ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

ekaterine diasamiZe

qarTuli saeklesio galoba

qarTvelTa kulturuli identobis konteqstSi

wardgenilia anTropologiis doqtoris (Ph.D) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori qeTevan xuciSvili

samecniero TanaxelmZRvaneli: xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, profesori ioseb Jordania P

Tbilisi 2017

ავტორის სტილი დაცულია

sarCevi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Tavi pirveli kulturuli da musikaluri identobis aspeqtebi . . . .15

Tavi meore

musikis anTropologia da qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba (kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi). . . 41

Tavi mesame

qarTuli saeklesio galobisa da qarTvelTa kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi . .81

daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

D damowmebuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

1

Sesavali

`yvela ers, ganurCevlad kulturisa, unda SeeZlos

sakuTari musika – rwmenis, gamocdilebisa da saqmianobis

erTian konteqstSi moiazros, radgan amgvari kavSirebis

gareSe musika ver iarsebebs“ (alan meriemi)

Tanamedrove msoflios globalizaciis pirobebSi, mcire erebis enisa

Tu kulturuli memkvidreobis warmoCenisa da calkeul SemTxvevebSi –

SenarCunebis sakiTxi dadga. aRniSnul procesSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili,

ama Tu im kulturuli fenomenis mecnierul Seswavlas uWiravs. amgvari

kvleva, tradiciuli kulturis TviTmyofadobis obieqtur warmoCenasa da

msoflio civilizaciaSi misi rolis gansazRvras emsaxureba.

mecnierebaTa rig dargebSi (sociologia, anTropologia,

kulturologia, eTnomusikologia, musikis anTropologia), Zalze

aqtualuri termin `identobis” gamoyeneba gaxda. XIX saukunidan

moyolebuli, siciologTa da anTropologTa mier, kulturul

RirebulebaTa erTiani sistemis mqone eTnografiuli jgufebis siRrmiseul

Seswavlas Caeyara safuZveli. principiT – `vis gavxar da visgan

gansxvavdebi”. samecniero kvlevaSi, msgavsebisa da igiveobis koncefcia wina

planze gamovida da iman, Tu visTan iziareb mSobliur enas, visTan gaqvs

saerTo kulturuli tradiciebi – kvlevisTvis saWiro mniSvneloba SeiZina.

sakvlevi jgufebis gansazRvraSi, eTnikuri mxare gansmazRvrel

maxasiaTeblad iqca. identobis Temam ara Tu SeinarCuna, aramed kidev ufro

meti aqtualoba SeiZina, rasac, vfiqrob, upiratesad zemoaRniSnuli

globalizaciis procesi da geopolitikuri kataklizmebi ganapirobebs.

marTalia, anTropologebi cdiloben termin `identobis” kvaldakval, axali

alternatiuli terminologia SeimuSaon, Tumca, Tu am mimarTulebiT

arsebul Tanamedrove samecniero Sromebs gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom

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erovnuli, kulturuli Tu religiuri identoba – es is Temebia, romlebsac

dResdReobiT, msoflios araerTi saerTaSoriso konferenciaze eTmoba

adgili. identobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria postsabWoTa

sivrceSi, sadac am mimarTulebiT kvleva SedarebiT axalia. amasTan,

gasakviri ar aris, rom sabWoTa kavSiris saxelwodebis qveS gaerTianebuli

qveynebis mosaxleobas, hqonda da aqvs – mSobliuri enisa Tu sakuTari

TviTmyofadi erovnuli kulturis rogorc SenarCunebis, ise misi adreuli

Sreebis aRdgenisa da maTi kvlavwarmoebis survili.

kvlevis amocanaa, ganxilul iqnas is, Tu ra rols asrulebs

tradiciuli musika, kerZod ki mravalxmiani simRera-galoba, ama Tu im

niSnis qveS gaerTianebul jgufSi Semavali adamianis, rogorc mravali

identobis mqone arsebis cnobierebis, kulturuli mikuTvnebulobis

gansazRvraSi da rogor aisaxeba es yovelive koleqtiuri qvecnobieris

arqetipul maxasiaTeblebze. am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas, qarTuli

tradiciuli mravalxmianobis, kerZod ki saeklesio galobis magaliTze

SevecdebiT.

winamdebare Sroma warmoadgens pirvel sakvalifikacio naSroms,

romelic qarTuli tradiciuli saeklesio mravalxmianobisa da qarTvelTa

kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs eZRvneba. aRniSnuli

sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili Sromebis simwirem kidev ufro meti motivacia

SegvZina da dagvarwmuna, rom am mimarTulebiT kvleva Tanamedrove

kulturis kvlevaTa Soris erT-erTi prioritetia.

winamdebare naSromi dargTaSoriso kvelvaa, romelic musikis, rogorc

kluturis, an kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis Seswavlas gulisxmobs.

sxvagvarad, mas musikis anTropologiuri kvleva SegviZlia vuwodoT, sadac

musika – anTropologiis dargidan miRebuli samecniero midgomis

gamoyenebiT, kulturis konteqstSi Seiswavleba. zemoaRniSnuli midgomis

safuZvels, cxadia, araerTi samecniero Sroma warmoadgens; erT-erTi

maTgani, uSualod naSromis saTaurSive aRwers im princips, romlis

mixedviTac momijnave dargebis – musikologiis, eTnomusikologiisa da

kulturuli anTropologiis farglebSi, kvlevis mimarTulebam erTgvari

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evolucia ganicada. naSromis saxelwodebaa – A Survey of the Development of the

Theories of Ethnomusicology from 1955 to 2003. From “Sciencing about Music” To “People

Experiencing Music” (Alan D. Gordon, 2004). marTalia, kulturuli anTropologia

kvlevis konkretul samecniero meTods gulisxmobs, Tumca mizezi, Tu

ratom SeiZina anTropologiam saukunis mecnierebis datvirTva

dakavSirebulia anTropologiasTan, rogorc samyaroze farTo

humanitaruli xedvis mqone disciplinasTan (xuciSvili, 2008:101). winamdebare

naSromi interdisciplinuria imdenad, ramdenadac igi musikologiis,

eTnomusikologiisa da kulturuli anTropologiis disciplinebis

gamocdilebas eyrdnoba. zemoT aRniSnuli momijnave dargebis sakiTxTan

mimarTebiT, meti sicxadisaTvis, CvenTvis saintereso da misaReb

ganmartebebs moviyvanT, romelsac bruno netli gvTavazobs. igi ganixilavs

`eTnomusikologiis” gansazRvrebis problemas da 120 wlis manZilze,

sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva avtorTa mier SemoTavazebuli gansazRvrebebis

Semdeg CamonaTvals iZleva: `musikologia” (1880-iani wlebi), “SedarebiTi

musikologia” (daaxloebiT 1950 wlamde), `eTno-musikologia” (daaxloebiT

1950-1956 wlebi); es ukanaskneli maleve `eTnomusikologiad” gardaiqmna. b.

netlis TqmiT, defisis mocileba ideologiuri svla iyo, ramac

disciplinis damoukideblobas gausva xazi. avtori aseve miuTiTebs iseT

gansazRvrebebze, rogoric aris `kulturuli musikologia (j. kermani, 1985)

da `socio-musikologia” (s. feldi, 1984). gansazRvrebaTa cvlilebas avtori

inteleqtualuri orientirebisa da maxvilebis cvlilebas ukavSirebs (Nettl,

2005:3). disciplinebTan mimarTebiT, b. netli aRniSnavs, rom isini, vinc

`eTnomusikologiis” gansazRvrebis ZiebaSi arian, arCevans, qvemoT mocemuli

CamonaTvalidan erT-erTze akeTeben:

folkloruli musika, romelsac `primitiuls” uwodeben, romelic

Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, adgilobrivia, SesaZloa uZveles musikalur-

kulturul Sres miekuTvnebodes;

aradasavluri da folkloruli musika;

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yvela im tipis musika, romelic mkvlevris kulturis gareT, an

kulturis miRma arsebobs;

yvela im tipis musika, romelic zepir tradiciaSi cocxlobs;

yvela im tipis musika, romelic adgilobrivia, magaliTad `tokios

eTnomusikologia”;

musika, romelic garkveuli mosaxleobis jgufisTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli, romelic maTi sakuTrebaa, magaliTad amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis e. w. `Savi musika”;

yvela tipis Tanamedrove musika (g. Ceisi, 1958);

kacobriobis musika.

mkvlevrebis nawili, romelTa interesi aqtivobis garkveul tips

ukavSirdeba, SesaZloa qvemoT CamoTvlilidan erT-erTi airCion:

1. musikaluri sistemebis da kulturebis SedarebiTi (komparatiuli)

kvleva, rac ZiriTadad musikologiur aqtivobad aris miCneuli;

2. erTi konkretuli sazogadoebis musikisa da musikaluri kulturis

fundamenturi – arsebiTad anTropologiuri analizi;

3. musikis, rogorc sistemebis, an niSanTa sistemebis Seswavla – aqtivoba,

romelic lingvistikasa da semiotikas ukavSirdeba;

4. musikis, rogorc kulturis, an kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis

Seswavla, musika – Seswavlili mis kulturul konteqstSi,

anTropologiis dargis safuZvelze miRebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT, rac

xSirad `musikis anTropologiad” iwodeba;

5. dasavleTis klasikuri musikis miRma arsebuli musikis Seswavla, rac

istorikosTa midgomebis gamoyenebiT, folkloristebis kvlevis areals

warmoadgens (Nettl, 2005:4-5).

da bolos avtori miuTiTebs imaze, rom eTnomusikologiis, rogorc

disciplinis identoba, xSiri ganxilvis sagania.Aazrebi Semdegnairad iyofa.

eTnomusikologia es aris:

1. srulyofili disciplina;

2. musikologiis ganStoeba;

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3. anTropologiis ganStoeba;

4. interdisciplinuri swavlebis sfero;

5. yovlismomcveli disciplina, romelic `musikologia” unda yofiliyo,

magram ver gaxda (Nettl, 2005:4-5).

zemoT CamoTvlilTagan Cven veyrdnobiT im kvleviT meTods, romelic

musikis, rogorc kulturis, an kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis Seswavlas

gulisxmobs. musika – Seswavlili mis kulturul konteqstSi, rasac

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi xSirad musikis anTropologiis dargs

miakuTvneben.

Sesavlis pirvel gverdze xsenebulma globalizaciis procesma didi

roli Seasrula im niadagis momzadebaSi, romlis safuZvelzec qarTuli

kultura, maT Soris ki qarTuli tradiciuli musika, qveynis sazRvrebs

gascda. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTvel mkvlevrebTan erTad, qarTuli

mravalxmiani musikiT mravali ucxoeli mkvlevari dainteresebula da

dResac interesdeba; maT mier, aRniSnuli musikis mecnierul Seswavlas am

droisaTvis ukve didi istoria aqvs. specialistebis garda, qarTuli

xalxuri Tu saeklesio hangebiT ucxoeli momRerlebi, anda iseTi

adamianebi interesdebian, romlebsac eTnomusikologiasTan, an zogadad,

musikasTan manamde Sexeba ar hqoniaT. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT myofi

mkvlevrebisa da Semsruleblebis esoden did yuradRebas, vfiqrob,

TviTmyofad musikalur azrovnebasTan da ucxo hangis struqturaSi

garkvevasTan erTad, saqarTveloSi arsebuli, mZlavri, cocxali zepiri

tradiciis mimarT interesic ganapirobebs.

cnobilia, rom mkvlevarTa ori ZiriTadi kategoriis mixedviT, erTni

im kulturis matarebelni arian (Insider), romelsac swavloben; Sesabamisad

maTi mxridan maTive kulturis kvleva xdeba `Signidan”. meoreni, Sesaswavli

kulturis matareblebad ar gvevlinebian (Outsider), isini `garedan” cdiloben

kulturis Seswavlas da im maxasiaTeblebis Secnobas, romelic maTTvis

ucxoa, radgan isini Tavad sxva kulturaSi aRizardnen 1960-iani wlebidan

moyolebuli, sakiTxma – vin `ukeT” swavlobs msoflio xalxTa musikas

6

(kulturuli `insaideri” Tu `auTsaideri”), gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba

SeiZina. qarTul saeklesio galobasTan mimarTebiT mkvlevarTa oTx ZiriTad

kategorias ganvsazRvrav:

1. ucxoeli mkvlevari, romelmac adgilobrivi ena ar icis, ar aris

marTlmadidebeli qristiani, ar galobs (arc saeklesio da arc saero

garemoSi), Tumca sagaloblebis musikalur struqturasa da

saSemsruleblo praqtikaSi arsebul tendenciebs siRrmiseulad

Seiswavlis;

