedegebi. gonio-afsarosi IV. baTumi, 2004, gv. 4-67

7. kaxiZe a., mamulaZe S., ebraliZe t., 2000 wels gonio-

afsarosis cixis samxreTi karibWis gareT warmoebuli

arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis angariSi. gonio-afsarosi III.

Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 40-70.

8. mamulaZe S., serapisis qandakeba. - gonio-afsarosi VIII.

baTumi, 2009 gv. 131-145.

9. mamulaZe S., xalvaSi m., kaxiZe e., afsarosi bizantiur epoqaSi.

bizantiologia saqarTveloSi-2, t I, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 405-418.

10. SalikaZe T., gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis minis

nawarmi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTi-

dan. - gonio-afsarosiV. baTumi, 2004

11. xalvaSi m.(a), keramikuli tara gonio-afsarosidan. - gonio-

afsarosi II. baTumi, 2002

12. xalvaSi m.(b), gonio-afsarosis Sida cixis centraluri

nawilis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi. - gonio-

afsarosi. Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 134-141.

13. .Мюлер Ю., Художественная керамика Турции. Л.1972

- 35 -


giorgi kareliZe

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.

arqeologia-eTnologiis magistraturis II kursi.

mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: zviad kviciani

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

adreuli Sua saukuneebis samarxTa tipebi

da maTi SedarebiTi analizi

saqarTvelos adreuli Sua saukuneebis mecnieruli

Seswavla da kvleva, maT Soris arqeologiuri kuTxiT, uaR-

resad mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa, radgan axalma pe-

riodma moitana gardamtexi Zvrebi sazogadoebis cxov-

rebaSi: mkvidrdeba axali socialuri formacia, yalibdeba

axali politikuri erTeulebi, icvleba religiuri Sexedu-

leba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodSi momxdarma cvli-

lebebma mTavari gavlena moaxdina SemdgomSi saqarTvelos

istoriis yvela movlenasa da etapze.

gansakuTrebuli cvlileba Seexo adgilobrivi mosax-

leobis sulier yofas. mZlavrad mkvidrdeba qristianuli

religia, romlis gavlena igrZnoba adamianTa cxovrebis

yvela aspeqtSi da, ra Tqma unda, micvalebulis kultTan

mimarTebaSic. kerZod, axali saxe miiRo dakrZalvis ri-

tualma, Seicvala samarxeuli inventari da Tavad samarxTa

formebi. nel-nela Camoyalibda garkveuli tipebi, romleb-

mac gandevnes wina periodSi arsebuli mravalricxovani

formebi. SedarebiT Semcirda Zvirfasi liTonebisa da

- 36 -

keramikuli WurWlis raodenoba samarxeul inventarSi,

radgan qristianoba krZalavda mravalricxovani nivTebis

Catanebas micvalebulis samarxSi, rac imqveyniuri cxovre-

bisadmi Sexedulebebis cvlilebebma ganapiroba. samkauls am

SemTxvevaSi mxolod individis sakuTrebis funqcia gaaCnda

da naklebi kavSiri hqonda religiur ritualTan. am dros

saerTod aRar gvxvdeba liTonis WurWeli, Semcirda Tixis

WurWlis raodenobac. ZiriTadad warmodgenilia sxvadasxva

zomis doqebi da fialebi, Tumca micvalebulis samoselis

liTonis atributebsa da pirad nivTebs xSirad vxvdebiT da

zogierT SemTxvevaSi arcTu ise mcire raodenobiT. IV

saukunis samarxebSi jer kidev gvxvdeba Zvirfasi da

naxevrad Zvirfasi liTonis samkauli: oqros, vercxlisa da

brinjaos sayureebi, beWdebi, sasafeTqleebi, yelsabamebi da

sxva. gansakuTrebuli simdidriT gamoirCeva mcxeTisa da

armazisxevis samarovnebi, romelTa nawili jer kidev

warCinebuli fenebis sasaflaos warmoadgens. am periodSi

xSirad fiqsirdeba samarxSi monetebis Cayolebis faqtebi,

rac winare religiis Zlier gadmonaSTad SeiZleba

miviCnioT.

IV-VI saukuneebis samarxebSi, rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve

dasavleT saqarTveloSi nel-nela did adgils ikavebs minis

nawarmi, romelic ZiriTadad nelsacxeblebisTvis iyo

gankuTvnili. amasTanave, mina SedarebiT axali masalaa

TixasTan da liTonTan SedarebiT da ritualuri datvirT-

va SesaZloa amitomac mieniWa. aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic,

rom am periodidan qreba importuli da misi minabaZi

formis minisa an sxva masalis WurWeli da meti yuradReba

eniWeba adgilobriv warmoebas. es TavisTavad metyvelebs

qveyanaSi individualuri cnobierebis dawinaurebasa da

damoukidebeli TviTSegnebis Zlier ganviTarebas.

- 37 -

IV-VI saukuneebSi micvalebulis neStma miiRo axali re-

liigisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonikuri poza - gaSotili

mdgomareoba, Tumca gamonaklis SemTxvevebs aqac vxvdebiT.

adre Sua saukuneebis periodSi AaRmosavleT saqarTve-

los teritoriaze samarxebi religiuri centridan moSo-

rebiTaa. Semdgom periodSi ukve mdgomareoba icvleba da

samarovani eklesiis mimdebare teritoriaze inacvlebs.

am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia samarxTa sxvada-

sxvagvari tipi: ormosamarxebi, qvasamarxebi, qvis, xis, Tixis

sarkofagebi, katakombebi, akldamebi.

ormosamarxebi - aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mraval adgi-

las gvxvdeba. ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia araswori ovalis

formis ormoebi, romlebic ori, sami, oTxi qvis an xis

brtyeli filebiTaa gadaxuruli. Uumravles nawilSi dakr-

Zalva individualuria. ormosamarxebSi micvalebuli gaSo-

til mdgomareobaSia TaviT dasavleTiT, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi

mokrunCxul pozaSia, rac samarxebis arqaulobaze metyve-

lebs. aRmoCenili mcire nivTebis mixedviT, ormosamarxTa

umravlesoba IV-VI saukuniT TariRdeba.

qvasamarxebi _ yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia da qarTul

realobaSi TiTqmis XIX saukunemde SemorCa. qvis samarxebi

ZiriTadad fila-qvebisganaa Sekruli da ori-sami brtyeli

filiTaa gadaxuruli. masSi dakrZalva ZiriTadad koleq-

tiuria, mxolod iSviaTad SemTxvevebSi gvxvdeba individua-

luri dakrZalvis rituali. zogierT aseT qvasamarxSi 15-

mde individi fiqsirdeba. Zalzed sainteresoa mcxeTasa da

armazisxevSi aRmoCenili qvasamarxebi (afaqiZe, gobejiSvi-

li, lomTaTiZe, 1955), romlebic Tavisi mravalgvarobiT

gamoirCevian. Mmsgavsi samarxebi am teritoriaze pirvelad

axali welTaRricxvis damdegs gvxvdeba, magram vrceldeba

mogviano periodSi. armazisxevSi aRmoCenili qvasamarxebi

or nawilad iyofa: filaqvebiT nagebi da natexi qvebiT na-

gebi. maTi nawili banursaxuraviania, xolo iSviaT SemTx-

- 38 -

vevaSi gvxvdeba orferdasaxraviani samarxebi. isini Ziri-

Tadad mdidar individebs ekuTvnodaT, metwilad qalebs.

Kcalke SeiZleba gamoiyos mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili IV_VI

saukuneebis mdidruli samarxebi, sadac zogierT qvasamarxSi

Casvenebuli ConCxis irgvliv aRmoCda rkinis lursmnebi da

xis naSTebi, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom micvalebuli xis

kuboTi CausvenebiaT samarxSi. Zalzed sainteresoa, rom Se-

darebiT arqauli formis ormosamarxebSi aSkarad Warbobs

individualuri dakrZalva, xolo mogviano periodis qvasa-

marxebSi koleqtiuri dakrZalvaa gabatonebuli. es Seusaba-

mo realoba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos sagvareulo wyobi-

lebis elementebis SenarCunebis mcdelobiT.

qvis sarkofagebi - arcTu ise mravladaa warmodgenili

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. mcxeTaSi sul sami

erTeulia napovni: ori armazisxevidan da erTic bagineTi-

dan (afaqiZe, gobejiSvili, lomTaTiZe, 1955), magram isini

winafeodalur xanas ganekuTvnebian. qvis sarkofagebi aR-

nusxulia kavTisxevSi, urbnisSi, borjomSi (saqarTvelos

arqeologiis sakiTxebi II, 1978). SedarebiT mniSvnelovania

rusTavSi aRmoCenili qvis sarkofagi, romelic ramdenime

qvis filisganaa Sedgenili.

xis sarkofagebi - aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva

adgilas gvxvdeba. urbnisSi aRmoCenili erTeulebi xis

ZelebiTaa Sekruli da koleqtiur samarxebs warmoadgenen

(WilaSvili, 1964). aseTive samarxTa tipi gvxvdeba sof. qvemo

alevSi (afxazava, 1988), sadac xis kubo qvayuTis qveSaa moq-

ceuli, rac mis arqulobaze miuTiTebs.

Tixis sarkofagebi - gavrceleba xdeba adre Sua sauku-

neebis periodidan. sof. urbnisSi (WilaSvili, 1964) sarkofa-

gebi koleqtiuri dakrZalvisTvis gamoiyeneboda. am sarko-

fagebs garedan kedlebze Wdeuli ornamenti Semouyveba da

kedlebic SedarebiT natifadaa damuSavebuli. aseTive sar-

kofagebia aRmoCenili rusTavSic (Пачикашвили Н, 2003).

- 39 -

sarkofagebi TariRdeba IV-V saukuneebiT. Tixis sarkofa-

gebi zogadad gavrcelebuli iyo wina aziis uZveles saxel-

mwifoebSi: urSi, babilonSi. mesopotamiaSi mis gamoyenebas

didi tradicia hqonda, magram isini Tavisi zomebiT

SedarebiT pataraa. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba saqarTveloSi

sarkofagTa gaCenas qristianobis Semosvlas ukavSirebs.

katakombebi - miwaSi amoWrili ormoebs warmoadgens,

romlis erT-erTi kedlis ZirSi, iataki doneze gamoTxri-

lia damatebiTi dasakrZalavi kamera, sadac micvalebulia

Casvenebuli. mis Ria gverdze mifarebulia brtyeli kramiti,

qva an xe. ZiriTadad aseT samarxebSi micvalebuli zurgze

gaSotili wevs. aseTi tipis samarxebi gaTxrilia aRaiansa

da JinvalSi, TariRdeba IV_VI saukuneebiT (lomTaTiZe,

1979)

akldamebi - am perodSi eklesiis siaxlovesaa ganTavse-

buli, mogvianebiT igi inacvlebs eklesiis SigTavsSi iatakis

qveS. rogorc wesi, aseTi tipis samarxi gankuTvnilia saek-

lesio moRvaweTaTvis an maRali socialuri fenis warmo-

madgenlisaTvis. umravles SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleT saqarT-

veloSi isini mravaljeradi gamoyenebisaa. mecnierTa nawi-

li akldamebs qristianobis Semosvlas ukavSirebs, zogi ki

maT wina qristianul periodSic moiazrebs, ris damamt-

kicebladac mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili akldama mohyavT. aRmosav-

leT saqarTveloSi akldamebi sxvadasxva adgilas gvxvdeba.

erT-erTi gamorCeulia sof. sionSi aRmoCenili akldama

(ramiSvili, 1970), romelic miwisqveSa sagvareulo samarxs

warmoadgenda. Mmas aqvs aRmosavleTi mxridan Sesasvleli

kari da dasakrZalavi sakani, sadac ori sacxedre ganyofi-

leba fiqsirdeba. gadaxurva TaRovania, xolo kedlebi Tli-

li qviTaa naSeni. es akldama TariRdeba V_VI saukuneebiT.

msgavsi nagebobani am periodSi somxeTSic gavrcelebulia.

sof. axciSi mikvleulia mavzoleumis tipis akldama (арутю-

нян, Сафарян, 1951), romelic arSakidebis dinastiis somexi

- 40 -

mefeebis sagvareulo saZvales warmoadgenda da TariRdeba

V saukunis meore naxevriT. sionis akldamis msgavsad igi

kargad gaTlili kvadrebiTaa naSeni, xolo Sida sivrce

SedarebiT mdidruladaa gaformebuli. akldamaTa msgavsi

tipi aRmoCenilia xornabujis midamoebsa da yoRoTSi

(sinauriZe, 1967). Zalzed saintereso da unikaluri akldama

aRmoCda agreTve wilknis midamoebSi. yoRoTSi akldamas

uCndeba saZvle ganyofileba, romelic misi mravaljeradi

gamoyenebis Sedegia.

IV-VI saukuneebSi mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba samarxTa

tipebi dasavleT saqarTveloSic. CvenTvis cnobilia, rom

gvianantikur xanaSi aq fiqsirdeba aTamde samarxTa forma.

IV-VI saukuneebSi ki maTi umravlesoba sruliad qreba.

Tumca aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samarxebis formebisgan

gansxvavebuli tipebi mainc gvxvdeba. garkveulwilad es

SesaZloa religiuri gansxvavebiTa da geografiuli faqto-

riT iyos gamowveuli. am periodSi dasavleTSi fiqsirdeba

ori saxis dakrZalva: inhumaciuri da kremaciuli. amas-

Tanave, kremaciis faqtebi Zalzed mcirea da nel-nela qreba

dakrZalvis ritualidan. es ki qristianuli religiis

momZlavrebis niSania.

kremaciuli dakrZalva gvxvdeba guriaSi - zRvis sanapi-

roze aRmoCenil samarxSi, romelic sakmaod mdidruli

inventariT gamoirCeoda (lomTaTiZe, 1977).

dasavleT saqarTveloSi adre Sua saukuneebSi gvxvdeba

samarxTa tipi, romelsac antikur da romaul epoqaSi gaba-

tonebuli pozicia uWiravs. esaa amforasamarxebi. cixisZirSi

armoCenili amforasamarxebis nawili V-VI saukuneebiT

TariRdeba (inaiSvili, 1993)

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa biWvinTis teritoriaze

aRmoCenili adreqristianuli xanis samarxTa erTi tipi e.w.

