samecniero Sromebis krebuliSromebis krebuli IIIIIIIIIIIIdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/141535/1/Shromebis_Krebuli_2010_N3.pdfdoebis is mravalferovani nawilia, romlis wevrebis Semosavali

paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis

ekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutis

samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero

Sromebis krebuliSromebis krebuliSromebis krebuliSromebis krebuli

IIIIIIIIIIII

mTavari redaqtori

ramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZe

saredaqcio kolegia

n. arevaZe, g. berulava, n. bibilaSvili (pasun. arevaZe, g. berulava, n. bibilaSvili (pasun. arevaZe, g. berulava, n. bibilaSvili (pasun. arevaZe, g. berulava, n. bibilaSvili (pasuxisxisxisxis----

mgebeli mdivani), v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, l. mgebeli mdivani), v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, l. mgebeli mdivani), v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, l. mgebeli mdivani), v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, l.

ToTlaZe, e. kaToTlaZe, e. kaToTlaZe, e. kaToTlaZe, e. kakulikulikulikulia, m. kvaa, m. kvaa, m. kvaa, m. kvaracxelia, a. kuracxelia, a. kuracxelia, a. kuracxelia, a. kurarararataStaStaStaSvili, vili, vili, vili,

T. laT. laT. laT. lazazazazaraSraSraSraSvivivivili, i. nali, i. nali, i. nali, i. naTeTeTeTelauri, g. palauri, g. palauri, g. palauri, g. pappppaaaava, vl. pava, vl. pava, vl. pava, vl. papapapapava, va, va, va,

r. sarCimelia, T. CxeiZe, n. xaduri, m. xuskivaZe, r. r. sarCimelia, T. CxeiZe, n. xaduri, m. xuskivaZe, r. r. sarCimelia, T. CxeiZe, n. xaduri, m. xuskivaZe, r. r. sarCimelia, T. CxeiZe, n. xaduri, m. xuskivaZe, r.

javaxiSvilijavaxiSvilijavaxiSvilijavaxiSvili

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2010Tbilisi 2010Tbilisi 2010Tbilisi 2010

UDC (uak) 061.62: 33(479.22)(045)

p - 121

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis

samecniero Sromebis krebulSi qveyndeba inssamecniero Sromebis krebulSi qveyndeba inssamecniero Sromebis krebulSi qveyndeba inssamecniero Sromebis krebulSi qveyndeba institutis titutis titutis titutis

mecnier TanamSromelTa da saqarmecnier TanamSromelTa da saqarmecnier TanamSromelTa da saqarmecnier TanamSromelTa da saqarTvelos mecnierTvelos mecnierTvelos mecnierTvelos mecnier----

ekonomistTa naSromebi, romekonomistTa naSromebi, romekonomistTa naSromebi, romekonomistTa naSromebi, romlebic eZRvneba lebic eZRvneba lebic eZRvneba lebic eZRvneba

aqtualur samecaqtualur samecaqtualur samecaqtualur samecniero da qveyniero da qveyniero da qveyniero da qveynis saWirboroto nis saWirboroto nis saWirboroto nis saWirboroto

ekonomikur problemebs.ekonomikur problemebs.ekonomikur problemebs.ekonomikur problemebs.

krebuli gankuTvnilia mkiTxvelTa farTo krebuli gankuTvnilia mkiTxvelTa farTo krebuli gankuTvnilia mkiTxvelTa farTo krebuli gankuTvnilia mkiTxvelTa farTo

wrisaTvis da daxmawrisaTvis da daxmawrisaTvis da daxmawrisaTvis da daxmarebas gauwevs ara mxolod rebas gauwevs ara mxolod rebas gauwevs ara mxolod rebas gauwevs ara mxolod

specialistebs, aramed ekonomikis sakiTspecialistebs, aramed ekonomikis sakiTspecialistebs, aramed ekonomikis sakiTspecialistebs, aramed ekonomikis sakiTxebiT xebiT xebiT xebiT

dainteresebul nebismier pirs.dainteresebul nebismier pirs.dainteresebul nebismier pirs.dainteresebul nebismier pirs.

© paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamopaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamopaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamopaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobamcemlobamcemlobamcemloba

2010

ISSN 1987 – 6904

Strixkodi 9771987690003

3

COLLECTION OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS

OF

PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF

ECONOMICS

IIIIIIIIIIII

Editor-in-chief

Ramaz Abesadze

Editorial Board

N. Arevadze, G. Berulava, N. Bibilashvili (executive secretary), V. Bu-rduli, T. Chkheidze, L. Datunashvili, R. Javakhishvili, E. Kakulia, N. Khaduri, M. Khuskivadze, A. Kuratashvili, M. Kvarat skhelia, T. Lazarashvili, I. Natelauri, G. Papava, V. Papava, R. Sarchimelia, L. Totladze

Publishing House of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics

TBILISI 2010

UDC (uak) 061.62: 33(479.22)(045)

p – 121

The collection of scientific works of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics publishes the works of Institute researchers and scientists-economists of Georgia dedi-cated to actual scientific problems and the problems vital for country economy.

The collection is intended for a wide range of readers and will assist not only professionals but those concerned with issues of economy.

© Publishing House of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics

2010

ISSN 1987 - 6904

5

ramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZe mosaxleobis cxovrebis dmosaxleobis cxovrebis dmosaxleobis cxovrebis dmosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da siRaribis onisa da siRaribis onisa da siRaribis onisa da siRaribis

zogierTi socialurzogierTi socialurzogierTi socialurzogierTi socialur----ekonomikuri aspeqtiekonomikuri aspeqtiekonomikuri aspeqtiekonomikuri aspeqti

mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, anu is, Tu rogor

cxovroben, rogor ikmayofileben adamianebi TavianT moT-

xovnilebebs, damokidebulia araerT faqtorze, romelTa-

gan umTavresia qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis arsebu-

li mdgomareoba. bunebrivia, rac ufro maRalia qveynis

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xarisxi, miT ufro maRalia

adamianTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblo-

ba.

ekonomikur literaturaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxva-

veben cnebebs _ “cxovrebis done” da “cxovrebis xarisxi”.

marTalia, am or cnebas Soris gansxvavebis sapovnelad

garkveuli logika arsebobs, magram, Cveni azriT, maT So-

ris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ar aris. cxovrebis donec

da cxovrebis xarisxic moicavs rogorc raodenobriv,

ise Tvisebriv mxareebs, vinaidan, Tu xarisxobrivad ada-

mianTa moTxovnilebebi ar kmayofildeba, rogor SeiZleba

visaubroT cxovrebis maRal doneze da piriqiT, Tu ra-

odenobrivad adamianTa moTxovnilebebi ar kmayofildeba,

rogor SeiZleba visaubroT cxovrebis maRal xarisxze.

SaerTod, cxovrebis pirobebis Sesafaseblad ufro misa-

Rebia vixmaroT termini “cxovrebis done”. amasTan, misa-

Rebia ganvixiloT cxovrebis donis raodenobrivi da xa-

risxobrivi maCveneblebi.

cxovrebis donis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan SeiZleba

ganvasxvaoT epoqebi, qveynebi, adamianebi. cxovrebis done

udides gavlenas axdens cxovrebis wesze. sakmarisia war-

movidginoT cxovrebis doniT ganxvavebuli epoqebi, qvey-

nebi da adamianebi da davinaxavT, Tu rogor icvleba er-

Ti da imave eris cxovrebis wesi cxovrebis donis zrdas-

Tan erTad, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva cxovrebis

donis mqone qveynebis cxovrebis wesi erTmaneTisagan, Tu

rogor gansxvavdeba erTsa da imave qveyanaSi erTmaneTisa-

gan mdidar da Rarib adamianTa cxovrebis wesi. marTa-

lia, cxovrebis wesze did gavlenas axdens sxva faqtore-

bic (kultura, tradiciebi, sazogadoebriv-politikuri

mowyobis wesi, profesia da sxv.), magram gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba mainc cxovrebis dones eniWeba.

literaturaSi aseve arsebobs cxovrebis donis

sxvadasxvagvari formulireba. Cveni azriT, es cneba ar

moiTxovs rTul da erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul ganmar-

tebebs. cxovrebis done aris calkeul adamianTa da cxovrebis done aris calkeul adamianTa da cxovrebis done aris calkeul adamianTa da cxovrebis done aris calkeul adamianTa da

mTlianad sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayomTlianad sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayomTlianad sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayomTlianad sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis filebis filebis filebis

donedonedonedone. rac ufro maRalia calkeuli adamianisa da

mTlianad sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis

done, miT ufro maRalia cxovrebis done da piriqiT.

moTxovnilebebi ki, rogorc viciT, SemousazRvravia, Tum-

ca cvalebadi da icvleba cxovrebis donis zrdasTan

erTad (warmoeba warmoSobs axal moTxovnilebebs).

cxovrebis done ufro pirdapir kavSirSia moTxov-

nasTan, vinaidan moTxovna aris dakmayofilebuli moTxov-

nileba. cxovrebis done ki, swored, dakmayofilebuli

moTxovnilebiT ganisazRvreba. aqedan gamomdinare, mTeli

sazogadoebis cxovrebis done damokidebulia erTobliv

moTxovnaze, xolo calkeuli adamianis cxovrebis done _

individualur moTxovnaze. moTxovna ki TavisTavad damo-

kidebulia Semosavlebze da danazogebze. marTalia, dana-

zogebi amcirebs mimdinare moxmarebas da, maSasadame,

cxovrebis donesac, magram, samagierod, igi zrdis mox-

marebas momavalSi da Sesabamisad cxovrebis donesac.

bunebrivia, pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobs moTxov-

nilebasa da cxovrebis dones Soris, rom rac ufro

didia moTxovnilebis ganviTarebis xarisxi, miT ufro

maRalia cxovrebis done. moTxovnilebis ganviTarebis xa-

risxi ki TavisTavad damokidebulia Tvisebriv cvlile-

bebTan warmoebaSi _ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis axali

7

saxeobebis warmoSobasTan, rac TavisTavad pirdapir kav-

SirSia inovaciebTan ekonomikaSi. magram Tanamedrove pi-

robebSi informaciis saSualebebi imdenad ganviTare-

bulia, rom axal moTxovnilebebs warmoSobs ara mxolod

mdidar, aramed Rarib fenebSi, anu moTxovnilebebi mosax-

leobis rogorc mdidari, ise Raribi nawilisa erTnairia,

SesaZlebloba ki am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisa _

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli. swored es ganapirobebs

cxovrebis donis gansxvavebulobas da garkveul dapiris-

pirebas mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebs Soris. am mxriv

yvelaze neitraluria mosaxleobis saSualo fena.

cxovrebis donis Sesafaseblad arsebobs maCvene-

belTa mTeli sistema1. unda iTqvas, rom yvela arsebuli

maCvenebeli sasargebloa da maTi gamoyeneba saSualebas

iZleva, davaxasiaToT cxovrebis pirobebis esa Tu is

mxare. magram, Cveni azriT, ZiriTadi maCvenebeli cxovre-

bis donisa aris Semosavali da saqonlisa da momsaxu-

rebis xarisxi rogorc calkeuli pirovnebis, ise mTeli

sazogadoebisaTvis. swored maTzea damokidebuli ro-

gorc fizikuri, ise sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayo-

filebis, aseve cxovrebisa da Sromis komfortis xarisxi

(romelic SeiZleba ganisazRvros uaxlesi saxeobis pro-

duqciis gamoyenebis masStabebiT). maSasadame, cxovrebis

done damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikis rogorc raode-

nobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi ganviTarebis doneze, maT Soris,

Semosavlebis ganawilebis samarTlianobaze.

adamianTa pirvelyofili sazogadoebis pirobebSi

mdidrebisa da Raribebis erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba ar

1 magaliTad: Жеребин В. М., Романов А. Н. Уровень жизни населения. М.,

«ЮНИТИ», 2002; Румянцев Е. Е. Стратегия преодоления бедности. Минск, «Армира – Маркетинг, Менеджмент», 2001; mesxia i., gabelaSvili k. mosaxleobis cxovrebis done (analizi da prognozebi). Tb.,

“quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba”, 2004 da

sxv.

iarsebebda (ar iarsebebda Sesabamisi sityvebic ki), vina-

idan ar arsebobda Raribebad da mdidrebad dayofa, rad-

ganac rasac moipovebdnen Tanabrad moixmardnen (ganawi-

leba xdeboda Tanabrad). Tumca, gansxvaveba am niSnis

mixeviT calkeul Temebsa (tomebs) da regionebs Soris

mainc iqneboda (bunebrivi resursebis, unaris, Sromis ia-

raRebis da sxva gansxvavebaTa gamo). mdidrebad da Rari-

bebad dayofa iwyeba mas Semdeg, rac kacobriobis istori-

aSi sxvadasxva faqtorTa gamo (romelic kargadaa cnobi-

li) ganawilebis samarTlianoba irRveva, sazogadoebis

garkveuli fena umravlesobasTan SedarebiT Semosavle-

bis met nawils iTvisebs da sxvebze mdidari xdeba. Maga-

liTad, monaTmflobelebi _ monebze, Tavadaznaurebi _

glexebze, kapitalistebi – muSebze [siRaribeSi igulisx-

meba gansxvaveba ara mxolod materialuri qonebis, ara-

med sxva faseulobaTa mixedviTac (ganaTleba, kultura,

Tavisuflebis xarisxi da a.S.)]. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom,

istoriulad, TiTqmis yvela mona da yma glexi (iSviaTi

gamonaklisis garda) SeiZleba CaiTvalon mudmiv Rarimudmiv Rarimudmiv Rarimudmiv Raribebebebe----

badbadbadbad. kapitalizmis pirobebSi ki mdgomareoba radikalu-

rad icvleba, vinaidan iuridiulad muSa (da glexic)

Tavisufalia da misi iZulebiTMmuSaoba SeuZlebelia. am-

denad, kapitalisti iZulebulia, Semosavlebidan meti da-

uTmos mas, vidre amas monaTmflobelebi da Tavadazna-

urebi akeTebdnen. batonymobis wiaRSi warmoiSveba saSu-

alo fena, romelic kapitalizmis dros sazogadoebis

yvelaze did nawils warmoadgens.

politekonomikur literaturaSi saSualo fenis

Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebaa gavrcelebuli. zogi mas

ganixilavs sazogadoebis dayofis erT-erT Semadgenel

nawilad da saSualo klassac ki uwodebs. magaliTad,

sociologebi uiliam tompsoni da Jozef haieki2 sazoga-

doebas Semosavlebis mixedviT yofs umaRles, umaRles umaRles, umaRles umaRles, umaRles umaRles, umaRles

2 Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey". Society in Focus. Boston, 2005.

9

saSualo, udables saSualo, muSaTa da udablessaSualo, udables saSualo, muSaTa da udablessaSualo, udables saSualo, muSaTa da udablessaSualo, udables saSualo, muSaTa da udables klasad.

migvaCnia, rom saSualo fenassaSualo fenassaSualo fenassaSualo fenas ar SeiZleba ewodos

klasi, vinaidan klasis cneba dakavSirebulia masSi Sema-

val wevrTa garkveul socialur statusTan (romelsac

ZiriTadad socialur-politikuri datvirTva aqvs. maga-

liTad: mona, monaTmflobeli, yma-glexi, Tavadi, muSa,

kapitalisti da maT Soris arsebobs dapirispirebuloba,

romelic xSirad gadaizrdeba klasobriv brZolaSi). sa-

Sualo fena ki umeteswilad dakavSirebulia mis ekono-

mikur mdgomareobasTan (igulisxmeba ara mxolod Semo-

savlis done, aramed ganaTleba, inteleqtualuri sakuT-

reba, kvalificiuri Sromis unari da sxv.) da sazoga-

doebis is mravalferovani nawilia, romlis wevrebis

Semosavali meryeobs sazogadoebis (qveynis) wevrTa Semo-

savlebis saSualo donis maxloblad, e.i. am fenis warmo-

madgenlebi arc Raribebi arian da arc mdidrebi. misi Se-

madgenloba mravalferovania da aseve mobiluri. mis ri-

gebSi SeiZleba iyos Tanamedrove sazogadoebis sruliad

sxvadasxva wris warmomadgeneli (muSa, glexi, mewarme,

saxelmwifo moRvawe, mecnieri, mwerali, sportsmeni da

a.S.). saSualo fenis arsebobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. igi mniSvnelovanwilad

ganapirobebs makroekonomikur da saerTod, qveynis so-

cialur da politikur stabilurobas. swored amitomaa,

rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi es fena sazogadoebis yvela-

ze didi nawilia.

cneba _ “saSualo fena” (da ara klasi) pirvelad

gamoiyena aristotelem, albaT, ZiriTadad, xelosanTa, va-

WarTa, mevaxSeTa da monaTa im nawilis aRsaniSnavad, ro-

melTa mdgomareoba monaTa ZiriTad nawilze ukeTesi iyo,

xolo monaTmflobelze – uaresi. sazogadoebis es nawi-

li, bunebrivia, monawileobas ar miiRebda monaTa gamosv-

lebSi.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi dReisaTvis saSualo fenis

xvedriTi wili imdenad didia da cxovrebis serTo done

imdenad maRali, sazogadoebis dayofa klasebad saerTod

kargavs azrs (es aisaxa m. veberis, t. parsonsis, r. daren-

dorfis, b. barberis, k. devisis, u. moris, p. kolinzis da

sxvaTa naSromebSi). amitom sazogadoebis dayofa xdeba

mxolod “stratebad”, anu “fenebad”, romelTa Soris an-

tagonisturi winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs.

istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, zogadad, SeiZleba iTq-

vas, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianebi gacilebiT ukeT

cxovroben, vidre wina saukuneebSi, e. i. adgili aqvs simsimsimsim----

diddiddiddidris zrdis tendenciasris zrdis tendenciasris zrdis tendenciasris zrdis tendencias. amitom dRevandeli Raribi

warsulis mdidrebze gacilebiT mdidari SeiZleba aRmoC-

des da ara Semosavlebis, aramed, umTavresad, cxovrebis

komfortis mixedviT, rasac mecnierul-teqnikuri miR-

wevebi ganapirobebs. magaliTad, dRevandeli ganviTarebu-

li qveynis saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli gacilebiT

mdidaria, vidre egviptis nebismieri faraoni an romis

nebismieri imperatori, vinaidan (miuxedavad maTi gacile-

biT didi Semosavlebisa) maTi cxovrebis pirobebi nakleb

komfortuli iyo _ ver sargeblobdnen dRevandeli

donis satransporto da kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebiT,

televizoriT, video da audioteqnikiT, kinomatografiiT,

internetiT da a. S. da a. S.

siRaribis mizezi garda socialuri uTanasworo-

bisa, iyo masobrivi ubedureba masobrivi ubedureba masobrivi ubedureba masobrivi ubedureba _ mousavlianoba, epide-

miebi, wyaldidoba, xanZari, omebi da sxva3. istoriidan

mravali aseTi faqtis dasaxeleba SeiZleba.

siRaribis arsebobas ganviTarebis Tanamedrove

etapze ZiriTadad ganapirobebs teqnologiebis dabali teqnologiebis dabali teqnologiebis dabali teqnologiebis dabali

done, mwiri bunebrivdone, mwiri bunebrivdone, mwiri bunebrivdone, mwiri bunebriv----resursuli poresursuli poresursuli poresursuli potentententenciali, ekonomikis ciali, ekonomikis ciali, ekonomikis ciali, ekonomikis

araswori regulireba araswori regulireba araswori regulireba araswori regulireba (inflacia, umuSevroba) da sxv. mag-

ram garkveuli kavSiria aseve siRaribesa da adamianiseul adamianiseul adamianiseul adamianiseul

3 Румянцева Е. Е. Стратегия преодоления бедности. Минск, “Армита – Маркетинг, Менеджмент”, 2001.