2. ucxoeli mkvlevari, romelic adgilobriv enas eufleba,

marTlmadideblur aRmsareblobas Rebulobs da taZarSi galobs, radgan:

a) moswons es kultura da surs, rom is gaiTavisos (emociuri

midgoma);

b) miaCnia, rom Sesaswavl masalasTan amgvari siaxlove mis kvlevas

met damajerebelobas Sematebs (racionaluri midgoma);

g) zemoT aRniSnuli orive faqtoris erTdrouli gaTvaliswinebiT;

3. mkvlevari, romelic adgilobrivi mkvidria, adgilobrivi ena misTvis

mSobliuri enaa, Tumca miuxedavad imisa, rom marTlmadidebel

qristianad aris monaTluli, wirvaze daswrebis Cveva Tu survili ar

aqvs da mas mxolod kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare eswreba;

4. mkvlevari, romelic adgilobrivi mkvidria, adgilobrivi ena misTvis

mSobliuri enaa, Tavad aris marTlmadidebeli qristiani da aseve

mgalobeli (yvela am parametris gaTvaliswinebiT igi, rogorc

kulturasTan yvelaze daaxloebuli piri, mas Signidan ikvlevs).

zemoT CamoTvlil klasifikaciaSi varireba da oTxi ZiriTadi

kategoriis qvekategoriebad dayofaa SesaZlebeli, Tumca vfiqrob es Sors

wagviyvanda. oTxi ZiriTadi kategoriisgan Semdgar zemoaRniSnul

klasifikaciaSi mniSvnelovania distanciis sakiTxi, kerZod ki is, Tu

rogori manZilia mkvlevarsa da sakvlev obieqts Soris. pirvel da meoTxe

kategoriasTan dakavSirebiT met-naklebi sicxadea. pirveli aRiqmeba,

rogorc sakvlevi obieqtisgan yvelaze metad dacilebuli, xolo meoTxe ki

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– yvelaze daaxloebuli mkvlevari. meore da mesame kategoriasTan

mimarTebiT Cndeba kiTxva: romeli maTgania sakvlev obieqtTan ufro axlos,

is vinc axali kultura siRrmiseulad gaiTavisa Tu is, vinc am kulturis

wiaRSi daibada. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, piradi gamocdilebis

magaliTze, saintereso epizodebs aRwers eTnomusikologi bruno netli. am

epizodTagan erT-erTi maTgani, mis mier sparsuli musikis Seswavlis

periods ukavSirdeba, rodesac samxreT TeiranSi, gakveTilis dasasrulisas,

pedagogma mas Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa: `am musikas Sen verasdros gaigeb –

arsebobs raRac, rasac quCaSi gamvleli nebismieri sparsi rom gaaCero,

instiqtis doneze gaigebs, Sen ki rogorc ar unda ecado, verasdros

Cawvdebi mas”. bruno netli gaocda, magram mixvda ra, Tu rogor `wvdomas”

gulisxmobda misi pedagogi da upasuxa: `me arc maqvs imis molodini, rom

sparsul musikas Cavwvde ise, rogorc adgilobrivi mkvidri, me mxolod imis

amoxsnas vcdilob, Tu ra principebs emyareba es musika”; razec pedagogma

uTxra: `magis swavlas albaT SeZleb, magram eg arc Tu ise mniSvnelovania”

(Nettl, 1983, 2005:149). erTi SexedviT, mkvlevari, romlisTvisac kvlevis sagani,

misive mSobliuri kulturis nawilia, xolo sakvlevis masalisa Tu

informantebis (eTnoforebis) ena – mkvlevris mSobliuri ena, mowinave

poziciaSia im mecnierTan, romlisTvisac sakvlevi masala da misi

kulturuli konteqsti ucxoa, magram praqtikidan gamomdinare Cven vxedavT,

rom orive maTgans, Tanabari Rirebulebis mqone kvlevis Catareba SeuZlia.

aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom ucxo musikalur kulturaze

dakvirvebisas, enobrivi Tu sxva kulturuli barierebis pirobebSi,

mkvlevars ganksauTrebuli sifrTxile marTebs, raTa mecnierebas, misi

kvlevis Sedegad mcdari informaciis matarebeli, saerTaSoriso

mniSvnelobis mqone Sroma ar SemorCes.

zemoaRniSnuli oTxi ZiriTadi kategoriidan mimaCnia, rom meore aris

monawile-damkvirvebeli (Participant observation), mesame ki damkvirvebeli. amaTgan

sagnis SeswavlaSi garkveuli wvlilis Setana oTxive kategoriis mkvlevars

SeuZlia, rac pirvel rigSi SedarebiTi kvlevis meTods ukavSirdeba; Tumca

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kulturis miRma myofi im mkvlevris muSaoba, romelic damkvirvebelTan

erTad monawilec1 xdeba, sakvlev obieqtTan ufro met siaxloves amJRavnebs.

da bolos. umniSvnelovanesia, rom kulturis SigniT myofi mkvlevari,

analitikur distancias flobdes; mas unda hqondes unari sakuTar

kulturas odnav mocildes da mas obieqturad daakvirdes.

Cemi sakvalifikacio naSromis meTodologiur bazas Seadgens:

• eTnomusikologiur naSromebSi gamoyenebuli SedarebiTi da kulturul-

anTropologiuri meTodologia; • interdisciplinuri kvlevis meTodi;

• raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi kvlevis meTodebi (monawileoba-dakvirveba,

gamokiTxva, statistika); • istoriuli analizis meTodi; • samusikismcodneo medievistikis samecniero gamocdileba;

• Cem mier winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Sedgenili kiTxvari, romelic

erTi konkretuli tipis fokus-jgufisTvisaa gankuTvnili; naSromSi viyeneb

interviuebs im adamianebTan, romlebic Cemi kvlevis sferoSi praqtikul

saqmianobas ewevian.

naSromis mecnieruli siaxle – qarTuli saeklesio mravalxmiani

galoba amgvari dargTaSoriso kvlevis sagani aqamde ar gamxdara;

kulturuli anTropologiis, musikologiisa da eTnomusikologiis

mimarTulebaTa safuZvelze, tradiciuli mravalxmianoba, saeklesio galoba

da kulturuli TviTmyofadoba erTian konteqstSi ganixileba. naSromis

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes nawils, Tanamedrove mgalobelTa gamokiTxva

warmoadgens, romlis safuZvelze, Cven konkretuli daskvnebis gakeTebis

SesaZlebloba mogveca. daskvnebi, Tanamedrove qarTul yofaSi tradiciuli

saeklesio mravalxmianobis rolsa da mis mniSvnelobas moiazrebs.

gamovlenilia is ZiriTadi xedva, romelic dRevandel dRes galobis

irgvliv arsebul problematikas ukavSirdeba.

1 monawile – ara mxolod, rogorc mecnieri, romelic ama Tu im kulturiTaa garemoculi, sxvadasxva qmedebaSi – mxolod kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare monawileobs, aramed monawile, rogorc individi, romlis gemovnebisTvisac ama Tu im kulturis esTetika srulebiT misaRebia.

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naSromis praqtikuli Rirebuleba – qarTuli tradiciuli

mravalxmianobisa da qarTuli saeklesio galobis sakiTxebis samecniero

kvlevebSi gamoyenebaa. vfiqrobT, naSromi daexmareba rogorc uSualod

qarTuli tradiciuli musikiTa da musikismcodneobis sakiTxebiT

dainteresebulT, ise kulturis kvlevebisa da kulturuli anTropologiis

sferoSi momuSave mkvlevrebs, aseve maT, vinc musikaluri identobis

sakiTxebiT arian dainteresebulni. winamdebare naSromi daxmarebas gauwevs,

ara mxolod sakiTxiT dainteresebul mkvlevrebs, aramed praqtikos

regentebsa Tu mgaloblebs. naSromSi pirvelad aris Tavmoyrili is

ucxouri samecniero midgomebi, romlebic tradiciuli musikis SeswavliT

dainteresebul studentebsa da mkvlevrebs daxmarebas gauwevs.

kvlevis ZiriTadi sagania qarTuli saeklesio galoba, rogorc

vokaluri mravalxmiani azrovnebisa da koleqtiuri locvis forma.

Tanamedrove sociumSi, zemoaRniSnuli azrovnebis gamovlenaze dakvirveba

Cemi kvlevis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens.

sakvalifikacio naSromis I Tavi - kulturuli da musikaluri

identobis aspeqtebi, identobas, rogorc sxvadasxva mimarTulebis

Tanamedrove kvlevebis, maT Soris ki kulturuli anTropologiis dargis

erT-erT sakvanZo sakiTxad ganixilavs. Cemi azriT, globalizaciis

procesis fonze, sxvadasxva eris kulturulma identobam meti simZafriT

iCina Tavi da aRniSnuli procesis Seswavlis saWiroebac dadga.

urTierTgaxsnil kulturul sivrceSi, sadac kulturaTa gacvla

yovelwuTier xasiaTs atarebs, kulturasTan erTad, kulturuli identobis

cnebac zogjer erovnul CarCos scdeba da mravalkulturul garemoSi

hibriduli formiT yalibdeba.

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, kulturuli

identobis amgvar ganmartebas vemxrobi: kulturuli identoba vlindeba,

rogorc koleqtiur, ise individualur doneze. igi warmoadgens: istoriaze,

genetikur kavSirze, erovnebaze, sacxovrebel adgilze, sametyvelo enaze,

saerTo Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli parametrebis nakrebs, romelTanac

individi sakuTari Tavis kulturul identifikacias axdens. kulturuli

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identoba erTi mxriv sakuTari Tavis Secnobas, xolo meore mxriv ki

sakuTari Tavis sxvebTan kavSirSi Secnobas gulisxmobs.

pirvel TavSi, erTi da imave kulturis farglebSi, kulturuli

insaiderisa da auTsaideris funqcionirebis sakiTxia dasmuli. sainteresoa,

identobis ra formasTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin rodesac kulturuli

auTsaideri ucxo qveynis tradiciul musikas eziareba; xdeba Tu ara es

ucxo kultura misi kulturuli identobis Semadgeneli nawili? aseT

fenomens SeZenil identobas vuwodeb, romlis pirobebSi ara genetikur,

aramed ucxo kulturis konteqstSi Camoyalibebul kulturul (musikalur)

identobasTan gvaqvs saqme.

pirveli Tavis dasasruls, yuradRebas kulturuli identobis

krizisze vamaxvileb; magaliTis saxiT, Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi

saeklesio galobis mimarTulebiT arsebul erT-erT yvelaze did

problemas – qarTul taZrebSi RvTismsaxurebis araqarTuli hangis

TanxlebiT aRvlenas, bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli jgufis magaliTze

ganvixilav.

naSromis II Tavi – musikis anTropologia da qarTuli tradiciuli

mravalxmianoba (kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi), eTmoba musikis

anTropologias, rogorc axal mimarTulebas da igi ganxilulia

dargTaSoriso konteqstSi, im ZiriTadi samecniero Sromebis safuZvelze,

romlebic musikis anTropologiisa da mis momijnave dargebSi Sesrulda.

meore TavSi ganxilulia sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria, rogorc

sazRvargareTuli, ise qarTuli samecniero literaturis farglebSi;

aRwerilia anTropologebis, eTnomusikologebis, musikologebis,

istorikosebisa da eTnologebis is xedva da midgomebi, romelTa gareSe

musikis anTropologia, rogogrc dargi ver iarsebebs. aRniSnuli Tavis

praqtikuli Rirebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi pirvelad aris

Tavmoyrili da damuSavebuli is umniSvnelovanesi dasavluri samecniero

literatura, romlis gareSec tradiciuli musikis Seswavla

warmoudgeneli iqneboda; Sesabamisad, naSromi am sakiTxiT dainteresebuli

qarTveli studentebisa Tu mkvlevrebisaTvis gamosadegia. meore TavSi

11

vexebi qarTul tradiciuli mravalxmianobis – rogorc musikis istoriul

da Teoriul, aseve eTnomusikologiur da anTropologiur mxareebs.

aRvniSnav ra tradiciuli mravalxmiani musikis socialuri sawyisis Sesaxeb,

qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobasTan mimarTebiT Semdeg mosazrebas

gamovTqvam: qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba warmoadgens socialur-

funqciuri mravalxmianobis iseT formas, romelic ramdenime Semsruleblis

mier SemoqmedebiTi individualobis urTierTgaziarebis Sedegia. am

procesSi adamianTa Soris siaxlovis, urTierTdamokidebulebis garkveuli

xasiaTi da principi – gansxvavebulobiT miRweuli erTianoba vlindeba.

winamdebare sakvalifikacio naSromis meore Tavi moicavs, erTi mxriv,

koleqtiuri musikaluri azrovnebis Sedegad miRebuli vokaluri

mravalxmianobis Camoyalibebis istoriul-Teoriul wanamZRvrebs, meore

mxriv ki uSualod qarTuli saeklesio galobis warmoSobis savarudo

periodsa da masTan dakavSirebul ramdenime musikologiur-medievistur

Sromas exeba.