“kirxsnariani” samarxebi, romelTa nawili IV saukunes mie-

kuTvneba (kviciani, 1997). Ees samarxebi saqarTvelos sxva

- 41 -

teritoriaze ar gvxvdeba. mecnierTa varaudiT, micvalebuls

kirxsnars gruntis wylebisgan dasacavad asxamdnen (lorT-

qifaniZe, 1991), magram SesaZloa raime lokalur religiur

an tradiciul gansxvavebebsac hqondes adgili. Aam formis

samarxebSi micvalebuli gaSotil pozaSia, TaviT dasavle-

Tisken. Mmarjvena xeli mkerdze udevs, xolo marcxena sxeu-

lis _ gaswvriv.

gansxvavebebTan erTad, calkeul SemTxvevebSi samarxTa

tipebi msgavsebas iCens aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan. Ees

kargad ikveTeba webeldis samarovanze afxazeTSi (Трапш,

1963), romlis samarxeuli inventari da dakrZalvis wesi

Zalian hgavs mcxeTis samarovnis monacemebs.

aRniSnuli periodis samarxebi dafiqsirebulia dasav-

leT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva teritoriaze: raWaSi _ Rebsa

da SoSeTSi (lomTaTiZe, 1977),Aaseve sainteresoa imereTSi

sagvarjiles mRvimis win - “daCixul” xeobaSi gaTxrili

samarxebi, romlebic III-IV saukuneebs miekuTvneba (cqiti-

Svili, 1953)

amrigad, IV-VI saukuneebSi samarxTa tipebi mniSvnelovan

saxecvlilebas ganicdis rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosav-

leT saqarTveloSi. wina periodTan SedarebiT, formebis

mravalgvaroba sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, aseve mcirdeba

samarxeuli inventaris raodenobac. miuxedavad amisa, IV-VI

saukuneebSi mainc SenarCunebulia ramdenime tipi samarxisa,

amasTanave, zogierTi tipi mxolod erT lokalur arealSi

fiqsirdeba. dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samarx-

Ta formebis aseTi gansxvaveba garkveulwilad kavSirSia

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sxvadasxva kulturebTan met-

naklebi siaxloviT. axalma religiam _ qristianobam zemoT

aRniSnul procesebSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula,

radgan religiuri Sexedulebis Secvla pirdapir aisaxeba

dakrZalvis ritualsa da samarxis tipze.

- 42 -


1. afxazava, n. adreuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos nivTieri

kultura. mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1982

2. afxazava, n. qvemo alevi adreul Sua saukuneebSi. mecniereba.

Tbilisi. 1988

3. inaiSvili, n. cixisZiris ax. w. I-IV saukuneebis arqeologiuri

Zeglebi. mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1993

4. kviciani, z. dasavleT saqarTvelosa da romis imperiis

kulturul urTierTobaTa istoriisaTvis (ax.w. I-IV ss).

Tbilisi 1997 w.

5. lomTaTiZe, g. arqeologiuri kvleva–Zieba algeTisa da

ivris xeobebSi. mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1979

6. lomTaTiZe, g. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturuli yofa

I-XIII saukuneebSi. mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1977

7. lorTqifaniZe, g. biWvinTis naqalaqari. Tbilisi 1991

8. mcxeTa I , red: afaqiZe, a; gobejiSvili, g; lomTaTiZe, g. da

sxv. Tbilisi. 1955

9. ramiSvili, r: ivris xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. sioni.

mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1970

10. saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi II, mecniereba. 1978

11. sinauriZe, m: gvianantikuri da adrefeodaluri xanis

samarxebi yoRoTidan. ssmm, mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1967

12. cqitiSvili, m: sagvarjiles ormosamarxebi. iv javaxiSvilis

saxelobis institutis savele-aqeologiuri krebuli.

Tbilisi. 1953

13. WilaSvili, l: naqalaqari urbnisi. Tbilisi. 1964

14. Арутюнян, В. Сафарян, С. – Памятники армянсково зодчества.

Москва. 1951

15. Пачикашвили, Н. – Погребальные сооружения и обряд захо-

ронения в Рустави в I тыс. н. э. – Археология, Этнология и

Фольклористика Кавказа. Ереван 2003.

16. Трапш, М – Некоторые итоги раскопок Цебельдиских некрополей

в 1960-1962 г. 1963

- 43 -


Tamaz darCiZe




mecnier xelmZRvaneli: amiran kaxiZe

rkinis lazuri culebi

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelodan

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo kolxuri kulturis

mniSvnelovan centrs warmoadgenda, rasac mowmobs am

mxareSi am epoqis ara erTi Zeglis aRmoCena da Seswavla.

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolosa da axali aTaswleulis

dasawyisSi saqarTvelo ganviTarebis sruliad axal etapze

gadadis da erT kavkasiur sivrceSi eqceva. am azrs amyarebs

is faqti, rom ukve Zv.w. XII saukunisaTvis rkinis iaraRebs

iyeneben, rogorc samarxeul inventars.

Aaxali aTaswleulis I meoTxedi rkinis farTo aTvi-

sebiT xasiaTdeba, rkina ukve SeiWra cxovrebiseul sferoeb-

Si. rkinis iaraRebis gamoCenam win waswia Sromis nayofie-

reba, asvee gadamwyvetad imoqmeda gvarovnuli sazogadoe-

bis daSlis procesze. qarTveli tomebi saxelmwifoebrivi

ganviTarebis axal etapze gadavidnen.

roca vsaubrobT rkinis iaraRebze, calke unda gamovyoT

rkinis culebi, romlebic dRemde naklebadaa Seswavlili.

rkinis culebi mas Semdeg ganviTarda, rac brinjaos culma

moWama Tavisi dro da adamianebma rkinisagan daiwyes

iaraRebis damzadeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rkinis culebi

- 44 -

unda gaCeniliyo brinjaos kolxuri culebis arsebobis

xanaSive, droTa ganmavlobaSi rkinis culebi sayovelTaod

gabatonebul mdgomareobaSi Cans. Cven calke gamovyofT

rkinis culebis erT jgufs, romlebic aRmoCenilia samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTveloSi da mas „lazuri culis“ saxeliT

vicnobT.

gvianantikur xanaSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

sameurneo yofaSi mkvidrdeba axali sameurneo iaraRi

rkinis culis saxiT. xis masalis damuSavebis procesSi is

metad praqtikuli iyo. aRniSnuli epoqis rkinis culis

ZiriTadi sawarmoo kera da gavrcelebis areali samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTvelo, WaneT-lazeTis mxare iyo. Tumca, is

saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTel sanapiro zolze vrceldeboda.

am mxriv mniSvnelovania aWaris teritoriaze aRmoCenili

rkinis lazuri culebis nimuSebi.

„lazur culi“ gamorCeulia qarTuli rkinis culebis

sxva saxeobebidan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is xelosanTa

iaraRia. mas ZiriTadad xis ostatebi gamoiyenebdnen. ro-

gorc profesori n.kaxiZe aRniSnavs, Tavdapirvelad aseT

culebi mxolod lazi mWedelebis mier mzaddeboda (kaxiZe,

2005:13).

Kkolxuri rkinis culebis msgavsi culebi „lazuri cu-

lebis“ saxelwodebiT dRemdea SemorCenili eTnografiul

yofaSi im gansxvavebiT, rom mas aqvs farTo, brtyeli da

maRali piri; oTxkuTxa ganivkveTiani satare

xvreli (kaxiZe, vikersi, 2004: 128).

„lazur culs“ sxvagvarad „trapizonul

culadac“ moixsenieben, mas aigiveben XVII

saukunis Turqi mogzauris evlia Celebis

mier tarapizonis aRwerisas moxseniebul

culTan (kaxiZe, 2005:13).

aWaris teritoriaze rkinis culebis aR-

moCena cixisZiris samarovnis saxelTanaa

- 45 -

dakavSirebuli. cixisZiris rkinis culi ax.w IV saukuniT

TariRdeba, is Zalian axlosaa webeldis samarxeul

kompleqsSi aRmoCenil culebTan.

cixisZiris samarovanze Seswavlili iqna gvianantikuri,

adreSuasaukuneebis fenaSi amforasamarxi (#1), sadac

sxvadasxva nivTebs Soris (wiTellakiani TefSi, minis

sanelsacxeble, minis fiala, rkinis Subispiri, rkinis dana,

kaJis anamtvrevi, rkinis fibula, brinjaos fibula,

brinjaos abzinda, mZivebi) aRmoCnda CvenTvis saintereso

rkinis culi (cZ 83/7), romelic Tavis mxriv oTxkuTxa

ganivkveTiania, yuis zeda nawili dabrtyelebulia, aqvs

viwro yeli da moklefrTiani samuSao piri (inaiSvili.

1993:83). misi zomebia: sigrZe 15 sm, satare xvrelis diametri

5X2.5 sm.

rkinis culebis Semdgomi aRmoCena fiWvnaris saxelTanaa

dakavSirebuli, 1998 wels saqarTvelo-britaneTis fiWvna-

ris erToblivma eqspediciam Zv.w V saukunis berZnuli

nekropolis teritiriaze Seiswavla ax. w IV-V ss. samarxebi.

am epoqis samarxebis gamoCena axali sakvlevi mimarTulebaa

fiWvnaris udides samarovanze. swored am

samarxebSi aRmoCnda rkinis culebi.

fiWvnaris ax.w IV-V saukunis rkinis

culebi aRmoCnda sam samarxSi (177, 178,

179) sxva nivTebTan erTad. 2 culi welis

areSi dafiqsirda, xolo erTi _ marc-

xena xelis areSi, rogorc Cans, micvale-

buls is xelSi eWira (kaxiZe, vikersi,

2004:124).

prof. amiran kaxiZe gvaZlevs fiWv-

narSi aRmoCenili culebis aRwerasac. culTagan erT-erTi

yuakveriania, aqvs mrgvali satare xvreli da masiuri oTx-

waxnaga pirisaken odnav moxrili, Seviwrovebuli tani.

meore culs mrgvali yua da satare xvreli aqvs, misi

- 46 -

maRali, brtyeli tani odnav moxrilia, aqvs samkuTxa moyva-

nilobis oTxkuTxa piri. Mmesame culsac msgavsi, oTxkuTxa

moyvanilobis piri aqvs.

fiWvnarSi culebTan dakavSirebuli aRmoCenebiT das-

turdeba, rom kolxuri rkinis culi mravali saukunis winaa

Seqmnili da mas saukuneebis manZilze gamoiyenebdnen sacxov-

rebeli da sameurneo nagebobebis mSeneblobis procesSi. is

gamorCeulia Tavisi xarisxiTa da gamZleobiT.

sainteresoa is faqti, rom am saxis rkinis culebi

cnobilia urekis samarovnidanac. rkinis culis ukanaskneli

aRmoCena 2009 wlis gazafxulze moxda: urekSi, kerZod,

grigoleTSi, adgil „yvavilnarSi“ moqalaqe SoTa managaZem

sakuTar sakarmidamo nakveTSi miwis samuSaoebis dros,

SemTxveviT aRmoaCina mdidari samarxeuli kompleqsi,

romelic Sedgeboda sxvadasxva nivTisagan. monapovarTa

Sorisaa vercxlis mSvildsakinZi, brinjaos samedicino kov-

zebi, 11 cali importuli moneta, minis fiala, minis sanel-

sacxeble, sferos formis kidev erTi minis sanelsacxeble

WurWeli, romelic mniSvnelovania im mxrivac, rom is

erTaderTia am regionSi; amave samarxeul kompleqsSi aR-

moCenilia welSezneqili amfora, mozrdili fexiani jami, 2

cali rkinis Subispiri da CvenTvis saintereso rkinis culi.

aRmoCenili nivTTa simravle da maTi samecniero

mniSvneloba xazs usvams, rom urekis samarovani jer kidev

elis aRmoCenas. Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis analizi

gvaZlevs urekis samarovanis daTariRebis saSualebas.

urekis samarxeul kompleqsSi aRmoCenili nivTebi ax.w III –

IV saukunes miekuTvneba.

urekis rkinis lazur culs aqvs brtyeli mogrZo farTo,

oTxwaxnaga piri, ovalurganivkveTiani da aseve grZeli

satare xvreli, viwro, oTxwaxnaga moxrili tani. misi

zomebia: simaRle 15 sm, piris sigrZe 11 sm, satare xvrelis

diametri 4X3 sm.

- 47 -

urekis rkinis culi Tavisi aRnagobiT

Zalian axlosaa Crdilo-dasavleT sa-

qarTveloSi sxvadasxva dros aRmoCenil

rkinis culebTan.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, rkinis

lazuri culebi vrceldebodnen Crdilo-

dasavleT saqarTveloSic. zemoT aRniSnul

culebTan tipologiurad Zalian axlosaa

afxazeTSi, webeldasa da apuStas arqeo-

logiur ZeglTa komleqsebSi Seswavlil rkinis culebTan

(Воронов, Вознюк, Юшин, 1970:188). afxazeTSi gvianantikuri

epoqis samarxebSi aRmoCenili rkinis lazuri culebi

SedarebiT masiuria, aqvT brtyeli da farTo piri, momaR-

lo tani. rogorc Cans, is samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

rkinis lazuri culebis erT-erT saxesxvaobas warmoadgens,

aRsaniSnavia is, rom samarxebi, romlebSic culebi aRmoCn-

da, III-IV saukuneebs miekuTvneba (Воронов, Вознюк, Юшин,

1970:175).

amrigad, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (petra-cixis-

Ziri, fiWvnari, ureki) aRmoCenili gvianantikuri _ adre Sua

saukuneebis rkinis culebis erTi saxeoba SeiZleba lazur

culad miviCniod. aseve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rkinis lazuri

culi gavrcelebuli Cans ara mxolod sakuTriv lazeTSi,

aramed TiTqmis mTel aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi da

gansakuTrebiT samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos terito-

riaze. is aqtiur xmarebaSi Cans gvianantikuri xanidan,

gansakuTrebiT _ adre Sua saukuneebidan. samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloSi Semdgomi xanis rkinis lazuri culebis

aRmoCena ar dafiqsirebula, maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb XVII-

dan mxolod werilobiTi wyaroebi saubrobs, rogorc

iTqva, bolo wlebamde rkinis lazuri culi farTod gamoi-

yeneboda aqaurTa eTnografiul yofaSi.