11

kapitals Sokapitals Sokapitals Sokapitals Sorisrisrisris _ bunebrivia, adamianis mdgomareoba sa-

zogadoebaSi, misi Semosavali, damokidebulia adamianise-

ul kapitalze, anu mis profesiul, mewarmeobriv unarze,

nebisyofaze, miswrafebaze da a.S. siRaribe auaresebs ada-

mianiseul kapitals da adamianiseuli kapitalis gauare-

seba aZlierebs siRaribes. siRaribe, upirveles yovlisa,

moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze, auaresebs ra mis fi-

zikur, ise sulier mdgomareobas. arasrulyofili kveba,

cudi sanitaruli pirobebi, jandacvis sferos, wylis mo-

maragebis sistemebisa da gzebis ganuvitarebloba, ganaT-

lebisa da kulturis dabali done, qancgamomcleli Sro-

ma, ganuwyveteli dardi TandaTan cveTs adamians rogorc

fizikurad, ise sulierad, rac kidev ufro cud mdgoma-

reobaSi agdebs mas.

siRaribis gaZlierebis erT-erTi mizezia uimedobauimedobauimedobauimedoba,

rac Tan axlavs siRaribes. uimedoba adamians akargvinebs

rwmenas, rom igi rodesme Tavs daaRwevs siRaribes. Rwme-

nis dakargva iwvevs umoqmedobas. rac aZlierebs siRari-

bes qveyanaSi.

calke aRniSvnas imsaxurebs is faqti, rom arcTu

iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac adamians ezareba imuSaos,

xeli mohkidos sasargeblo saqmianobas da amis gamo igi

ganwirulia mudmivi siRaribisaTvis.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom miuxegansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom miuxegansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom miuxegansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom miuxedadadada----

vad msoflio globalizaciis maRali tempebisa, cxovrevad msoflio globalizaciis maRali tempebisa, cxovrevad msoflio globalizaciis maRali tempebisa, cxovrevad msoflio globalizaciis maRali tempebisa, cxovre----

bis donis mixedviT msoflios regionebi erTmabis donis mixedviT msoflios regionebi erTmabis donis mixedviT msoflios regionebi erTmabis donis mixedviT msoflios regionebi erTmaneTisagan neTisagan neTisagan neTisagan

mniSvnemniSvnemniSvnemniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. arada, samarTlialovnad gansxvavdeba. arada, samarTlialovnad gansxvavdeba. arada, samarTlialovnad gansxvavdeba. arada, samarTlianobis pironobis pironobis pironobis piro----

bebSibebSibebSibebSi,,,, globalizaciam unda SeZlos cxovrebis donis gaglobalizaciam unda SeZlos cxovrebis donis gaglobalizaciam unda SeZlos cxovrebis donis gaglobalizaciam unda SeZlos cxovrebis donis ga----

momomomoTanaTanaTanaTanabreba msoflios regionebs Soris. SeiZleba iTqvas, breba msoflios regionebs Soris. SeiZleba iTqvas, breba msoflios regionebs Soris. SeiZleba iTqvas, breba msoflios regionebs Soris. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom am mrom am mrom am mrom am mimarTebiT msoflio ekonomika araimarTebiT msoflio ekonomika araimarTebiT msoflio ekonomika araimarTebiT msoflio ekonomika arasakmaod glosakmaod glosakmaod glosakmaod glo----

balizebulia. balizebulia. balizebulia. balizebulia. 2005 wlisaTvis dedamiwis mosaxleobis

TiTqmis 53.6%-is Semosavali dReSi Seadgenda _ 2, 31.1 %-

isa _ 1.25, xolo 16.1%-isa _ 1 aSS dolarze naklebs. Pro-

centulad, siRaribis yvelaze didi donea samxreT aziis,

saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikis qveynebSi, aseve, CineT-

Si, aRmosavleT aziasa da wynari okeanis regionSi mdeba-

re qveynebSi. am maCveneblis mixedviT, dabali sididiT

gamoirCevian evropisa da centraluri aziis, laTinuri

amerikisa da karibis auzis, axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebi.

yvelaze didi raodenobiT Raribi mosaxleoba cxovrobs

samxreT aziasa da saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikis

qveynebSi, yvelaze naklebi _ evropisa da centraluri

aziis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeT afrikis re-

gionebSi. Raribi mosaxleobis udidesi nawili cxovrobs

ganviTarebad qveynebsa da Semdeg gardamavali ekonomikis

mqone qveynebSi4.

calkeuli qveynis SigniTac ar aris cxovrebis do-

ne Tanabari. sazogadoebis calkeuli fenebi mniSvnelov-

nad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan am maCveneblis mixed-

viT. jinis koeficientis maRali done ZiriTadad dabal-

ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebobs, Tumca arsebobs gamo-

naklisebi (eTiopia, bangladeSi da sxv.), rac imaze

metyvelebs, rom Semosavlebis arasamarTliani ganawileba

yovelTvis aucileblad ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones-

Tan dakavSirebuli ar aris. igi ufro Camoyalibebuli

tradiciebiTa da ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis

srulyofilebiT ganisazRvreba.

warmoadgens ra ekonomikuri sistemis Semadgenel

nawils, ganawilebiTi urTierTobebi, maTi gaumjobeseba

iwvevs ekonomikuri sistemis TiTqmis yvela elementis

garkveul srulyofas, rasac ekonomika gadahyavs Tvise-

brivad axal, ufro maRal mdgomareobaSi, rac qmnis pi-

robebs ekonomikuri zrdis Semdgomi daCqarebisaTvis: um-

4 ramazramazramazramaz abesaZeabesaZeabesaZeabesaZe. siRaribe da ekonomikuri ganviTareba. wignSi: „paata

guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis daarsebidan 65-e wlisTavisadmi

miZRvnili saqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecniero-praqtikuli konferen-

ciis masalebis krebuli“. Tb., „paata guguSvilis ekonomikis insti-

tutis gamomcemloba“, 2009.

13

jobesdeba fizikuri kapitali da teqnologia, vinaidan

mewarme ukve cdilobs mogeba gazardos ara ganawilebis

gauaresebis, aramed teqnikisa da teqnologiis srul-

yofis xarjze. gansakuTrebiT umjobesdeba adamianiseuli

kapitali, misi yvela elementi. yovelive amas Sedegad

mohyveba ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis daCqareba. grafiku-

lad es damokidebuleba Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba (nax. 1).

SemoTavazebul mrudze ganawilebis gaumjobesebas mos-

devs ekonomikuri zrdis daCqareba, sanam ganawilebis

srulyofa optimalur zRvars ar miaRwevs. jinis ko-

eficientis optimaluri mniSvneloba, msoflios sxvada-

sxva qveynis monacemebidan gamomdinare, unda meryeobdes

0,2-0,25-s, anu 20-25%-s Soris.

monacemebis analizi gvarwmunebs, rom cxovrebis

saerTo done saqarTveloSi dabalia. magaliTad, me-

dianuri moxmareba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas zrdis

tendencia hqonda, dabalia da 2007 wels saSualod 126

lari Seadgina, anu yoveldRiuri medianuri moxmarebis

mSp erT sul mosaxleze

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 jinis koeficienti

nax. 1. nax. 1. nax. 1. nax. 1. damokidebuleba mSp-sa da jinis koeficients Soris5.

Semosavali hqonda mosaxleobis 21,3, xolo 1 dolarze

naklebi _ 9,2%-s. mecnierTa da eqspertTa azriT, re-

aluri monacemebi ufro uaresia.6 Semosavlebis ganawile-

bis mixedviT saqarTvelo miekuTvneba qveynebs SedarebiT

araTanabari ganawilebiT. aq jinis koeficienti wlebis

ganmavlobaSi mudmivia da tolia 47%-is. amasTan, unda

aRiniSnos, rom cxovrebis dones saqarTveloSi, bolo

wlebSi, zrdis tendencia hqonda. amaze metyvelebs is

faqti, rom 2003-2009 wlebSi realuri saSualo xelfasi

2,89-jer gaizarda7 aseve TandaTan umjobesdeboda siRari-

bis donis maCveneblebic.

saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis saSualo Tviuri Semo-

savali (fuladi da arafuladi) wlebis ganmavlobaSi

izrdeba (cxrili 1). 2008 wels es sidide 2003 welTan

SedarebiT 75,5 %-iT gaizarda. absoluturad yvelaze di-

di zrda modioda fulad Semosavalsa da transferteb-

ze (205,5 mln lari) maT Soris ki daqiravebuli Sromidan

miRebul Semosavalze _ 105,5 mln lari. mniSvnelovani

zrda iyo am mxriv TviTdasaqmebidan (20,3 mln lari) da

pensiebidan, stipendiebidan da daxmarebebidan (55,0 mln

lari) miRebul Semosavlebze. yvelaze didi xvedriTi

woniT Semosavlebis struqturaSi gamoirCeva Semosavali

daqiravebuli Sromidan, romelsac mzardi tendencia

5 igive.

6 Ciqava l. Ciqava l. Ciqava l. Ciqava l. siRaribe da misi daZlevis gzebi. J.- “ekonomika da biznesi”,

2008, #1; papava v. papava v. papava v. papava v. siRaribis Semcireba kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebis

gziT: qarTuli sinamdvile da perspeqtivebi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa akademiis Sromebi, t. 7, ”siaxle”, 2009; mesmesmesmesxia i., xia i., xia i., xia i., gagagagabebebebelaSlaSlaSlaS----

vili k. vili k. vili k. vili k. mosaxleobis cxovrebis done (analizi da prognozebi). Tb.,

2004. 7 saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2008; saqarTvelos

statistikuri weliwdeuli 2010.

15

gaaCnia (gansaxilvel periodSi igi 28,3%-dan, 30,9%-mde

gaizarda). Semdeg xvedriTi wonis mixedviT modis pen-

siebi, stipendiebi da daxmarebebi, romelic 2003-2008

wlebSi swrafad izrdeba (2,7%-dan, 11,7%-mde), sakmaod ma-

Ralia aRniSnul struqturaSi TviTdasaqmebulTa Semo-

savlis xvedriTi wili, Tumca igi Semcirebis tenden-

ciiT xasiaTdeba (10,75%-dan, 9%-mde). aseve struqturaSi

mniSvnelovani xvedriTi woniT gamoirCeva ucxoeTidan mi-

Rebuli gzavnilebi, romelic 2008 wlamde zrdis ten-

denciiT xasiaTdeba (6,7%-dan, 8,1%-mde).

cxrili 1 cxrili 1 cxrili 1 cxrili 1

mosaxleobis saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebimosaxleobis saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebimosaxleobis saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebimosaxleobis saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi

saqarTveloSi (milioni lari)saqarTveloSi (milioni lari)saqarTveloSi (milioni lari)saqarTveloSi (milioni lari)8

2003200320032003 2005200520052005 2008200820082008

fuladi Semosavlebi da fuladi Semosavlebi da fuladi Semosavlebi da fuladi Semosavlebi da

transfertebitransfertebitransfertebitransfertebi 176.0176.0176.0176.0 228.6228.6228.6228.6 381.5381.5381.5381.5

daqiravebuli Sromidan 61.8 89.1 167.5

TviTdasaqmebidan 33.0 40.2 53.3

soflis meurneobis produqciis

gayidvidan 31.5 32.7 30.6

qonebidan (gaqiravebidan, procenti

anabridan) 1.7 3.3 3.4

pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebebi 8.5 26.0 63.5

ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebi 18.9 14.1 19.5

axloblebisagan miRebuli fuli 20.6 23.1 43.7

8 saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009.

arafuladi Semosavlebiarafuladi Semosavlebiarafuladi Semosavlebiarafuladi Semosavlebi 90.090.090.090.0 80.680.680.680.6 87.387.387.387.3

Semosavlebi sulSemosavlebi sulSemosavlebi sulSemosavlebi sul 266.0266.0266.0266.0 309.2309.2309.2309.2 468.8468.8468.8468.8

sxva fuladi saxsrebi sxva fuladi saxsrebi sxva fuladi saxsrebi sxva fuladi saxsrebi 42.742.742.742.7 44.044.044.044.0 72.972.972.972.9

qonebis gayidva 8.5 5.4 10.5

fulis sesxeba an danazogis

gamoyeneba 34.2 38.6 62.4

fuladi sfuladi sfuladi sfuladi saxsrebi sulaxsrebi sulaxsrebi sulaxsrebi sul 218.6218.6218.6218.6 272.6272.6272.6272.6 454.4454.4454.4454.4

erT sulze Semosavlebis maCvenebelTa gaangariSe-

ba gviCvenebs, rom saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli dabalia,

Tumca mzardi tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. magaliTad, 2003-

2008 wlebSi TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli Semosavali erT

sulze 2,8-jer gaizarda, pensiebi, stipendiebi da dax-

marebebi _ 7,8-jer. stabiluria soflis meurneobis gayid-

vidan da ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebis moculoba

(cxrili 2).

cxrili 2cxrili 2cxrili 2cxrili 2

saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis ganawileba erT sulzesaSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis ganawileba erT sulzesaSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis ganawileba erT sulzesaSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis ganawileba erT sulze

saqarTveloSi (larebSi)saqarTveloSi (larebSi)saqarTveloSi (larebSi)saqarTveloSi (larebSi)

2003200320032003 2005200520052005 2008200820082008

fuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebifuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebifuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebifuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebi 45.945.945.945.9 59.759.759.759.7 103.1103.1103.1103.1

daqiravebuli Sromidan 16.1 23.3 45.2

TviTdasaqmebidan 8.6 10.5 14.4

soflis meurneobis produqciis

gayidvidan 8.2 8.5 8.3

qonebidan (gaqiravebidan, procenti

anabridan) 0.4 0.9 0.9



axloblebisagan miRebuli fuli 5.4 6.0 11.8

arafuladi Semosavlebiarafuladi Semosavlebiarafuladi Semosavlebiarafuladi Semosavlebi 23.523.523.523.5 21.121.121.121.1 23.623.623.623.6

Semosavlebi sulSemosavlebi sulSemosavlebi sulSemosavlebi sul 69.369.369.369.3 80.880.880.880.8 126.7126.7126.7126.7

sxva fuladi saxsrebi sxva fuladi saxsrebi sxva fuladi saxsrebi sxva fuladi saxsrebi 11.111.111.111.1 11.511.511.511.5 19.719.719.719.7

qonebis gayidva 2.2 1.4 2.8

fulis sesxeba an danazogis

gamoyeneba 8.9 10.1 16.9

17

fuladi saxsrebi sulfuladi saxsrebi sulfuladi saxsrebi sulfuladi saxsrebi sul 57.057.057.057.0 71.271.271.271.2 122.8122.8122.8122.8

fuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi sulfuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi sulfuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi sulfuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi sul 80.480.480.480.4 92.392.392.392.3 146.4146.4146.4146.4

danaxarjebis struqturaSi (cxrili 3) erT sulze

gaangariSebiT yvelaze meti modis samomxmareblo xar-

jebze _ 88,2%, aqedan sursaTze, sasmelsa da Tambaqos

nawarmze _ 30,8%, janmrTelobis dacvaze mxolod _ 7,1%,

ganaTlebaze, kulturasa da dasvenebaze ki mxolod _

2,5%, saTbobze, eleqtroenergiasa da transportze erTad

_ 16,1%, dazogvaze _ 5%.


saSualo Tviuri danaxarjebi erT sulzesaSualo Tviuri danaxarjebi erT sulzesaSualo Tviuri danaxarjebi erT sulzesaSualo Tviuri danaxarjebi erT sulze

saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi

2003200320032003 2005200520052005 2008200820082008

samomxmareblo fuladi xarjebisamomxmareblo fuladi xarjebisamomxmareblo fuladi xarjebisamomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi 58.658.658.658.6 70.670.670.670.6 105.2105.2105.2105.2 sursaTze, sasmelze, Tambaqos nawarmze