aRniSnul TavSi, tradiciuli musikaluri struqturis analiziTan da

terminologiasTan dakavSirebul Cemeul xedvasac vexebi da ganvamrtav, Tu

ratom aris Cem mier amave TavSi SemoTavazebuli saxeldebebi ufro upriani

im musikalur masalasTan mimarTebiT, romelic eTnomusikologiuri, anda

anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqts SeiZleba warmoadgendes.

tradiciuli musikaluri kulturisa da mravalxmiani galobis

Camoyalibebis konteqstSi, meore TavSi, winareqristianuli da qristianuli

kulturebis urTierTmimarTebis problemac ganixileba. qarTlis

gaqristianebasTan dakavSirebiT viziareb mosazrebas, rom garda politikur-

diplomatiuri mizezebisa, qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis

mizezi, sazogadoebis mxridan sulieri da kulturuli ganviTarebis axal

etapze gadasvlis mzaobaSia.

naSromis III Tavi – qarTuli saeklesio galobisa da qarTvelTa

kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi, uSualod galobis

irgvliv arsebul problematikas exeba. mesame TavSi warmodgenilia mcire

istoriuli eqskursi, romelic qarTuli saeklesio galobis sferoSi,

12

upiratesad XIX saukunis mdgomareobas asaxavs. aRniSnuli istoriuli

mimoxilva imdroindeli sasuliero pirebis, sazogado moRvaweebisa Tu

mwerlebis saxelebs moicavs, rac SemTxveviTi ar aris, radgan rogorc

wyaroebidan Cans, maT yvelas erovnuli TviTSegnebis mZafri gancda da

qarTuli saeklesio galobisadmi gaweuli amagi aerTianebT. rodesac

vsaubrobT galobaze, rogorc kulturuli da musikaluri identobis

nawilze, SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT im adamianebs, romlebic, miuxedavad

imisa, rom sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenlebi arian da xSir SemTxvevaSi

saeklesio galobasTan uSualo kavSirSi ar imyofebian, isini

sakvalifikacio naSromSi dasmuli sakiTxis ganxilvisas, yvelaze

TvalsaCino magaliTad gvevlinebian, radgan swored kulturuli identobis

konteqstSi, qarTuli saeklesio galobis aRdgenis saqmeSi maT udidesi

wvlili Seitanes.

mesame Tavis mniSvnelovan nawils Cem mier Catarebuli gamokiTxva da

misi Sedegebi warmoadgens. Cvens dargSi momuSave araerTi mecnieris

kvaldakval, naSromis am nawilSi informantebis interviudan amonaridebia

moyvanili, rac erTi mxriv masalis aRqmas mniSvnelovnad amartivebs, meore

mxriv ki ufro met damajereblobas sZens mas. amave mizeziT, pasuxebis

nawili mcire rukebSia asaxuli, romelTa sruli versia naSromis danarTSi

ganvaTavseT. Cem mier Sedgenili kiTxvari, galobasTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebis vrcel da vfiqrob – amomwurav speqtrs moicavda, romelTa

Soris, sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gverdiT ganvixileT: samgaloblo

repertuaris, galobis saSemsruleblo stilis, galobis musikaluri,

religiuri da socialuri aspeqtebi.

mokled aRvwerT im sakiTxebs, romlebic uSualod informatTa mier

mwvaved daisva. esenia ganaTlebis sakiTxi, maT Soris:

1. uSualod mgalobelTa profesiuli ganaTleba, rac galobis

xarisxs aamaRlebda,

2. galobis mimarTulebiT sasuliero pirebis ukeT ganaTleba, rac

mgaloblebisTvis saWiro platformas Seqmnida,

13

3. saqarTvelos saSualo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebsa da

musikalur skolebSi galobis gakveTilebis SemoReba, (rac erTi mxriv am

sferos mcodneTa ricxvs gazrdida, meore mxriv ki galobis mimarT

sazogadoebis mxridan dainteresebasa da damokidebulebas axal – ufro

maRal safexurze aiyvanda).

galobis saqmis materialuri uzrunvelyofa; galobis Sesrulebis

xarisxisa da mgalobelTa gundebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT regionebSi

arsebul arc Tu ise saxarbielo mdgomareoba; zogierT taZarSi

arakanonikuri galobis Sesaruleba. zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis vrceli

mimoxilvis Sedegad, dgeba kulturis politikis, rogorc aRniSnul

problemaTa mogvarebis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro eqfeqturi saSualebis

sakiTxi.

daskvniT TavSi Sevecade warmomeCina is, Tu rogor

urTierTdamokidebulebaSia qarTuli galoba da kulturuli identoba

Tanamedrove – dRevandel saqarTveloSi; gamomerkvia is mizezebi, romelTa

gamo sxvadasxva asakisa da profesiis adamianebma saerTo saqmes – saeklesio

galobas mihyves xeli.

Cemi samomavlo kvlevis interesis sagania qarTuli tradiciuli

mravalxmiani musikis mniSvnelobaze dakvirveba: 1. qarTul sekularul

sazogadoebaSi, 2. aramarTlmadidebeli, gansxvavebuli konfesiis mqone

qarTvelebSi, 3. emigraciaSi myof qarTvelebSi. empiriuli gamocdilebis

safuZvelze vvaraudob, rom qarTul mravalxmian sagalobels, zemoT

CamoTvlil sam kategoriaSi Semavali adamianebisTvisac garkveuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba, xolo Tu ramdenad didia qarTuli tradiciuli

musikis mniSvneloba da rogori formiT gamoixateba igi, amas kvlevis

momdevno etapebi gviCvenebs. calke Seswavlis sagnad, saqarTvelos

monastrebSi, galobis kuTxiT arsebuli mdgomareoba mimaCnia. am

mimarTulebiT Casatarebeli samomavlo kvleva swored monasterebiT unda

diwyos, rac problemaTa identificirebis kidev ufro Rrma da safuZvlian

SesaZleblobas mogvcemda.

14

rogorc winamdebare naSromis farglebSi, ise momaval kvlevaSi, Cemi

mizania qarTuli saeklesio galobis, rogorc kulturul, musikalur da

religiur identobasTan dakavSirebuli aqtis gamovlinebis im formaze

dakvirveba, romelic informaciis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemul uwyvet

tradicias ukavSirdeba.

15

Tavi pirveli

kulturuli da musikaluri identobis aspeqtebi

„msoflio istoriis manZilze adamianebma sxvadasxva tipis jgufi,

iseTi kriteriumebis safuZvelze Seqmnes, romelic Cven – maTgan gangvarCevs“

(Grosby. 2005:1). identoba, socialur TeoriaTa ganxilvaSi, erT-erTi wamyvani

Temaa. identoba – filosofiaSi, kulturasa da religiaSi – es mxolod

nawilia im mimarTulebebisa, romelSic identobis sakiTxebsa da maT

Seswavlas didi adgili eTmoba. Identitas (laT.) – msgavsebas, erTgvarobas,

igiveobas, erTsaxeobas niSnavs. religiaSi, aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavla,

identobis formirebis iseT specifiur saxes gulisxmobs, rodesac wina

planze, ama Tu im religiaSi koleqtiuri mikuTvnebulobis (wevrobis)

grZnobaa wamoweuli; am TvalsazrisiT igi erovnuli da kulturuli

identobis analogs warmoadgens. adamianis religiur identobaze

dakvirvebisas, samecniero kvlevebSi, ramdenime faqtorze gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba gamaxvilda; maT Soris: 1. erovnebaze, 2. imaze, Tu romel Taobas

warmoadgens Seswavlis esa Tu is subieqti, 3. sqesze. aRniSnul faqtorebs,

xalxTa kulturuli identobis kvlevaSic didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

entoni smiti, Tavisi naSromiს erovnuli identoba (National Identity),

pirvelive TavSi aRniSnavs, rom sazogadoebis winaSe, identobis sakiTxi

jer kidev Zv. w. a. 429 wels dadga, maSin, rodesac sofokles „oidipos mefe“

daidga. avtoris TqmiT, am nawarmoebis centralur problemas, swored

identoba warmoadgens (Smith, 1991:1). ganagrZobs ra oidiposis magaliTze

identobis Temis ganxilvas, smiti gamoyofs im kategoriebs, romelTa

safuZvelze koleqtiuri identoba yalibdeba. esenia: 1. sqesi, 2.

sacxovrebeli adgili (teritoria), 3. socialuri klasi, (socialur-

ekonomikuri identoba), (Smith, 1991:4). aRniSnul naSromSi, smiti im

fundamentur maxasiaTeblebs ayalibebs, romlebic erovnul identobas

gansazRvraven. esenia:

16

1. istoriuli teritoria – samSoblo;

2. saerTo miTebi da istoriuli mexsiereba;

3. saerTo masobrivi kultura;

4. saerTo kanonieri uflebebi da movaleobebi;

5. saerTo ekonomika; (Smith, 1991:14).

erovnuli identobis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac igi

politikur ideologiasa Tu sxvadasxva socialur aqtivobas ukavSirdeba,

sazogadoebis liberalur nawils, araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba –

ZiriTadad ki inteleqtualuri skepticizmi axasiaTebs; Tumca meore mxriv,

sxvadasxva droSi, swored inteleqtualebma (filosofiaSi, literaturaSi,

poeziaSi, xelovnebaSi) warmoaCines samSoblo, rogorc aseTi, wina planze

gamoitanes erovnuli cnobierebis sakiTxi. amis magaliTad, sxvadasxva

qveynis (maT Soris saqarTvelos) profesiul musikaSi, erovnuli skolebis

Camoyalibebac gamogvadgeba; Sedegad ki ama Tu im qveynis tradiciuli

musikiT gajerebuli akademiuri musika Seiqmna.

e. smiti, ganixilavs ra erovnuli identobis doqtrinas, aRniSnavs,

rom:

1. samyaro sxvadasxva erisagan Sedgeba, TiToeul ers individualoba,

istoria da bedi gamoarCevs;

2. eri – es aris wyaro yovelgvari politikuri Tu socialuri

Zlierebisa;

3. adamianebma sakuTari Tavis - erTan identificireba unda moaxdinon,

Tu maT surT, rom iyvnen Tavisufalni da sakuTari Tavi Seicnon;

4. erebi unda iyvnen Tavisufalni da daculni, raTa msoflioSi

mSvidobam da samarTlianobam ibatonos; (Smith, 1991:74).

entoni smitis gansazRvrebiT, nacionalizmi – es aris kulturis

forma – ideologia, ena, miTologia, simbolizmi da cnobiereba, romelsac

globaluri rezonansi aqvs, xolo eri – warmoadgens iseTi tipis

identobas, rodesac mniSvneloba da prioriteti, kulturis zemoTaRniSnuli

formiT aris nakarnaxevi (Smith, 1991:92).

17

mkafiod gamoxatuli kulturuli identoba, sakuTari kulturuli

konteqstis da TviTmyofadobis stabilur gancdas gulisxmobs, rac Tavis

mxriv subieqtur grZnobebs ukavSirdeba da es grZnobebi mimarTulia im

obieqturi garemos mimarT, romelSic konkretuli Temi Tu individi

cxovrobs, an aRizarda. aRniSnul kulturul konteqstSi gaurkvevloba da

eWvis Setana identobis kriziss iwvevs, rac Tanamedrove socialuri

Teoriis kidev erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxad gvevlineba. calke Seswavlis

sagania ama Tu im ideologiis farglebSi arsebuli simboloebisa da

adamianis piradi identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi (Barnett, 1977:276).

kulturuli identoba, erTis mxriv ucvlel da mudmiv kategoriebs moicavs,

meores mxriv ki sakmaod gaxsnilia da cvlilebebsac eqvemdebareba,

gamomdinare iqidan, Tu romel kulturul sistemasTan gvaqvs xangrZlivi

urTierToba. winamdebare naSromis erT-erT umTavres amocanasac swored

imis Cveneba warmoadgens, Tu rogor da ra formiT aris qarTuli

mravalxmianoba, kerZod ki saeklesio mravalxmiani galoba, kulturuli

identobis mkafiod Camoyalibebuli da ucvleli kategoria. aRniSnuli

sakiTxi gansakuTrebul interess iZens imis fonze, rom Tavad qarTuli

kultura, mkafiod gamoxaturli TviTmyofadobis miuxedavad, Tavisi bunebiT

yovelTvis gaxsnili iyo ucxo kulturaTa mimarT da arasdros qonia

Caketili sazRvrebi, rasac garkveulwilad qveynis istoriuli bedic

ganapirobebda.

vexebi ra gansazRvrebebs „erovnuli identoba“ da „kulturuli

identoba“, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom erovnuli kultura, romlis

wiaRSic Cven vibadebiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi vizrdebiT kidec, warmoadgens

im ZiriTad resurss, romliTac Cveni kulturuli identoba sazrdoobs.