- 48 -

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi t. I Tbilisi 1970 w. gv

286, 290.

2. kaxiZe a., vikersi m., fiWvnari I, Tbilisi 2004 w.

3. inaiSvili n, cixisZiris ax. w I_VI ss. arqeologiuri

Zeglebi. sdsZ XXI, Tbilisi, 1993. gv. 83.

4. kaxiZe n., lazi ostatebis wvlili qarTuli meliToneobis

istoriaSi. nbiS IV, baTumi, 2005 w. gv.13

5. Воронов Ю. Н, Вознюк А. С, Юшин В. А, Апуштинский могильник

IV_VI ВВ. Н.Э. В Абхазии. СА I. 1970, 175-190.

- 49 -


andro samxaraZe

akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis



mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: sulxan kupraSvili

saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi

zogierT rusul wyaroSi

aRniSnul sakiTxs Cven ganvixilavT ramdenime rusuli

wyaros mixedviT. pirveli gaxlavT `kavkasiki kalendris”

ramdenime nomeri, romlebSic mocemulia me-19 saukunis rusi

istorikosebis mier damuSavebuli saqarTvelos istoriis

zogierTi periodi. agreTve, Cvens mier ganxilul iqna 1900

wels TbilisSi dabeWdili mixeil gluSkovis saqarTvelos

istoria.

sanam sakiTxis uSualo ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, mizanSe-

wonilad migvaCnia ganvixiloT ras warmoadgenda `kavkazski

kalendari~ da rogori obieqturobiT aSuqebda is Cveni

qveynis istorias.

`kavkazski kalendari~ warmoadgenda periodul gamoce-

mas, romelic ibeWdeboda TbilisSi 1846 wlidan 1916 wlis

CaTvliT. yovelwliurad gamodioda erTi nomeri, romlis

moculoba daaxloebiT 500 nabeWd gverds Seadgenda. aRniS-

nuli gamocemis Seqmnas safuZvlad daedo is garemoeba, rom

kavkasiaSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebisa da ganmtki-

cebis Semdeg centraluri saimperatoro xelisufleba dain-

teresebuli iyo detalurad Seeswavla kavkasiis regionis

- 50 -

sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli cxovreba, gansakuTrebiT ki

axlad dakavebuli qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri

prioritetebi. swored amitom `kavkazski kalendari ~ war-

moadgenda carizmis erT-erT umTavres oficialur beWdviT

organos kavkasiaSi.

gamocemis yoveli nomris Sesaval nawilSi aRniSnulia,

rom `kalendris~ Seqmnis idea modioda saimperatoro

karidan da mis gamocemas piradad kurirebda kavkasiis

mefisnacvali, romlis sakancelario mmarTvelobis stambaSi

xdeboda calkeuli nomrebis gamocema. `kavkazski kalend-

ris~ yoveli nomeri Sedgenilia Cveulebrivi kalendris

principiT, magram es imdenad maRal donezea gakeTebuli,

rom SeiZleba CaiTvalos erT-erT saukeTesod msoflioSi

Seqmnil analogiur gamocemebs Soris.

rogorc aRvniSneT, `kavkazski kalendris~ TiToeuli

nomeri sakmaod sqeltanian gamocemas warmoadgens, rogorc

ramdenime ganyofilebisagan Sedgeba. Cveulebriv, am ganyo-

filebebis raodenoba me-19 saukuneSi gamomaval nomrebSi

ZiriTadad xuTi aris xolme: 1. saeklesio ganyofileba; 2.

sazogadoebrivi da sacnobaro ganyofileba; 3. kavkasiis

mxaris istoriuli, geografiuli da statistikur aRwerilo-

baTa masalebis erToblioba; 4. literaturuli damatebani;

5. “kavkazski adres-kalendari”

aRsaniSnavia, rom meoTxe ganyofilebaSi, romelsac

zogadad literaturuli damatebani ewodeboda, ZiriTadad,

istoriuli, eTnografiuli da arqeologiuri xasiaTis

statiebi ibeWdeboda.

`kavkazski kalendris~ me-19 saukunis gamocemebis yoveli

nomris mesame ganyofileba iwyeba istoriuli xasiaTis ga-

mokvleviT, romlis sruli saxelwodeba aris: RirsSesaniS-

navi movlenebi kavkasiasa da amierkavkasiaSi da ruseTis

imperiis mTavrobis umniSvnelovanesi dadgenilebani am

mxareSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, “kavkazski kalendris”

- 51 -

me-2 ganyofilebaSi gvaqvs `qronologiuri CamonaTvali~ da

igi sayofacxovrebo xasiaTisaa. Cvens mier dasaxelebul

naSromsac sxvagvarad misi Semdgenlebi `qronologiur

Cvenebebs~ ubralod `qronologias~ uwodebdnen. rodesac

saubaria `kavkazski kalendris~ qronologiaze, igulisxmeba

`qronologiuri Cvenebebi~ da ara gamocemis me-2 ganyofi-

lebaSi dabeWdili `qronologiuri CamonaTvali~. `qrono-

logia~ mraval saintereso cnobas gvawvdis saqarTvelosa

da saerTod kavkasiis istoriis Sesaxeb. is erTgvar gza-

mkvlevs, SeiZleba iTqvas, saxelmZRvanelos Sekvecil va-

riants warmoadgenda aRniSnuli regionis istoriiT dain-

teresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis. `qronologias~ Tavisi aqtua-

luroba Tanamedrove periodSic ar daukargavs da war-

moadgens TariRebis erTobliobas Sesabamisi komentarebiT.

`qronologiis~ umTavresi Rirebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom mis Semdgenlebs ar gamorCeniaT saqarTvelosa da

somxeTis istoriis TiTqmis arc erTi mniSvnelovani mov-

lena, rom ar daeTariRebinaT da Sesabamisi komentari ar

gaekeTebinaT misTvis. amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom

qronologia ufro metad saqarTvelos istoriis warsulis

amsaxvel movlenebs ukeTebs komentars. `qronologiis~

pirveli TariRi aucileblad Zv.w. 2500 welia, romliTac

misi avtorebi msoflio warRvnas aTariReben, xolo bolo

TariRi kalendris konkretuli nomris gamocemis welia. es

komentarebi, nawilobriv, istoriuli movlenis garkveul

analizsac warmoadgens. ismis kiTxva, ramdenad axlosaa

`qronologiis~ TariRebi da misi komentarebi istoriul

sinamdvilesTan? es TariRebi moZiebuli da gaanalizebulia

me-19 saukunis me-2 naxevarSi. samwuxarod, cnobili ar aris,

ra wyaroebsa da imxanad arsebul mwir samecniero

literaturas eyrdnobodnen avtorebi da isic, vinc adgenda

Tu adgendnen am `qronologias~. masze dakvirveba cxadyofs,

rom yvela TariRi da misi komentari moyvanilia ara

- 52 -

mxolod qarTul (an somxur) istoriul masalaze dayrd-

nobiT, aramed ucxouri cnobebis gaTvaliswinebiTac. isto-

riuli TariRebis qronologiuri nusxa _ es ar aris

mxolod kavkasiis qveynebis umniSvnelovanes movlenaTa

CamonaTvali, aramed igi Sejerebulia kavkasiis mezobel

xalxTa da qveynebis im movlenebis komentarebiT, romlebic

istoriis garkveul periodebSi gavlenas axdendnen kavka-

siis xalxebis cxovrebaze. `qronologiaSi~ Cven vxvdebiT Zv.

saberZneTis, egviptis, romis, iranis, TurqeTis, bizantiis,

ruseTis da dasavleT evropis qveynebis istoriul Tari-

Rebs, rogorc aRvniSneT, TariRebis aRnusxva Zv. w. 2500

wlidan iwyeba me-19 saukunis CaTvliT, magram am CamonaT-

valSi erTgvar gammijnav zRvars warmoadgens jer 1801

(aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapyroba ruseTis mier) da

Semdeg 1810 weli (imereTis samefos gauqmeba). Tu manamdeli

TariRebis daaxloebiT 90 procenti politikuri xasiaTisaa,

1810 wlis Semdeg `qronologiis~ dadgenilebis aRweriT

Semoifarglebian. es albaT imiTac iyo gamowveuli, rom

sakuTari xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg carizmi kavka-

sias sakuTari teritoriis nawilad aRiqvamda da ar surda

yuradReba gaemaxvilebina politikuri xasiaTis im movle-

nebze, romlebic ZiriTadad imperiuli xelisuflebis wina-

aRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. `kavkazski kalendris~ `qronolo-

giur CvenebebSi~ mocemuli gvaqvs saqarTvelos istoriis

100-ze meti TariRi da maTi komentari.Aam mxriv Cvens

gakvirvebas iwvevs is, rom samxreT saqarTvelo am Tari-

Robriv maCveneblebSi mxolod oTxi, xuTi an maqsimum eqvsi

movlenis komentariT aris warmodgenili.Mmainc, rogor

aris ganxiluli samxreT saqarTvelos istoria?

xSir SemTxvevaSi ignorirebulia zogierTi istoriuli

movlena, magaliTad aRniSnulia, rom Zv.w 400 wels 1000-ma

berZenma moqiravnem qsenofontesTan erTad ilaSqra som-

xeTSi. arada sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom berZenma moqi-

- 53 -

ravneebma samxreT saqarTveloze gaiares 401 wels da amas

TviT qsenofontec aRiarebs Tavis ànabasisSi.~ berZnebs am

dros sakmao samxedro kontaqtebi mouwia qarTvelebTan.

`qronologiaSi~ aris erTi aseTi TariRi _ 700 weli da

mis gaswvriv aRniSnulia, rom am dros samcxe-javaxeTSi

pirvelad mmarTvelebad mogvevlinen bagrationebi. bagra-

tionebi speridan arian da es Zveli qarTuli mxare sa-

qarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi xSirad gvevlineba, magram ara

700 wels, Zlieri arabuli eqspansiis dros.Bbagrationebi ki

oficialurad qveynis meTaurebad me-6 saukunis 70-ian

wlebSi gvevlinebian qarTlis antiiranuli ajanyebis dros.

samwuxarod, rus avtorebs daSvebuli aqvT erTi Zalian

didi uzustoba _ samcxeSi jayelebis mmarTvelobis perio-

dad maT 1285-1306 wlebi aqvT mocemuli, rac veraviTar

kritikas ver uZlebs.

kidev erTi TariRis Sesaxeb qronologiaSi miTiTebu-

lia, rom 1578 wels iranma da TurqeTma gaiyves samcxe-

saaTabago. samcxe iranma da osmaleTma 1555 wels gaiyves,

xolo 1578 wels iwyeba mustafa lala faSas laSqroba,

romlis Semdeg samxreT saqarTvelo mTlianad gadavida

TurqeTis xelSi, 1579 wlidan ki Turqebma daipyres gur-

jistanis, anu Cildiris vilaieTi, romelic axalcixis safa-

Sos saxeliT ufro aris cnobili.

1869 wlis `kavkazski kalendris~ nomerSi daibeWda qu-

Taisis gimnaziis maswavleblis aleqsei golovinis saqarT-

velos istoria (Об истории Грузии). am 200-gverdian naS-

romSi mocemuli gvaqvs saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi

droidan 1807 wlamde. iseve, rogorc sxva istorikosebTan,

a.golovinTanac Zalian cota aris moTxrobili samxreT

saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb.

1. a.golovini aRniSnavs, rom 627 wels herakle keisris

jarSi didi adgili ekava `mesxur kavalerias~. Cveni azriT,

am terminSi rusi avtori unda gulisxmobdes bizantielebis

- 54 -

mxares meomar aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos

mosaxleobas.

2. a.golovini amis Semdeg samxreT saqarTvelos Temas

mxolod orjer wamowevs. pirvelad is saubrobs daviT

ulus 1260 wlis ajanyebaze monRolTa winaaRmdeg da arsad

axsenebs am movlenis mTavar moqmed pirs _ sargis jayels

da mas mxolod im pirovnebad miiCnevs, romelmac samcxe Ca-

moaSora saqarTvelos. ratomRac rusi avtori ar saubrobs

sargis jayelis im pozitiur rolze, romelic man iTamaSa

daviT ulus gadarCenaSi ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg.

3. amis Semdeg aleqsei golovini samcxis Temas axsenebs

giorgi brwyinvalesTan dakavSirebiT. sainteresoa, a.golo-

vins giorgi brwyinvale daviT aRmaSeneblis masStabis

moRvawed miaCnia, rodesac aRniSnavs, rom didi winapris

msgavsad, kavkasiis gaerTianeba `nikofsiidan darubandamde~

giorgi mexuTemac saqarTvelos gaerTianebiT daiwyo.

avtori saubrobs ra mefis mier saqarTvelos gaerTianebaze

zustad miuTiTebs, rom 1330 wels SemoerTebuli iqna dasav-

leT saqarTvelo, xolo 1334 wels samcxe-saaTabago. a. go-

lovinis azriT, 1334 wels gardaicvala beqa jayeli, romlis

SviliSvili yvaryvare mefem TviTon dasva aTabagad. sinamd-

vileSi beqa 1327 wels gardaicvala da giorgim aTabagad

biZamisi beqa daadgina, romelic gardaicvala swored 1334

wels. beqa jayels avtori giorgis aRmzrdelad miiCnevs,

Tumca arsad ar asaxelebs, Tu ra naTesaoba hqonda saqarT-

velos mefes samcxis samTavro karTan. aqve samcxis samTav-

rosTan dakavSirebiT a.golovini erT mignebul daskvnas

akeTebs. kerZod imas, rom àm movlenebis Semdeg samcxis

Zlieri erisTavebi saqarTvelos mxolod im mefeebs emor-

Cilebodnen, romlebic umklavdebodnen da amarcxebdnen

gareSe mtrebs, xolo samefo xelisuflebis Sesustebis Sem-

deg, rac gamoiwvia qveynis SigniT areulobam, dro ixelTes

da damoukidebloba moipoves~.