31.2 35.6 48.4

tansacmelsa da fexsacmelze 3.6 4.0 4.8 saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze 2.0 2.6 3.8 janmrTelobis dacvaze 3.7 5.2 10.4 saTbobsa da eleqtroenergiaze 5.3 6.9 12.7 transportze 5.9 7.2 10.8 ganaTlebaze, kulturasa da dasvenebaze

1.7 2.1 3.7

arafuladi xarjebiarafuladi xarjebiarafuladi xarjebiarafuladi xarjebi 23.523.523.523.5 21.121.121.121.1 23.623.623.623.6 samomxmareblo xarjebi sulsamomxmareblo xarjebi sulsamomxmareblo xarjebi sulsamomxmareblo xarjebi sul 82.182.182.182.1 91.791.791.791.7 128.8128.8128.8128.8 arasamomxmareblo fuladiarasamomxmareblo fuladiarasamomxmareblo fuladiarasamomxmareblo fuladi xarjebixarjebixarjebixarjebi

13.313.313.313.3 10.110.110.110.1 17.117.117.117.1

sasoflo-sameurneo xarjebi 1.8 1.9 2.5 transfertebze 2.4 2.5 3.4 dazogvaze an gasesxebaze 7.0 3.6 8.6 qonebis SeZenaze 2.1 2.0 2.6 fuladi xarjebi sulfuladi xarjebi sulfuladi xarjebi sulfuladi xarjebi sul 71.971.971.971.9 80.880.880.880.8 122.3122.3122.3122.3

saqarTveloSi erT sulze saSualo Tviuri Semo-

savlebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom Semosavlebis sidide

qalaqsa da sofels (cxrili 4) Soris araTanabaria, gan-

sakuTrebiT, fuladi Semosavlebis mixedviT (qalaqSi igi

3,8-jer metia, vidre soflad). samagierod, arafuladi Se-

mosavlebi soflad 5,3-jer metia, vidre qalaqad, xolo

sasoflo produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebi

_ 12,7-jer. Tumca, arafuladi Semosavlebisa da sasoflo

produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebis sidide

soflad erTad aRebuli gacilebiT naklebia, vidre

fuladi Semosavlebis sidide qalaqad.


saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi erT sulzesaSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi erT sulzesaSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi erT sulzesaSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi erT sulze qalaqisa da soflis WrilSi (2008qalaqisa da soflis WrilSi (2008qalaqisa da soflis WrilSi (2008qalaqisa da soflis WrilSi (2008))))

(larebSi)

qalaqiqalaqiqalaqiqalaqi sofelisofelisofelisofeli qveyanaqveyanaqveyanaqveyana

fuladi Semosavlebi da fuladi Semosavlebi da fuladi Semosavlebi da fuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebitransfertebitransfertebitransfertebi 133.9133.9133.9133.9 72.872.872.872.8 103.1103.1103.1103.1 daqiravebuli Sromidan 72.3 18.7 45.2 TviTdasaqmebidan 21.5 7.4 14.4

soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan 1.2 15.2 8.3

qonebidan (gaqiravebidan, procenti anabridan) 1.4 0.5 0.9



axloblebisagan miRebuli fuli 14.4 9.3 11.8 arafuladi Semosavlebiarafuladi Semosavlebiarafuladi Semosavlebiarafuladi Semosavlebi 7.57.57.57.5 39.539.539.539.5 23.623.623.623.6 Semosavlebi sulSemosavlebi sulSemosavlebi sulSemosavlebi sul 141.4141.4141.4141.4 112.2112.2112.2112.2 126.7126.7126.7126.7 sxva fuladi saxsxva fuladi saxsxva fuladi saxsxva fuladi saxsrebi srebi srebi srebi 24.024.024.024.0 15.515.515.515.5 19.719.719.719.7 qonebis gayidva 4.6 1.1 2.8

19

fulis sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba 19.5 14.3 16.9 fuladi saxsrebi sulfuladi saxsrebi sulfuladi saxsrebi sulfuladi saxsrebi sul 158.0158.0158.0158.0 88.288.288.288.2 122.8122.8122.8122.8

fuladi da arafuladi fuladi da arafuladi fuladi da arafuladi fuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi sulsaxsrebi sulsaxsrebi sulsaxsrebi sul 165.4165.4165.4165.4 127.7127.7127.7127.7 146.4146.4146.4146.4

es naTlad metyvelebs sasoflo warmoebis ganviTarebis

dabal doneze saqarTveloSi.

danaxarjebis analogiur struqturaSi, bunebrivia,

qalaqs ufro didi xvedriTi wona uWiravs, vidre sofels

(cxrili 5).

saxelmwifos mier cxovrebis donis amaRlebisa da

siRaribis Semcirebis RonisZiebaTa sistemis SemuSavebis

dros aucilebelia kompleqsur RonisZiebaTa dasaxva da

gatareba. es RonisZiebebi SeiZleba iyos: mosaxleobis mosaxleobis mosaxleobis mosaxleobis

SemoSemoSemoSemosavlebis zrda; Semosavlebis ganawilebis optisavlebis zrda; Semosavlebis ganawilebis optisavlebis zrda; Semosavlebis ganawilebis optisavlebis zrda; Semosavlebis ganawilebis optimamamama----

luri Tanafardobis miRweva; umuSevrobis donis Semciluri Tanafardobis miRweva; umuSevrobis donis Semciluri Tanafardobis miRweva; umuSevrobis donis Semciluri Tanafardobis miRweva; umuSevrobis donis Semcirererere----

ba; fasebis stabiluri donis SenarCuneba; minimaluri ba; fasebis stabiluri donis SenarCuneba; minimaluri ba; fasebis stabiluri donis SenarCuneba; minimaluri ba; fasebis stabiluri donis SenarCuneba; minimaluri

xelxelxelxelfasis sididis gansazRvra; mosaxleobis socialuri fasis sididis gansazRvra; mosaxleobis socialuri fasis sididis gansazRvra; mosaxleobis socialuri fasis sididis gansazRvra; mosaxleobis socialuri

dacdacdacdacva; Rariva; Rariva; Rariva; Raribebisadmi daxmarebis programebis ganxorbebisadmi daxmarebis programebis ganxorbebisadmi daxmarebis programebis ganxorbebisadmi daxmarebis programebis ganxorcicicici----

eleba. eleba. eleba. eleba.


saSualo Tviuri xarjebis ganawileba erTsaSualo Tviuri xarjebis ganawileba erTsaSualo Tviuri xarjebis ganawileba erTsaSualo Tviuri xarjebis ganawileba erT SinaSinaSinaSinameurneobameurneobameurneobameurneobaze qaze qaze qaze qalaqisa da soflis WrilSi (2008laqisa da soflis WrilSi (2008laqisa da soflis WrilSi (2008laqisa da soflis WrilSi (2008))))

(larebSi)

qalaqiqalaqiqalaqiqalaqi sofelisofelisofelisofeli qveyanaqveyanaqveyanaqveyana

samomxsamomxsamomxsamomxmareblo fuladi mareblo fuladi mareblo fuladi mareblo fuladi xarjebixarjebixarjebixarjebi 485.8485.8485.8485.8 286.3286.3286.3286.3 386.2386.2386.2386.2 sursaTze, sasmelze, Tambaqos nawarmze 211.0 143.9 177.5 tansacmelsa da fexsacmelze 22.0 13.4 17.7 saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze 16.9 10.7 13.8 janmrTelobis dacvaze 41.2 35.3 38.2 saTbobsa da eleqtroenergiaze 62.1 31.0 46.6 Transportze 52.5 26.4 39.5

ganaTlebaze, kulturasa da dasvenebaze 20.9 6.1 13.5 sxva samomxmareblo xarjebi 59.2 19.5 39.3 arafuladi xarjebiarafuladi xarjebiarafuladi xarjebiarafuladi xarjebi 27.227.227.227.2 146.2146.2146.2146.2 86.686.686.686.6 samomxmareblo xarjebi sulsamomxmareblo xarjebi sulsamomxmareblo xarjebi sulsamomxmareblo xarjebi sul 513.0513.0513.0513.0 432.5432.5432.5432.5 472.8472.8472.8472.8 arasamomxmareblo fuladi arasamomxmareblo fuladi arasamomxmareblo fuladi arasamomxmareblo fuladi xarjebixarjebixarjebixarjebi 65.965.965.965.9 55559.89.89.89.8 62.962.962.962.9 sasoflo-sameurneo xarjebi 2.1 16.5 9.3 transfertebze 12.3 12.9 12.6 dazogvaze an gasesxebaze 42.2 20.8 31.5 qonebis SeZenaze 9.4 9.6 9.5 fuladi xarjebi sulfuladi xarjebi sulfuladi xarjebi sulfuladi xarjebi sul 551.8551.8551.8551.8 346.1346.1346.1346.1 449.0449.0449.0449.0 xarjebi sulxarjebi sulxarjebi sulxarjebi sul 578.9578.9578.9578.9 492.3492.3492.3492.3 535.7535.7535.7535.7

mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrdamosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrdamosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrdamosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrda ZiriTadad damo-

kidebulia ekonomikur zrdaze. saqarTvelos ekonomiki-

saTvis, miuxedavad reformebis mimarTulebiT gatarebu-

li RonisZiebebisa, jerjerobiT araerTi naklovanebaa

damaxasiaTebeli. maTgan mTavaria: sabazro instisabazro instisabazro instisabazro instituciebis tuciebis tuciebis tuciebis

ganviTaganviTaganviTaganviTarebrebrebrebis dabais dabais dabais dabali li li li done; ekonomikis aradone; ekonomikis aradone; ekonomikis aradone; ekonomikis araprogprogprogprogresuli resuli resuli resuli

struqstruqstruqstruqtura;tura;tura;tura; qveynis dabali konkurentqveynis dabali konkurentqveynis dabali konkurentqveynis dabali konkurentunarianoba.unarianoba.unarianoba.unarianoba.

mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad aucilebelia re-

formebis Semdgomi daCqareba da aucilebelia, maT hqon-

deT sistemuri xasiaTi.

Semosavlebis ganawilebis optimaluri TanafarSemosavlebis ganawilebis optimaluri TanafarSemosavlebis ganawilebis optimaluri TanafarSemosavlebis ganawilebis optimaluri Tanafar----

dobis midobis midobis midobis misaRwevad saRwevad saRwevad saRwevad aucilebelia Semosavlebis gadanawile-

bis meqanizmebis gamoyeneba. am amocanis gadaWra aseve Se-

uZlebelia saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis gareSe. saSu-

alo fenis Camoyalibeba ki SeuZlebelia mcire da saSumcire da saSumcire da saSumcire da saSu----

alo biznesisalo biznesisalo biznesisalo biznesis ganviTarebis gareSe.

umuSevrobiumuSevrobiumuSevrobiumuSevrobis doniss doniss doniss donis Semcirebis upirveles Ronis-

Ziebas warmoadgens Sromis bazris instituciuri mowyoba,

rac gulisxmobs Sromis birJis, dasaqmebisa da migra-

ciis saxelmwifo samsaxuris, dasaqmebis fondisa da Sesa-

bamisi infrastruqturis arsebobas. aseve aucilevelia

iseTi inovaciuri programebis stimulireba (umuSevrobis

Semcirebisaken mimarTuli inovaciuri politika), rome-

21

lic uzrunvelyofs erToblivi moTxovnisa da erTobli-

vi miwodebis daaxloebiT erTnairi tempebiT zrdas. sxva-

gvarad rom vTqvaT, produqciis moculobis zrdis tempe-

bi win unda uswrebdes, xolo xelfasebis zrdis tempebi

CamorCebodes Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis tempebs,

sanam umuSevrobis realuri done ar gautoldeba mis

bunebriv dones.

siRaribis Semsubuqebis mizniT saxelmwifos aseve

SeuZlia ganaxorcielos sxvadasxva saxis RonisZieba:

daxmarebebidaxmarebebidaxmarebebidaxmarebebi umuSevrebze, xelis Sewyoba samuumuSevrebze, xelis Sewyoba samuumuSevrebze, xelis Sewyoba samuumuSevrebze, xelis Sewyoba samuSaos moZiSaos moZiSaos moZiSaos moZi----

ebaSi, umuSevarTa gadamzadeba, sazogadoebrivi samuebaSi, umuSevarTa gadamzadeba, sazogadoebrivi samuebaSi, umuSevarTa gadamzadeba, sazogadoebrivi samuebaSi, umuSevarTa gadamzadeba, sazogadoebrivi samuSaSaSaSaooooeeee----

bis organizeba, moxucebulobis dazRvevis prograbis organizeba, moxucebulobis dazRvevis prograbis organizeba, moxucebulobis dazRvevis prograbis organizeba, moxucebulobis dazRvevis programebi, mebi, mebi, mebi,

sasasasaojaxo daxmarebebi, stipendiebi, fuojaxo daxmarebebi, stipendiebi, fuojaxo daxmarebebi, stipendiebi, fuojaxo daxmarebebi, stipendiebi, fuladladladladi transfei transfei transfei transferebi, rebi, rebi, rebi,

jandacvis programebi da mravali sxva.jandacvis programebi da mravali sxva.jandacvis programebi da mravali sxva.jandacvis programebi da mravali sxva.

Abesadze Ramaz SOME SOCIAL-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF POPULATION

STANDARDS OF LIVING AND POVERTY

SUMMARY

1. The article expresses the opinion connected with some terms of standard of living. For example, some misinterpret the terms “standard of living” and “quality of living”, differing them; as to our mind these terms include both qualitative as well as quantitative sides. It is also inadmissible to use the term “middle class” instead of “middle stratum”. “Middle stratum” cannot be called “class”, because the notion “class” is connected with a certain status of its members. It is socially organized part of society monotonous by its composition, struggling for the improvement of their conditions or maintenance of existing one. Middle stratum is mainly connected with its economic conditions and represents that multiform part of society the income of members of which fluctuates and approaches average level of income of society members. It means that the

representatives of this stratum are neither poor nor rich. Among them might be a representative of different strata of modern society (a worker, a farmer, a producer, a public figure, a scientist, a writer, a sportsman etc). Its existence is very important for economic development, significantly stipulating macroeconomic and generally, social and economic stability of the country.

2. The problem of distribution of produced wealth is one of the most important criterion of economic development. If the difference (or disbalance) between rich and poor parts increases then we can say that economic development does not take place. In spite of high rates of world globalization the world regions significantly differ from each other according to standard of living. In the conditions of justice globalization should be able to balance standard of living among world regions. It might be said that in this direction the globalization level of world economy is low. When analyzing relative poverty is expressed opinion that in equal distribution of income is not always necessarily connected with the level of economic development. It is mainly determined by formed traditions and perfection of state regulation of economy.

3. There is offered a curve of relation between Gini coefficient and income, which is opposite to the results empirically received by Simon Kuznets. It is stated that the decrease of Gini coefficient to optimal level will stimulate the acceleration of economic development.

4. There is analyzed the poverty situation in Georgia according to absolute and relative indices and that of income and expenditure in the country as a whole and in rural and urban context. It is stated that poverty level in Georgia is being decreased gradually but is still high.

5. Are offered measures to decrease poverty level in Georgia.

23

vladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papava postrevoluciuri ekonomikuri reformebi postrevoluciuri ekonomikuri reformebi postrevoluciuri ekonomikuri reformebi postrevoluciuri ekonomikuri reformebi

saqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da problemebisaqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da problemebisaqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da problemebisaqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da problemebi

vardebis revoluciis Semdgom saqarTvelos axal

mTavrobas memkvidreobiT araerTi gadauwveteli proble-

ma ergo. maT Soris yvelaze mwvave iyo energetikuli da

sabiujeto krizisebi, TiTqmis yovlismomcveli korufcia.

am gamowvevaTa garda, aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo qvey-

nis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, postrevoluciurma mTavrobam xelisuflebaSi mosv-

lis pirvelive dReebidanve gamarTlebulad CaTvala Za-

lauflebis prezidentis xelSi koncentracia.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, Zalauflebis am kon-

centracias ar mohyolia demokratiis ganviTareba [1],

Tumca mas dadebiTi Sedegebic hqonda. uwinares yovlisa,

gaZlierebulma saprezidento Zalauflebam postrevolu-

ciur mTavrobas SeaZlebina, aRedgina finansuri wesrigi

da gaezarda sagadasaxado Semosavlebi, daeZlia sabiuje-

to krizisi, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada dagrovili sapen-

sio da saxelfaso (sabiujeto seqtorSi) davalianebebis

dafarva. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom aWaris avtono-

miur respublikaSi ganxorcielebuli 2004 wlis maisis

revoluciis Semdeg Seiqmna axali SesaZleblobebi cent-

ralur mTavrobasa da yofil urC regions Soris norma-

luri sabiujeto procesis CamoyalibebisaTvis. yovelive

aman 2004 wels sagadasaxado Semosavlebi saxelmwifo

biujetSi mniSvnelovnad gazarda. qveynis finansur sis-

temaSi Semobrunebis dasturad, 2004 wlis zafxulSi

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma saqarTvelosTan gana-

axla programa, romelic 2003 wels iqna SeCerebuli im-

droindeli mTavrobis uunarobisa da korumpirebulobis

gamo.

axalma mTavrobam brZola gamoucxada kriminalsa

da korufcias. Zlierma saprezidento mmarTvelobam Se-

saZlebeli gaxada korumpirebuli sagzao policia swra-

fad Secvliliyo dasavluri tipis sapatrulo policiiT.

energetikul seqtorSi korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolam

Tavisi dadebiTi Sedegi gamoiRo da arsebiTad gaumjo-

besda eleqtroenergiis miwodeba. mniSvnelovania, rom

mTavrobam SemoiRo erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi, ro-

melmac universitetebSi misaRebi gamocdebis sabWoTa pe-

riodidan Tandayolili korufciuli sistema Caanacvla.

yofili saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic ko-

rufciaSi iyvnen dadanaSaulebulni, dapatimrebis Semdeg

gasaTavisufleblad e.w. “Tavisuflebis safasurs” ixdid-

nen. aman mTavrobas misca damatebiTi Semosavlebi, romle-

bic ZiriTadad Zalovani uwyebebis biujetgareSe angari-

Sebze iqna akumulirebuli. amas amarTlebdnen ara marto

imiT, rom korufciaSi dadanaSaulebuli pirebi saxelm-

wifos ubrunebdnen moparul fulsa da sakuTrebas, ara-

med imiTac, rom iqmneboda Semosavlebis damatebiTi way-

roc. Tumca, aSkaraa, es praqtika Semosavlebis miRebis

stabiluri wyaro ver iqneboda.

mTavrobis Zalauflebis gafarToebam uzrunvelyo

iseTi ambiciuri ekonomikuri reformebis gatareba, rogo-

ricaa farTomasStabiani privatizacia, biznesis licenzi-

rebis gamartiveba da gadasaxadebisa da sabaJo tarifebis

ganakveTebis Semcireba, ramac aSkarad miipyro saerTaSo-

riso yuradReba.