kulturuli sistemis maxasiaTeblebi, romelTanac adreuli asakidanve Cven

yovelwuTieri Sexeba gvaqvs, CvenSi erTgvar arqetips ayalibeben, romlis

safuZvelzec mogvianebiT ukve Cven Tavad vzrdiT momaval Taobas.

specifiuri socialuri garemo, Cven mier gaTavisebuli wes-Cveulebebi,

gamocdileba, zepiri Tu werilobiTi wyaros saSualebiT miRebuli codna

qmnis im zogaderovnul cnobierebas, romelic erTi kulturis farglebSi

18

mcxovreb, mravali niSniT gansxvavebul or adamiansac ki erTmaneTTan

akavSirebs.

rogor urTierTqmedebaSia kulturuli identoba globalizaciis

procesTan. aq or mniSvnelovan aspeqts unda gaesvas xazi. erTi mxriv,

swored globalizaciisadmi bunebrivad gaCenilma winaaRmdegobrivma Zalam

ganapiroba is, rom sxvadasxva eris kulturulma identobam mZafrad iCina

Tavi da rogorc sakvlevma Tematikam wina planze wamoiwia; meore mxriv ki

globalizaciis fonze, rodesac samyaro TiTqos dapataravda, manZilebi

damoklda, informaciis myisieri gavrcelebis Sedegad, dedamiwis erT

wertilSi momxdari ambavi, sruliad sapirispiro mxares – Sors myof

adamianebze axdens gavlenas, kulturuli identoba erovnul CarCos gascda

da mravalkulturul garemoSi hibriduli forma SeiZina.

vidre uSualod musikaluri identobis sakiTxebs SevexebodeT, gvsurs

Zalian mokled ganvixiloT religiuri identobis Temac, vinaidan:

1. religiuri identoba – sakuTriv adamianis identobis gamovlenis

erT-erTi mkafio formaa;

2. religiuri identoba mWidro kavSirSia kulturul identobasTan da

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am ukanasknelis nawilsac Seadgens, imdenad,

ramdenadac religiuri wesCveulebebi adamianis kulturuli identobis

maxasiaTebelTa mniSvnelovan speqtrs ayalibebs;

3. Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi sfero, swored religiur – sasuliero hangs

ukavSirdeba.

saqarTvelos erT-erTi regionis – aWaris magaliTze, romlis

gamahmadianeba am regionis geografiuli adgilmdebareobiT iyo

ganpirobebuli, qarTvelTa religiuri identobis Sesaxeb sagulisxmo

cnobebs gvawvdis anTropologi maTais pelkmansi. Tavis naSromSi Defending

The Border. Identity, Religion and Modernity in the Republic of Georgia (sazRvris dacva.

identoba, religia da Tanamedroveoba saqarTvelos respublikaSi), igi

aRwers im eqspedicias, romelic 2000 wels maRalmTian aWaraSi

ganaxorciela. es swored is periodia, rodesac saqarTvelo – qristeSobis

19

2000 da saxelmwifoebriobis 3000 wlis TariRs aRniSnavda. zemoT

CamoTvlil TariRebTan erTad, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia da

misi mrevli, saqarTveloSi andria pirvelwodebulisa da masTan erTad

qristianobis Semosvlis 2000 welsac zeimobda. aWaris regioni, sayovelTao

naTlisRebis saidumlos araerTi aRsrulebiT aris cnobili da wignis

meore nawilis bolos, me-6 paragrafSi – Ancestors and Enemies in Conversion to

Christianity (winaprebi da mtrebi qristianul sarwmunoebaze moqcevisas)

maTais pelkmansic swored aWaraSi, qristes sjulze moqcevis procesis

TvalsaCinoebisTvis, ramdenime ambavs mogviTxrobs. avtoris TqmiT, im

rTuli motivaciebis gageba, romelmac adamianebs gaqristianebisken ubiZga,

SesaZlebelia uSualod maTTan saubrebiT da imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu ras

yvebian axladgaqristianebulebi TavianTi naTlobis Sesaxeb (Pelkmans,

2006:144). wignSi sxvadasxva adamianTa narativia aRwerili. erT-erTi maTgani

1958 welsaa dabadebuli da Tavad aRniSnavs, rom „namdvil aTeistur

periodSi“ gaizarda. amis miuxedavad, misi mSoblebi islamis wes-Cveulebebis

aqtiuri mimdevrebi yofilan. Svils xumrobiT zogjer „patara warmarTsac“

ki uwodebdnen. skolis dasrulebis Semdeg, ambis mTavarma gmirma swavla

baTumis pedagogiur institutSi ganagrZo da rogorc Tavad ambobs, am

periods mis gaqristianebaze araviTari gavlena ar mouxdenia, radgan

institutSi, religiaze saubari mkacrad ikrZaleboda da am sakiTxisadmi

interesi Tavadac ar gaCenia. 4 wlis Semdeg igi xuloSi dabrunda da coli

SeirTo. „Cemi qorwilis (1982 w.) Semdeg, me da Cemi meuRle male Tbiliss

vestumreT. SemTxveviT mama-daviTis eklesiasTan aRmovCndiT; taZris kari

Ria iyo da saeklesio gundis xma ismoda. am hangis silamazem gamaogna da

meuRles vuTxari, rom taZarSi Sesvla msurda. me aRfrTovanebuli viyavi.

arc ki vicodi iq Sesuls ra wesebi unda damecva; iqaurma silamazem

sruliad gamitaca. TiTqosda vipovne simSvide, is rasac mTeli Cemi

cxovrebis manZilze veZiebdi, es iyo Cemi cxovrebis, Cemi kulturis nawili“

(Pelkmans, 2006:145). avtoris TqmiT, xuloSi dabrunebis Semdeg,

qristianobisadmi misi interesi minelda. 1991 wels, erT-erTi adgilobrivi

20

skola, wm. andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis sasuliero liceumad

gadakeTda, sadac igi rusuli enis pedagogad moewyo; „nel-nela me Cems Zvel

religias davubrundi; religias, romelsac Cemi winaprebi 2000 wlis winaT

misdevdnen. gaqristianeba, CemTvis ioli gadawyvetileba ar iyo. gavecani ra

garkveul wyaroebs, davrwmundi, rom Cemi winabrebi namdvilad qristianebi

yofilan. 1999 wels, mama iosebis daxmarebiT me barieri davamsxvrie. misive

daxmarebiT mahmadianur ritualebsa da wes-Cveulebebs Tavi davaRwie da Cems

mSobliur religias davubrundi. mamaCemi am ambavs yvelaze ukeT Sexvda,

gacilebiT ukeT vidre deda da meuRle. bunebrivia, maT winaaRmdegobis

gaweva scades, magram me avuxseni, rom es Cemi winaprebis religia iyo. mas

Semdeg, rac sasuliero liceumSi daviwye muSaoba, ojaxSi augadac

mixseniebdnen da ambobdnen, rom Zalian Sevicvale, magram me Cemi gzis

erTguli davrCi“ (Pelkmans, 2006:145).

momdevno ambis gmirisTvisac, umniSvnelovanes faqtorad gvevlineba

qristianoba – rogorc misi winaprebis religia. igi 1996 wels, xulos

axladgaxsnil taZarSi moinaTla.…„ufro adre, Cemi mezoblebis gamo ar

movinaTle. amgvari nabijis gadadgma, maTTvis warmoudgenelia... maTi

TvalTaxedviT, Cveni religia – islamia... gaqristianeba CemTvis ioli

gadasawyveti ar yofila. mezoblebma miTxres, rom didi Secdoma davuSvi, me

ki yovelTvis vpasuxobdi, rom swori gadawyvetileba miviRe da Cemi

winaprebis gzas davadeqi. qristianad monaTvlis gamo, mamaCemTan problema

ar Semqmnia. is dRemde namdvili komunistia da miuxedavad imisa, rom misi

mSoblebi muslimebi iyvnen, mama praqtikulad aTeistia“ (Pelkmans, 2006:146).

wignis avtori aRniSnavs, rom misi informanti xSirad wuxda imis gamo, Tu

rogor ucodinrobas amJRavebdnen misi mezoblebi, ugulvebelyofdnen ra

istoriul simarTles. „isini ver xedaven – islami aq aris mxolod imitom,

Turqebma mogvaxvies Tavs.“ m. pelkmansi dasZens, rom ambis gmirs, islamuri

warsulisgan Tavis daRweva surda da misi qristianad monaTvla,

SesaZlebelia davinaxoT, rogorc misTvis ucxo da aramSobliuri

sawyisisgan ganwmendis erTgvari rituali. misi am gadawyvetilebis gamo,

21

yvela moxaruli ar yofila, Tumca, amisTvis axladgaqristianebul kacs

didi yuradReba ar miuqcevia. „mas Semdeg, rac Cemma meuRlem gaigo, rom

Cveni qal-vaJi qristianebad movnaTle, igi atirda. mas eSinoda, rom Cveni

Svilebis SerTvas aRaravin moisurvebda. gegoneba me msurda muslimi siZe!

piriqiT, naTlobam yvelaferi gaamartiva; axla mxolod Sesaferisi

kandidatebi SeirTaven maT“ (Pelkmans, 2006:147).

zemoT monaTxrob ambebSi, wina planze wamoweulia, erTi mxriv

qristianobis, rogorc winaprebis religiis sawyisi, xolo meore mxriv ki

informantebis gaqristianebasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri foni da

ojaxis wevrebTan garTulebuli urTierTobebi. is, ramac m. pelkmansis

aRniSnul wignSi hpova asaxva, naTlad uCvenebs erT regionSi mcxovreb

adamianTa konkretuli jgufis damokidebulebas sakuTari religiuri

mikuTvnebulobis mimarT. maT saubarSi mkafiod ikveTeba kavSiri religiur

identobasa da tradiciul (winaprebis) kulturas Soris. m. pelkmansis mier

Cvenamde motanili ambebSi, TviTgamorkvevis procesSi, sasuliero musikis

rolic aris naCvenebi, ris gamoc informantebis istoriebi CemTvis kidev

ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens.

musika, rogorc istoriuli mexsierebis matarebeli dargi da

kacobriobis azrovnebisa Tu qmedebis erT-erTi originaluri formaa,

romelic sxvadasxva xalxis urTierTganmasxvavebel kategoriad gvevlineba

da socialur-kulturuli garemos ganuyofel atributs warmoadgens.

martin stouqsi, SesavalSi wignisa Ethnicity, Identity and Music (eTnikuroba,

identoba da musika), xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom eTnikurobis Teoriebma,

Cveni drois eTnomusikologiasa da musikologias mkafio kvali daamCnies.

avtoris TqmiT, anTropologTa mier musikiT dainteresebis potenciur

areals swored zemoaRniSnuli kavSiri warmoadgens (Stokes, 1994:vii). erTi

mxriv, eTnikuri sazRvrebis farglebSi, sxvadasxva xalxis kulturuli –

maT Soris musikaluri identobebis maxasiaTeblebi vlindeba, meore mxriv,

ki `musikaluri ena, rogorc eris sulieri kulturis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani mxare, eTnikuri Taviseburebis gamomxatvelia. xalxuri musika

22

Seicavs ara mxolod esTetikur, aramed eTnikur funqcias“ (maisuraZe,

2003:284). musikis, rogorc kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis Seswavlis

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, Cem mier SesavalSive aRiniSna. am kuTxiT Tu

vimsjelebT, tradiciuli musika, sazogadoebaSi hpovebs asaxvas da piriqiT

– entoni sigeris mosazrebasze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rom

musikaSi Tavad sazogadoeba aisaxeba, rac yofis socialuri organizebis

aspeqtebs ukavSirdeba. ikvlevs ra suias sazogadoebas, avtors miaCnia, rom

am sazogadoebis Seswavla swored maTi musikis meSveobiT aris

SesaZlebeli; entoni sigeris TqmiT `suias (braziliis mkvidri mosaxleoba,

e.d.) sazogadoeba iyo orkestri, maTi sofeli – sakoncerto darbazi, xolo

maTi yovelwliuri cxovreba – simRera“ (Seeger, 1987:140). martin stouqsis

TqmiT, e. sigeris Sroma fundamenturi argumentia, romelSic rig

sakiTxebTan erTad, avtorma is Teoriuli dayofa daZlia, rac musikis

Seswavlasa da sazogadoebis Seswavlas Soris arsebobs. am msjelobiT

msurs ganvamtkico Cemi mosazreba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom musikalur

strategiaSi, eris RirebulebaTa sistema vlindeba; tradiciuli musikis

safuZvelze, Cven vRebulobT informacias da codnas ama Tu im xalxis

Sesaxeb. zemoaRniSnul SromaSi, Sesavlis erT-erT paragrafSi –

hibriduloba da gansxvaveba (Hybridity and Difference) m. stouqsi aRniSnavs:

„cxadia, rom musika danaxulia rogorc simboluri aqtivobebis sfero,

romelsac nacionalur saxelmwifoebSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba“ (Stokes,

1994:15).2

Tomas turino, naSromSi `Music as Social Life” (musika, rogorc socialuri

cxovreba) musikas xelovnebis calkeul dargad ar ganixilavs; avtori

musikas ukavSirebs iseT aqtivobebs, romelic adamianad yofnis sxvadasxva

gzasa da saWiroebebs gulisxmobs. `ufro siRrmiseulad ki me vamtkiceb,

rom musikaluri Tanamonawileoba da gamocdileba Rirebulia piradi da

socialuri integraciis procesebisaTvis” (Turino, 2008:1). avtori aseve

2 m. stouqsis am gansazRvrebis paralelurad, sagulisxmoa, rom eTnomusikologiam, rogorc disciplinam, emigrantebiT dasaxlebul iseT saxelmwifoSi hpova ganviTareba, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia.