- 55 -

bunebrivia, a.golovinis yuradRebis areSi moqceuli

aris giorgi V RonisZiebani saqarTvelos mTianeTSi.Mmefis

orgul mTiulebis mokavSireebad avtors ratomRac osebi

miaCnia, romlebic mTiulebTan erTad kvlav aoxrebdnen

qarTls. osTa kavSiri mTiulebTan avtorma SeiZleba ins-

tinqturad ivarauda, xolo rac Seexeba saqarTvelos mTis

mosaxleobas, mefem maT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia

imis gamo, rom mTaSi monRolTa batonobis Sedegad saxel-

mwifoebrioba Zalze Seirya da ganukiTxaoba sufevda. am

movlenebTan dakavSirebiT a.golovins saWirod ar miuCne-

via komentari gaekeTebina giorgi mexuTis samarTlebrivi

RonisZiebebisaTvis saqarTvelos mTianeTSi.

Cvenda samwuxarod, ar xerxdeba davadginoT, kidev ra

damokidebuleba hqonda imperiul istoriografias samxreT

saqarTvelos mimarT. Tumca gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom arc

sakuTar qarTul istoriografias vyavarT ganebivrebuli

samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis problemuri sakiTxebis

SeswavliT.

Ggamoyenebuli literatura

1. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi `кавказский календарь~-is

furclebze.

- 56 -


guram CxataraSvili



arqeologiis specialobis magistraturis I kursi.

mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: SoTa mamulaZe

SavSeTis materialur-kulturuli

Zeglebi

(saTlelis svetis cixe)

yvela qveyanas aqvs iseTi adgili, romelic warsuli

didebis siamayea, winaparTa cocxali matianea. am mxriv

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos istoriuli tao-klarjeTis

teritoria, sadac uamravi arqeologiuri da xuroTmoZRv-

ruli Zegli mdebareobs, romelTa umetesi nawili, samwuxa-

rod, Seuswavlelia. swored am ukanasknelTa ricxvs mie-

kuTvneba SavSeTSi saTleliis (svetis) cixe.

cixis mSenebloba dakavSirebulia saqarTvelo-bizantiis

urTierTobebTan X-XI saukuneebSi. swored im mZime poli-

tikurma viTarebam, romelSic im dros imyofeboda saqarT-

velo, ganapiroba cixeebisa Tu sxva sasimagro mniSvnelobis

nagebobaTa ageba. sumbat daviTis-Zis mixedviT, cixe 1028

wels saba mtbevars augia, maSin, roca saqarTvelos bizan-

tielTa sardali parkimanosi utevda.

cixes sakmaod strategiuli mdebareoba ekava. igi akont-

rolebda rogorc imierxevsa Tu SavSeTze aWariswylis

xeobis sxvadasxva punqtebze gamaval gzebs, ise klarjeTTan

damakavSirebel uZveles gzebs.

- 57 -

cixis teritoriaze mravali sxvadasxva daniSnulebis

nagebobaTa naSTebi Cans, romelTa mniSvnelobis gansazRvra

aq mimdinare arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gaxdeba

SesaZlebeli.

rogorc iTqva, X-XI ss-is mijnaze saqarTvelo politi-

kurad didi gansacdelis winaSe aRmoCnda. mzardi feoda-

luri qveyana bizantias Seejaxa. saqarTvelosa da bizantias

Soris urTierToba gansakuTrebiT XI s-is 20–iani wlebis

bolos da 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiZaba. sadavo da

brZolis obieqti gaxda daviT kurapalatis yofili samflo-

belos garkveuli raionebi da cixesimagreebi. am niadagze

1021-1022 wlebSi giorgi I mefobis xanaSi, orjer gaimarTa

mkacri brZola qarTvelebsa da bizantielebs Soris. bevri

sisxli daiRvara da dasaxlebuli punqtic ganadgurda

[kopaliani, 1972: 176].

XI s. dasawyisSi bizantiis imperiam saqarTvelos Camoa-

Sora imier tao (samxreT tao) _ daviT kurapalatis samem-

kvidreo. unda iTqvas, rom am samflobeloze iuridiulad

bagrat III ufleba aRar hqonda, radgan daviT kurapalatma

ara marto TviTon misca piroba basilis, rom sikvdilis

Semdeg Tavis samflobelos mas uanderZebda, aramed basil-

Tan gagzavna Tavisi aznaurebi, romelTac mas ficiT piroba

misces, rom daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg Tavis cixeebs

gadascemdnen [lorTqifaniZe, 1979: 175].

marTlac, daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg,

“gamovida basili berZenTa mefe, da miscnes mas cixeni

aznaurTa ama daviTisTa, da daipyra basili mefeman mamuli

daviT kurapalatisa”... [sumbat daviTis-Ze, 382].

sruliad aSkaraa, rom daviTis aznaurebma micemuli pi-

robis safuZvelze gadasces cixeebi basils, romelmac taosa-

gan Seqmna iberiis Temi _ sakatabano da iq mmarTvelad

berZeni katabani daniSna.

samxreT taos bizantiis xelSi gadasvliT saqarTvelos

samxreT-dasavleTi zRude moerRva. am teritorias didi

- 58 -

mniSvneloba hqonda rogorc bizantiisaTvis, romelic aqe-

dan avrcelebda Tavis eqspansias saqarTvelosa da somxeT-

ze, ise saqarTvelosa da somxeTisaTvisac [berZeniSvili, 9].

amdenad, imier taos dakargva mZime marcxi iyo saqarT-

velos saxelmwifosaTvis da amitom gasagebia, rom gaerTia-

neba-gaZlierebis gzaze mdgari qveyana yovel xelsayrel

SemTxvevaSi ecdeboda am marcxis gamosworebas [lorTqifa-

niZe, 1969: 39]. amisTvis xelsayrel momentad giorgi I

CaTvala basili II omi bulgarelebTan (1014-1016 ww), SeiWra

samxreT taoSi “da daikava is simagreebi da mxareebi,

romelnic misma biZam, daviT kurapalatma dauTmo mefe

basils” _ bulgarelebTan omidan ZlevamosilebiT dabrune-

bulma basilma giorgis dakavebuli teritoriis dacla

mosTxova. giorgim imperatoris moTxovnaze uari ganacxada,

rasac swored mohyva zemoT aRniSnuli bizantia-saqarTve-

los 1021-1022 ww. omi, sadac qarTvelebi sastikad damarcxd-

nen. [lorTqifaniZe, 1979: 178].

1023 w. bizantiasTan dadebuli zavi sakmaod mZime piro-

bebs iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelosTvis. giorgisadmi undob-

lad ganwyobilma imperatorma mas mZevlad ufliswuli

mosTxova, amasTanave, bizantiam daikava yvela is cixe, rac

manamde pirobiT Tu ZaliT hqonda daWerili.

XI s. dasawyisidan bizantia_saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi

axali xana iwyeba. amieridan bizantiis imperias ZiriTadad

gaerTianebul saqarTvelosTan aqvs saqme da mas aRar

SeuZlia saqarTvelos calkeul samefo-samTavroebis urTi-

erTSorisi mtroba Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenos, Tumca

Cndeba meore momentic. kerZod, imave saukunis 20-iani wle-

bis meore naxevridan bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi

bizantiis agresiuli politikis xelSemwyobi sxva movlena

iCens Tavs, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom amieridan saim-

perio xelisufleba axal mokavSireebs gaiCens saqarTve-

loSi msxvili feodalebis saxiT da maTi daxmarebiT XI s.

- 59 -

60-ian wlebamde Zlier brZolas awarmoebs saqarTvelos

dasasusteblad, mis dasamorCileblad [kopaliani, 1967: 130].

sumbat daviTis-Zis gadmocemiT, bagratis gamefebisTanave

(1027 w) “aznaurni taoelni warvides saberZneTs: vaCe kari-

Wis Ze da baneli episkoposi ioane, da amaTTan umravlesni

aznaurni taosa, romelnime cixovanni da romelnime ucixoni

ganudges bagrats da mierTnes konstantines, Zmasa basili

berZenTa mefisasa”... [sumbat daviTis-Ze, 385].

aqve saWiroa ganimartos, “umravlesni aznaurni taosa”,

sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom taos aznaurTagan umravlesoba

maT gahyva. gayolilTagan, rogorc fiqroben, bevrs ZaliT

moaxvies TavianTi survili banelma da kariWis Zem.

SavSeTidanac pirvelad am mxaris administraciuli

meTauri da umsxvilesi feodali CanCuxa erisTavi miemxro

bizantias, romlis orientacias SavSeTis aznaurTa umravle-

soba da ZiriTadi masa mxars ar uWerda, radgan ukanasknel-

TaTvis bizantiis xelisuflebisa da misi kanonebis qveS

yofna xelsayreli ar unda yofiliyo.

tao-klarjeTis aznaurTa umravlesobisa da ZiriTadi

masis bizantiisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyobis Sedegi unda iyos

is, rom bizantiam tao-klarjeTis damorCileba ver SeZlo

[javaxiSvili, 325].

1028 wels, rogorc daviT sumbatis Ze gadmogvcems _

“welsa meoresa bagratis gamefebisasa”, saqarTvelos bizan-

tiis sardali parkimanosi Semoesia didi jariTurT da

qveynis aoxreba daiwyo. aseTi gansacdelis drosac aznau-

rebma TavianTi orWofuli moqmedebebiT bizantielebs saqme

gauadviles: bizantiis sardalma Tavisi mdgomareobis

gaumjobeseba imdenad samxedro moqmedebiT ara, ramdenadac

aznaurTa gadabirebiT moaxerxa. maTi moqmedebiT qveyana da

bagrat IV did gansacdelSi iyo Cavardnili _ “gandges kua-

lad aznaurni da micnes cixeni bizantiis keisars” [qarTlis

cxovreba, 385]. da mxolod saba mtbevaris Tavgamodebulma

moRvaweobam da SavSeTis energiulma dacvam gadaarCina

- 60 -

mTeli es kuTxe berZenTa mZlavrobisagan. man Tavisi saepis-

koposos mcxovreblebisagan jari Seqmna da bizantielTa da

moRalate aznaurTa samxedro Zalas Tavisi samSoblos erT-

guli, qarTveli xalxis Zala daupirispira [javaxiSvili,

325].

da swored im dros, rodesac qveyana aseTi saSiSroebis

winaSe aRmoCnda, samSoblos dacva qarTuli qristianuli

eklesiis warmomadgenlebma ikisres. ,,ra Jams ixila saba

mtbevarman episkoposman, romel SavSeTs arRara ityo sxua

Rone, aago cixe Tavsa zeda tbeTisasa, daiWira qveyana

SavSeTisa, qmna didi erTguleba bagrat afxazTa mefisaTvis”

[matiane qarTlisai, 292]. sumbat daviTis Ze gadmogvcems:

“xolo aRaSena simagre saba mtbevar episkoposman, maxlo-

belad tbeTis eklesiisa da saxel-sdva mas sueti, da Sekriba

maSin man eri Tvisi da Sevides mas Sina TviT saba mtbevar

episkoposi, da ezra anCel episkoposi, da SavSeTis

aznaurni, da ganZlierda mas Sina” [sumbat daviTis-Ze, 386].

ase rom, SavSeTis (suetis) cixe saba mtbevars 1028

wlisaTvis auSenebia.

cixe agebulia meris wylisa da SavSeTis wylis xerT-

visSi, SemaRlebul, xeobisaken win wamoweul samkuTxa

kldovan borcvze (sur. 1; 2). igi akontrolebda imier xevze

Tu SavSeTze aWariswylis xeobis sxvadasxva punqtebisaken

gamaval gzebs, ise SavSeTis xeobaze artaanisa da meores

mxriv, klarjeTTan damakavSirebel uZveles gzebs. Aam gzeb-

zea ganlagebuli swored IX-X ss. aSenebuli klarjeTis qvis

TaRiani xidebis didi nawilic.

cixis Sida farTobi daaxl. 4 aTas kv.m-s Seadgens. mis

gegmas ZiriTadad kldovani reliefi gansazRravs. cixis

gabatonebul elements warmoadgens dasavleTis koSki (sur.