25

CamoTvlil warmatebebTan erTad garkveuli prob-

lemebic gamoikveTa.

revoluciur talRaze Catarebuli mTavrobis re-

organizacia araerT saministrosa Tu departaments Se-

exo. kerZod, statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, ro-

melic revoluciamde, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeuli,

uSualod prezidents eqvemdebareboda, ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis saministros SemadgenlobaSi iqna Seyvanili,

imisda miuxedavad rom es aSkarad interesTa konfliqts

moaswavebda. 2009 wels miRebul iqna axali kanoni sta-

tistikis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac, statistikis sa-

agento Camoyalibda, rogorc damoukidebeli instituti,

Tumca mis umaRles organoSi – sameTvalyureo sabWoSi

gaTvaliswinebulia finansTa da ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis saministroebis, aseve erovnuli bankis xelmZRvanel-

Ta monawileoba, riTac xsenebuli interesTa konfliqti

praqtikulad SenarCunda.

korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis konteqstiT [2] ara-

erTi mniSvnelovani instituti (magaliTad, antimonopo-

liuri samsaxuri, sakvebi produqtebis xarisxis kontro-

lis samsaxuri) gauqmda, ramac, erTi mxriv, mosaxleba da-

azarala, xolo meore mxriv ki saxelmwifo daaknina.

samwuxarod, arcTu iSviaTad irRveoda sakuTrebis

ufleba.

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis konteqstiT gansa-

kuTrebiT SemaSfoTebelia deprivatizaciis procesi, ro-

ca privatizebuli obieqtebi privatizaciis procesSi

daSvebuli (rac calkeul SemTxvevaSi arc ki aris dasa-

buTebuli) Secdomebis gamosworebis sababiT CamoerTmeva

kerZo mesakuTres da saxelmwifos xelaxali privatiza-

ciis mizniT ubrundeba. sxva sityvebiT, kerZo sakuTrebis

institutis formireba Tavidan iwyeba, rac am institutis

daucvelobaze metyvelebs. Tavis mxriv ki, sabazro eko-

nomikis formireba da ganviTareba kerZo sakuTrebis

xelSeuxeblobis garantiebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. garda

xsenebulisa, deprivatizaciis saSiSi Sedegi revanSis mo-

lodinis formirebaSic gamoixateba, roca sakuTreba,

CamorTmeulebi elodebian maTTvis xelsayrel moments,

raTa es sakuTreba daibrunon, rac sazogadod kerZo

sakuTrebis institutis stabilurobas aseve uTxris Zirs

[3].

mTavrobis mier sakuTrebis uflebis darRveva aseve

gamovlinda kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli Senobebis ngre-

vaSi, imisda miuxedavad, rom, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mesakuT-

reebs sakuTrebisa da mSeneblobis kanonierebis damadas-

turebeli dokumentebi wesrigSi hqondaT. erTaderTi ar-

gumenti, riTac mTavroba Tavs imarTlebda iyo is, rom es

qmedeba viTomda qalaqis iersaxis gaumjobesebiT iyo gan-

pirobebuli. samwuxarod, am faqtebze dasavleTs yurad-

Reba ar gaumaxvilebia. ufro metic, msoflio bankis mier

2010 wels gamoqveynebul biznesis warmarTvis moxsenebaSi

saqarTvelos, misi mTavrobis mier sakuTrebis uflebis

xelyofis araerTi faqtis miuxedavad, msoflioSi me-12

adgili mieniWa [4].

postrevoluciuri mTavrobis brZolas korufciis

winaaRmdeg yvela miesalmeboda, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, is

ki ar gamqrala, aramed man mxolod tranasformacia gani-

cada. biujetgareSe angariSebidan xarjva, romelic uSu-

alod mTavrobis prerogativa iyo, sazogadoebriv kont-

rols ar eqvemdebareboda. problema kidev ufro gamwvav-

da, roca mTavroba gadaerTo biznesze da mas aiZulebda,

am angariSebze e.w. “nebayoflobiTi Senatanebi” Caericxa.

Tavidan am angariSebis arsebobaze saerTaSoriso sava-

luto fondi Segnebulad xuWavda Tvals, radganac mas

meqrTameobasTan SedarebiT nakleb borotebad Tvlida.

mogvianebiT ki is iZulebuli Seiqmna sakuTari TavisTvis

mainc eRiarebina, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola ko-

rufciuli meTodiT Secdoma iyo. saerTaSoriso savalu-

27

to fondis moTxovniT biujetgareSe angariSebi mxolod

2006 wlis gazafxulze daixura.

masobrivi korufciis winaaRmdeg warmatebulad

ganxorcielebuli brZolis fonze, elitarul fenaSi ko-

rufcia mainc darCa mTavrobis problemad. es ki zedapir-

ze, da Tanac yvelaze reliefurad maSin amotivtivda, ro-

ca Tavdacvis yofili ministri, prezidentis uaxloesi

wris erT-erTi warmomadgeneli, mas Semdeg, rac man Seqm-

na opoziciuri partia da prezidentis winaaRmdeg skan-

daluri gancxadebebi gaakeTa, korufciaSi iqna dadana-

Saulebuli.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam jer kidev 2006 wlis ga-

zafxulze daapira erovnuli bankis reformirebis sabur-

velis qveS, misi rogorc damoukidebeli institutis

daknineba da am mizniT moamzada erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb

kanonSi cvlilebebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac, sabanko zeda-

mxedvelobis funqcia erovnul banks unda CamoSoreboda.

erovnuli bankisa da saqarTvelos parlamentis wina-

aRmdegobis Sedegad mTavrobam sawadeli ver aisrula da

erovnuli bankic gadarCa.

2007 wlis gazafxulze ki, roca erovnuli bankis

prezidenti gadamdgari iyo da mis movaleobas vice-pre-

zidenti asrulebda, mTavrobam dro ixelTa da, parla-

mentis safinaso-sabiujeto komitetis winaaRmdegobis mi-

uxedavad, ZiriTadSi miaRwia sawadels: sabanko zedamxed-

velobis funqcia erovnul banks CamoaSora, xolo TviT

erovnul banks erTaderTi funqcia – inflaciis regu-

lireba dautova. amasTan, erovnuli bankis prezidentis

pasuxismgebloba damokidebuli gaxda inflaciis wliur

doneze dawesebuli zeda zRvaris darRvevaze, rac erov-

nuli bankis prezidents xdida mTavrobaze damokidebuls,

radgan mTavrobis xelT wliuri inflaciis doneze ze-

gavlenis aranaklebi Zalis mqone instrumentebia vidre

es erovnuli bankis gankargulebaSia.

saqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabiluroba dida-

daa damokidebuli erovnuli bankis saqmianobaze. amdenad,

misi regulirebis sferos ganmsazRvreli indikatoris

mxolod inflaciis maCvenebliT Semofargvla imis wina-

pirobas qmnida, rom sxva makroekonomikuri indikatorebi

(magaliTad, gacvliTi kursi, sagadamxdelo balansi, uc-

xouri valutis rezervebi da sxv.) praqtikulad uyurad-

Rebod darCeboda, anu maTze erovnuli banki izrunebda

mxolod da mxolod im kuTxiT Tu ra zegavlena SeiZ-

leba hqonoda ama Tu im makroekonomikur indikators

inflaciis wliur doneze. rac Seexeba sabanko zedamxed-

velobis funqciis gatanas erovnuli bankidan, misadmi

daqvemdebarebul safinanso zedamxedvelobis saagentoSi

iwvevda am funqciis ganxorcielebis instituciurad uf-

ro dabal doneze gadatanas, rac mTavrobis mxridan am

saagentoze zewolis SesaZleblobebs zrdida. erovnuli

bankis instituciuri daknineba mas damokidebuls xdida

mTavrobaze, rac, saboloo jamSi, xels uwyobda bankis

politizacias da naklebad daculs xdida sabanko sis-

temas, xolo makroekonomikuri stabilurobis garantiebi

ki mniSvnelovnad sustdeboda.

2009 wels erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb axali kanoni

iqna miRebuli, romlis dadebiT momentad unda CaiT-

valos is, rom amoRebulia inflaciis wliuri donze

dawesebuli zeda zRvaris darRvevaze erovnuli bankis

prezidentis xsenebuli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. kano-

nis Tanaxmad, erovnul bankSi dabrunda finansuri zeda-

mxedvelobis samsaxuri, rac absoluturad gamarTlebu-

lia da misasalmebelia.

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia Tavisufali ekonomikuri

zonis (anu im ekonomikuri sivrcis, sadac, qveynis danar-

Ceni teritoriisagan gansxvavebiT, sxvadasxva saxeobis

SeRavaTebi moqmedebs) idea, romelic ZiriTadad aWaris

avtonomiuri respublikis yofili lideris, aslan aba-

SiZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli [5].

29

qveyanaSi gatarebuli ekonomikuri liberalizaciis

pirobebSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnis ekono-

mikikuri mizanSewoniloba klebulobs, radganac SesaZlo

SeRavaTebis nusxa da masStabebi swored am liberaliza-

ciis gamo mcirdeba [6].

situacias amZimebs is, rom gansakuTrebiT vardebis

revoluciis Semdegac saqarTvelos ekonomika investici-

ebis naklebobas, anu investiciur “SimSils” ganicdis da

aseT pirobebSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmna

(risi ganaxorcielebac xelisuflebam foTSi, quTaissa

da TbilisSi gadawyvita) qveyanaSi investiciuri “SimSi-

lis” gaRrmavebas gamoiwvevs, rac, saboloo jamSi, mTeli

ekonomikis ganviTarebas Seaferxebs. investiciuri “SimSi-

lis” pirobebSi ara marto ucxoeli, aramed adgilobrivi

potenciuri investoric fuls mxolod Tavisufal eko-

nomikur zonaSi daabandebs. . . . ase rom, momavalSi inves-

ticiebi mxolod foTis mimdebare teritoriaze arsebul

Tavisufal ekonomikur zonaSi Caideba da arc erTi in-

vestori aRar moindomebs investiciis gaRebas qveynis

sxva regionebSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom zonebi da maTi

mimdebare regionebis ekonomikuri ganviTareba danarCeni

saqarTvelos xarjze moxdeba [7].

2009 wlis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos prezident-

ma qveynis parlaments SesTavaza e.w. “ekonomikuri Tavi-

suflebis aqti”, romelic mogvianebiT Camoyalibda, ro-

gorc saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanonis proeqti “sa-

qarTvelos konstituciaSi damatebebis Seatanis Sesaxeb”

da sqarTvelos organuli kanonis proeqti “ekonomikuri

Tavisuflebis, SesaZleblobebisa da Rirsebis Sesaxeb”.

es idea e.w. fsevdoreformebis rigs ufro ganekuTvneba [8,

gv. 48-49].

xsenebuli organuli kanonis proeqtSi asaxuli

zogierTi winadadeba Tavisi arsiT “Ria karis mtvrevas”

warmoadgens, radganac Sesabamisi problemebi saqarTve-

loSi ukve didi xania gadaWrilia da dReisaTvis saer-

Tod ar warmoadgens aqtualurs. aseTi, uwinares yovli-

sa, laris konvertaciaa. pirvelive dRidan (anu jer kidev

1995 wlidan), rodesac qveyanaSi lari Semovida, is kon-

vertirebadia. ufro metic, 1997 wels saqarTvelo Seu-

erTda saerTasoriso savaluto fondis SeTanxmebis me-8

punqts, romlis Tanaxmadac, qveyanam valdebuleba aiRo,

rom laris konvertacia ar SeizRudeba, xolo 1999 wli-

dan saqarTvelo msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevria,

rac aseve gvavaldebulebs imas, rom laris konvertacia

ar SeizRudos. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi ki qveynis

kanonmdeblobaze maRla dgas.

aseTive situaciaa fasebis saxelmwifo reguli-

rebis sakiTxSic. ukve 15 welze metia fasebi Tavisufa-

lia: bolos puris fasebi gaTavisuflda 1996 wels. 1999

wlidan saqarTvelos, rogorc msoflio savaWro orga-

nizaciis wevr qveyanas, valdebuleba aqvs, rom fasebs

veRar SezRudavs.

aseve 15 welia qveyanaSi moqmedebs kanoni investi-

ciebis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac, investors mogebis

repatriaciis SeuzRudavi ufleba aqvs. msoflio savaWro

organizaciis wevrobac avaldebulebs amas saqarTvelos.

gaugebaria imis moTxovna, rom komerciul bankebSi

ar unda iyos saxelmwifos wili. kerZod ki, gaugebaria

is, Tu romeli saxelmwifos wili ar unda iyos bankebSi

– nebismieri saxelmwifosi, Tu mxolod qarTulis. dRe-

isaTvis saqarTvelos saxelmwifos komerciul bankebSi

wili isedac ar aqvs, magram qarTul sabanko realobaSi

aris ori komerciuli banki, romelic aris saxelmwifo

banki. magaliTad, ”viTibi” aris ruseTis saxelmwifo ban-

ki, xolo ”azerbaijanis saerTaSoriso banki” ki _ azer-

baijanis.

axali maregulirebeli institutebis SemoRebaze

uaris Tqma (rac am kanonproeqtis erT-erTi moTxovnaa)

aris signali imisa, rom saqarTvelo uars ambobs evroin-

31

tegraciaze, radganac evropis bazari regulirebadi ba-

zaria.

ar aris gamarTlebuli sabiujeto parametrebis wi-

naswari dadgena arasabiujeto kanonmdeblobiT, radgan

iqmneba precedenti, romelic momavalSi SesaZloa aseTi

parametrebis CamonaTvalis gafarToebaSi gadaizardos.

saqarTvelos konstituciaSi Sesatani damatebebis

Tanaxmad, Turme axali gadasaxadebis SemoRebis, an moq-

medi gadasaxadis ganakveTis zrdis sakiTxebi referendu-

miT unda gadawydes. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aravin iq-

neba Tanaxma, gadasaxadi gaizardos, aseTi referendumis

Catarebas azri ar aqvs, radgan misi Sedegi winaswar aris

cnobili.

sagadasaxado politika, rogorc ekonomikuri po-

litikis nawili, rogorc wesi, situaciis mixedviT cva-

lebadi unda iyos. xsenebuli damatebebis konstituciaSi

SetaniT qarTuli saxelmwifo dakargavs ekonomikuri po-

litikis erT-erT qmediT instruments.

2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis mier saqarTveloze

ganxorcielebuli samxedro agresiis Semdeg evrokavSir-

ma saqarTvelos Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze gasavlis

xelSewyoba SesTavaza. es ki imas niSnavs, rom saqarTve-

lo evrokavSirTan erTian ekonomikur sivrceSi iqneba,

rac Cveni qveynis evrointegraciis mimarTulebiT umniSv-

nelovanesi nabiji iqneba.

evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze ga-

dasvla, rogorc es 2008 wlis 1 seqtembers briuselSi

gamarTul evrokomisiis sagangebo sxdomaze gadawyda, da-

kavSirebulia im pirobebis Sesrulebaze, rasac evro-

kavSiri saqarTvelosagan iTxovs evrokavSirTan samezob-

lo politikis formatSi. kerZod, esenia iseTi Sromis

kodeqsis miReba, sadac, iseve rogorc evrokavSirSia,

daculi iqneba daqiravebulTa uflebebi, agreTve antimo-

nopoliuri regulirebisa da momxmarebelTa uflebebis

dacvis evropuli tipis kanonmdeblobis miReba [9].

marTalia, saqarTvelos mTavroba zogadad miesal-

meba evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis damya-

rebas, Tumca evrokavSiris mier dayenebuli pirobebi,

romelTa Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosTan dam-

yardeba Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimi, saqarTvelos mTav-

robam, samwuxarod, bolomde ar gaiTavisa. kerZod, 2008

wlis 9 seqtembers saqarTvelos mTavrobis saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondisadmi gagzavnili ganzraxulobaTa weri-

li da 2008-2009 wlebSi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri da

finansuri politikis memorandumi [10] cxadyofs, rom sa-

qarTvelos mTavroba uaxloes periodSi ar apirebs arc

Sromis kodeqsis Secvlas da arc antimonopoliuri Tu

momxmarebelTa uflebebis evropuli tipis kanonmdeb-

lobis miRebas. sxva sityvebiT, saqarTvelos mTavroba

sulac ar Cqarobs evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis

reJimze gadasvlas.

evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis damya-

reba saqarTvelosaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobasaa da

es ar unda iyos mTavrobis mxridan politikuri speku-

laciis sagani, roca is qmnis imis iluzias, rom iswraf-

vis evrokavSirisaken, Tumca es swrafva mxolod arti-

kulaciis doneze aqvs dafiqsirebuli, xolo realuri

qmedebebiT ki sulac ar apirebs evrokavSiris pirobebis

Sesrulebas. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eni-

Weba evrokavSirsa da breton vudsis (saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondi da msoflio banki) institutebs Soris

TanamSromlobas, maT programebs Soris ufro met

SeTanxmebulobas, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobas aiZulebs

ufro metad Tanamimdevruli iyos Tavis qmedebebSi [11].

evrokavSirTan saqarTvelos ekonomikiri integra-

cia, rac SesaZlebelia Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis dam-

yarebiT, qveyanaSi ekonomikuri reformebis strategiul

xazad und iqnes miCneuli. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia sa-

33

qarTveloSi moqmedi ekonomikuri xasiaTis mqone kanon-

mdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan daaxloeba

da Sesabamisi institutebis Seqmna da ganviTareba.

gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura

1. Papava V. Georgia’s Hollow Revolution: Does Georgia’s Pro-Western and Anti-Russian Policy Amount to Democracy? The Harvard International Review, February 06, 2008, http://hir.harvard.edu/georgia-s-hollow-revolution?page=0,0.