23

saubrobs imaze, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs musikas (da cekvas)

adamianebis TviTgamorkvevisa da maTi identobis gansazRvraSi.

turino xazs usvams CemTvis metad sagulisxmo garemoebas da wers,

rom `dResdReobiT adamianebi sityva identobas ise gamoiyeneben, TiTqos es

sityva niSnavdes igives, rasac sityva sakuTari niSnavs, magram

mniSvnelovania konceptualurad ori sawyisi ganvasxvaoT, socialur

samyaroSi idnividualuri da koleqtiuri identobebis funqciebidan

gamomdinare. sakuTari – es aris kompoziti, romelic Cvevebis jamur

raodenobas moicavs da es Cvevebi gansazRvravs Cveni azrovnebis, grZnobis,

gamocdilebisa da qmedebis tendenciebs. zemoaRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT,

identoba Cvevebis nawilobriv da cvalebad SerCevas gulisxmobs,

romlebsac Cven sakuTari Tavis warsadgenad viyenebT, rogorc Cvenive Tavis,

ise sxvebis winaSe...” (Turino, 2008:101-102).

naSromSi – Singing the Right Way: Orthodox Christians and Secular Enchantment in

Estonia (sworad mRera: marTlmadidebeli qristianebi da sekularuli

momxibvleloba), jefers engelhardti mkiTxvels saintereso eTnografias

acnobs da aRwers, Tu rogor ar iSureben estoneTSi mcxovrebi

marTlmadidebeli qristianebi (eTnikuri estonelebi, romlebmac me-19

saukuneSi marTlmadidebluri qristianoba miiRes) Zalisxmevas saimisod,

rom taZarSi sworad igalobon; maTTvis es cxovrebiseuli gzis sworad

warmarTvas niSnavs, rac RvTismsaxurebasa da liturgikul gamocdilebas

ukavSirdeba. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, es aris ambavi imaze, Tu rogor

gaerTianda sworad mReris ideis qveS Semsruleblis xma, saSemsruleblo

manera, marTlmadidebloba da estoneloba. `es aris estoneTSi mcxovrebi

religiuri umciresobis rwmenisa da cxovrebis eTnografia da istoria...”

(Engelhardt, 2014:4).

musikaluri identobis ganxilvisas, erT-erTi mniSvnelovan aspeqts,

emigrantebis mier, mSobliuri tradiciuli musikis aRqma warmoadgens.

aRniSnuli sakiTxi, calke sakvalifikacio naSromis Temaa da es

mimarTuleba Cemi samomavlo kvlevis interess warmoadgens. merab

24

mamardaSvilis qvemoT moyvanili citata, yvelaze ufro mkafiod aRwers

imas, Tu ra gavlenas axdens qarTuli tradiciuli simRera qarTveli

adamianis cnobierebaze: `me qarTveli var, radgan rogorc sulierad, ise

moralurad, me qarTuli mravalxmiani struqturis produqti var...zogierTi

Cemi sulieri SesaZleblobis bedi qarTulma musikam gansazRvra... am musikam

me mSoba. me vgulisxmob Cemi pirovnulis im Semadgenels, rasac eTnikuri da

erovnuli qvia... amitomac, rodesac qarTveli mReris an usmens simReras,

masSi xelaxla ibadeba qarTveli...” (mamardaSvili, 2000:292-293). am sityvebiT,

avtorma Tavad sakiTxis aqtualobasac gausva xazi da rogorc izali

zemcovski aRniSnavs „am aRsarebiT merab mamardaSvili gvaZlevs Temas da

davalebas momavlisaTvis...“ (zemcovski, 2003:43).

aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, sagulisxmo Sromas gvTavazobs

natalia zelenski, romlis statia (Discourses of Authenticity and Sacrality in

Competing Styles of Church Music in the Russian Orthodox Diaspora of New York) Sesulia

musikisa da msoflio qristianobis Tematikisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi The

Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities. zelenski ganixilavs im rTul

sazRvrebs, romelic niu-iorkis rusul diasporaSi, sworad galobis Zvel

da axal – warsul da Tanamedrove sawyisebs ukavSirdeba. avtori aRniSnavs,

rom moskovis skolis 3 mimdevarTa miswrafeba Zveli galobisaken,

garkveulwilad im Tanamedrove koncefciiT aris nakarnaxevi, romelic

arqauli Sreebisadmi interess gulisxmobs da romelic Tanamedrove

sakompozitoro esTetikaSi gamoixata. `inovaciuri stilis miuxedavad,

moskovis skolis kompozitorebma Tavis musikaSi itoriuli auTenturoba

daicves imdenad, ramdenadac maTive azriT, moskovis skolas mWidro

kavSirebi aqvs arqaul, pre-dasavlur ruseTTan, rac gamoxatulia maT mier

wminda kvintebis, dabali meSvide safexurisa da znamenuri galobis hangebis

gamoyenebaSi. meore mxriv, ROCOR-is (Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia,

3 moskovis skola, igive axali skola gvian 1800-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda; masSi Sediodnen iseTi kompozitorebi, rogorebic arian: aleqsandr kastalski, pavel Cesnokovi da sergei raxmaninovi. moskovis skolis umTavresi SemoqmedebiTi principi, Zvel rusul – znamenur galobasTan dabruneba iyo.

25

ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia ruseTis sazRvrebs gareT) repertuaris

didi nawili, me-19 saukunis rusul sasuliero musikas moicavs, romelic

gacilebiT adre Seiqmna, vidre moskovis skolis sagaloblebi da romelic,

tradiciuli rusuli galobis uzurpirebis mizeziT, mkacrad gaakritikes”

(Zelensky, 2016:361-383).

tradiciuli musikaluri masala da masTan dakavSirebuli identobis

sakiTxi, or ZiriTad dros – warsulsa da awmyos, da maT urTierTkavSirs

moiazrebs. warsuls, imdenad, ramdenadac tradiciuli musika koleqtiuri

da istoriuli mexsierebis gaziarebis Sedegad, Taobidan Taobaze gadadis

da am TaobaTa mier, ama Tu im repertuaris mravaljeradi gameorebis gziT,

Cvenamde aRwevs; xolo eTnomusikologTa da anTropologTa mier,

informantebis Tanamedrove yofaze dakvirveba da sxvadasxva musikaluri

kulturis Seswavla swored awmyo droSi mimdinareobs. SromaSi – The Past in

Music (warsuli musikaSi), qerolain biTeli, ser mortimer uileris sityvebs

iSveliebs: `arqeologiSi – Txra ara nivTebis, aramed adamianebis Seswavlas

emsaxureba”; k. biTelis TqmiT es azri, musikasTan mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT

gamarTlebulia, radgan musikis amgvari Seswavla, adamianebis uSualo

arsebobaze da am arsebobis gamJRavnebazea damokidebuli. materialuri

memkvidreobiT miRebuli nivTebisgan gansxvavebiT, bgerebs verc muzeumSi

gamovfenT da verc xilul eqsponadad vaqcevT. Cven ver SevagrovebT

gayinul notebs, an damsxvreul Tanxmovanebebs da maT minis WurWelSi ver

movaTavsebT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac esa Tu is musikaluri kultura

werilobiTi, an audioCanaweris saxiT Cvenamde ver aRwevs, aseT dros musika

`xiluli” mxolod uSualo Sesrulebisas xdeba (Bithell, 2006:3). qarTuli

saeklesio galoba, iseve rogorc qarTuli xalxuri simRera, Cvenamde

zepirma tradiciam moitana; zepiri tradicia ki im koleqtiuri mexsierebis,

repertuaris mravaljeradi urTierTgaziarebis Sedegia, razec zemoT

mogaxseneT. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi frangi anTropologis klod levi-

strosis mier mecnierebaSi kulturaTa ori, principulad gansxvavebuli

tipebis aRmniSvneli terminebi damkvidrda (Леви-Стросс, 2001). evropuli tipis

26

kultura, romelic axali drois epoqidan moyolebuli msoflios

civilizaciis ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgens, avtoris mier

aRniSnulia rogorc `cxeli” kulturis tipi. aseTi kultura, avtoris

TqmiT orientirebulia axali gamocdilebis gaTavisebaze, rac racionaluri

azrovnebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. `cxeli” kulturis cnobierebis

umTavres instruments – werilobiTi (alfavituri) ena warmoadgens, romlis

saSualebiT axali codna-gamocdileba fiqsirdeba istoriuli

dokumentaciis, mecnieruli Sromebis (traqtatebis) Tu sxva werilobiTi

Zeglebis saxiT. avtoris azriT, sxvadasxva erSi aseTi kulturis

Camoyalibeba, rogorc wesi droiT TanxvedraSia saxelmwifoebriobis

warmoqmnasaTan. `cxeli” kultura yovelTvis evoluciurobiT xasiaTdeba;

igi iyenebs yvela arsebul da novaciur saSualebas, raTa SeinarCunos

informaciis gadacemis uwyveti procesi. aRniSnul kulturaSi centraluri

adgili uWiravs avtoris, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi individualis cnebas.

klod levi-strosi aseve iZleva meore, gansxvavebuli tipis kulturis

gansazRvrebas, romelsac `civi” kulturis tips uwodebs. am ukanasknels

miekuTvnebian arqauli, an, rogorc miRebulia maTi gansazRvra –

tradiciuli kulturebi, romelTa formireba sxvadasxva xalxSi, maTi

Camoyalibebis adreul etapze moxda. aseTi tipis kulturaSi wina planzea

ukve miRebuli gamocdilebisa da codnis gaziarebis, Taobidan Taobebze

gadacemis procesi. `cxeli”, evoluciuri kulturisgan gansxvavebiT, `civi”

kultura orientirebulia arsebuli tradiciuli gamocdilebisa da

faseulobaTa sistemis usasrulo aRdgena-ganmeorebaze, rac aRniSnuli

procesis ciklurobas gansazRvravs. `civ” kulturaSi adamianis codna

samyaros mowyobaze gadaicema werilobiTi Zeglebis gareSe, zepirad;

Sesabamisad igi cocxlobs manam, sanam misi matareblebi arseboben. `cxeli”

kulturis farglebSi, mravalferovneba xelovnebaSi miRweulia axali

nawarmoebebis Seqmnis gziT. rac Seexeba `civ” kulturas, aq

mravalferovnebis SeqmnaSi udidesi roli variantulobas, varirebas

akisria; e. i. SemoqmedebiTi individualoba ara axali nawarmoebis SeqmnaSi,

aramed ukve arsebuli arqetipis, `axlebur” interpretaciaSi vlindeba.

27

marTlac, xalxuri momRerlis mier erTidaigive simReris Sesruleba

yovelTvis axal SemoqmedebiT aqts warmoadgens, rac tradiciuli musikis

mravalferovnebas da simdidres ganapirobebs. marTalia, qarTul saeklesio

galobas, Cven tradiciuli musikaluri azrovnebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT,

Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul sasuliero hangs, profesiul

musikas miakuTvneben da am TvalsazrisiT, zogjer mas qarTuli

tradiciuli musikisagan mijnaven. dasavleTevropis saeklesio hangebi,

qoralebi safuZvlad daedo profesiul musikas, romelic, erTis mxriv

anonimuri, xolo meores mxriv CvenTvis kargad cnobili kompozitorebis

Semoqmedebas ukavSirdeba. eWvs ar badebs, rom qarTuli galobis safuZvels,

rogorc hangis, ise Janris TvalsazrisiT swored Zveli profesiuli musika

warmoadgens; Tumca aq sagulisxmoa Semdegi garemoeba: qarTuli samxmiani

galoba qarTuli mravalxmiani musikaluri azrovnebis Sedegia. qarTvelma

mgalobelma swored zemoaRniSnul azrovnebas dauqvemdebara hangi,

romelic ukve samxmian sagalobelSi cantusfirmus-is (fiqsirebuli hangi)

msgavsad, kanonikuri xmis funqcias asrulebs. gamodis, rom qarTuli

saeklesio galoba Zvel, e.w. profesiul sasuliero musikalur Semoqmedebas

warmoadgens, romelic marTalia udidesi danakargebiT, magram werilobiTi

Zeglebis saxiT Cvenamde mainc movida. qarTuli galobis SenarCunebaSi didi

roli Seasrula zepirma tradiciam, romelmac XII-XVII saukuneebis

saqarTveloSi, werilobiTi Zeglebis uqonlobis 4 pirobebSi, faqtobrivad

gadamwyveti, sasicocxlo mniSvneloba SeiZina. Tu davubrundebiT levi-

strosis zemoTxsenebul `civi” da `cxeli” kulturis gansazRvrebas, Cven

davinaxavT, rom qarTuli galoba, rogorc sityvisa da hangis erTobliobis

Sedegad miRebuli mravaldoniani, rTuli Sinagani bunebis mqone mxatvruli

movlena orive – rogorc “cxeli”, ise “civi” kulturis tipis

niSanTvisebebs atarebs, radgan erTis mxriv arsebuli nevmuri notaciis

saxiT igi ara uwyveti, magram TavisTavad werilobiTi tradiciis mqonea,

4nevmirebuli xelnawerebis, aRniSnul periodSi arsebobis sakiTxi burusiT aris moculi; savaraudoa, rom dampyrobelTa mier, sagalobelTa nevmirebuli xelnawerebi, rogorc eris umdidresi memkvidreoba – ganadgurda da daikarga. mravalsaukunovani intervalis Semdeg pirveli nevmirebuli Zegli, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, XVIII saukuniT aris daTariRebuli.