3), romelic 19 m simaRlisaa da rogorc iq amJamad

mimdinare gaTxrebma daadastura, 6 sarTuls moicavs. aqedan

kontroldeboda rogorc mTlianad xeobebi (SavSeTi,

meris), ise sakuTriv cixis teritoria. koSkis Siga, anu cixis

- 61 -

nawili naxevarwriuli moyvanilobisaa, xolo gare mxare

dakuTxulia. koSkis pirvel sarTulze mimdinare amJaminde-

li gaTxrebiT dadasturda 2 Tonis arseboba. koSkSi droTa

ganmavlobaSi 6 m simaRlis miwis nayari iyo dagrovili.

misi gawmendisas aq aRmoCnda metad saintereso Sinsaxmari

keramika (jamebi, doqebi, kecebi da a.S) (sur. 4, 5, 6). aqve

mravlad iyo warmodgenili ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis

(umetesad XI-XIII ss) moWiquli keramikac (sur. 7, 8, 9, 10).

jerjerobiT mxolod cixis erTi karibWe dasturdeba.

igi ganTavsebulia galavnis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi,

romelsac Cvens mier zemoT naxsenebi koSki akontrolebda.

rogorc Cans, cixe samxreT-dasavleTiT damatebiT

zRudesac Seicavda. cixeSi moxvedra mxolod am damatebiTi

zRudis gadalaxvis Semdgom SeiZleboda. saintereso suraTi

SeiniSneba cixis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSic. odnav win

gaziduli kedeli naxevarwriulia da mas samxreTidan edg-

mis daxloebiT aseTive 18-19 m simaRlis sworkuTxa koSki

(sur. 11). igi cixis kedlis simaRles 5 m-iTaa acilebuli.

jerjerobiT daudgenelia, Tu ramdeni sarTulisagan Sed-

geboda igi. araa gamoricxuli, wina koSkis msgavsad, esec 6

sarTuliani yofiliyo. igi, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad cixis

Sida teritoriis gakontrolebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili.

arc is aris gamoricxuli am koSkis qveda sarTuli yazar-

mad yofiliyo gamoyenebuli (sur. 12).

cixis Sida samxreTi kedeli sakmaod mZlavr kontrfor-

sebsac Seicavda. Sida teritoriis Crdilo-aRmosavleT

nawilSi eklesiac yofila gamarTuli. igi bolomde ar aris

gamovlenili da amJamad iq mimdinare gaTxrebis dasrule-

bamde SeuZlebelia mis arqiteqturul tipze saubari.

cixis dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis, aseve aRmosav-

leTis kedlebi 2 metris sisqisaa, xolo aRmosavleTisa zog

adgilas 5 metrs aWarbebs. cixes mTlianad aqvs morRveuli

CrdiloeTi kedeli. misi moyvanilobis aRdgena mxolod

pirobiTaa SesaZlebeli. kedlebis wyoba reguraluria. igi

- 62 -

granitisa da bazaltis (saSualo zoma 40X40 sm da 30X30sm)

kvadrebiTaa nagebi. maT SemakavSireblad kirxsnaria gamo-

yenebuli.

cixis Sida teritoriaze Cans sxvadasxva daniSnulebis na-

gebobaTa naSTebi, romelTa daniSnulebac aq mimdinare ar-

qeologiri gaTxrebis Sedegad gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.

ilustraciebi

sur. 1 sur. 2

sur. 3 sur. 4

- 63 -

sur. 5 sur. 6

sur. 7 sur. 8

sur. 9 sur. 10

- 64 -

sur. 11 sur. 12


1. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. II, Tb.,

1965

2. kopaliani v., saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTi-

erToba 970-1070 ww, Tb., 1967

3. kopaliani v., “Sirimnis” – “SirimTis” brZolisa da adgil-

mdebareobis Sesaxeb, Jurn. “mnaTobi”, 1972, # VII

4. lorTqifaniZe m., saqarTvelos Sinapolitikuri da sagareo

viTareba X s-is 80-iani wlebidan XI s-is 80-ian wlebamde,

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III, 1979

5. lorTqifaniZe m., feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri

gaerTianeba, Tb., 1969

6. ,,matiane qarTlisaÁ”, qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tb., 1955

7. sumbat daviTis-Ze, qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955

8. javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, II, Tb., 1955

- 65 -


Tornike diasamiZe




mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: biWiko diasamiZe

banas saepiskoposo

qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis simdidresa da mravalfe-

rovnebas mowmobs samxreT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, erT-erTi

maTgania SesaniSnavi saepiskoposo taZari bana, romelic

dRes, samwuxarod, nangrevebis saxiTaa SemorCenili. bana

iyo saqarTvelos erT-erTi saeklesio da saxelmwifoeb-

rivi centri istoriuli taos teritoriaze, Woroxis

xeobaSi, mdinare banas marjvena mxares, amJamad TurqeTis

sazRvrebSia ,,fanakis”

saxelwodebiT [beri-

Ze, 1973: 629-630].

banas taZari uTu-

od erTi ucnobiles-

Tagania Sua saukunee-

bis qarTuli xuroT-

moZRvrebis ZeglTa

Soris. ver naxavT

qarTuli arqiteqtu-

ris istoriis verc

erT narkvevs, rom banas TvalsaCino adgili ar hqondes

daTmobili. mas naxuloben xolme, rogorc wesi, saqarTve-

los istoriuli samxreT dasavleTi mxareebis ZeglebiT

- 66 -

dainteresebuli mkvlevarni [mefisaSvili, TumaniSvili, 1989:

5]. magram Cveni moxsenebis ZiriTadi mizania banas saepis-

koposo taZris rolis warmoCena Sua saukuneebis erTiani

qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis istoriaSi da misi gavlena

qarTul renesansze.

banas eparqia Sedioda qarTuli samociqulo marTlma-

didebluri eklesiis SemadgenlobaSi. misi mRvdelmTavrebi

atarebdnen banelis an banaelis wodebas. Tanamedrove

gamokvlevebiT iTvleba, rom banas Tavdapirveli taZari

aSenebulia VII s-is Sua wlebSi, xolo adarnase qarTvelTa

mefis dros (881-923) igi ganaxlebula gadakeTebula da

saepiskoposo kaTedrad gadauqceviaT, romelic arsebobda

XVIII s-is bolomde [Sengelia, silogava, 2006: 94].

banas eklesiis aSenebis dro garkveulad aqvs aRniSnuli

bagrationTa istorikoss sumbat daviTis-Zes, igi wers:

,,adarnase, Ze daviT kurapalatisa, dasues qarTvelTa me-

fed... da aman adarnase, Zeman daviT kurapalatisaman aRaSena

bana xeliTa banelisaTa, romeli igi iqmna pirvel epis-

kopos banel~ [qarTlis cxovreba, 1955: 347-348]. es aRniSvna

swored banas xelmeored agebas unda ukavSirdebodes.

vaxuSti batoniSvili ase aRwers banas: ,,am wyalzed (bana

fanaskertis wyalze), mTaSi ars bana, aw uwodeben fanaks, aq

ars eklesia gumbaTiani, didi, Svenierad nagebi, keTil-

Svenier adgils, aRaSena mefe adarnasem, da daflul arian

mefeni, ijda episkopozi mwyemsi fanaskertisa da sruliad

taosi, olTisisa da narumakisa da aw ars carieli” [vaxuSti

batoniSvili, 1941: 138].

XVI s-is dasawyisis istoriul sabuTSi ,,kaTalikozis

xelqveiTi mRvdelmTavarni da samwysoni samcxe-saaTaba-

goSi”, banas eparqiis sazRvrebi asea gansazRvruli: ,,banelis

samwyso, sul bani, taos kari, fanaskerti, harixis xeoba,

sruliad olTisi, namurakani” [doliZe, (a) 1965: 49].

mtris xSiri Tavdasxmebis gamo metad mwiri cnobebi

SemogvrCa banas eparqiasa da banis episkoposebze. mag., XIII

- 67 -

s_Si ,,gangeba darbazobisas” mixedviT mxolod isaa cnobili,

rom samefo darbazobis dros baneli episkopozi 32-e

adgilze ijda aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi saqarTvelos 37

ierarqs Soris walkelis Semdeg da Werem qalaqelis win,

aseve sul ramdenime baneli episkopozia cnobili sais-

torio wyaroebSi [doliZe, (b) 1965: 245].

XI s_Si cnobilia ori baneli episkopozi _ zaqaria da

ioane, orive am saukunis metad boboqari politikuri

movlenebis monawile iyo, _ gansakuTrebiT zaqaria baneli,

romelic banis mezobeli aseve marTlmadidebluri eklesiis

_ valaSkertis meTauric gaxda da xSirad wyaroebSi

zaqaria valaSkertelis an zaqaria banel_valaSkertelis

saxeliTaa cnobili. masve miniWebuli hqonia umaRlesi

bizantiuri saeklesio tituli svingelozisa.

sad da rodis Seudga zaqaria baneli sasuliero

moRvaweobas _ ar Cans, magram ukve 1022 wels igi gamoCnda

politikur asparezze. am wels basianSi laSqriT movida

bizantiis imperatori basili II da saqarTvelos mefis gior-

gi pirvelisagan moiTxova daebrunebina daviT kurpala-

tisagan anderZiT gadacemuli miwebi, romelic giorgi I_s

hqonda dakavebuli [lorTqifaniZe, 2008: 358]. molaparake-

baSi bizantiis mxridan monawileobda imperatoris ndobiT

aRWurvili piri zaqaria baneli, romelsac im droisaTvis

miRebuli hqonda valaSkertelis wodeba da svingelosis

tituli.

rogorc Cans, zaqaria baneli qarTuli mxaris sasargeb-

lod SeTanxmebas xelovnurad aWianurebda, rac imperators

da mis garemocvas SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT da zaqariac

imperatorma Serisxa. igi molaparakebas CamoaSores,

konstantinepolSi gadaasaxles da gamyolebs gzaSi misTvis

enis amoglejac daavales. es moTxovna Sesrulda Tu ara,

wyaroebidan ar Cans, igi sakuTar patara monasterSi

damkvidrda da farTo literaturul-kulturul moRvaweo-

bas Seudga [Sengelia, silogava, 2006: 98-99]

- 68 -

rogorc Cans, saepiskoposo kaTedrebs banaSi XI s-is

Semdeg didxans aRar uarsebia, SeiZleba igi Turq-selCukTa

Semosevebs Seewira, magram sasuliero centri iq Semdgom-

Siac didxans iyo _ aq monasteri arsebobda, rogorc XVI s-

Si gadawerili xelnawerebidan Cans.

garda imisa, rom bana erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saekle-

sio kaTedra iyo, is qarTvel mefeTa sakuTreba da rezi-

dencia_samyofelic yofila. sumbat daviTis-Zis TxzulebaSi

bagrat IV-is (1027-1072) Sesaxeb erTgan aRniSnulia, ,,moiwia

bagrat taos da Semovida Tvissa mamulsa banas” [qarTlis

cxovreba, 1955: 318]. savaraudod, es is periodia, rodesac

bagrati bizantiaSi imyofeboda da ukan daabrunes, bagrats

bizantiis imperatoris mdevrebi daadevnes giorgi I-is

urCobis gamo, magram bagratma saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi

Semosvla moaswro, rogorc Cans, bana im droisaTvis

giorgi I-is gamgeblobaSi Sedioda.

,,matiane qarTlisas” mixedviT, banaSi daiweres jvari

1030 wlis axlo xanebSi bagrat IV-m da bizantiis impera-

toris Zmis, roman argonis asulma elenem, es jvriswera

axali urTierTobis dasawyisi unda yofiliyo bizantiasa da

saqarTvelos Soris, magram dedoflis gardacvalebis gamo

viTareba Seicvala. banas eklesiaSi imarxebodnen erT dros

bagrationebi, ukanasknelad aq daasvenes vaxtang IV (1442-

1445) da misi meuRle siTi xaTuni [giviaSvili, koplataZe,

2004: 123].

osmaleTis imperiis dros banas taZari cixe-simagred

gadauqceviaT da 1877_1878 wlebSi, ruseT-osmaleTis omis

dros, eklesiis garSemo rusTa jari idga. aseve Tavisi

banaki hqoniaT iq osmalebsac, am omebis periodSi bana

Zlier dazianda.

yvela, vinc banas taZari moinaxula an Seiswavla, aRfr-

Tovanebulia misi ornamentebiT, silamaziT da mSveniere-

biT. ,,garda iSxanisa, mrgvali nageboba Cven gvaqvs agreTve

qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegl banaSi, im gansxvavebiT

- 69 -

mxolod, rom genios xuroTmoZRvars Tavidan aucilebia is

konstruqciuli defeqtebi, romelic Zvel iSxans hqonda,

banis xuroTmoZRvarma Seqmna mxatvrulad kidev ufro

srulyofili, xolo konstruqciulad bevrad ufro mkvidri

nageboba, romelmac saukuneebs gauZlo” _ aRniSnavs pavle

ingoroyva [ingoroyva, 1955: 365].

pirveli cnobebi banas taZris sakuTriv arqiteqturuli

saxis Sesaxeb dagvitova germanelma mogzaurma da botani-

kosma karl koxma, man igi 1843 wels daaTvaliera, rodesac

Zegli jer kidev mTlianad iyo Semonaxuli [mefisaSvili,

TumaniSvili, 1989: 6]. “banasnairi taZari mTels aRmosav-

leTSi ar naxavs, aia-sofiis Semdeg aziaSi msgavsi araferi

Semxvedriao“, - uTqvams mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi

germanel botanikoss karl koxs.

banas xuroTmoZRvrebis kvleva realurad eq. TayaiSvil-

ma daiwyo. 1902 wels, roca man bana pirvelad inaxula

arqiteqtor s. kldiaSvilTan erTad, taZari ukve Zalzed

dangreuli iyo; 1907 wels eq. TayaiSvilma kvleva ganagrZo:

,,1907 wels, rodesac meored vinaxule bana, suraTi kidev

ufro samwuxaro iyo”, _ wers eq. TayaiSvili [TayaiSvili,

1991: 222-223].

eq. TayaiSvilma siZveleTa Seswavlis mizniT samxreT-

saqarTveloSi sami eqspedicia moawyo, banas grandiozuli

kaTedraluri taZridan mas mohyavs sami warwera, erTi

maTgani Sesrulebulia didi zomis asoebiT, taZris sakurT-

xevelSi. eq. TayaiSvili Tvlida, rom warwera Zalzed

Zvelia da SeiZleba taZris agebis droindeli iyos.

banas taZari aSenebulia gangeb zemoT davakebul mrgval

borcvze da Zvelad SemozRuduli iyo qviTkiris galavniT.

gegmiT tetrakonqis Temis Taviseburi variantia _ tetra-

konqi mrgvali SemosasvleliT. konstruqciuli Tvalsaz-

risiT, es friad originaluri da rTuli Senobaa [beriZe,

1974: 32-33].

- 70 -

banas kaTedrali warmoadgens gumbaTian rotondas

masSi Cawerili tetrakonqiT, romelic uwyveti garSemosav-

leliTaa garsSemortymuli. misi centraluri nawili

gegmaSi jvris formisaa, Tanatoli mklavebi daboloebulia

svetebze gadayvanili TaRebiT, romlebic afsidebis kedlebs

ikaveben.

banas msgavsi Zeglebi saqarTvelos garda cnobilia

mxolod somxeTSi (zvarTnocisa da gagik mefis taZrebi).

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, XVIII s-is Sua xanebSi banas

eparqia daclili yofila, amis Semdeg igi arasodes

ganaxlebula, misi grandiozuli taZaric (fuZis diametri 38

m, Sida sivrcis simaRle 32 m) dRes nangrevebis saxiT dgas,

Tumca XIX s-is Sua xanebamde SedarebiT kargad iyo Semona-

xuli da mxolod am droidan dazianda.