2. msoflio banki saqarTveloSi korufciis Semcirebaze

saubrobs. Civil Georgia, 27 ivlisi 2006, http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=13282&search.

3. Papava V. Corruption and Primary Accumulation of Capital in Transitional Economies. Ludwig von Mises Institute Working Papers, 10/17/2006, http://www.mises.org/journals/scholar/papava.pdf.

4. Doing Business. Economy Rankings. Washington, D. C., The World Bank Group, 2010, http://www.doingbusiness.org/EconomyRankings/.

5. xuciZe n.xuciZe n.xuciZe n.xuciZe n. baTumi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis

Seqmnas xelmeored cdis. Civil.Georgia, 27 marti, 2003,

http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=3734&search. 6. papava vpapava vpapava vpapava v.... Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona – “ukvdavi

idea”. eqspertis azri, # 2, 2007,

http://www.gfsis.net/pub/files/publications_economics/EXPERT_OPINION_VLADIMER_PAPAVA_GEO.pdf.

7. xuciZe n.xuciZe n.xuciZe n.xuciZe n. Tavisufali industriuli zonis SeqmnaSi

safrTxeebs xedaven. Civil.Georgia, 18 maisi, 2007,

http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=15372&search. 8. papava v.papava v.papava v.papava v. omisSemdgomi saqarTvelos ekonomika: axali

gamowvevebi da Zveli Secdomebi. wignSi: saqarTvelo – 2009: omisSemdgomi gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi. Tbilisi, damoukidebel eqspertTa klubi, 2010.

9. Extraordinary European Council, Brussels, 1 September, 2008, 12594/08. Presidency Conclusions. Brussels, Council of the European Union, 2008, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/102545.pdf.

10. Georgia: Letter of Intent, Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, and Technical Memorandum of Understanding, September 9. Washigton, The International Monetary Fund, 2008, http://www.imf.org/External/NP/LOI/2008/geo/090908.pdf.

11. Papava V. Is Georgians’ European Dream Any Part of Government Policy? Georgian Times, December 15, 2008, http://www.geotimes.ge/index.php?m=home&newsid=14166.

Papava Vladimer POST-REVOLUTIONARY ECONOMIC REFORMS IN GEORGIA:

SUCCESSES AND PROBLEMS

SUMMARY The Article deals with Georgia’s economic successes achieved

after the Rose Revolution. The experience of Georgia in economic reforms is analyzed that provides a key to understanding the basic challenges of the post-revolutionary Government. The Article indicates that the Government succeeded in overcoming the country’s budgetary and electric power crises through considerably lowering the level of corruption. Besides, Georgia managed to liberalize the laws governing the businesses to a substantial extent as a result of which the country and its Government received a significant support from the international community and the Georgian reforms were perceived as very successful. Along with obvious successes, the Georgia’s government managed to accumulate the great number of Problems. The transition to a free trade regime with the EU are of vital importance for Georgia. Although the Georgian Government has generally welcomed the EU’s initiative regarding the free trade regime, it has nonetheless disregarded its conditions.

35

alfredalfredalfredalfred kurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvili

“postkomunisturi” kapitalizmi Tu...“postkomunisturi” kapitalizmi Tu...“postkomunisturi” kapitalizmi Tu...“postkomunisturi” kapitalizmi Tu...?!

sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevisa da msoflio socialis-

turi sistemis daSlis Semdeg, samecniero da politikur

literaturaSi xSirad gvxvdeba terminebi ”postkomunis-

turi transformacia”, ”postkomunisturi kapitalizmi”,

”socializmi, kapitalizmi, transformacia” da a.S. [1;2;3;4],

rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris yofili respublikebisa da

aRmosavleT evropis yofili socialisturi qveynebis, ise

CineTis mimarT, romelic mecnierebis sferos bevr warmo-

madgenels ratomRac kapitalizmi hgonia (?!), radgan, al-baT, mecnierebis sferos am warmomadgenlebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, antimarqsistebad Tvlian Tavis Tavs, mag-ram romlebic, faqtobrivad, marqsizm-leninizmis tyveoba-Si imyofebian, SecdomiT (marqsistuli moZRvrebis mcdari Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad) hgoniaT, rom, TiTqosda, Ci-neTSi kerZo sakuTrebisa da sabazro urTierTobebis ar-seboba aris kapitalisturobis maCvenebeli (?!).

aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc cnobilia, komunizmi

niSnavs saerTos.

rac Seexeba socializms, romelic niSnavs sazo-

gadoebrivs, unda aRiniSnos, rom “socializmi _ es aris

termini, romelic Tavdapirvelad politikur leqsikonSi

XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi iqna gamoyenebuli safran-

geTSi idealisa da sinamdvilis aRniSvnisaTvis iseTi so-

cialuri mowyobiT, romlis drosac keTildReoba gani-

sazRvreba kerZo sakuTrebis saerTo (sazogadoebriv) sa-

kuTrebaSi gardaqmniT” [5, gv. 427]. . . .

amasTan, komunizmi marqsizmis mier ganixileboda,

rogorc ”komunisturi sazogadoebrivi formaciis meore,

umaRlesi faza, romlis pirveli fazaa socializmi” [6, gv. 240]....

amrigad, marqsistul moZRvrebaSi socializmi gani-

xileboda, rogorc komunizmis Semadgeneli nawili _ ro-

gorc komunisturi sazogadoebrivi formaciis pirveli

faza, maSin, rodesac marqsizmamde moZRvreba komunizmis

Sesaxeb saerTod ar arsebobda, magram Teoriulad arse-

bobda utopiuri socializmi, romelic marqsizmma TiT-

qosda gadaaqcia mecnierebad (?!).

sayuradReboa agreTve, rom socializms marqsizmma

daarqva komunizmi, xolo socializmi marqsizmma daarqva

komunisturi sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciis pir-

vel fazas.

37

amasTanave, komunizmis WeSmariti arsis ufro

zusti gaxsnisaTvis saWirod mimaCnia, mivmarToT uSu-

alod komunisturi moZRvrebis fuZemdeblebis Teoriul

Sexedulebebs.

magram, upirveles yovlisa, aucileblad mimaCnia

aRiniSnos, rom utopiuri, ganuxorcielebadi socializ-

mi da marqsistuli egreT wodebuli “mecnieruli so-

cializmi”, e.i. komunizmi (da agreTve socializmi, ro-

gorc komunizmis pirveli faza) erTgvarovan cnebebs

warmoadgens.

kerZod, utopiuri socializmis Semqmnelebisa da

TeoretikosebisaTvis ”keTildReoba, _ rogorc ukve aRi-niSna, _ ganisazRvreba kerZo sakuTrebis saerTo (sazo-gadoebriv) sakuTrebaSi gardaqmniT” [5, gv. 427], e.i. soci-

alisturobis kriteriumad gvevlineba kerZo sakuTrebis

mospoba.

rac Seexeba marqsistul egreT wodebul ”mecni-

erul socializms”, socializmSi marqsizmi agreTve gu-

lisxmobda warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebis

mospobas: `...komunistebs, _ werdnen k. marqsi da f. engel-si ~komunisturi partiis manifestSi~, _ SeuZliaT Tavisi Teoria gamoxaton erTi debulebiT: kerZo sakuTrebis

mospoba~ [7, t. 4, gv. 438].

garda amisa, socializmSi marqsizmi gulisxmobda

sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis mospobas, bazris mos-

pobas, Sromis produqtebis gacvlis mospobas da a.S.

amasTan dakavSirebiT k. marqsi werda: `sazogado-

ebaSi, romelic dafuZnebulia koleqtiur sawyisebze,

warmoebis saSualebebis saerTo flobaze, mwarmoeblebi

Tavis produqtebs ar cvlian...~ [7, t. 19, gv. 18].

amrigad, zemoT moyvanili debulebebi adasturebs

marqsistuli socializmis utopiurobas, radgan kidevac

rom moispos kerZo sakuTreba, rac principSi organizaci-

ulad SesaZlebelia (sxva sakiTxia: risken mivyavarT mas

_ ramdenad gonivruli da racionaluria amis ganxorci-

eleba xalxis interesebidan gamomdinare ?!), Sromis pro-

duqtebis gacvlis mospoba sruliad SeuZlebelia (ganu-xorcielebadia) da ukve amitom marqsizmi utopias war-moadgens.

amis Semdeg iyo v.i. lenini, romelic aRniSnul sa-kiTxSi mTlianad iziarebda k. marqsis Sexedulebebs, rac imiTac dasturdeba, rom v.i. leninis mier SemoRebuli

axali ekonomikuri politikisE(НЕП-is)Bdrosac ki, rode-

sac v.i. leninma dauSva sabazro urTierTobebis gamoye-

nebis SesaZlebloba, is amas mxolod kapitalizmis dro-

ebiT daSvebad Tvlida, radgan socializmi da bazari misTvis, iseve, rogorc k. marqsisTvis, SeuTavsebeli iyo.

maSasadame, ara marto marqsistuli socializmi,

aramed leninuri socializmic, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT ko-munizmze, aSkara utopias warmoadgens. DA

Semdeg i.b. stalinis xelmZRvanelobiT aSenda, ro-gorc me mas vuwodeb, stalinuri administraciuli soci-alizmi, romelic Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeboda socializ-mis manamde arsebuli gagebisagan da romelic faqtob-rivad aRiarebda sabazro urTierTobebis arsebobas so-cializmis drosac.

Tumca imis Sesaxeb, rom socializmSi SesaZlebe-

lia bazris, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis arseboba, arasodes arsad ar dauweria da ar aRuniSnavs arc i.b. stalins da arc vinme sxvas i.b. stalinis moRvaweobis im periodSi, rodesac faqtobrivad ukve arsebobda stali-nuri administraciuli socializmi da, amave dros, marq-sistul-leninuri moZRvrebis sapirispirod, arsebobda agreTve bazari, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebi.

amasTanave, stalinuri administraciuli socializ-

mis pirobebSi sabazro urTierTobebis arsebobis SesaZ-

leblobis aRiareba faqtobrivad dasturdeba jer kidev

XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi imiT, rom 1936 wlis stalinur

konstituciaSi dafiqsirda socializmis safuZvlebis ga-

39

marjveba. da es maSin, rodesac ukve aRar arsebobda ide-ac ki, da, miT umetes, praqtika kapitalizmis droebiT daSvebisa, magram, rodesac, amasTan erTad, arsebobda sabazro _ sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebi.

ufro metic, mravali wlis Semdeg, kerZod, 1952

wels i.b. stalini Tavis cnobil naSromSi ”socializmis

ekonomikuri problemebi ssr kavSirSi”, pirdapir aRniS-

navda, rom ”ar SeiZleba sasaqonlo warmoebis gaigiveba

kapitalizmTan. es _ ori sxvadasxva ramea” [8, gv. 14]. Semdeg, iqve i.b. stalini aRniSnavda, rom ”ismis

kiTxva, ratom ar SeuZlia sasaqonlo warmoebas garkveul

periodSi moemsaxuros agreTve Cvens socialistur sazo-

gadoebas ise, rom ar migviyvanos kapitalizmTan, Tu mxed-

velobaSi miviRebT, rom sasaqonlo warmoebas ara aqvs

CvenTan iseTi SeuzRudavi da yovlismomcveli gavrce-

leba, rogorc kapitalizmis pirobebSi...?” [8, gv. 15-16].

amrigad, i. b. stalini 1952 wels ukve aRiarebda sa-

saqonlo warmoebis, bazris, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTi-

erTobebis arsebobas socialistur sazogadoebaSi, mag-

ram aRiarebda bazris arsebobas mxolod socializmis

garkveul periodSi, rac dasturdeba misi Semdegi sity-

vebiT:

”rasakvirvelia, rodesac ori ZiriTadi sawarmoo

seqtoris, saxelmwifos da sakolmeurneos, nacvlad gaCn-

deba erTi yovlismomcveli sawarmoo seqtori qveynis

mTeli samomxmareblo produqciis gankargvis uflebiT,

sasaqonlo mimoqceva misi ”fuladi meurneobiT” gaqreba,

rogorc saxalxo meurneobis usargeblo elementi” [8, gv.

17].

maSasadame, Tumca i.b. stalinma dauSva sasaqonlo

warmoebis, bazris, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ar-

seboba socialistur sazogadoebaSi, ufro zustad ki _

stalinur administraciul socializmSi, rac socializ-

misa da komunizmis Sesaxeb manamde arsebul _ kerZod ki,

rogorc marqsamdel, ise marqsistul-leninur _ Teoriul

SexedulebebSi gadatrialebas warmoadgenda, magram, amave

dros, i.b. stalini mainc bolomde ver gamovida marqsizm-

leninizmis Teoriuli ”marwuxebidan”, rac dasturdeba

misive sityvebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom, rogorc zemoT aRi-niSna, TiTqos momavalSi ”sasaqonlo mimoqceva misi ”fu-ladi meurneobiT” gaqreba, rogorc saxalxo meurneobis

usargeblo elementi” [8, gv. 17].

zemoaRniSnuli, Cemi azriT, i.b. stalinis uxeS Sec-

domas, ufro zustad ki, i.b. stalinis mier marqsistul-

leninuri moZRvrebis siRrmiseuli Secdomis gameorebas

da mxardaWeras warmoadgens.

amave dros, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom garkveuli

ideologiuri mosazrebebis gamo, i.b. stalinma sasaqonlo

warmoebis, bazris, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ga-

uqmebis (mospobis) problema ZalaSi datova da momav-

lisTvis gadaitana, raTa marqsizm-leninizms ”Crdili ar

misdgomoda” (?!).

Tumca is faqti, rom stalinuri administraciuli

socializmis pirobebSi, marqsizm-leninizmis fuZemdeblu-

ri debulebebis sawinaaRmdegod, mainc arsebobda sasa-

qonlo warmoeba, bazari, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTo-

bebi, miuxedavad mravali SezRudvisa, udavod am sistemis dadebiT movlenad unda CaiTvalos manamde arsebul uto-

piur SexedulebebTan SedarebiT. amrigad, stalinuri administraciuli socializmi

ar aris socializmi marqsistul-leninuri da saerTod

manamde cnobili _ klasikuri, tradiciuli _ socializ-

mis gagebiT.

miT umetes, stalinuri administraciuli soci-

alizmi ar aris (ar iyo) komunizmi da misi pirveli fa-

zac _ socializmic ki, Tundac ukve imitom, rom stali-

nuri administraciuli socializmis pirobebSi daSvebu-

li iyo da arsebobda sabazro urTierTobebi.

41

amasTanave, stalinuri administraciuli socializ-

mi iyo swored socializmi, magram es iyo Tvisebrivad

axali tipis socializmi _ stalinuri tipis socializmi,

romlis analogi ar arsebobda ara mxolod msoflio

praqtikaSi, aramed TeoriaSic.

maSasadame, stalinuri administraciuli socializ-

mi klasikuri da tradiciuli gagebiT ar iyo socializ-

mi da, miT umetes, ar iyo is komunizmi, magram, mi-uxedavad imisa, rom masSi arsebobda sabazro urTierTo-

bebi, mainc iyo socializmi, radgan stalinuri adminis-

traciuli socializmis pirobebSi gamoricxuli iyo baz-

ris, fulis batonoba adamianze.

sxva sakiTxia, rogori iyo es socializmi _ dade-biTi Tu uaryofiTi, an ra TvalsazrisiT iyo is dadebi-Ti da an ra TvalsazrisiT _ uaryofiTi, rac specialur mecnierul gamokvlevebs saWiroebs.

mogvianebiT, i. b. stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg,

stalinurma administraciulma socializmma deformireba

ganicada, gaixrwna, gadaizarda fsevdosocializmSi, xo-

lo amis Semdeg fsevdosocializmi saerTod daiSala.

amrigad, mivdivarT mecnierulad dasabuTebul lo-

gikur daskvnamde imis Sesaxeb, rom arasodes arsad msof-

lioSi ar arsebobda komunizmi.

ufro metic, arc SeeZlo arseboba komunizms sasa-qonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis likvidaciiT, bazris lik-vidaciiT, Sromis produqtebis gacvlis likvidaciiT da a.S., radgan komunizmi aSkara utopiaa.

rac Seexeba socializms, isic misi klasikuri, ro-

gorc marqsamdeli, ise marqsistuli (rogorc komunizmis pirveli faza) gagebiT, aseve arasodes arsad ar arse-bobda da arc SeeZlo arseboba, radgan isic aSkara

utopiaa.

amasTan, stalinuri administraciuli socializmi,

ufro zustad ki, poststalinuri fsevdosocializmi da-

iSala sabWoTa kavSirSi sabWoTa kavSirTan erTad.

poststalinuri administraciuli socializmi sab-WoTa kavSiris ”daxmarebiT” daiSala agreTve aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, xolo masTan erTad daiSala stali-nuri administraciuli socializmis msoflio sistema.

amasTanave, stalinuri tipis administraciuli so-

cializmi arsebobs da warmatebiT, SemoqmedebiTad viTar-deba, magaliTad, CineTSi.