28

xolo meores mxriv igi Taobidan Taobebs swored zepiri tradiciis

saSualebiT gadaecema. amrigad, profesiul musikalur sawyisze

aRmocenebuli qarTuli sagalobeli ara mxolod Zveli profesiuli

musikis, aramed qarTuli tradiciuli musikaluri memkvidreobis

ganuyofeli nawilicaa.

qarTvelTa yofaSi galobisa da simReris mWidro Tanaarsebobis

araerTi naTeli magaliTi gvaqvs; maT Sorisaa:

- salxino sagaloblis fenomeni (rodesac saeklesio hangze saero teqsti

imRereba);

- saqarTveloSi arsebobs cneba “momReral-mgalobeli”, rac Cemi azriT

qarTul tradiciul musikalur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebuli erT-erT

originaluri maxasiaTebelia;

- dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebul e.w. “trios” tradiciaSi aSkarad

SeiniSneba musikaluri enis da frazirebis siaxlove saklesio galobis

musikalur enasTan5;

- rogorc qarTuli saeklesio, ise saero mravalxmiani hangis imanentur

Tvisebas improviazacia warmoadgens, romlis Sedegad miRebuli cvlileba

konkretuli hangis axali, gansxvavebuli variantis warmoqmnas edeba

safuZvlad. zemoxsenebuli variantis warmoqmnis erT-erT saintereso

formas, erTi romelime tradiciuli hangis, naSromis SesavalSi naxsenebi

kulturuli auTsaideris mier Sesruleba warmoadgens. es sakiTxi

dRevandel dRes Zalzed aqtualuria, radgan arsebobs araerTi

Semsrulebeli Tu ansambli, romelic sxvadasxva eris musikalur kulturas

eziareba, rac ara mxolod smeniT STabeWdilebas, aramed sakuTar

sakoncerto repertuarSi, sxva xalxTa tradiciuli musikis damkvidrebas

gulisxmobs.Aaq dgeba rigi sakiTxebisa, romelic swored musikalur

identobas ukavSirdeba. kerZod:

- rogor aisaxeba, kulturuli auTsaideris mier sxva qveynis tradiciuli

musikis Sesruleba, musikisa da identobis urTierTqmedebaze;

5mosazreba gagviziara ioseb Jordaniam.

29

- masalis interpretirebis ra problemebs exmaureba, simRerisa Tu dakvris

Seswavla im stilSi, romelsac adreuli asakidan ar vicnobT;

- ra xarisxiT aris kulturulad ucxo stilis gaTaviseba SesaZlebeli –

siRrmiseulad Tu mxolod imitirebis doneze;

- rogor Rebuloben mSobliuri kulturis warmomadgenlebi, `ucxoTa” mier

Sesrulebul `sakuTar” hangebs;

- rogoria aseT dros insaidersa da auTsaiders Soris, gulwrfeli

urTierTobis damyarebis potenciali (Bithell, 2009:160).

vidre zemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxebs, qerolain biTelis eTnografiaze

dayrdnobiT, vrclad SevexebodeT, gvsurs igive problematika qarTuli

tradiciuli musikis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis magaliTze ganvixiloT.

ansambli `gorani” (avtsralia), trio `kavkasia” (aSS), ansambli `maspinZeli”

(didi britaneTi), ansambli `iamasirogumi” (iaponia), ansambli `darbazi”

(kanada), trio `zari” (kanada), ansambli `irinola” (safrangeTi), ansambli

`mze Sina” (safrangeTi), ansambli `marani” (safrangeTi) – es aris im

musikaluri koleqtivebis arasruli CamonaTvali, romelTa repertuari

qarTul tradiciul musikas moicavs. sxvadasxva dros, maTi mosmena

saqarTveloSi, tradiciuli mravalxmianobis saerTaSoriso simpoziumis

farglebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli. aRniSnuli simpoziumi 2002 wlidan

moyoloebuli yovel or weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba da misi istoria ukve

eqvs simpoziums iTvlis. sainteresoa uSualod qarTvel msmenelze

dakvirveba da im procesis danaxva, romelic ucxoel SemsrulebelTa mier,

qarTuli hangebis scenaze aJRerebas, xolo qarTveli msmenelis am

mdgomareobaze miCvevas ukavSirdeba. msgavsi performansis SemTxvevaSi,

qarTuli auditoriis absoluturi umravlesoba, dasafaseblad miiCnevs im

faqts, rom sxva – ucxo qveynis warmomadgenlebi, qarTul musikas swavloben

da asruleben, radgan Tavad es aqti aRiqmeba, rogorc qarTuli musikaluri

kulturis saerTaSoriso aRiareba. bunebrivia, qarTveli adamiani ver

darCeba gulgrili, rodesac mis win scenaze mdgari ucxoeli

Semsrulebeli, qarTul mravalxmian, an erTxmian hangebs, qarTul enaze

asrulebs, Tumca dResdReobiT, qarTuli tradiciuli musikis mravali

30

ucxouri ansamblis arsebobis pirobebSi, gazrdili jansaRi konkurenciisa

da im garemoebis fonze, rodesac qarTvelma msmenelma, qarTuli hangis

ucxoelTa mier interpretirebas yuri SeaCvia da Sesrulebis standartebma

maRla aiwia, ansamblebi kidev ufro metad arian musikis Sesrulebis

xarisxze orientirebulni. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, vexebiT ra qarTul

aramaterialur kulturul memkvidreobas, qarTuli tradiciuli musikis

yoveli interpretaciis dros saWiroa sifrTxile, raTa masala,

originalTan rac SeiZleba miaxloebuli iyos da hangis gavrceleba,

SecdomiT ar moxdes. 6 aRniSnul sakiTxs statias uZRvnis qarTveli

eTnomusikologi, natalia zumbaZe. igi aqcents, ucxoeli Semsruleblebis

mier swored qarTuli mravalxmiani simRerebiT dainteresebaze akeTebs da

aRniSnavs, rom mravalxmianoba qarTuli simReriT ucxoelTa dainteresebis

mTavari mizezia (zumbaZe, 2003:541). avtori, qarTuli xalxuri simReris

Semsrulebel ucxoelTa ori tipis jgufs gamoyofs. esenia sxvadasxva

xalxis tradiciuli musikisa da sakuTriv qarTuli simReris

Semsruleblebi. n. zumbaZe, CvenTvis mniSvnelovan ramdenime sakiTxs exeba.

maT Soris imas, rom ucxoelTa mier Sesrulebul zogierT qarTul

simReras saWiro sakravi ar axlavs. misive azriT, es garemoeba sxvadasxva

kuTxis qarTuli musikaluri tradiciis darRvevaa. magaliTisaTvis avtors

moyavs franguli ansambli `mze Sina”, romelic svanuri simReris -

`laJRvaSis” TanxlebisTvis Congurs iyenebs; rogorc viciT svaneTSi

Conguri ar gvxvdeba, iq gavrcelebuli sakravebi Wuniri da Cangia. n. zumbaZe

yuardRebas amaxvilebs qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmiani mReris kanonebis

rRvevaze, rac xmaTa funqciebis aRrevis Sedegad miiReba.Aamis magaliTebia

simReris sxva xmiT dawyeba, xmebis araswori TanmimdevrobiT Sesvla da

banis oqtaviT dabla Sesruleba (zumbaZe, 2003:545). Tu rogor swavloben

ucxoelebi qarTul mravalxmian simReras – amasTan dakavSirebiT, n.

6am tipis TiTqmis yvela koncerti iwereba, iqneba es audio Tu video Canaweri da Semdeg

vrceldeba, rogorc wyaro, romelze dayrdnobiT sxva Semsruleblebma SesaZloa esa Tu is

simRera Seiswavlon.

31

zumbaZe Tavis statiaSi sam ZiriTad saSualebas gamoyofs. esenia: `1.

damoukideblad, gamocemuli qarTuli fonoCanawerebidan; 2. ucxoeTSi

miwveuli qarTveli lotbarebisgan; 3. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi,

uSualod xalxuri momRerlebisgan” (zumbaZe, 2003:541-542). avtori iqve

dasZens im naklovanebebis Sesaxeb, romelic ucxoelTa mier qarTuli

tradiciuli musikis Sesrulebas sdevs Tan (zumbaZe, 2003:542-545). maT Soris

gamovyofT CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtors: rogorc cnobilia,

qarTuli tradiciuli musikis Sesrulebis erT-erTi umTavresi

maxasiaTebeli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom (samxmianobaSi) zeda or xmas ara

ramdenime, aramed TiTo-TiTo Semsrulebeli mReris. es aris is

SemoqmedebiTi principi, romelze dayrdnobiT, qarTuli tradiciuli

musikis zemoT xsenebuli imanenturi Tviseba – improvizaciuloba vlindeba,

xolo maSin, rodesac zeda xmebs ramdenime `solisti” erTdroulad

asrulebs, amiT qarTuli musikis bunebis ugulvebelyofa xdeba. vfiqrobT

aris sami ZiriTadi mizezi, Tu ratom mRerian zogierT ucxour ansamblSi

zeda xmebs amgvari gaormagebebiT: 1. ucxoeli Semsruleblebi SesaZloa ar

flobdnen sakmaris informacias qarTuli xalxuri simRerisa Tu

sagaloblis Sesrulebis wesze; 2. ramdenime adamianis erToblivi

SesrulebiT, isini ufro iolad umklavdebian im rTul amocanas, rasac

ucxo da originaluri musikaluri hangis Sesrulebas axlavs Tan; 3. Tavad

qarTul xalxur sasceno SemsruleblobaSi, didi gundebis arsebobis

pirobebSi, wlebis manZilze danergili iyo erTi xmis ramdenime momRerlis

mier Sesrulebis praqtika, maT Soris bavSvTa gundebSic, rasac dRevandel

dRes naklebad vxvdebiT, Tumca imdroindeli Canawerebi SesaZloa araerTi

ucxoelisTvis misabaZi gamxdariyo.

qarTuli simRerisa da sakravieri musikis tradiciuli maneriT

Sesrulebis pirobebSi, momReral-improvizatoris SemoqmedebiTi

TviTganxorcielebis Sedegad, ama Tu im hangis axali varianti ibadeba.

qarTul musikalur kulturaSi, erTi simReris mravali variantis arseboba,

qarTvel momReralTa improvizirebis maRal xarisxsa da TviTmyofadobaze

32

miuTiTebs. improvizacia, rogorc emociis intuitiuri gamovlena7 , qarTuli

tradiciuli musikis SemsruleblobaSi swored erTi adamianis mier namRer

xmas gulisxmobs. eTnomusikolog ediSer garayaniZis TqmiT: `qarTuli

musikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis mravalxmiani tipis pirobebSi

improvizacia iyo mTavari winapiroba xalxuri polifoniis Camoyalibebisa

da ganviTarebisaTvis” (garayaniZe, 1988:74).

aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobas k. biTelis eTnografiis moSveliebiT

ganvagrZobT, romelic kulturuli auTsaideris mier sxvadasxva xalxis

tradiciuli musikis Sesrulebasa da identobis sakiTxebs exmianeba. avtori

Village Harmony-s 8 mier Catarebul im erT-erT sazafxulo banaks aRwers,

romelic korsikaSi 2004 wels gaimarTa. aRniSnuli banakis farglebSi, ocze

meti adamiani, korsikul, qarTul, samxreT afrikul da amerikuli e. w.