1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, T.

lomourisa da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1941

2. beriZe v., Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1974

3. beriZe v., adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli xelovneba,

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, II, Tb., 1973

4. giviaSvili i., koplataZe i., tao-klarjeTi, Tb., 2004

5. TayaiSvili e., arqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTissa da

sof. CanglSi, dabruneba, I, Tb., 1991

6. ingoroyva p., giorgi merCule, Tb., 1955

7. mefisaSvili r., TumaniSvili d., banas taZari, Tb., 1989

8. qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tb., 1955

9. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, II, Tb., 1977

10. doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, saero saka-

nonmdeblo Zeglebi, Tb., 1965

11. doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, saero saka-

nonmdeblo Zeglebi, Tb., 1965

- 71 -


kaxa qamadaZe




mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: biWiko diasamiZe

tbeTis saepiskoposo

saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze ar moiZebneba arc erTi kuTxe,

arc erTi xeoba da sofeli, rom warsulis raime naSTi ar

iyos darCenili. gamonaklisi arc tao-klarjeTis mxarea. am

saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba is Zveli qarTuli regionebi,

romlebic amJamad TurqeTis farglebSia moqceuli da Sead-

genen arTvinis, artaanis, yarsisa da erzrumis vilaieTebs

(Sengelia, 2008: 5).

miuxedavad imisa, rom mTels am mxares dRes erTiani

saxelwodebiT tao-klarjeTad movixseniebT, misi ori

regioni – sakuTriv tao da klarjeTi marTlac gamorCeu-

lia rogorc warsuli politikuri istoriiT, ise adgiliT

saqarTvelos eklesiaSi. TiToeuli maTganis teritoriaze

arsebobda or-ori saepiskoposo kaTedra: klarjeTSi _

anCi da tbeTi, xolo taoSi, iSxani da bana. isini iseve, ro-

gorc samcxe-saaTabagos sxva saepiskoposoebi, gauqmda XVIII

saukuneSi, iq osmalTa gabatonebis gamo (Sengelia, siloga-

va, 2006: 6).

tao-klarjeTis arqiteqturis erT-erTi mSveneba tbeTis

kaTedralia. igi mdebareobs istoriul SavSeTSi, q. SavSeTi-

dan daaxloebiT 15 km-ze. taZari agebulia IX s bolos an X s

- 72 -

dasawyisSi erisTavT-erisTavis _ aSot kuxis mier (918),

romelic am mxares ganagebda mamamisis gurgen kurapalatis

gardacvalebis Semdeg (giviaSvili, koptalaZe, 2004: 117).

SavSeTis garda, aSot kuxis samflobeloSi Sedioda artaa-

ni, samcxe da aWara, rezidencia ki iyo sof. tbeTSi (ingo-

royva, 1954: 99).

XI s qarTveli istorikosis _ sumbat daviTis-Zis gadmo-

cemiT: ,,aSot erisTavT-erisTavman, Zeman gurgen kurapala-

tisaman, romelsa ewoda kuxi, aRaSena tbeTi SavSeTs da

ganasrula igi yovelTa gangebiTa da dasua pirvelad

epikoposad sanatreli stefane uwyebiTa sulisa wmidisaTa”

(sumbat daviTis-Ze, 1955 : 380). tbeTi aSot kuxis dros ga-

daiqca qarTuli mwerlobisa da mwignobrobis mniSvnelovan

centrad. aq Seiqmna stefane mtbevaris himnografiuli

Txzuleba ,,wameba wmidisa mowamisa gobronisi” (914-918),

romelic aSot kuxis piradi iniciativiT yofila dawerili.

aq moRvaweobdnen mwignobrebi daviT tbeli, akvila mtbeva-

ri da sxvebi. tbeTis xelnawerebidan umniSvnelovanesia

tbeTis saxareba (995), romelic amJamad santk-peterburgis

sajaro biblioTekaSi inaxeba. SemorCenilia `tbeTis sulTa

matiane~ (XII-XVII ss), romelic mdidar masalas Seicavs

SavSeTisa da aWaris istoriuli geografiisa da sagvareu-

loTa Sesaxeb (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, 1985: 680).

adgilis saxelwodeba tbeTi, romelic eparqiazecaa

gadasuli, tbas ukavSirdeba da tbian Tu tbebian adgils

niSnavs. vaxuSti batoniSvili tbeTis aRwerisas aRniSnavs,

rom: ,,moigo saxeli mun myofTa mciredTa da mravalTa

tbaTagan” (batoniSvili, 1973: 679)

tbeTis taZari Tavisi xuroTmoZRvruli formebiT, mor-

TulobiT, ornamentuli dekoriT da maRalmxatvruli fres-

kuli mxatvrobiT didebul sanaxaobas warmoadgenda (sur.

1). Tavdapirveli eklesiis arqiteqturis Sesaxeb metad mwi-

ri cnobebi mogvepoveba. is maleve dangreula, 960-970 ww-Si

- 73 -

aSenda meore taZari, romelic, rogorc Cans, iyo gumba-

Tiani rvamklava eklesia. igi male Secvala axalma jvar-

gumbaTovanma nagebobam, romelic X-XI ss mijnaze augiaT.

tbeTis mesame taZari kidev mravaljer gadakeTda, Tumca,

jvargumbaTovani kompozicia SeinarCuna. XI s dasawyisSi

nawilobriv aRadgines taZris aRmosavleTi, samxreTi da

CrdiloeTi mklavebi, XII s II naxevarSi aRadgines samxreTi

mklavi, XIV s ki _ gumbaTi (giviaSvili, koptalaZe, 2004 :

117-119). ase idga taZari XX s II naxevramde. 1961 wels

mTlianad Caiqca gumbaTi, daingra taZris Crdilo-dasavleT

mklavi da TaRi (tab. I; sur 1, 2, 3, 4). ngreva gamouwvevia

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier taZris qvebis samSeneblo

miznebiT gadazidvas, amis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian frangi

xelovnebaTmcodneebi n. da m. tierebi, romlebmac tbeTis

taZari 1967 wels moinaxules da Seiswavles. (silogava,

Sengelia, 2006: 68).

yvela, vinc moaswro tbeTis pirvandeli saxiT naxva,

aRniSnavs mis didebulebas, dekoratiuli samkaulis mraval-

ferovnebasa da garemomcveli bunebis mSvenierebas. vaxuSti

batoniSvili aRniSnavs rom: ,,tbeTs ars eklesia gumbaTiani,

mdidrad nagebi da did-mSvenieri” (batoniSvili, 1973: 679)

(sur. 6)

g. yazbegi, romelmac tbeTis eklesia XIX s inaxula da

dawvrilebiT aRwera misi imJamindeli mdgomareoba, aRta-

cebiT wers, rom: ,,tbeTis monasters SeuZlia romic ki

daamSvenos - ise kargia misi saerTo xedi da saucxooa misi

detalebi. taZars grandiozuli Sesaxedaoba aqvs da ufro

did STabeWdilebas tovebs, vidre mcxeTis, zarzmisa da

safaras taZrebi” (yazbegi, 1995: 79-80). xolo cnobili Turqi

mwerali faqir baiyurTi 1974 wels gamoqveynebul moTxro-

baSi _ ,,jevizlis eklesia” wers: ,,aravin icis, Tu ramdeni

wlisaa es uzarmazari nageboba, iqneb aTasis, an iqneb metis.

zogi ras ambobs, zogi ras... mis sidiades mxolod maSin

- 74 -

aRiqvam, rodesac miuaxlovdebi, SigniT Sexval da maRla

aixedav. Zveli epoqis, aq mcxovrebi xalxis dakarguli

sarwmunoebis, maTi civilizaciis naSTia igi” (giviaSvili,

koptalaZe, 2004: 121).

tbeTis eparqiis istoriuli bedi mWidrod iyo dakavSi-

rebuli SavSeT-klarjeTis da aWaris istoriasTan. tbeTis

samwysoSi misi warmoqmnidan XIIIs-mde, rogorc Cans, Sedio-

da mTeli SavSeTi da aWara. erT-erTi istoriuli sabuTi

,,gangeba darbazobisa” gvawvdis epikoposTa sias. masSi

istoriul zemo qarTlSi dasaxelebulia Semdegi eparqiebi:

awyuris (samcxe), kumudos (javaxeTi), iSxnis (tao), anCis

(klarjeTi), tbeTis (SavSeTi), wurwyabis, wyarosTavis, eru-

SeTis, banis (tao). SavSeTsa da aWaris mxareSi Cans mxolod

erTi eparqia – tbeTisa. SemdegSi, rogorc Cans, mxolod

tbeTis eparqiis teritoriuli farglebi ramdenadme Seik-

veca. XVI s Sedgenili erT-erTi istoriuli sabuTis mixed-

viT, sadac samcxe saaTabagos eparqiebia CamoTvlili, mtbe-

varis samwysoSi Sedioda mTeli SavSeTi miWixaniT da aWa-

ris erTi nawili, xolo aWaris meore nawili ki am pe-

riodSi Sedioda quTaTelis samwysoSi.

amrigad, XVI s tbeTis eparqiaSi aRar Cans aWaris nawi-

li – dandalos qvemoTi, rogorc Cans, es gamoiwvia im ga-

remoebam, rom aWaris es nawili aRar iyo politikur-ad-

ministraciulad dakavSirebuli SavSeTTan da aRar Sedioda

samcxe-saaTabagoSi (enuqiZe 1977: 30). xsenebuli Zegli ase

gansazRvravs mtbevaris samwysos teritoriul farglebs:

,,daxatulas zedaTi, anakerts aqeTi sula SavSeTi miWixianT

batonis kaTalikosis, im qveynis episkoposic, iasaulic is

yofila, aWara dandalos zeiTi mas qonia, dandalos qve-

moTi aWara quTaTlis samwyso yofila” (baqraZe, 1987: 77).

tbeTis eparqiaSi mdebareobda wm. grigol xanZTelisa

da misi mowafeebis mier daarsebuli monastrebidan ori –

xanZTa, mamaTa monasteri da genaTle, dedaTa monasteri.

- 75 -

TiToeulma maTganma, gansakuTrebiT xanZTam, didi roli

Seasrula qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi.

tbeTis episkoposis pativi maRali iyo sxva mRvdelmTav-

rebSi – igi me-12 adgilzea dasaxelebuli aRmosavleT da

samxreT saqarTvelos 36 mRvdelmTavars Soris. ,,gangeba

darbazobisas” (XVIII s) mixedviT, mefis kurTxevis dros, mas

uWiravs adgili anCelsa da wurwyabels Soris. aseve maRa-

lia misi pativi sakuTriv samcxe-saaTabagos mRvdelmTavreb-

Si, aq mas me-5 adgili uWiravs am mxaris 13 mRvdelmTavars

Soris (doliZe, 1965: 48).

saistorio wyaroebSi sul 14 mtbevari episkoposia

cnobili, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura

iyo saba mtbevari. man gadamwyveti roli Seasrula 1028

wlis axlo xanebSi im drois erTob daZabul politikur

cxovrebaSi.

,,matiane qarTlisais” da sumbat daviTis-Zis cnobiT, ori

wlis gamefebul 11 wlis bagrat IV mamamisis giorgi I

gardacvalebis Semdeg ganudgnen taoeli aznaurebi vaCe

kariWis-Ze, CanCaxi faleli da arjevan hololas Ze, am orma

bizantias gadasca pirvelma cixe garylobisa, xolo meorem

werefTisa da wefTisa. gandgomil taoel aznaurebs SeuerT-

da baneli episkoposi ioanec. aseT viTarebaSi bizantiis

imperatorma konstantine VIII (1025-1028) jari gamogzavna

qveynis dasapyrobad (silogava, Sengelia, 2004: 76-84). aseT

dros ,,ra Jams ixila saba mtbevarman episkoposman, romel

SavSeTs arRara iyo sxua Rone, aago cixe Tavsa zeda tbeTi-

sasa, daiWira qveyana SavSeTisa, qmna didi erTguleba bag-

rat afxazTa mefisaTvis” (matiane qarTlisai, 1955: 292).

sumbat daviTis-Zis cnobiT: ,,saba mtbevarman simagre aago

maxloblad tbeTis eklesiasa da saxeli sdua mas sueti”

(sumbat daviTis-Ze, 1955: 386). saba mtbevars mxarSi amoudga

ezra anCeli, amasobaSi konstantine keisarma sikvdilis

moaxloeba igrZno da jari ukan gamoiwvia. igi gardaicvala

- 76 -

kidec 1028 wels. bizantias saqarTvelosaTvis aRar ecala,

sasaxlis karze gadatrialebebi daiwyo da qveyanas gansac-

delma gadauara. amieridan samefo xelisuflebam mtbevar-

episkoposs saero xelisuflebac _ SavSeTis erisTavobac

uboZa. mtbevarebs es Tanamdeboba gahyva eparqiis arsebobis

bolomde.

ukanaskneli mtbevari episkoposi, romelic saistorio

wyaroebSi ixsenieba, aris gedeon safaris-Ze (XVII s 30-iani

wlebi). 1650 wels osmaleTis sulTanma mehmed IV (1648-1687)

gedeon safaris Zes iSxneloba da mawyverloba uboZa. amis

Semdeg saistorio wyaroebSi wydeba cnobebi mtbevar

mRvdelmTavrebze. rogorc Cans, mas didxans aRar uarsebia

da gauuqmebiaT, iseve rogorc samcxe-saaTabagos sxva

saepiskoposoebi.

amrigad, tbeTis eklesia, romelic IX s bolosa da X s

dasawyisSi erisTavT-erisTavma aSot kuxma aago, qarTuli

xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi mSvenebaa.

tbeTis eparqiis istoriuli bedi mWidrod iyo dakavSi-

rebuli SavSeT-klarjeTis da aWaris istoriasTan. tbeTis

samwysoSi misi warmoqmnidan XIII s manZilze Sedioda mTeli

SavSeTi da aWara. SemdegSi tbeTis eparqiis teritoriuli

farglebi ramdenadme Seikveca da XIII s mis SemadgenlobaSi

Sedioda SavSeTi da aWaris erTi nawili – zemo aWara.

tbeTis saepikoposo kaTedra gauqmda XVIII saukuneSi am

mxareSi osmaleTis gabatonebis gamo.