Tumca, bunebrivia, administraciuli socializmi CineTSi, romelic faqtobrivad aris poststalinuri ad-

ministraciuli socializmi, arsebobs da warmatebiT vi-

Tardeba Cinuri specifikiT _ CineTis umaRlesi poli-tikuri moRvaweebis gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebis Sede-gad.

maSasadame, arasodes arsad msoflioSi ar arsebob-

da da arc SeeZlo arseboba komunizms, da amitom siRrmi-

seuli Secdomaa terminis _ ”postkomunisturi”, gamoye-

neba.

kerZod, Secdomas warmoadgens termin ”postko-

munisturi”s gamoyeneba yofili stalinuri administra-

ciuli socializmis qveynebis mimarT, ufro zustad ki, misi gamoyeneba poststalinuri fsevdosocializmis yofi-li qveynebis mimarT _ sabWoTa kavSiris yofili respub-

likebis mimarT, iseve, rogorc siRrmiseul Secdomas

warmoadgens termin ”postkomunisturi”-s gamoyeneba aRmo-

savleT evropis yofili ”socialisturi” qveynebis mi-

marT.

garda amisa, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, socializmic,

misi klasikuri da tradiciuli gagebiT, arasodes arsad ar arsebobda da arc SeeZlo mas arseboba, radgan isic

aSkara utopiaa.

amitom, Secdomaa termin ”postsocialisturis”

gamoyenebac ki, Tu, amasTan erTad, ar mieTiTa, rom lapa-

43

rakia poststalinur, postadministraciul, postfsevdo-

socialistur sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebriv sistemaze.

amrigad, siRrmiseul Secdomas warmoadgens termi-

nebis _ ”postkomunisturi transformacia”, ”postkomu-

nisturi kapitalizmi”, ”socializmi, kapitalizmi, trans-

formacia”, da a.S., gamoyeneba, radgan es terminebi mowyve-

tilia realobisagan.

amasTanave, siRrmiseul Secdomas warmoadgens

zemoaRniSnuli terminebis gamoyeneba ara marto imitom,

rom am terminebSi aris sityva ”postkomunisturi”, aramed

imitomac, rom am terminebSi gamoiyeneba sityva ”trans-

formacia”, romelsac araferi saerTo ara aqvs im

procesebTan, romelTa mimarTac is gamoiyeneba.

kerZod, qveynebs _ sabWoTa kavSiris yofil respub-

likebs, romlebic sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad

gaxdnen iuridiulad damoukidebelni, da agreTve aRmo-

savleT evropis yofili ”socialisturi” banakis _ sta-

linuri administraciuli socializmis yofili banakis _ qveynebs, ara marto Secdomaa, rom ewodebodes ”post-

komunisturi”, aramed agreTve siRrmiseul Secdomas war-

moadgens, rom procesebs, romlebsac adgili hqonda sab-

WoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad, da agreTve, romlebsac

adgili hqonda aRmosavleT evropis yofil ”socialis-

tur” qveynebSi, uwodebdnen _ ”transformacias”, radgan

sinamdvileSi es iyo ara transformacia, aramed kontrre-

volucia, e.i. adgili hqonda ara ”postkomunistur trans-

formacias”, aramed postfsevdosocialistur kontrrevo-

lucias, adgili hqonda fsevdosocializmis Zireul ga-

datrialebas ukan kapitalizmSi.

zemoaRniSnuli daskvna gamomdinareobs TviTon

terminebis: revolucia da kontrrevolucia _ arsidan,

romlebic Zireulad gansxvavdeba termin ”transfor-

maciis” arsidan, radgan gadatrialeba Tvisebrivad axal mdgomareobaSi _ Tvisebrivad axal sazogadoebriv-sa-

xelmwifoebriv (sazogadoebriv-politikur) sistemaSi _ es aris revolucia, maSin, rodesac gadatrialeba Tviseb-rivad axal (magram revoluciamdel) mdgomareobaSi ukan _ es aris kontrrevolucia.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom transformacia,

reformebi _ es aris gardaqmnebi, romlebic ar exeba

politikuri wyobis safuZvlebs, maSin, rodesac revo-

lucia da kontrrevolucia amsxvreven sazogadoebriv-

saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis safuZvlebs.

transformaciuli cvlilebebis naTel magaliTs

warmoadgens, magaliTad, CineTSi mimdinare procesebi,

romelTa kvalificireba SeiZleba _ rogorc evoluciuri

gardaqmnebisa, romlebic kanonzomierad mimdinareobs

stalinuri tipis administraciuli socializmidan Cinu-

ri specifikiT _ WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa

da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gziT, kapitalizmSi ukan dabrunebis gareSe, e.i. im sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gziT, romelic mowodebulia emsaxuros

xalxis interesebs [9].

gamoyenebuliLliteraturagamoyenebuliLliteraturagamoyenebuliLliteraturagamoyenebuliLliteratura

1. Postcommunism: Федеральный образовательный портал ЭСМ Экономика. Социология. Менеджмент. Опубликовано на портале: 15-08-2006. http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/text/19226541/

2. Макаренко Б.И. Посткоммунистичекие страны: как измерить трансформфцию? www.mgimo.ru/uploads/files/Makarenko%20Transformation.doc

3. Бальцерович Л. Социализм, капитализм, трансформация: Очерки на рубеже эпох. Москва, "Наука", УРАО, 1999.

4. niumani jerald. niumani jerald. niumani jerald. niumani jerald. demokratiis tranzicia da postkomu-

nisturi qveynebis specifika. Janri: kritika-publicis-

tika. 9 maisi 2010.

5. Философский энциклопедический словарь. – М.: ИНФРА-М, 1997.

45

6. Словарь иностранных слов. – 9-е изд., испр. – М.: Русский язык, 1982.

7. Маркс К. и Энгельс Ф. Соч., изд. 2-е. 8. Сталин И. Экономические проблемы социализма в СССР.

(Замечания по экономическим вопросам, связанным с Ноябрьской дискуссией 1951 года). Государственное Издательство Полити-ческой Литературы, 1952.

9. Кураташвили Альфред А. Теория истинно человеческого – классического (образцового) – общества. Труды Грузинского технического университета, 1998, № 3 (419). Тбилиси: Изда-тельство "Технический университет", 1998.

Kuratashvili Alfred «POSTCOMMUNIST CAPITALISM» OR …?!

SUMMARY

In the scientific work terms known in the scientific and political

literature – «Postcommunist Transformation» and «Postcommunist Capitalism» which, under the statement of the author, don't reflect reality are critically considered.

Instead of above mentioned noted terms, the author scientifically groundly offers the terms: Postpseudosocialistic Counterrevolution and Postpseudosocialistic Capitalism.

vaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burduli siRaribis donis Semcirebis regionuli strategisiRaribis donis Semcirebis regionuli strategisiRaribis donis Semcirebis regionuli strategisiRaribis donis Semcirebis regionuli strategiis is is is

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

qveyanaSi siRaribis donis Semcirebis uzrunvel-

yofa mxolod ekonomikis swrafi da racionaluri ganvi-

Tarebis safuZvelze SeiZleba. am problemis gadawyveta-

Si, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, mniSvnelovani roli gaaCnia

ekonomikis ganviTarebis regionuli faqtorebis goniv-

rul gamoyenebas.

amitom, qveyanaSi siRaribis donis Semcirebis miz-

niT, mniSvnelovania regionebis doneze ekonomikis ganvi-

Tarebis strategiis SemuSaveba. amJamad, saqarTveloSi re-

gionebis WrilSi ekonomikur ganviTarebas garkveulwi-

lad xels uSlis sainvesticio garemos mimzidvelobis

ukmarisoba, kerZod, qalaqebSi da soflad mewarmeobisaT-

vis saWiro instituciuri da infrastruqturuli garemos

CamorCena, garkveulwilad mouqneli fiskaluri da safi-

nanso (safondo da safinanso-sakredito) sistemebi zRu-

davs regionebSi investiciur aqtiurobas, warmoebis gan-

viTarebas da dasaqmebis zrdas. axali teqnologiebis

swrafi ganviTarebis, msoflio da Sida bazrebze konku-

renciis gamwvavebis, importis zewolisa da sxva mize-

zebis gamo Znelia eqsportorientirebuli da import-

CanacvlebiTi sawarmoebis ganviTareba regionul qalaqeb-

Si. aseve, importis zewolis da sxva garemoebebis gamo,

mcirdeba produqciis gamoSveba soflis meurneobaSi, sa-

soflo-sameurneo savargulebis nawili ki ar gamoiyeneba.

es yvelaferi arTulebs regionebSi (rogorc qalaqebSi,

47

aseve soflad) siRaribis donis Semcirebis problemas.

amdenad, regionul da adgilobriv doneebze saWiroa ise-

Ti ekonomikuri strategiis SemuSaveba, romlis ganxor-

cieleba uzrunvelyofs am doneebze axali sawarmoebis

Camoyalibebas da ganviTarebas, arsebuli sawarmoebis

efeqtiani da sruli datvirTviT muSaobas. am strate-

giaSi unda aisaxos rigi qvemoT ganxiluli mimarTuleba.

1. axal pirobebSi gaizarda centralur, regionul gaizarda centralur, regionul gaizarda centralur, regionul gaizarda centralur, regionul

da adgilobriv xelisuflebebs Soris interesebis kompda adgilobriv xelisuflebebs Soris interesebis kompda adgilobriv xelisuflebebs Soris interesebis kompda adgilobriv xelisuflebebs Soris interesebis komp----

rorororomimimimisis sakiTxis efeqtiani gadawyvetis mniSvnelobasis sakiTxis efeqtiani gadawyvetis mniSvnelobasis sakiTxis efeqtiani gadawyvetis mniSvnelobasis sakiTxis efeqtiani gadawyvetis mniSvneloba.

bolo periodSi ganviTarebul qveynebSi gaizarda regi-

onebis mniSvneloba sxvadasxva saxiT inovaciuri pro-

cesebis ganxorcielebaSi, izrdeba regionul qalaqebSi

ganTavsebuli sawarmoebis mniSvneloba axali teqnolo-

giebis aTvisebaSi. soflis meurneobis efeqtiani ganvi-

Tarebis problemis mogvareba aseve moiTxovs regionuli

da adgilobrivi koordinaciis meqanizmis srulyofas.

amitom, adgilobrivi biznesis ganviTarebis mxardasaWe-

rad saWiroa adgilobrivi organoebis SesaZleblobebis

gazrda. mraval qveyanaSi (maT Soris, mcire qveynebSic)

viTardeba socialurad orientirebuli ekonomika, rac

moiTxovs socialuri dacvis rigi funqciis gadacemas

regionul da adgilobriv doneebze. amitom, kompetenciis

racionaluri gamijvna marTvis doneebs Soris (romleb-

Sic unda moqmedebdes saWiro institutebi da mowes-

rigebuli iyos koordinaciis instrumentebis sistema)

dReisaTvis warmoadges qveynis swrafi ganviTarebis da

regionebSi siRaribis donis Semcirebis mniSvnelovan wa-

namZRvars.

doneebs Soris kompromisis miRweva, zogierTi

mmarTvelobiTi funqciis decentralizaciis garda, gu-

lisxmobs adekvatur zomebSi sabiujeto saxsrebis gamo-

yenebis decentralizaciis process. magaliTad, amJamad,

ganviTarebul qveynebSi sainvesticio (biznesis da war-

moebis mxardasaWerad, personalis an umuSevrebis kvali-

fikaciis amaRlebis da axali specialobebis aTvisebisa

da sxva miznebisaTvis), sapensio, sadazRvevo da sxva

saxis fondebi xSirad regionul doneze funqcionireben.

kompetenciis garkveul zomebSi decentralizacia zrdis

regionuli organoebis pasuxismgeblobas Sesabamisi war-

monaqmnis mosaxleobis keTildReobis (da maSasadame, si-

Raribis donis Semcirebis) uzrunvelyofaze, biznesis (me-

warmeobis) ganviTarebasa da efeqtian funqcionirebaze.

dodododoneebs Soris kompromisis miRwevis Sedegad ganneebs Soris kompromisis miRwevis Sedegad ganneebs Soris kompromisis miRwevis Sedegad ganneebs Soris kompromisis miRwevis Sedegad ganawiawiawiawilelelele----

buli funqciebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa sabiujebuli funqciebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa sabiujebuli funqciebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa sabiujebuli funqciebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa sabiujeto to to to

saxsrebis Sesabamisi ganawilebiT xdeba.saxsrebis Sesabamisi ganawilebiT xdeba.saxsrebis Sesabamisi ganawilebiT xdeba.saxsrebis Sesabamisi ganawilebiT xdeba. zogierT qveya-

naSi saxsrebis umetesi nawili mobilizdeba centralur

biujetSi (80%-mde) da Semdeg xdeba maTi ganawileba sxva-

dasxva donis biujetebs Soris sxvadasxvagvari trans-

ferebis meSveobiT da gansxvavdeba daniSnulebis Sesa-

bamisad (magaliTad, subsidia-dotacia, subvencia, speci-

aluri subsidia). magram mraval qveyanaSi regionuli da

adgilobrivi biujetebi, adgilobrivi gadasaxadebiT mo-

ziduli saxsrebis garda, ivseba mocemul teritoriaze

akrefili centraluri gadasaxadebidan anaricxebis

xarjze.

2. sxvadasxva teritoriul doneze unda ganxorsxvadasxva teritoriul doneze unda ganxorsxvadasxva teritoriul doneze unda ganxorsxvadasxva teritoriul doneze unda ganxor----

cieldes instituciuri wyobis srulyofa. cieldes instituciuri wyobis srulyofa. cieldes instituciuri wyobis srulyofa. cieldes instituciuri wyobis srulyofa. saqarTveloSi

amJamad mcirea regionuli donis marTvis organoebis

SesaZleblobani (q. Tbilisisa da aWaris avtonomiuri

respublikis garda). amasTan, mraval ganviTarebul qveya-

naSi regionuli saxelisuflebo organoebi pasuxismgeb-

lebi arian regionuli socialuri da ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis saxelmwifo strategiiT dasaxuli miznebis ko-

ordinaciaSi, mewarmeobis xelSewyobaSi, regionebSi mi-

zidulobis centrebis ganviTarebaSi. am amocanebis Sesas-

ruleblad saWiroa regionuli organoebis uflebamosi-

lebebis gazrda (saxelisuflebo organoebSi Statebis

gabervis gareSe) maTTvis ekonomikuri marTvis Sesabamisi

49

berketebis miniWebiT da pasuxismgeblobis gazrdiT. aseve

unda gaizardos adgilobrivi organoebis uflebamosile-

bebi, gansakuTrebiT, dasaqmebis xelSewyobaSi, siRaribis

donis SemcirebisaTvis Sesabamisi adgilobrivi donis

socialuri paketis SeqmnaSi (socialuri paketis meqaniz-

mebi unda arsebobdes yovel saxelisuflebo doneze da

koordinirebulad moqmedebdes dasaxuli amocanebis ga-

dawyvetis mizniT).

3. regionuli ganviTarebis strategiaSiregionuli ganviTarebis strategiaSiregionuli ganviTarebis strategiaSiregionuli ganviTarebis strategiaSi asaxuli asaxuli asaxuli asaxuli

unda iyosunda iyosunda iyosunda iyos Tanamedrove teqnologiuri wyobis damyarebis Tanamedrove teqnologiuri wyobis damyarebis Tanamedrove teqnologiuri wyobis damyarebis Tanamedrove teqnologiuri wyobis damyarebis

xxxxelSewyobis amocanebi.elSewyobis amocanebi.elSewyobis amocanebi.elSewyobis amocanebi. regionul doneze es niSnavs

regionis pirobebis da Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT

ganviTarebisaTvis prioritetuli dargebis arCevas (qala-

qebSi da soflad), regionuli mizidulobis centrebis da

inovaciuri centrebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis poli-

tikis SemuSavebas da ganxorcielebas da sxva, rac uz-

runvelyofs dasaqmebis zrdas da siRaribis donis Semci-

rebas, eqsportorientirebuli, importCanacvlebiTi da

sxva aqtualuri sawarmoebis ganviTarebisa da maTi funq-

cionirebisaTvis saWiro damxmare obieqtebisa da sawar-

moebis Seqmnis xelSewyobis safuZvelze.

Tanamedrove teqnologiuri wyobisaTvis damaxasi-

aTebeli zogierTi axali dargis sawarmoebis Camoyalibe-

ba SeiZleba regionebis mizidulobis centrebSi. ufro

mizanSewonilia ganviTarebul qveynebSi ukve Camoyali-

bebuli axali dargebis teqnologiebis mozidva adgiadgiadgiadgiloblobloblob----

rivi mewarmeebis mier maTi Sesyidvis gziTrivi mewarmeebis mier maTi Sesyidvis gziTrivi mewarmeebis mier maTi Sesyidvis gziTrivi mewarmeebis mier maTi Sesyidvis gziT, imis gaTva-

liswinebiT, rom am teqnologiebis safuZvelze SemuSa-

vebuli produqciis gasaRebaSi problemebi ar Seiqmneba,

gansakuTrebiT sagareo bazrebze. aseTi samamulo sawar-

moebis Camoyalibebis wasaxaliseblad regionulma mTav-

robam unda mimarTos waxalisebis fiskalur da finansur

zomebs daCqarebuli amortizaciis CaTvliT, dargis pri-

oritetulad gamocxadebis da misi ganviTarebisaTvis da-

matebiTi wamaxalisebeli instrumentebis dawesebas (maga-

liTad, eqsportis SeRavaTiani dakreditebis, Sesabamisi

saqonelwawevis samsaxurebis funqcionirebis saxelmwifo

mxardaWeriT da sxva).

regionuli mizidulobis centrSi axali sawarmoo

daniSnulebis teqnologiebis gavrcelebis meore gzaa

transerovnuli korporaciebis sawarmoebis mozidvis wa-

xaliseba. am SemTxvevaSi, waxalisebis Cveulebrivi fiska-

luri zomebis garda, mniSvnelovania korporaciis dain-

tereseba SedarebiT iaffasian kooperaciaSi adgilobriv

sawarmoebTan autsortingis procesis gamoyenebiT. sof-

lad axali teqnologiebis gamoyeneba saWiroa, upirveles

yovlisa, saseleqcio da sanaSeno meurneobebSi, aseve, ni-

adagis nayofierebis zrdis mizniT da a.S. amasTan, sa-

qarTveloSi arsebobda unikaluri teqnologiebic (xi-

lis, gansakuTrebiT vaSlis warmoebaSi, yurZnis jiSebis

ufro srulyofili variantebis gamoyvanaSi, magaliTad,

vardisferi rqawiTeli), romelTa reanimacia da gamoye-

neba amJamadac aqtualuria.

bolo periodSi bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi gax-

Sirda regionul doneze specialurspecialurspecialurspecialuri programebis miRebai programebis miRebai programebis miRebai programebis miReba,

romlebSic gansazRvrulia RonisZiebebi qveyanaSi axali

teqnologiuri wyobis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis, “wer-

tilovani” dargobrivi diversifikaciis, socialur-eko-

nomikuri da sawarmoo-teqnologiuri procesebis dina-

mikis harmonizaciisaTvis da a. S., rac xels uwyobs teri-

toriuli ganviTarebis moqnilobis zrdas, CamorCenili

regionebis daCqarebul ganviTarebas da a.S. (ix., mag., [1;

4]). ra Tqma unda, grZelvadiani xasiaTis yvela RonisZieba

xorcieldeba Sesabamisi instrumentebis gamoyenebis sa-

fuZvelze da uzrunvelyofs regionebSi mosaxleobis

keTildReobis amaRlebas an dacvas grZelvadian aspeqt-

Si, CamorCenil regionebSi ki _ siRaribis donis mniSvne-

lovan Semcirebas.