Shape-Note mravalxmian musikalur tradiciebs eufleboda. avtori aRniSnavs,

rom CamoTvlili musikaluri tradiciebidan, banakSi myofTaTvis korsikuli

mravalxmiani stili yvelaze naklebad iyo cnobili da Sesabamisad yvelaze

didi gamowvevac swored mis Sesrulebas ukavSirdeboda. kunZulze zepir

tradiciaSi Semonaxuli mravalxmiani simRerebis identoba, ara mxolod

bgeriTi kombinaciebis maxasiaTeblebs, aramed uSualod musikis formirebis

procesis socialur sawyisebTan urTierTqmedebas gulisxmobs. kulturuli

insaiderisaTvis, korsikuli tradiciuli – melizmaturi sarTavebiT

gajerebuli hangis Sesruleba, ara daswavlili masalis zust

gameorebasTan, aramed mis interpretirebasTan aris dakavSirebuli; hangis

yoveli Sesrulebac re-interpretirebaa, ris Sedegadac erTnairi

JReradobis miReba SeuZlebelia (Bithell, 2009:160); Sesabamisad, Village Harmony-s

Semsruleblebis winaSe dasaxul amocanaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani

ara uSualod simRerebis Seswavla, aramed swored interpretirebis

xelovnebis dauflebaa, ornamentirebis da improvizirebis, aseve

mravalxmiani simReris Sesrulebisas koleqtivSi funqcionirebis

7ix. Рунин, Б., О Психологии Импровизаций. Психология Процессов Художественного Творчество, Л.1980 г.

8organizacia, romelic msoflio xalxTa musikis gacnobiT, prqatikuli SeswavliTa da SesrulebiT aris dakavebuli; ix. http://www.villageharmony.org

33

adgilobrivi midgomebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc ansamblis erT-erTi

wevri ixsenebs, Tavad korsikelebi sakmaod aaRelva im faqtma, rom ucxo

qveynis warmomadgenlebma, korsikuli musika ase daafases da Seiyvares;

xolo Tavad korsikelma momRerlebma jer stumrebisTvis, Semdeg ki

stumrebTan erTad Seasrules ramdenime simRera, riTic ucxoelebisadmi

Tbili da dadebiTi damokidebuleba gamoxates (Bithell, 2009:163). rogor

aRiqves adgilobrivma korsikelebma Village Harmony-s Sesruleba? maTi

STabeWdileba amgvari iyo `swori gamoTqma da sxva yvelaferi – maT ukeT

Seasrules vidre amas zogierTi korsikeli SeZlebda”. msgavsi Sefasebis

mosmenisas, korsikelma musikosma, romelic msmenelTa Soris gaxldaT,

musikalur kompetenciasa da kulturul identobas Soris arsebuli

urTierTqmedebis sakiTxi wamoWra. misive azriT, is faqti, rom ucxoelebma,

sakmaod mokled droSi SeZles korsikuli hangebis swavla da msenelis

winaSe damajereblad gamotana, exmianeba sakiTxs, romelic Tavad

korsikelebis mier am sasimRero kulturis garkveulwilad dakargvas

ukavSirdeba (Bithell, 2009:164). statiis dasasruls avtori yuradRebas

amaxvilebs qarTuli da korsikuli simRerebis msgavsebaze da aseve xazs

usvams im garemoebas, rom qarTuli simRerebi araerTi ucxouri ansamblis,

maT Soris korsikuli ansamblebis repertuarSi damkvidrda; aRniSnuli

ansamblebi, qarTul musikas erTis mxriv korsikaSi, festivalebze Casuli

ucxouri koleqtivebisgan swavloben, meores mxriv ki Tavad stumroben

saqarTvelos da masalas adgilze iTviseben. amrigad, identobis ra

formasTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin rodesac kulturuli auTsaideri ucxo

qveynis tradiciul musikas eziareba; xdeba Tu ara es ucxo kultura misi

kulturuli identobis Semadgeneli nawili? aseT fenomens SegviZlia

SeZenili identoba vuwodoT, romlis pirobebSi ara mSobliur, aramed ucxo

kulturis konteqstSi Camoyalibebul kulturul/musikalur identobasTan

gvaqvs saqme. maSin, rodesac msaobrivi kulturis gavrcelebis areali

grandiozul masStabebs aRwevs, tradiciis matarebel adamianebTan erTad,

kulturuli auTsaiderebi im mcirericxovan jgufs ganekuTvnebian, romelic

34

tradiciul musikas dakargvisagan icavs da mis SenarCunebasa Tu

gavrcelebas uwyobs xels. da bolos, am Temis irgvliv arsebul sakiTxTa

Soris, aseve sagulisxmoa kulturuli auTsaideris mier, ucxo musikis

SesrulebasTan daavSirebuli emociuri mxare, rac mocemuli suraTis srul

konteqstSi danaxvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. qarTuli tradiciuli musikis

magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ucxoel

Semsruleblebs madlierebis gancda aerTianebT. am madlierebis safuZvels

warmoadges qarTul hangebze wvdoma, maTi Seswavlis SesaZlebloba da

musikis JReradobiT miRebuli is sruliad unikaluri veli da mdgomareoba,

romelzec araerTi maTgani amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Cven – qarTvel

momRerlebsa Tu mkvlevrebs didi dakvirveba gvmarTebs, rodesac: 1. ucxoel

Semsruleblebs vaswavliT, 2. rogorc eTnoforebi – ucxoeli mecnierisTvis

qarTul tradiciul musikas vasrulebT, raTa man Cven mier Sesrulebul

masalaze dayrdnobiT daskvnebi gamoitanos da qarTuli musikis Sesaxeb

samecniero Sroma Seqmnas, 3. ukve Sedegis saxiT – ucxoeli momRerlebis

mier Sesrulebul qarTul musikas vismenT, 4. ukve Sedegis saxiT – ucxoeli

mkvlevris mier qarTuli xalxuri musikisa Tu saeklesio galobis irgvliv

momzadebul moxsenebas vismenT. oTxive SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso

masStabiT, masalis SecdomiT gavrcelebisa da gamoqveynebis albaToba

arsebobs, rac kulturuli insaiderebis mxridan yuradRebas saWiroebs. am

gziT Cven daxmarebas gavuwveT ara mxolod qarTuli tradiciuli musikis

Semsruleblobasa da eTnomusikologiis dargs, aramed uSualod im

adamianebs – Semsruleblebsa Tu mkvlevrebs, romlebic qarTuli musikiT

arian dainteresebulni da mis kanonzomierebebSi garkvevas cdiloben.

ra garemoebam SeiZleba gaaRvivos erTi konkretuli jgufis

kulturuli identobis gancda, identobis krizisi da gaaCinos imis

SegrZneba, rom am identobas safrTxe emuqreba? aseT garemoebad im tipis

winaaRmdegoba gvevlineba, romlis pirobebSi ama Tu im xalxis kulturuli

memkvidreobis tradiciuloba, auTenturoba, an siZvele kiTxvis niSnis qveS

dgeba. qarTul tradiciul galobasTan mimarTebiT, magaliTisaTvis

SevexebiT im dRemde aqtualur procesebs, romelic TbilisSi bizantiuri

35

galobis Semswavleli jgufis saqmianobas ukavSirdeba. imisaTvis, rom

TvalsaCino gaxdes Tu ras emsaxureba zemoaRniSnuli jgufi, moviyvanT

amonarids werilidan, romelic 2010 wlis miwuruls, Tbilisis v.

sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo konservatoriis, saqarTvelos

musikaluri sazogadoebis, qarTuli xalxuri simReris saerTaSoriso

centris, konservatoriis tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvlevis

saerTaSoriso centris, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saeklesio galobis

centris wevrebisa da qarTvel musikosTa mier iqna Sedgenili da romlis

adresati saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wminda

sinodi gaxlavT. mimarTvaSi vkiTxulobT:

`Tqveno uwmindesobav da unetaresobav, maRalyovladusamRvdeloesno

da yovladusamRvdeloesno meufeno... mogexsenebaT, rom msoflio

kulturul saganZurSi qarTveli eris mier Setanil umniSvnelovanes

memkvidreobas tradiciuli mravalxmianoba warmoadgens – uZvelesi xalxuri

musika da SuasaukuneTa saeklesio galoba. qarTuli tradiciuli musika

saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibda sulierebis, maRalzneobriobisa da

qarTvelTa TviTmyofadobis simbolod. mravali gansacdelis miuxedavad,

RvTis wyalobiT, Cvenamde movida aTasobiT nimuSi Zveli qarTuli

saeklesio musikisa. samwuxarod, saukuneTa siRrmidan Cvenamde

saswaulebrivad SemorCenil am saganZurs, ager ukve 10-15 welia rac axali

gansacdeli xvda wilad, rac ufro metad savalaloa – Tavad saqarTvelos

eklesiaSi, zogierTi mRvdelmsaxurisa da maTi mrevlis mxridan.

vgulisxmobT e.w. `bizantiuri galobis Semswavlel jgufsa” da

`marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSirs”, agreTve am dajgufebebTan

dakavSirebuli sasusliero Tu saero pirebis miuRebel saqmianobas.

rogorc cnobilia, am dajgufebis wevrebi 1996-97 wlebidan ebrZvian qarTul

galobas, acxadeben, rom is `arakanonikuria”, xolo erTaderTi `kanonikuri”

da saeklesio da amasTan `namdvili qarTuli galoba” ki mxolod

bizantiur-berZnuli galobaa.Aarasworad gadmocemul berZnul

sagaloblebze meqanikurad adeben qarTul teqstebs, am TviTneburi da

diletanturi eqsperimentis produqts galoben RvTismsaxurebaze...

36

gamoscemen da eleqtronuli mediiT avrceleben Cveni eklesiis liturgiaSi

akrZaluli am musikaluri eqsperimentis audio da video Canawerebs, aseve

qarTuli galobisadmi cilismwameblur da damamcirebel publikaciebs. Aam

xerxebiT dajgufebis liderebi cdiloben daamkvidron mcdari Tvalsazrisi

imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos qarTuli galoba aris mxolod `simRera”,

amsofliuri da ara saRvTismsaxuro musika – msoflio eklesiis wmida

gardamocemis nawili. qarTuli galobis asaRorZineblad, saqarTvelos

eklesiis wmida sinodis 2003 wlis 18 agvistos ruis-urbnisis krebaze, Tqven

mier miRebul iqna istoriuli gadawyvetileba. mogvyavs amonaridi

xsenebuli ganCinebidan: saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi kanonikuri

galoba iyo da aris mravalxmiani tradiciuli galoba. misi aRsruleba

savaldebuloa yovel qarTul taZarSi da yvelgan, qarTul enaze

aRvlenili RvTismsaxurebis dros. mgalobelTa gundebs eZlevaT locva-

kurTxeva, raTa e.w. rusuli, evropuli da bizantiuri galoba naxvari wlis

ganmavlobaSi Secvalon qarTuli kanonikuri mravalxmiani galobiT...Aamave

krebaze wmindanad Seiracxa eqvTime aRmsarebeli (kereseliZe) – qarTuli

samgaloblo memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani nawilis gadamrCeneli. miuxedavad

aRniSnuli ganCinebisa da piradad kaTolikos-patriarqis locva-kurTxevisa,

Segonebebisa da akrZalvebisa, xsenebuli jgufi jiutad agrZelebs

TviTnebobasa da Cveni tradiciuli galobisaTvis saziano qmedebas. CvenSi

udides gulistkivils iwvevs is faqti, rom wmida sinodisa da kaTolikos-

patriaqris ganCinebasa da locva-kurTxevebs aranairi Sedegi ar mohyva...Ees

adamianebi ki ukve 7 (!) welia ar asruleben wmida sinodis

gadawyvetilebas.Uufro metic – isini Secdomad acxadeben mas...”. mimarTvaSi

mocemulia im moqmedi taZrebis CamonaTvali, sadac berZnuli hangi

igalobeba. zemoaRniSnul werils, bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli

jgufis mxridan gamoxmaureba mohyva. maT Ria werili konservatoriis

reqtoris saxelze Seadgines, xolo werilis asli ki uwmindessa da

unetaress, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs ilia meores, aseve

sinodis wevrebsa da sapatriarqos galobis centrs gadaugzavnes. moviyvanT

werilis amonarids, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `wavikiTxeT Tqveni mimarTva