- 77 -


1. baqraZe d., arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi,

sabWoTa aWara, 1987

2. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa,

qarTlis cxovreba , t. IV, Tb., 1973

3. giviaSvili i., koptalaZe i., tao-klarjeTi, Tb., 2004

4. doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1965

5. enuqiZe T., tbeTis sulTa matiane, Tb., 1977

6. ingoroyva p., giorgi merCule, Tb., 1954

7. ,,matiane qarTlisai”, qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tb., 1955

8. sumbat daviTis-Ze, cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa,

qarTlis cxovreba, I. Tb., 1955

9. Sengelia k., tao-klarjeTis Zeglebi, Tb., 2008

10. Sengelia k., silogava v., tao-klarjeTi, Tb., 2006

11. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, IX, Tb., 1985

12. yazbegi g., sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, baT., 1995

- 78 -

ilustraciebi:

sur. 1

sur. 2

- 79 -

sur. 3

sur. 4

- 80 -

sur. 5

- 81 -


lamara burkaZe



istoriis specialobis II kursi.

mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: Tamaz futkaraZe

mogzauroba istoriul tao-klarjeTSi

2009 wlis 5-10 ivniss, prof. T. futkaraZesa da Cems

TanakurselebTan erTad vimyofebodi samecniero eqspedi-

ciaSi, istoriul tao-klarjeTSi.

tao-klarjeTis Sesaxeb mravali istoriuli naSromi

daiwera, amitomac Tavs Sevikaveb vrclad saqarTvelos am

kuTxis istoriul-geografiuli aRwerilobisagan da mo-

giTxrobT am mogzaurobis Sedegad danaxul da emociurad

gancdili dReebis Sesaxeb.

Cven ZiriTadad movinaxuleT Semdegi Zeglebi: dolisya-

na, xaxuli, parxali, oSki, xanZTa, tbeTi, artanuji da bo-

los gavecaniT bazgireTis yofiT kulturas.

Cveni didi aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia im geografiulma

garemom, rac iq dagvxvda. es teritoria mTlianad kldovan

mTaTa sistemas warmoadgens. mcenareTa safari mxolod

mdinaris pirasaa, xolo wylidan gaSorebuli teritoriebi

udabnos saxes qmnis.

pirveli Zegli, romelic movinaxuleT, es iyo dolis-

yana. samwuxarod, taZari yvelasagan da yvelafrisagan

mitovebulia, iq mcxovrebT is Semosavlis wyarodac ki

gadauqceviaT. dRes es Zegli Zalzed savavalo mdgomareo-

- 82 -

baSia, im kedlebs, romlebic SemorCenilia, Camongrevis

safrTxe emuqrebaT. es saSiSroeba TiTqmis yvela im taZars

elis, romlebic am teritoriazea ganlagebuli. SedarebiT

karg mdgomareobaSia is taZrebi, romlebic meCeTad gada-

keTda da romelSic axlac mimdinareobs islamis swavleba,

amaze miuTiTebs iqve arsebuli saswavlo merxebi. aseTia

parxalisa da xaxulis taZrebi, am taZrebidan Cven mxolod

xaxulis taZarSi movaxerxeT Sesvla.

xaxuli mdebareobs TorTumis wylis marjvena Senakadis,

xaxulis wylis napiras. Tavdapirvelad am teritoriaze

mcire eklesia daviT I augia, xolo Semdgom daviT kura-

palats did taZrad da samonastro centrad uqcevia. is

warmoadgenda centralur-gumbaTovan da samnaviani bazili-

kis sinTezs. Semdeg ki es taZari gadakeTda meCeTad (Tayai-

Svili, 1960: 59, 60). xaxulis literaturuli keris Tvalsa-

Cino warmomadgenlebia: iovane xaxuleli, vasil bagratis-

Ze. am kulturul bazaze aRizarda giorgi mTawmindelic

(menabde, 1992: 74) taZarSi sakmaod kargadaa SemorCenili

freskebi, restavraciis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia maTi

sruli aRdgena. wm. nikolozisa da sxva mowameTa gamosaxu-

lebebi qarTvelebisagan Svelas iTxoven.

rac Seexeba parxals, samwuxarod, Cven misi Siga sivrcis

daTvaliereba ver SevZeliT, radgan iq axla muslimanuri

salocavia da ar mogvces ufleba misi daTvalierebisa.

Tavdapirvelad garkveuli Tanxa mogvTxoves, xolo Semdeg

gasaRebis uqonloba moimizezes.

parxali mdebareobs mdinare parxalis wylis xeobaSi,

lazistanis anu pontos mTagrexilis aRmosavleT kalTaze.

parxalis agebis drois zusti TariRi ar aris dadgenili.

pirdapir dros arc taZari gvaZlevs gadamwyveti mniSvne-

loba eniWeba parxalis ,,oTxTavs”, romelic parxalisaTvis

aris gadawerili iovane beraias mier, 973 wels, es ki imas

mowmobs, rom am droisaTvis parxalis taZari arsebobda.

- 83 -

aRniSnuli xelnaweris ukanasknel furcelze ikiTxeba: ,,wi-

naSe axalsa eklesiasa, axalsa sakurTxevelsa zeda daedgas”.

rogorc Cans parxalis taZari am dros axali agebuli

yofila. mis agebas daviT kurapalats miaweren, samwuxarod

mahmadianebis momZlavrebis Sedegad monasteri daeca da

misi bazilikuri Senoba meCeTad gadakeTda, ramac nageboba

ixsna dangrevisagan (menabde, 1992: 75).

opizaSi mxolod taZris nangrevebiRaa SemorCenili,

ezoSi ki meCeTia aSenebuli. opizis mdebareobis Sesaxeb

aseT cnobas gvawvdian: ,,SavSeTis wylisa da anakerts Soris,

Woroxis aRmosavleTiT, aWaris mTis kalTaze aris monas-

teri naTlimcemlisa, amas uwodeben opizis monasters”. am

monacemze dayrdnobiT Tavdapirvelad gaZnelda opizis

adgilsamyoflis dadgena. miiCnies, rom is aWaraSi mdeba-

reobda, xolo Semdeg darwmundnen, rom opiza imerxevSi _

klarjeTSi mdebareobs, maRal mTaze (menabde, 1962: 458).

mecnierebisaTvis jer kidev ucnobia opizis aSenebis

TariRi, Tumca es unda momxdariyo V s murvanis Semosevis

dros monasteri ganadgurda da mxolod VIII s. 50-ian

wlebSi, samoel opizelis meSveobiT mSenebloba aSots unda

Caetarebina. aris mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom es taZari ara

VIII s. aramed IX s. unda aRdgeniliyo (menabde, 1962: 383, 387).

xanZTa Tavisi adgilmdebareobiT didad gansxvavdeba

sxva taZrebisagan. is udabnoSi gaSenebul oaziss waagavs,

irgvliv sul simwvanea da am simwvaneSi didi monastris

nangrevebiRaa SemorCenili. am nangrevebs Soris samreklo

sakmaod kargadaa Semonaxuli.

xanZTa klarjeTis kulturul-literaturul kerebs So-

ris qronologiurad opizis savanis momdevno da mTeli

mxaris samonastro kolonizaciis sayrdeni baza iyo. aqaur

moRvaweTa daxasiaTebiT, is amqveyniuri cxovrebisagan

gamdgar pirTa saukeTeso samyofs warmoadgenda. xanZTis

monastris damaarsebeli, tao-klarjeTis samonastro ko-

- 84 -

lonizaciis iniciatori da sulis Camdgmelia grigol

xanZTeli. man Cauyara safuZveli tao-klarjeTis qarTul

ber-monazvnobasa da samonastro cxovrebas. xanZTaSi Tavda-

pirvelad aRaSena grigolma Zelis eklesia, xolo Semdeg,

qvis. xanZTis eklesia unda aSenebuliyo VIII s. ukanasknel

meoTxedSi (menabde, 1992: 64).

XI s. xanZTel moRvaweTagan CvenTvis cnobilia mose

xanZTeli, romelsac 1085 wels gadauweria ,,saweliwado

sawinaswarmetyvelo” (menabde, 1992: 66).

iSxanSi freskebi sakmaod kargadaa SenarCunebuli, gum-

baTi mTlianad moxatulia da misi danaxva sakmaod kargadaa

SesaZlebeli. aRsaniSnavia is, rom am taZris yoveli sveti

gansxvavebuli ornamentebiTaa Semkuli.

iSxani mdebareobs olTisis wylis marjvena napirze

maRal tafobze. vaxuSti wers: ,,arTvins zeiT mierTvis Wo-

roxs dasavleTidan xevi, romelic gamosdis TorTom-

ispiris mTasa, modis aRmosavleTiT, am xevzed aris iSxnis

cixe, friad magari, didSeni da gumbaTiani, didmSvenierad

nagebi”. (TayaiSvili, 1960: 7)

saepiskoposo kaTedrali iSxanSi augia iSxnel somex

nerse kaTalikoss VII s. agebuli taZari IX s. meored aRa-

Sena saba iSxnelma. XI s. Zireulad gadaakeTes anton iSxne-

lis xelmZRvanelobiT (menabde, 1962: 442).

iSxani warmoadgenda erTnaviani bazilikisa da centra-

lur gumbaTovani taZris sinTezs. rogorc Cans, iSxans XV s.

CaTvliT didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, magram saqarTvelos

daSlis Semdeg iSxanma dakarga siZliere. ukve XVI s. SeiniS-

neba iSxnis gamococxleba da literaturuli tradiciebis

gagrZeleba (menabde, 1962: 442).

oSkis taZari mdebareobs TorTumis tbaSi Camdinare

TorTumis wylis SesarTavis maxlobel maRal mTaze. oSkis

monastris ageba taZris warwerebis safuZvelze 958-961

wlebs miekuTvneba da mis amgebad miCneulia adarnase III.

- 85 -

oSki Tavis droze qarTuli ganaTlebisa da mwignobrobis

didi kera iyo. monastris teritoriaze yuradRebas ipyrobs

nagebobis nangrevi samnaviani bazilika, romelsac didi

oTkuTxa darbazi ekvris CrdiloeTiT. es seminaruli

saswavlebeli iyo. swored aq moxda X s. bibliis Targmna

da igi òSkur bibliad” moixsenieba. aqve daiwera mestiis

saxareba ilarion iSxnelis dakveTiT (menabde, 1962: 448).

monaxulebuli taZrebidan, samwuxarod, tbeTis taZris

mxolod kedlis winafasadia SemorCenili, tbeTi mdeba-

reobs misive saxelobis sofelSi.

tbeTis taZari X s. 20-ian wlebSia agebuli aSot kura-

palatis mier, romelic gurgen I kurapalatis Svili iyo.

Semdgom periodSi tbeTis kaTedrali gaZlierda da mniSvne-

lovan rols asrulebda qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi

(menabde, 1960: 468).

rTuli viTarebis miuxedavad, dReisaTvis tao-klarjeT-

Si jer kidev SemorCenilia qarTuli soflebi, sadac

qarTulad saubroben da SenarCunebuli aqvT Zveli wes-

Cveulebebi. es gamoixateba maT kulturasa da rwmena-war-

modgenebSi.

taos qarTuli soflebia xeveTi da eliawminda. artanuj-

Si TiTqmis ar aris qarTulad mosaubre mosaxleoba.

arTvinSi cotani arian. arTvinis qarTuli soflebia orCxi

da burRuli. SavSeTis qarTuli soflebia bazgireTi, ziosi

da sxva. yvelaze kargad qarTuli ena da tradiciebi

bazgireTSia SemorCenili.

bazgireTi mdebareobs bazgireTis wylis xeobaSi. aqauri

buneba Zalzed waagavs aWaris maRalmTian soflebs. rac

Seexeba sacxovrebeli saxlis tips, maTi sacxovrebeli or-

sarTuliania, pirveli sacxovrebeli saqonlisTvisaa gan-

kuTvnili, xolo meore ki mcxovreblebisTvis. sacxovreb-

lis mowyobis aseTi wesi gamoiwvia didTovlianobam da im

- 86 -

daavadebebma, romlebic saqonlisa da rZis produqtebis

meSveobiT advilad daZlevadi da mosagvarebeli iyo.

kulinariaSi wamyvania rZis produqtebi, kerZebi TiTq-

mis iseTivea, rogoric zemo aWaraSi: sinori, boregi,

yuruTi. aqaurebi kargad floben xelsaqmes: qargaven,

qsoven. maTi oTaxebi morTulia maTive nakeTobebiT.

bazgireTSi SemorCenilia qristianuli dResaswauli,

romelsac isini ,,mariobas” eZaxian. ,,marioba” igivea, rac

CvenTan ,,mariamoba” da am dRes rogorc CvenTan, iqac 28

agvistos aRniSnaven. dResaswauli adre 10 dRe grZelde-

boda, imarTeboda lxini, xdeboda axalgazrda wyvilTa

daojaxeba, magram imis gamo, rom dRes sofeli TiTqmis

dacarielda axalgazrdebisagan, dResaswauli 3 dRe grZel-

deba da am dReebs cekva-simReraSi atareben. sruldeba sim-

Rerebi bazgireTze. bazgireTis cekva-simReris Sesaxeb mniSv-

nelovan cnobebs gvawvdis eTnografi T. futkaraZe. maTgan

aRsaniSnavia gasaubreba rZalsa da dedamTils Soris,

rwmena-warmodgenebi karg da SedarebiT anCxl sidedrze.

leqsTa formebi da simRerebi met-naklebad Sereuli

xasiaTisaa, magram ZiriTdad mainc CvenTvis gasageb qarTul

enaze sruldeba.

amrigad, zemoT motanili saeqspedicio masala naTlad

warmoadgens Cveneburebis yofisa da kulturis zogadqar-

Tul xasiaTs.