51

4. Tanamedrove pirobebSi damatebiTi aqtualizacia

miiRo regionuli warmoebis (soregionuli warmoebis (soregionuli warmoebis (soregionuli warmoebis (soflad da qalaqebSi) flad da qalaqebSi) flad da qalaqebSi) flad da qalaqebSi)

diversifikaciis procesmadiversifikaciis procesmadiversifikaciis procesmadiversifikaciis procesma. jer kidev 60-80-ian wlebSi

ganviTarebul qveynebSi am doneze warmoebis diversifi-

kaciiT xdeboda monospecializebuli an specializaciis

viwro speqtris mqone regionebis (qalaqebis) ekonomikur

depresiaSi vardnis albaTobis Semcireba (romelic rig

SemTxvevaSi Zalian amwvavebda siRaribis problemas ganvi-

Tarebuli qveynebis zogierT regionSi). amJamad regionul

doneze am meTodis gamoyenebis aucilebloba sayovel-

Taod aRiarebulia. soflad warmoebis regionuli diver-sifikaciis mniSvneloba gaizarda bunebrivi pirobebis

mdgradobis garkveuli gauaresebisa da aseve sxva movle-

nebis gamo (magaliTad, romelime kulturis mavneblebebis

gavrceleba). saqarTveloSi soflad warmoebis diversify-

kaciis aucileblobas aseve ganapirobebs qveynis reli-

efis Taviseburebani, aseve globalizaciis pirobebSi zo-

gierT sasoflo-sameurneo produqtze moTxovnis mo-

ulodneli zrda an Semcireba. maSasadame, regionuli

ekonomikis diversifikaciis ganxorcieleba warmoadgens

romelime saqonelze an momsaxurebaze sabazro koniunq-

turis gauaresebis gamo siRaribis uecari gamwvavebisagan

dazRvevis mniSvnelovan Tanamedrove xerxs. amasTan er-

Tad, regionuli diversifikacia usaTuod warmoadgens

siRaribis donis TandaTanobiTi Semcirebis efeqtian

xerxs.

warmoebis diversifikaciis waxaliseba qalaqebSi

ufro mizanSewonilia im saqonlis mixedviT, romelzec

msoflio bazarze moTxovna izrdeba. amasTan, ar unda

iqnes daviwyebuli tradiciuli dargebi (Sida moxmarebis

uzrunvelyofisaTvis), iseTebi, rogoricaa avejis, qsovi-

lebis, tansacmlis da a. S. warmoeba. soflad warmoebis

diversifikaciisas yuradReba unda mieniWos im dargebs,

romlebic uzrunvelyofs qveynis sasursaTo usafrT-

xoebis zrdas da aseve, romelTac aqvT mniSvnelovani

saeqsporto potenciali.

5. regionebSi saWiroa mcire da saSualo zomis mimimimi----

zidulebis centrebiszidulebis centrebiszidulebis centrebiszidulebis centrebis ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSaganviTarebis strategiis SemuSaganviTarebis strategiis SemuSaganviTarebis strategiis SemuSaveveveve----

ba, ba, ba, ba, upirveles yovlisa, regionuli (samxareo) centrebis

bazaze, aseve xelsayreli pirobebis mqone raionuli

centrebis bazaze. aseT centrebSi saWiroa sxvadasxva

saxis realuri seqtoris da damxmare sawarmoebis mozid-

va, rac uzrunvelyofs ekonomias infrastruqturuli da-

naxarjebis Semcirebis xarjze, daasaqmebs yvela Sesaba-

mis qalaqSi mcxovreb umuSevars da regionis soflebidan

migrirebul umuSevrebs. aqedan Cans, rom regionuli

mizidulobis centrebis ganviTareba uzuzuzuzrunvelyofs regirunvelyofs regirunvelyofs regirunvelyofs regi----

onuli ekonomikis diversifikaciis gaRrmavebas da siRaonuli ekonomikis diversifikaciis gaRrmavebas da siRaonuli ekonomikis diversifikaciis gaRrmavebas da siRaonuli ekonomikis diversifikaciis gaRrmavebas da siRa----

riririribis gamamwvavebeli regionuli aspeqtebis Semcirebasbis gamamwvavebeli regionuli aspeqtebis Semcirebasbis gamamwvavebeli regionuli aspeqtebis Semcirebasbis gamamwvavebeli regionuli aspeqtebis Semcirebas.

Rogorc iTqva, bolo periodSi ganviTarebul qveynebSi am

problemas ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba (ix. mag., [2, gv.

93; 4, gv. 131-133] da sxva), vidre winaT. kontrasti sa-

dedaqalaqo regions da provincias Soris meurneobis te-

ritoriuli donis mowifulobis Sefasebis erT-erT umni-

Svelovanes indikatorad iqceva. rac ufro gamokveTilia

es kontrasti, miT ufro dabalia qveynis ganviTarebis

done [2, gv. 46, 47]. saqarTvelos teritoriis simcirisa da

msoflioSi amJamad mimdinare garkveuli zomiT deurba-

nizaciis tendenciebis gamo (sadac amisaTvis jer kidev

darCa SesaZleblobebi) saqarTvelos qalaqebis umeteso-

bisaTvis (quTaisis, baTumis, soxumis da rusTavis garda)

miuRebelia terminis “zrdis polusis” gamoyeneba (rad-

ganac is ufro metad gulisxmobs megapolisis an qala-

qebis farTo aglomeraciis ganviTarebas). Cveni azriT,

termini “mizidulobis centri” ufro misaRebia saqarT-

velos regionebSi arsebuli pirobebisaTvis. aseTi war-

monaqmnis ganviTarebis safuZvelSic unda iyos Cadebuli

ekonomikis diversifikaciis aucilebloba, amasTan, Ziri-

Tad warmoebasTan erTad unda viTardebodes sxvadasxva-

53

gvari damxmare warmoeba (mrewvelobis, soflis meurne-

obis, eqsportis da a. S.) problemebis gadawyvetis uzrun-

velsayofad. aseve aSkara Tanamedrove tendencias war-

moadgens “zrdis polusebis” garda yoveli regionuli

“mizidulobis centrSi” inovaciuri seqtoris ganviTa-

reba.

6. amJamad saqarTvelos mcire qalaqebSi, kerZod,

samxareo da raionul centrebSi, umuSevrobis done ufro

maRalia, vidre qveyanaSi saSualod. amitom, aseTi qalaaseTi qalaaseTi qalaaseTi qala----

qebisaTvisqebisaTvisqebisaTvisqebisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT regionuli mizidulobis cent-

rebisaTvis), siRaribis donis Semcirebis mizniT, regiregiregiregionuonuonuonu----

li politikis SemuSavebisas unda aisaxos reali politikis SemuSavebisas unda aisaxos reali politikis SemuSavebisas unda aisaxos reali politikis SemuSavebisas unda aisaxos realuri seqluri seqluri seqluri seq----

toris sawarmoebis ganviTarebis gzebi. toris sawarmoebis ganviTarebis gzebi. toris sawarmoebis ganviTarebis gzebi. toris sawarmoebis ganviTarebis gzebi.

amasTan, siRaribis donis SemcirebisaTvis mniSvnesiRaribis donis SemcirebisaTvis mniSvnesiRaribis donis SemcirebisaTvis mniSvnesiRaribis donis SemcirebisaTvis mniSvne----

lovania msxvil, saSulovania msxvil, saSulovania msxvil, saSulovania msxvil, saSualo da mcire sawarmoebs Soris alo da mcire sawarmoebs Soris alo da mcire sawarmoebs Soris alo da mcire sawarmoebs Soris

fardofardofardofardobis swori strategiis SemuSaveba.bis swori strategiis SemuSaveba.bis swori strategiis SemuSaveba.bis swori strategiis SemuSaveba. SeuZlebelia

ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTareba msxvili Tanamedrove teq-

nologiebiT aRWurvili sawarmoebis gareSe. regionuli

ganviTarebis strategiaSi, konkretuli regionebis Tavi-

seburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT (sadac es SesaZlebelia),

romelime konkretul dargSi (Tanamedrove teqnologiuri

wyobis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad) unda Seiqmnas axali

msxvili sawarmoebi (adgilobrivi mewarmeebis mier Tana-

medrove teqnologiebis Sesyidvisa da aTvisebis bazaze

an transerovnuli korporaciebis sawarmoebis qveynis

regionebis qalaqebSi ganTavsebiT) an unda ganxorci-

eldes winaT arsebuli msxvili sawarmoebis reanimacia,

axali konkurentunariani teqnologiebis bazaze. rogorc

viciT, msxvili sawarmoebi kooperaciuli urTierTobebis

safuZvelze asaqmeben bevr saSualo da mcire zomis

sawarmos (mcire masStabebis ganviTarebul qveynebSic ki

(singapuri, luqsemburgi, belgia, norvegia, dania, fineTi)

arsebobs mravali msxvili sawarmo, romelic koopera-

ciuli urTierTobebis meSveobiT asaqmebs mraval mcire

da saSualo donis sawarmos da, Tanamedrove pirobebSi,

individualur mewarmeebsac). magram, ra Tqma unda, bevri

msxvili sawarmos Camoyalibeba mcire qveynis regionebSi

SeuZlebelia, amitom regionuli ekonomikis diversifi-

kaciisa da siRaribis daZlevis aucilebloba moiTxovs

mraval dargSi saSualo da mcire sawarmos daarsebas

rogorc warmoebis ZiriTad seqtorSi, aseve infrastruq-

turul da momsaxurebis seqtorebSi. soflad, ekonomikis

efeqtianobis zrdisaTvis saWiroa saojaxo meurneobebis

bazaze kooperativebis daarseba. magram, qveynis rTuli

reliefis da sxva mizezebis (magaliTad, soflad mcxov-

rebi mosaxleobis efeqtiani dasaqmeba, soflebis dacari-

elebis Tavidan acileba da sxva) gamo, aseve saWiroa

soflad Tanamedrove intensiuri9 xasiaTis mcire meur-

neobebis ganviTarebis mxardaWera da waxaliseba. mcire

meurneobebis intensiuri efeqtiani funqcionirebis praq-

tikis aTviseba SeiZleba zogierTi ganviTarebuli qveynis

gamocdilebis Seswavlis safuZvelze. SemoTavazebuli

strategia uzrunveluzrunveluzrunveluzrunvelyofsyofsyofsyofs yvela zomis sawarmos kon-

kurentunarianobis amaRlebas, gaaZlierebs maT Soris

teqnologiuri da transaqciuri urTierTobebis simWid-

roves, warmoebis intensifikacias (amasTan, qalaqebSi

bunebrivi garemos gabinZurebis gareSe, soflad ki, amis

garda, niadagis xarisxis gaumjobesebis uzrunvelyofiT),

mosaxleobis dasaqmebasa da misi Semosavlebis zrdas da

sxva, rac, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs siRaribis donis

mkveTr Semcirebas (radgan yvela es parametri siRaribis

(keTildReobis) amsaxvel faqtors warmoadgens).

9 termini “intensiuri” aq ar gulisxmobs niadagis intensiur gamo-

yenebas misi gafuWebis xarjze, piriqiT, igulisxmeba Tanamedrove

inovaciuri teqnologiebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze misi xarisxisa da

nayofierebis gaumjobeseba. amasTan, aseTi teqnologiebi Cveulebri-

vebze odnav ufro metad Sromatevadia, magram maT bazaze SeiZleba

ekologiurad sufTa da sxva ZviradRirebuli produqciis warmoeba

samomxmareblo bazrebze realizaciis an Semdgomi gadamuSavebisaTvis.

55

7. warmoebis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebawarmoebis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebawarmoebis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebawarmoebis realuri seqtoris ganviTareba, rome-

lic qveyanasa da mis regionebSi siRaribis gamomwvevi

elementebis gavlenis Semcirebis ZiriTadi pirobaa, SeuZSeuZSeuZSeuZ----

lelelelebelia Sesabamisi damxmare institutebis moqmebelia Sesabamisi damxmare institutebis moqmebelia Sesabamisi damxmare institutebis moqmebelia Sesabamisi damxmare institutebis moqmededededebis bis bis bis

gareSegareSegareSegareSe rogorc soflad, aseve qalaqebSi. mniSvnemniSvnemniSvnemniSvnelovania lovania lovania lovania

regionebSi sabazro ekonomikisaTvis Tvisebrivi damxmare regionebSi sabazro ekonomikisaTvis Tvisebrivi damxmare regionebSi sabazro ekonomikisaTvis Tvisebrivi damxmare regionebSi sabazro ekonomikisaTvis Tvisebrivi damxmare

samsaxurebis da firmebis (soflad fermebis) Seqmnis da samsaxurebis da firmebis (soflad fermebis) Seqmnis da samsaxurebis da firmebis (soflad fermebis) Seqmnis da samsaxurebis da firmebis (soflad fermebis) Seqmnis da

funqcionirebis waxalisefunqcionirebis waxalisefunqcionirebis waxalisefunqcionirebis waxalisebis strabis strabis strabis strategiis Semutegiis Semutegiis Semutegiis SemuSaveba.Saveba.Saveba.Saveba. mizi-

dulobis centrebis farglebSi, saxelmwifo da kerZo sa-

finanso samsaxurebis (fondebi, bankebi an maTi fili-

alebi, regionuli depozitariebi, sadazRvevo organiza-

ciebi) garda, es aris inJineringuli, sakonsultacio, maT

Soris sawarmoo da sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis gawe-

vis daxmarebisaTvis, sainformacio (mdgomareoba Sesaba-

mis gasaRebisa da saWiro nedleulis da pirutyvisaTvis

kvebis SeZenis bazrebze da sxva) sawarmoebi da orga-

nizaciebi. soflad aseve unda davasaxeloT saseleqcio

da sanaSeno sawarmoebi, romlebic, Tanamedrove termino-

logiis Tanaxmad, miekuTvnebian sainovacio seqtors, mci-

re mewarmeebis teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis sawarmoebi,

aseve, samelioracio, miwis rekultivaciis, tyis movlis

samsaxurebi (Tumca sami ukanaskneli metwilad bunebrivi

garemos dacvis seqtors miekuTvneba). mniSvnelovania ase-

ve kvalifikaciis amaRlebis organizaciebis daweseba imi-

saTvis, rom mewarmeebma da daqiravebulma momuSaveebma,

rogorc qalaqebSi (mrewveloba, mSenebloba da a.S.), aseve

soflad, miiRon Sesabamisi codna Tanamedrove pirobebSi

konkurentunariani produqciis warmoebisaTvis. CamoTvli-

li organizaciebis arseboba qalaqebSi da soflad uz-

runvelyofs investiciuri aqtiurobis zrdas, kerZod,

soflebSi (sxva damcav RonisZiebebTan kompleqsSi) daiw-

yeba gamouyenebeli miwebis eqspluatacia, rac Zalian

mniSvnelovania mciremiwian saqarTveloSi. amasTan, ar

SeiZleba sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis ucxo-

elebze miyidva, radganac es ufro gaarTulebs adgi-

lobrivi mosaxleobis mdgomareobas da moaxdens Cveni

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ricxovnobis Semdgom Semci-

rebas, e. i. gamoiwvevs uaryofiT demografiul tendenci-

ebs.

aseTi dawesebulebebis da sawarmoebis funqcioni-

rebis stimulireba unda xdebodes Sesabamisi propagan-

diT, reklamirebiT, saWiro SemTxvevebSi, fiskaluri da

safinanso SeRavaTebis gamoyenebiT, sainvesticio da sxva

saxis regionuli fondebidan daxmarebiT.