37

wminda sinodisadmi. werilSi Tqven werT, rom Cven vmtrobT qarTul

galobas, vdevniT da SeuracxvyofT mas. mogaxsenebT da vacxadebT, rom es

ase ar aris... Cven vambobT: samxmiani galoba aris Cveni eris tradicia,

xolo rva xmis melodiebi, romlebic sruldeba erT xmaSi, monofonurad,

aris marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erTiani kanoni. Cven werilobiT araerTxel

mivmarTeT sapatriaqros samgaloblo centrs TxovniT: `rogorc es yvela

adgilobriv eklesiaSi xdeba, aseve, saqarTvelos adgilobriv eklesiaSic

SevinarCunoT orive saxis galoba: samxmiani – erovnuli tradiciiT, da

erTxmiani – erToblivi rvaxmis kanonis mixedviT”. rvaxmis kanons uCvenebs

eklesiis RvTismsaxurebis wes-gangeba, anu tipikoni, am kanonzea gawyobili

yvela saRvTismsaxuro wigni. Aam kanons – rvaxmas – ewodeba bizantiuri

galoba. musikosebisTvis da xelovnebis muSakebisTvis ufro gasagebi rom

iyos, SeiZleba ase vTqvaT: rogorc arsebobs erovnuli musikaluri

folklori da arsebobs klasikuri musika, amis msgavsad, eklesiaSi

samxmiani galoba aris eris tradicia, bizantiuri galoba ki – eklesiis

klasikuri musika... rogorc klasikuri musika ar aris romelime erTi eris

kuTvnileba, aramed yvela erisa, aseve bizantiuri galoba yoveli

marTlmadidebeli eris kuTvnilebaa. rvaxmis melodiebs erT xmaSi galobs

yvela marTlmadidebeli – berZeni iqneba es, qarTveli, slavi, ingliseli

Tu arabi... Cven vmorCilebT wminda sinodis dadgenilebas da Cvens taZrebSi

vgalobT samxmian sagaloblebs.Mmagram sinodis dadgenilebaSi ar aris

erTxmianis akrZalva...”.

am werilebis gamoqveynebas win uZRvoda jer bizantiuri galobis

Semswavleli jgufis mier gamocemuli broSura saxelwodebiT ase

galobdnen Zvelad saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 2001 w.), da qarTuli saeklesio

galobis Tanamedrove problemebi. recenziebi da gamoxmaurebebi broSuraze

`ase galobdnen Zvelad saqarTveloSi” (andriaZe, 2002). am ukanasknelSi,

qarTveli mkvlevrebi yuradRebas amaxvileben bizantiuri galobis

Semswavleli jgufis mier msjelobisas gamovlenil xarvezebze. Cvenis mxriv

or sakiTxze SevCerdebiT. 1. rogorc werilSi vkiTxulobT, bizantiuri

galobis Semswavleli jgufis umTavres arguments oqtoixosis, anu rvaxmis

38

kanonikuroba warmoadgens, rac maTive xedviT mxolod monofonurad – erT

xmaSi sruldeba. mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom sxvadasxva marTlmadideblur

tradiciaSi originaluri rvaxmis sistema arsebobs, rac swored ama Tu im

eris musikalur azrovnebas ukavSirdeba. maT Soris saqarTveloSic,

qarTuli samxmiani galoba qarTuli rvaxmis kalendaruli sistemis

mixedviT igalobeba. uZvelesi liturgikul-himnografiuli krebulis

ierusalimuri leqcionaris nusxebidan Semonaxul xelnawerSi

`ierusalimuri leqcionari VII saukunisa” miTiTebulia, Tu romel xmaze

igalobeba esa Tu is sagalobeli. magda suxiaSvilis TqmiT, `Cans, rom am

droisaTvis qarTvel himnografebs berZnuli saRvTismsaxuro praqtikidan

ukve SeTvisebuli hqondaT `Ãmeani galobis”, anu sagaloblebis rva xmaze

gawyobis wesi, romelic saTaves V-VI saukuneebidan iRebs” (suxiaSvili,

2002:5). marTalia, aRmosavleT qristianul samgaloblo tradiciebs Soris

mravalxmiani galobis uZvelesi formebi saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba, razec

mkvlevarTa azriT ioane petriwis sami xmis saxeldebac miuTiTebs. nino

fircxalavas statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `mefeTa cxovrebis arsen

iyalToeliseuli Targmanebis safuZvelze qarTul musikaSi Sebanebisa da

xmis Sewyobis praqtikis arseboba ukve XI saukuneSi savaraudeblad miiCnia

daskvnebis gamotanaSi uaRresad frTxilma – didma ivane javaxiSvilma.

ioane petriwis Txzuleba ganmartebani proklesaTÂs diadoxosisa da

platonurisa filosofiisaTÂs masSi daculi argumentebiT ueWvels xdis i.

javaxisSvilis Tvalsazriss – Tu ufro adre ara, XI mainc usaTuod, –

samxmianobis arsebobis faqts saqarTveloSi... Zalian Sors wagviyvanda im

qarTvel mecnierTa CamoTvla, vinc es Tvalsazrisi gaiziara (fircxalava,

2002:33-34); Tumca magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT rusuli samgaloblo

tradicia, romelSic erTxmian znamenur galobasTan erTad, me-16 saukunis

miwuruls Camoyalibebuli mravalxmiani – putno-demestvuri galobac

sruldeba (diasamiZe, 2012:449). amrigad, iseT qveyanaSic ki, sadac

tradiciuli musikaluri azrovneba pirvel rigSi erTxmianobas gulisxmobs,

mravalxmiani saeklesio galoba arakanonikurad ar aris miCneuli, piriqiT,

igi ganixileba, rogorc mdidari samgaloblo tradiciis nimuSi, xolo misi

39

aRdgena da saeklesio samgaloblo repertuarSi dabruneba, saeklesio

kanonikis mcodne, uaRresad ganswavlul – galobis mecnier-praqtikosebis

saxels ukavSirdeba. 9 ufro metic, rusul medievistikaSi damkvidrebulia

azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `xalxur-sasimRero tradiciebisa da e. w. stroCnoe

(galobis mravalxmiani forma, e.d.) galobis stilistikis urTierTSedarebam,

maT Soris arsebuli mWidro kavSirebi gamoavlina. samxmianoba

(troestroCie) aRmosavleT qristianuli regionis xalxTa mier dagrovili,

mravalsaukunovani sagundo galobis umaRlesi ganzogadebaa” (Конотоп,

1996:62). bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli jgufi, uwodebs ra qarTul

samxmian galobas eris tradicias, xolo berZnul galobas –

marTlmadideblursa da kanonikurs, amiT igi ugulvebelyofs da uaryofs

qarTuli samxmiani galobis kanonikurobas da kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs

yvela im qarTveli saeklesio moRvawisa Tu galobis moamagis Rvawls,

romlebmac qarTuli galoba, urTules pirobebSi SeinarCunes da Cvenamde

moitanes. ganekuTvneba ki maT mier danergili berZnuli sagaloblebi im

Zvel bizantiur samgaloblo Sres, romelsac jgufi RvTismsaxurebisas

aRvlenil upirobo galobad miiCnevs?! rogorc cnobilia, maT mier

samgaloblo repertuarSi damkvidrebuli sagaloblebi XIX-XX saukuniT

TariRdeba da xSir SemTxvevaSi am sagalobelTa avtorebic ki cnobilia.

aseT viTarebaSi, ris safuZvelze SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom is, ris

damkvidrebasac bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli jgufi qarTul

eklesiebSi cdilobs, aris ufro Zveli, vidre qarTuli samxmiani galoba,

romelic mexeleTa mier, hangis teqstze gawyobis wesis dacviT aris

Seqmnili; maTi msjelobiT im azramde mivdivarT, rom erT xmaSi galoba

(miuxedavad imisa Tu rogor adevs hangi teqsts, ramdenad Zvelia is

melodiuri saqcevebi, romelsac mgaloblebi mimarTaven) avtomaturad

kanonikur galobas gulisxmobs. bunebrivia, es mcdari, yovelgvar

mecnierul dasabuTebas moklebuli Sexedulebaa. bizantiuri galobis

Semswavleli jgufis Ria werilSi aseve vkiTxulobT: `anda rogor

9magaliTisaTvis davasaxeleb mgalobelTa ansambls `Ключ разумения”, xelmZRvaneli – Nmusikologi, medievisti - natalia mosiagina.

40

akrZalavda sinodi erTxmian galobas, roca TviT ieso qristem,

mociqulebTan erTad, saidumlo serobaze – pirvel wirvaze – erT xmaSi

igaloba.” xolo mecnierebisaTvis ki ucnobia, Tu rogor JRerda mociqulTa

droindeli galoba. cnobilia, rom X-XI saukuniT daTariRebuli

paleobizantiuri xelnawerebi aqamde gauSifravia (doliZe, 2002:71).

qarTuli saeklesio mravalxmiani galobisa da qarTvelTa

kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxze ufro vrclad,

uSualod kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT sakvalifikacio naSromis daskvniT

nawilSi visaubrebT. tradiciuli saeklesio mravalxmianobis, rogorc

kulturuli identobis erT-erTi Semadgeneli parametris Sesaxeb msjeloba,

erTis mxriv qarTul kulturas msoflio tradiciuli musikisa da

qristianuli galobis konteqstSi moiazrebs, meores mxriv ki sakuTriv am

kulturis matareblebs aZlevs imis SesaZleblobas, rom ukeT gaizaron da

Seicnon sakuTari identoba kulturuli mravalferovnebis globalur

sivrceSi.

41

Tavi meore

musikis anTropologia da qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba (kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi)

anTropologia, rogorc holisturi dargi, erTi mxriv sakvlevi

obieqtis farTo rakursiT danaxvis SesaZleblobas iZleva, meore mxriv ki

anTropologiis calkeuli mimarTulebebis safuZvelze warmoebuli kvleva,

sxvadasxva Sinaarsis mqone movlenebze dakvirvebis ufro axlo rakurss

gulisxmobs. anTropologis ZiriTadi `samuSao saaTebi” moicavs:

interviuebs, dakvirvebas, Canawerebis gakeTebas da adgilobriv

macxovreblebTan erTad aqtivobebSi monawileobas (Wagner, 1977:494), riTac

is momijnave dargebTan (eTnologia, folkloristika, eTnomusikologia),

meTodologiis kuTxiT arsebiT msgavsebas amJRavnebs.

musika, rogorc kacobriobis kulturis arsebiTi elementi da rogorc

adamianis qceva, siRrmiseulad – mis yvela aspeqtSi unda Seiswavlebodes.

XX saukuneSi, istoriuli musikologiis, rogorc mowinave dargis

arsebobis pirobebSi, musikis Seswavlis axali gzebisa da perspeqtivebis

Ziebis saWiroeba TvalsaCino gaxada (Yosihiko, Osamu, 1986:v). amasTan,

sagulisxmoa isic, rom musikologiis dargSi, kulturis istoriam

mniSvnelovani adgili daikava (Fulcher, 2011:3). galobis specialistebis mier

eTnomusikologisaTan da anTropologiasTan siaxlove, SedarebiT axali,

magram dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi ukve damkvidrebuli praqtikaa

(Borders, 2011:17). Myovelive amis fonze calke ganxilvis sagnad iqca

musikologiisa da eTnomusikologiis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxic (Samson,

2008:24). problema amgvaradac ki daisva: musikologia eTnomusikologiis

ganStoebaa, Tu piriqiT? SemoTavazebis doneze, musikologiis magivrad,

rogorc dargis alternatiuli gansazRvreba musikis mecniereba dasaxelda

(Cook, 2008:66-67). erTgvari protestis gamoxatviT iwyeba miSel bigenos

statia saxelwodebiT Why I’m Not and Ethnomusicologist: A View from Anthropology

(ratom ar var eTnomusikologi: xedva anTropologiidan), sadac avtori

42

pirad gamocdilebas gviziarebs. misi TqmiT, yovel jerze, rodesac is

axsenebs, rom misi Seswavlis sagani musikis kuTxiT – boliviuri erovnuli

da eTnikuri identobiaa, mas maSinve `eTnomusikologis iarilys akereben”,

rasac is kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeba. `yvelaze martivi pasuxi imaze, Tu

ratom ar var eTnomusikologi, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kvalifikaciiT me

anTropologi gaxlavarT”, Tumca sxvaoba gacilebiT Rrmaa, vidre sabuTSi

Cawerili specialoba, rac sxva parametrebTan erTad, am or mimarTulebaSi

musikis Sesaxeb arsebul ideologiaSi unda veZioT (Bigenho, 2008:28).

musikalur disciplinaTa kompentenciisa da saxelwodebebis garkvevis

sakiTxi imdenad aqtualur fazaSi Sevida, rom calke statia mieZRvna Temas

– saWiroa Tu ara TavsarTi `eTno...”, an bolosarTi “...ologia” (Nooshin,

2008:71). musikis dargisadmi interess, XXI saukunis – internetis epoqis

konteqstSi ganixilavs a. vudi da aRniSnavs, rom 2003 wlis ivnisSi,

rodesac man google-is saZiebo velSi sityva `musika” akrifa daaxloebiT

112,000,000 Sesatyvisi masala amovida, xolo 2005 wlis seqtembrisaTvis es

ricxvi 389,000,000-mde gaizarda, rac internetSi musikasTan dakavSirebuli

aqtivobebis mkveTr zrdaze miuTiTebs (Wood, 2008:170).

rogorc