1. menabde l., qarTuli kulturis kerebi, Tb., 1922

2. menabde l., Zveli qarTuli kulturis kerebi, Tb., 1963

3. TayaiSvili e., 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqspedicia samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1960

- 87 -


sofiko kanTelaZe



istoriis specialobis II kursi.

mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: merab megreliSvili

qarTuli renesansis qristianuli

msoflmxedveloba

dRevandel dRes saqarTveloSi kvlav aqtualuria rene-

sansis Tema. Cemi daintereseba ki gamoiwvia im cvlilebebma,

romelic moaxdina renesansma qarTuli qristianuli msofl-

mxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi.

renesansma metad rTuli da saintereso gza ganvlo

kacobriobis istoriaSi, adamianTa cxovrebaSi moaxdina

gardatexa da daamkvidra mravali siaxle. renesansi sulier

faseulobaTa miReb-aTvisebis epoqaa. Mmisi niSnebia: didi

humanizmi, adamianisa da samyaros aRmoCena, antikurobis

aRorZineba. Mmagram am epoqis srulad gamoxatva ver

moxerxda, bevri ram darCa misi xasiaTis miRma amouwuravi

(siraZe, 2002: 280).

renesansma didi gardatexa moaxdina qristianul msofl-

mxedvelobaze. msoflmxedveloba xom SexedulebaTa da

RirebulebaTa sistemaa, romelic gansazRvravs adamianis

adgilsa da daniSnulebas samyaroSi, is aris cxovrebis

maswavlebeli, gzis orientiri. igi adamians aZlevs Rirebu-

lebiT orientacias _ ra akeTos da risTvis ibrZolos.

- 88 -

adamiani dedamiwaze bunebis evoluciis Sedegad gaCnda,

igi yovelTvis Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad arCevanis winaSe

dgas, raTa SeinarCunos sicocxle da damkvidrdes samya-

roSi. daamarcxos unda is saSiSroeba, romelic yovel wuTs

emuqreba. msoflmxedvelobam adamians Seuqmna warmodgena

samyaroze, rogorc mTelze, misca codna Tavis Tavze da

samyarozec. amis Semdgom adamians Camouyalibda idealebi

da adgens cxovrebis mizans, ras unda emsaxuros da risi

ganxorcielebisTvis unda ibrZolos. amis misaRwevad

saWiroa msoflSegrZneba, romelic renesansma Camouyaliba

adamians. is emyareba adamianis warmodgenebsa da pirad

gancdebs, emociebsa da ltolvebs, - es ki religiaa, romlis

safuZvelia rwmena yovlisSemZle RmerTisa. radgan igi

gonierebisTvis, codnisTvis saidumlo da miuwvdomelia.

adamians mieca saSualeba daeZlia gaoreba msoflmxedve-

lobriv doneze msoflmxedvelobriv motivebSi.

aRsaniSnavia SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosani”, rome-

lic im drois msoflgagebisa da suliskveTebis farglebs

gacda. am dros adamianebi Tavisufali azrovnebisa arian,

adamianis azrovnebaSi miwieri da sulieri erT mTliano-

baSi aisaxa. yvelam SeigrZno axali dro da Zala misi

dasawyisisa. mimzidveloba momavlisa, silamaze jer kidev

burusiani ganTiadisa (siraZe, 2002: 282). adamianebi ivsebian

TavianTi Tavis rwmeniT. rwmena codna gaxda, xolo codna

rwmenisa. moyvasisa da samyaros siyvaruliT, adamianma Tavi

samyaros centrad warmoidgina. adamianuri sikeTe samyaro-

Si uZlieres Zalad CaiTvala. moxda mSvenierebis ideis

Serwyma amaRlebulTan. Semdeg gaCnda SiSi RmerTis dakar-

gvisa. veRar xedavdnen mfarvels. Teatraluri warmodge-

nebi Seicvala sayovelTao qristianuli ritualebiT, rome-

lic taZarSi sruldeboda. axalma qristianulma msoflmxed-

velobam gaaerTiana adamianebi, romlebic cal-calke mie-

marTeboda RmerTisken, amaSi didi roli iTamaSa enis

- 89 -

gasulierebam, enis gaqristianebam. es ki qristianuli

msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelia _ sulieri wiaRia da did

siyvaruls warmoadgens.

`vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebis mTavari vneba megobroba da

siyvarulia. isini erTmaneTs keTildReobisaTvis Tmoben

TavianT survils, akontroleben emociebs da aqvT maTze

gabatonebis unari, Zleven mters da SeuZliaT gulSi siyva-

rulis cecxlis ar gaqroba (qarTuli renesansis sakiTxebi,

1988: 126, 127). amaSi ki daexmara renesansi Tavisi qristia-

nuli msoflmxedvelobiT. Tumca amave dros SeimCneva

ukiduresobanic. did gonierebas didi fiqri da sevda

moaqvs. udidesi sasowarkveTa imas ewveva xolme, visac udi-

desi sixaruli ZaluZs. qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis

ganviTarebam Searyia bevri Zveli rwmena da am azrovnebam

gamoiwvia eWvi. ukve Sua saukuneebSi didi iyo rwmenis Zala

da SiSi RvTis. aranaklebi iyo SiSi urwmunoebisa da EeWvisa

(siraZe, 2002: 293). adamianma Caixeda sulis saSiS siRrmeebSi,

ganicada sasowarkveTa, magram Semdeg gauCnda fiqri

qveynierebis xsnis Sesaxeb. es ki ukve RmerTze fiqrs mianiS-

nebda. cxovreba xom fiqria fiqrze. yvelaferi idumali

gaxda, darCa `raRac~, ramac adamiani bevr sasurvel da

arasasurvel Tavganwirvamde miiyvana. RmerTi gaidealda

xorciTac da suliTac. daiwyes awmyoze zrunva da momavalze

fiqri. Seicvala maTTvis bedis gagebac. moazrovne adamians

meti sevda da fiqri awevs. mas uWirs moiSoros naRveli,

Tumca amis saWiroeba man ukeT icis.

rusTaveli adamianSi ganadidebs adamians. is ar kargavs

rwmenas. es ki didi humanizmia. adamiani eufleba mTliani

samyaros SegrZnebas, amis safuZveli ki qristianobaa,

rusTavelis xana sulierebiT aRsavse epoqaa. am dros

saqarTvelo qristianobis burjia.

wmindanobisaken mimaval gzaze adamiani qmnida yvelaze

did saocrebas _ Tavis Tavs, oRond RvTiuri ideis mixed-

- 90 -

viT. renesansis dros qristianul msofmxedvelobaSi gaCnda

naTlis esTetika. `sadRac arsebobda didi RvTaebrivi sila-

maze. is iyo idumali rogorc suli, Semdeg igi naTeliviT

moefina qveynierebas da yvelaferi gaasxivosna sinaTlem,

romelsac silamaze mohqonda, yvelafers erTnairad

miswvda, magram yvelam erTnairad ver miiRo. amitomac

lamazi ver gaxda~ (siraZe, 2002: 286).

RmerTis ,,saxeTa” Soris umaRlesi da upirvelesi, rom-

liTac yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba mis arsebas, sikeTea

(lorTqifaniZe, Ciqovani, 1997: 244). samyaro erTianobaSia

pirvelsawyisTan. masSi moqmedebs RmerTidan gamomdinare

sinaTlis sxivi, rogorc xiluli mze Tavisi bunebiT, Tavisi

arsebiT anaTebs yovelives – aseve RmerTi, rogorc umaR-

lesi sikeTe, Tavisi bunebiT ganfens Saravandeds samyaroze.

aZlevs mas arsebobas da sikeTes. rusTavels sinaTle miwaze

moaqvs, ibrZvis am sinaTlis zeimisaTvis miwier cxovrebaSi

(lorTqifaniZe, Ciqovani, 1997: 247).

renesanselTa warmodgeniT, RmerTi amgvari sityvebiT

mimarTavs adamians: ,,ar ganiWeb Sen arc garkveul adgils,

arc raobas, arc gansakuTrebul movaleobas, raTa Seni

adgilic, raoba da movaleobac Sen TviTon gansazRvro

Senive sakuTari surviliT, Seni nebis Sesabamisad. sxva

qmnilebaTa raoba gansazRvrulia Cven mier dadgenili

kanonebiT. Sen SeuzRudveli xar da yvelafers Sen TviTon

gansazRvrav da Seni Tavis ufrosic Sen xar, me Sen gayeneb

samyaros centrSi, rom Sen aqedan ixilo yvelaferi, rac ki

ramaa amqveynad~ (jovani piko dela mirandola). (siraZe,

2002: 290).

msoflmxedvelobis gabatonebis Semdeg icvleba damoki-

debuleba amqveyniuri sinamdvilisadmi. ,,zecieri samyaro”

aRiarebulia umaRles da srulyofil sinamdviled, ,,miwieri

samyaro” ki mis ubadruk anareklad. Tumca adamiani mainc

- 91 -

cdilobs RmerTis gaadamianebas da daaxloebas. amiT gaTi-

Suli samyaro erTiandeba.

qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze zegav-

lena saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebmac moaxdina. XI-XII

ss-Si saqarTvelo Zlierebas aRwevs. ixsneba sasuliero aka-

demiebi, romlebic rwmenis gaRrmavebasa da codnis miRebaSi

exmareba xalxs. aseTma viTarebam ki misca renesanss

saSualeba qarTul literaturaSi eCvenebina antikuri da

Sua saukuneebis Serwyma. rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~ swo-

red am epoqas exeba, aq Serwymaa Sua saukuneebisa da rene-

sansisa. SoTa iyenebda moZRvrebebs, filosofias da biblias.

aseve dasavlur-aRmosavlur ideebs Tavis poemaSi. amis gamo

rusTavels acxadebdnen xan mahmadian, filosofosad, xan

platonisa da aristoteles mimdevrad, bolos ki neopla-

tonizmis mimdevrad aRiares, radgan bevri ram gaxada

renesansisaTvis misaRebi neoplatonizmma. Tumca `vefxis-

tyaosnis~ mravalferovneba davis sakiTxad iqca mecniere-

baSi. ainteresebdaT saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli renesan-

sis warmomavloba dasavluri iyo Tu aRmosavluri.

,,qristianulma neoplatonizmma da sufizmma, _ wers k.

kekeliZe, _ religia miiyvanes im logikur daskvnamde, rom

siyvaruli da mijnuroba RvTisadmi, rasac is moiTxovs,

aris siyvaruli da mijnuroba adamianisadmi” (gamsaxurdia,

1991: 9).

rusTavelisaTvis Sairoba saRvTo interpretaciis obi-

eqtia, sulis xsnis TvalsazrisiT. poeziis daniSnuleba,

uwinares yovlisa, saRvToa, religiuria, poezia dargia

saRvTo sibrZnis, igi saxismetyvelebiTi RvTismetyvelebaa

Tavad, misi Semfasebelnic ,,saRmrToni”, e.i. RvTismetyvelni

arian. auditoria poeziisa aris sasuliero wre (gamsaxur-

dia, 1991: 17), xolo gagonebas axdens saero wre. basil didi

mouwodebda sazogadoebas gacnoboda am poezias da Cas-

wvdomoda mis dedaazrs, raTa gaadvileboda qristianuli

- 92 -

msoflmxedvelobis gageba, romelic sikeTis qmnaze iyo

agebuli.

rusTavelis gmirebis cxovrebis wesi sikeTis qmnazea

agebuli. isini adamianebs zemodan ar uyureben. isini adamia-

nebs aRmerTeben. rusTavelis msoflmxedveloba kargad Cans

mis poemaSi. S. nucubiZe poemis msoflmxedvelobaze msjelo-

bisas aRniSnavda: ,,rusTaveli arsad ar uSvebs kavSiris

gawyvetas zecasa, rogorc amaRlebulis, bednierebisa da

siyvarulis simbolos, da miwas, rogorc realuri, ,,xor-

cieli” adamianisaTvis realur qveyanaze am bednierebis,

siyvarulisa da netarebis simbolos, Soris. am sinTezSi, am

erTianobaSia rusTavelis mier amqveyniur sikeTeTa

poeturi xorcSesxmis sidiade” (lomouriZe, Ciqovani, 1997:

246). garda rusTavelis poemisa, aRasaniSnavia efrem mcires

bevri sasuliero xelnaweri, romelic did rols TamaSobda

qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi.

msoflmxedvelobaSi RmerTis yovelgvari qmedeba misi-

ve neba-survils efuZneba, is arsaidan qmnis ararsebuls.

RmerTTan daaxloebisaTvis adamiani loculobs. locvis

ori saxe arsebobs. erTi saxe RvTis SiSiTa da keTili ime-

debiTaa ganpirobebuli, meore ki _ RvTisadmi siyvaruliTa

da umaRlesi siwmindiT. locvis pirveli saxis SemTxvevaSi

goneba iSorebs yovelgvar amqveyniurs, TavisTavSi Rrmav-

deba da RmerTis pirispiraa, meore SemTxvevaSi ki goneba

aRtacebulia RvTaebrivi sinaTliT da am dros igi vera-

fers xedavs, garda RmerTisa. locvis meore saxe RmerTis

mistikuri Wvretis erTi aucilebeli pirobaa (maxaraZe,

xidaSeli. 1991: 9).

Salva nucubiZis azriT, qristianuli religiis gaCena

da gavrceleba niSnavs ara mxolod sazogadoebis Rirebu-

lebrivi orientaciis gancalkevebas sawuTrodan saukunosa-

ken, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, individis, individualuri

adamianis sulis aRiarebas umaRles Rirebulebad adamianur

- 93 -

samyaroSi - iseT Rirebulebad, romelic ganuzomlad da

principulad aRemateba yovelsave ,,universalur mTels”,

yvela kacebr institutebsa da wamowyebebs (qarTuli rene-

sansis safuZvlebi, 1998: 112). qristianuli religia Tavisi

ideiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT xsnis saSualebaa mTeli

kacobriobisa.


1. siraZe r., qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2002

2. qarTuli renesansis safuZvlebi., Tb., 1988

3. maxaraZe m., renesansi, humanizmi da XI-XII ss-is saqarTvelo,

èlfis~ gamomcemloba, 2003

4. maxaraZe m, xidaSeli S., areopagitika da qarTuli

filosofiuri azris sakiTxebi, Tb., 1991

5. gamsaxurdia z., vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba, Tb.,1991

6. lorTqifaniZe g, Ciqovani n., qarTuli kulturis istoria,

Tb., 1997

- 94 -

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S r o m e b i

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