8. regionuli ekonomikuri politikis (strategiis)

SemuSavebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes dialogis da dialogis da dialogis da dialogis da

xelSekrulebebis dadebis meqaxelSekrulebebis dadebis meqaxelSekrulebebis dadebis meqaxelSekrulebebis dadebis meqanizminizminizminizmi, erTi mxriv, xeli-

suflebas, mewarmeebs da profkavSirebsa da, meore mxriv,

xelisuflebasa da mewarmeebs Soris. aseTi praqtika war-

moadgens regionuli ekonomikuri strategiis ganxorci-

elebis Tanamedrove elements, romelic, kerZod, uzrun-

velyofs regionebSi siRaribis donis Semcirebas.

sabazro koordinaciis meqanizmi gulisxmobs asevesabazro koordinaciis meqanizmi gulisxmobs asevesabazro koordinaciis meqanizmi gulisxmobs asevesabazro koordinaciis meqanizmi gulisxmobs aseve

mewarmeebis jgufebis miermewarmeebis jgufebis miermewarmeebis jgufebis miermewarmeebis jgufebis mier kanonmdeblobiT daSvebul kanonmdeblobiT daSvebul kanonmdeblobiT daSvebul kanonmdeblobiT daSvebul

fargfargfargfarglebSilebSilebSilebSi garkveul bazrebze, garkveuli periodis man-

Zilze (erTi kviris, ori kviris da a.S. ganmavlobaSi),

garkveul saqonelze gansazRvruli saSualo an fiqsisaSualo an fiqsisaSualo an fiqsisaSualo an fiqsi----

rebuli fasebis dadgenas rebuli fasebis dadgenas rebuli fasebis dadgenas rebuli fasebis dadgenas [3, gv. 109]. aseTi praqtika xels

Seuwyobs warmoebuli produqciis sruli moculobiT re-

alizacias, kerZod, xelmisawvdom fasebSi mosaxleobis

Raribi fenebis mier misi Sesyidvis xarjze (gansakuT-

rebiT es exeba sasursaTo produqciis realizacias).

unda 9. regionuli ekonomikuri politikis (stra-

tegiis) SemuSavebisas aseve Sefasdes regionis terito-

riaze (qalaqis farglebSi, qalaqis garkveul nawilSi,

navsadgurSi, am miznisaTvis specialurad arCeul teri-

toriaze, calkeuli sawarmos farglebSi da a.S.) sxvada-

sxvagvari gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri zonis daarsebis gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri zonis daarsebis gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri zonis daarsebis gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri zonis daarsebis

mizanSewoniloba (mizanSewoniloba (mizanSewoniloba (mizanSewoniloba (sadac ekonomikuri saqmianobis sxvada-

57

sxva tipisaTvis dawesebulia sxvadasxva ekonomikuri Se-

RavaTebi da Seqmnilia sxva saxis xelSemwyobi pirobebi,

magaliTad, sawarmoo infrastruqturis obieqtebi). rad-

gan sxvadasxva tipis gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri zonis

daarsebis efeqtianoba sxvadasxvanairia (kerZod, siRa-

ribis donis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT), zogierTis daar-

seba ki saerTod aqveiTebs ekonomikis efeqtianobas mTe-

li qveynis masStabebSi, saqarTveloSi konkretuli tipis

gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri zonebis daarsebis mizan-

Sewoniloba unda ganixilebodes maTi daarsebis waxa-

lisebis an Sekavebis meqanizmebTan konteqstSi.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvelaze aqtualuria sainosainosainosaino----

vaciovaciovaciovacio (an samrewvelo-sainovacio) zonebizonebizonebizonebi, sadac xdeba sadac xdeba sadac xdeba sadac xdeba

samecniero codnis (miRwevebis) gardaqmna biznesSisamecniero codnis (miRwevebis) gardaqmna biznesSisamecniero codnis (miRwevebis) gardaqmna biznesSisamecniero codnis (miRwevebis) gardaqmna biznesSi, rasac

Tan sdevs mravali dadebiTi ekonomikuri efeqti (axali

produqtebis SemuSaveba, produqciis konkurentunariano-

bis amaRleba, eqsportis mkveTri zrda da sxva). aseTi

zonebi funqcionirebs mraval qveyanaSi. SeiZleba davasa-

xeloT zogierTi Zalian cnobili: siliciumis (kaJbadis)

veli aSS-Si, teqnopolisebi da teqnoparkebi iaponiasa da

sxva qveynebSi, romelTa raodenobam, kerZod evropis

qveynebis sxvadasxva regionSi, SedarebiT mcire qveynebis

CaTvliT, ukanasknel wlebSi Zalian imata [4]. magaliTad,

fineTSi (mosaxleobis ricxovnoba _ 5,3 mln kaci), teqno-

parkebis da teqnologiuri centrebis bazaze “nou-haus”

SemuSavebas axorcielebs 21 inovaciuri centri. es

centrebi warmoadgenen samecniero-kvleviTi organizaci-

ebis, saswavlo dawesebulebebis da biznesis Zalisxmevis

gaerTianebis formas da axorcieleben proeqtebs, romle-

bic uzrunvelyofs kompaniebis konkurentunarianobis da

regionebis inovaciuri klimatis gaumjobesebas. SesamCnev

safinanso mxardaWeras maT saqalaqo xelisuflebebi uwe-

ven [4, gv. 132]. globalur samyaroSi konkurenciis gamwva-

vebis pirobebSi msgavsi centrebis saWiro raodenobis

gaxsnis gareSe saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis keTildReobis

amaRlebis da siRaribis donis Semcirebis problema ga-

dauwyveteli darCeba. saqarTveloSi, ra Tqma unda, aseve

saWiroa msxvili satranzito centris daarseba, romel-

sac “industriuli tranzitis” [5, gv. 73] centris funqci-

ebic eqneba _ e.i. nebismieri satranzito produqti, SeZ-

lebisdagvarad, ama Tu im zomiT gadamuSavebas ganicdis

(savaraudod, industriuli tranzitis birTvad SeiZleba

iyos q. foTi, magram mTeli qveynis farglebSi SeiZleba

am saqmianobis zomier farglebSi Sesruleba, rogorc es

niderlandebSi xdeba [5, gv. 72, 73].

10. regionuli ekonomikuri strategiis gansazRv-

risas unda aisaxos axlomdebare qveynebs da msxvili axlomdebare qveynebs da msxvili axlomdebare qveynebs da msxvili axlomdebare qveynebs da msxvili

qveynebis raionebs Soris ekonomikuri regionalizaciis qveynebis raionebs Soris ekonomikuri regionalizaciis qveynebis raionebs Soris ekonomikuri regionalizaciis qveynebis raionebs Soris ekonomikuri regionalizaciis

procesebis ganviTarebis gzebiprocesebis ganviTarebis gzebiprocesebis ganviTarebis gzebiprocesebis ganviTarebis gzebi, rac Sesabamisi qveynebis

mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebis erT-erT elements

warmoadgens. amisaTvis regionuli ekonomikis koordi-

naciis meqanizmSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes mezobel mezobel mezobel mezobel

qveynebTan ekonomikuri urTierTobebis aqtivizaciis xerqveynebTan ekonomikuri urTierTobebis aqtivizaciis xerqveynebTan ekonomikuri urTierTobebis aqtivizaciis xerqveynebTan ekonomikuri urTierTobebis aqtivizaciis xer----

xebixebixebixebi, romelTa nairsaxeobebi aprobirebulia mraval qve-

yanaSi. ekonomikuri kooperaciis gaRrmaveba axloaxloaxloaxlomdebamdebamdebamdebarererere

qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT, amJamindeli satransporto

danaxarjebis zrdis procesis pirobebSi, warmoadgens am

procesSi CarTuli qveynebis Sesabamisi regionebis meur-

neobis efeqtianobis zrdis mniSvnelovan faqtors da,

aseve, am regionebSi dasaqmebis zrdis mniSnelovan saSu-

alebas, e. i. aris Sesabamis regionebSi siRaribis donis

Semcirebis miRwevis mniSvnelovani SesaZlebloba. regi-

onuli ganviTarebis am mimarTulebis realizaciis gan-

xorcielebis gzas warmoadgens axlomdebare qveynebTan

an maTi regionebis xelisuflebasTan, aseve samewarmeo

wreebTan, SeTanxmebebis miRweva aRniSnuli infrastruq-

turis koordinirebuli ganviTarebisa da sawarmoo-teq-

nologiuri kooperaciis Sesaxeb.

59

11. saxelmwifos Zalisxmevis garda, socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri

uzrunvelyofis politikaSi mniSvneluzrunvelyofis politikaSi mniSvneluzrunvelyofis politikaSi mniSvneluzrunvelyofis politikaSi mniSvnelovaniaovaniaovaniaovania regionuli regionuli regionuli regionuli

da adgilobrivi organoebis monawileobada adgilobrivi organoebis monawileobada adgilobrivi organoebis monawileobada adgilobrivi organoebis monawileoba.

msoflio safinanso-ekonomikurma krizisma mraval

qveyanaSi gamoiwvia mosaxleobis socialuri uzrunvel-

yofis gauaresebis tendencia, rogorc saxelmwifos mxri-

dan, maT Soris regionul doneze (Semcirda socialuri

uzrunvelyofisaTvis daniSnuli saxsrebis moculoba,

kerZod, Seiqmna sxvadasxva problema sapensio sistemaSi),

aseve kerZo seqtorSic (garTulda mcire biznesis prob-

lemebi, gaZvirda zogierTi saxis sasicocxlod mniSvne-

lovani socialuri momsaxureba. gaizarda umuSevrobis

done, gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre daiwyo krizisi,

gaCnda saSualo klasis ricxovnobis Semcirebis tenden-

cia, amasTan dakavSirebiT mosaxleobis SedarebiT farTo

fenis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis Semcireba).

am pirobebSi regionuli xelisuflebis Zalisxmeva

unda gaZlierdes warmoebis stimulirebis yvela zemoT

aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT, Tanamedrove tendenciebis gaT-

valiswinebiT. gansakuTrebiT Rrmad Seswavlili da gamo-

yenebuli unda iqnes daaxloebiT saqarTvelos zomis mci-

re qveynebis warmatebuli ganviTarebis (maT Soris so-

cialuri uzrunvelyofis meqanizmis) magaliTebi, iseTe-

bis, rogoricaa dania, Sveicaria, fineTi da sxva.

kerZod, socialuri uzrunvelyofis mimarTebaSi, am

qveynebis magaliTad unda xdebodes regionul da adgi-

lobriv doneebze ufro meti odenobis saxsrebis mobili-

zacia, raTa gaizardos maTi xarjvis mimarTulebebi

(samedicino momsaxurebaSi, saqalaqo transportis siste-

mis ganviTarebaSi da sxva). regionebis socialuri uzrun-

velyofis meqanizmSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes pen-

siebis zrda regionuli biujetebis saxsrebis xarjze.

12. sxvadasxva ganviTarebul qveyanaSi sxvadasxva

meqanizmis saSualebiT, regionul doneze xdeba dasaqdasaqdasaqdasaqmemememe----

bis donis zrdis stimulirebabis donis zrdis stimulirebabis donis zrdis stimulirebabis donis zrdis stimulireba, rac ekonomikis regi-

onuli koordinaciis mniSvnelovan amocanas warmoadgens.

samxreT koreaSi, magaliTad, am mizniT SemuSavebulia

Sesabamisi programebi regionebis mixedviT, romelTa

efeqtianoba, uzrunvelyofili sxvadasxva wamaxalisebeli

meqanizmiT, SedarebiT maRalia [1]. naklebad efeqtiania

grZelvadiani programebi da strategiebi, romlebSic da-

saqmebis zrdis uzrunvelyofa erT-erT mTavar priori-

tets (momuSaveTa momzadebis uzrunvelyofiT da sxva wa-

maxalisebeli elementebiT) warmoadgens. aseTi meqaniz-

mebi gamoiyeneba zogierT evropul qveyanaSi (portu-

galia, espaneTi). ufro efeqtiania dasaqmebis xelSewyobis

ufro mobiluri meqanizmebi, miRebuli, magaliTad, fineT-

Si, romelTa farglebSi momuSaveebi iZenen damatebiT

specialobebs umuSevrebad darCenis riskis Sesamcireb-

lad. aseT qveynebSi, aseve saxelmwifo xarjebiT, xdeba

umuSevrebis sxvadasxva specialobebis mixedviT momza-

deba. siRaribis maRali donis Tavidan asacileblad

aseTi meqanizmi ufro moqnil saSualebas warmoadgens.

zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad safrangeTSi, regi-

onuli organoebi, garkveuli raodenobis muSaZalis sam-

saxurSi miRebisas mewarmeebs umcireben an aTavisufleben

zogierTi adgilobrivi gadasaxadisgan.i

dasaqmebis zrdis da amis meSveobiT siRaribis

donis Semcirebis stimulirebis ZiriTad meqanizmebs, ma-

Sasadame, warmoadgens ara konkretuli meqanizmebi, pir-

dapir mimarTuli dasaqmebis zrdaze da siRaribis donis

Semcirebaze, aramed wamaxalisebeli meqanizmebis mTeli

speqtri, mimarTuli warmoebis ganviTarebaze, misi swrafi

da efeqtiani ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli sainvesticio

klimatis Seqmnaze, niadagis da bunebrivi garemos sxva

Semadgenlebis dacvaze da a.S.

gamoyenebuligamoyenebuligamoyenebuligamoyenebuli lilililiteraturateraturateraturateratura

61

1. Абдурасулова Д. Промышленная политика Южной Кореи. Экономист, №1, 2009.

2. Лопатников Д. Л. Экономическая география и регионалистика. Москва: ГАРДАРИКИ, 2006.

3. Маневич В. О закономерностях становления рынка. Вопросы экономики, 1993, №3.

4. Региональная политика стран ЕС. Москва, ИМЭМО РАН, 2009. 5. Юданов Ю. Европейские корпорации в условиях глобализации.

МэиМО, 2001.

Burduli Vakhtang THE BASIC DIRECTION OF REGIONAL STRATEGIES

OF DECREASE OF POVERTY LEVEL

SUMMARY

In the article the ways of working out of regional economic development in the context of problem of decrease of poverty level are considered. In particular, the following questions are considered: the definition of compromise of interests between central, regional and local bodies; the improvement institutional structures of the different territorial level; the assistance of development of contemporary technological structure on regional level; the process of diversification of regional production; the ways of development of real sector of economic in regions; the stimulation of creation and functioning of auxiliary undertakings (services, firms, farms) of typical for market economy; the development of regional centers of gravity; the correlation between large-, middle- and small-scale undertakings; the expediency of creation of different special economic zones in regions; the participation of regional and local bodies in the politic of social security; the stimulation of increase of employment level and other problems to promote the decrease of poverty level in regions.

giorgi berulavaPgiorgi berulavaPgiorgi berulavaPgiorgi berulavaP privatizaciis politekonomikuriprivatizaciis politekonomikuriprivatizaciis politekonomikuriprivatizaciis politekonomikuri

aspeqtebiaspeqtebiaspeqtebiaspeqtebi

sabazro ekonomikaSi sakuTrebas didi mniSvneloba

aqvs. magram, kerZo sakuTreba saxelmwifo sakuTrebaze

ukeTesia? privatizaciis ori ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli

faqtori arsebobs: saxelmwifo biurokratiis funqcioni-

rebis da korporatiuli Sedegebis gaumjobeseba.

ukve Camoyalibebuli sabazro ekonomikis mqone

qveynebSi saxelmwifo sakuTreba sazogadod gamoiyeneba,

rogorc investiciebis nakadis distribuciis saSualeba,

adekvaturi infrastruqturis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, da-

saqmebis sasurveli donis SenarCunebisa da socialuri

daxmarebebis ganawilebisaTvis. Tumca, 1970-iani wlebis

Semdeg saxelmwifo sakuTreba mwvave kritikis qveS moeqca

ekonomikuri araefeqtianobis, politikuri miznebisaTvis

63

gamoyenebis, arasaTanado menejmentis da saxelmwifo bi-

ujetis deficitis warmoqmnis gamo [11, 14]. privatizacia,

rac gulisxmobs sakuTrebis uflebisa da resursebis, da,

amgvarad, ekonomikuri da socialuri miznebis miRwevis

SesaZleblobis “araefeqturi” biurokratebisagan kerZo

agentebisaTvis, anu bazris “uxilavi xelisaTvis” gada-

cemas, rogorc wesi, miiCneva mTavrobis ganargulebaSi

arsebul instrumentad, romelic gamoiyeneba misi funq-

cionirebis efeqtianobis gazrdisaTvis [8]. miCneulia ag-

reTve, rom privatizacia aumjobesebs firmebis saqmi-

anobis Sedegebs. privatizebuli firmebis [13] privatiza-

ciamde da privatizaciis Semdgomi saqmianobis Sedegebis

mravali empiriuli Seswavla da erTi da imave sferoSi

dasaqmebuli [17] kerZo da saxelmwifo kompaniebis Seda-

reba kerZo kompaniebis ufro ukeTesad muSaobis mosaz-

rebis gamamyarebel arguments iZleva. Tumca, zogierTi

avtori amtkicebs, rom kerZo sakuTrebis SemTxvevaSi uke-

Tesi Sedegebi miiReba mxolod konkurenciis pirobebSi,

xolo arasrulyofili bazris pirobebSi sakuTrebis ro-

melime formas naTlad gamokveTili upiratesoba [16] ar

gaaCnia. amgvarad, privatizaciis efeqti damokidebulia

konkretul bazarze, maregulirebel da instituciur ga-

remoze.

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi gansakuTrebul

SemTxvevas warmoadgens. gegmuri ekonomikis sistemis moS-

lis Semdeg saxelmwifo sawarmoebs aRar gaaCndaT Sesa-

ferisi motivacia da mmarTvelobiTi struqturebi. aman

gamoiwvia saxelmwifo sawarmoebis menejerebis momxve-

Weluri qceva, rasac axasiaTebda resursebis arasaTanado

ganawileba, korufcia, aqtivebis dayofa, qonebis dataceba

da ara qonebis maqsimizaciis mizniT motivirebuli pro-

duqtiuli qceva [1, 15]. am situaciaSi privatizacia erT-

erTi ZiriTadi RonisZieba iyo ekonomikuri agentebis qce-

vis Sesacvlelad da centraluri dagegmvis arasaxar-

bielo memkvidreobis dasaZlevad sakuTrebis uflebis sa-

xelmwifodan kerZo seqtorze gadacemis gziT. privati-

zacia kerZo mesakuTreebis SeqmniT qmnis sakuTrebis uf-

lebis efeqtiani sistemis mxardamWerTa klass, ayalibebs

da ganapirobebs ekonomikuri agentebis produqtiul da

inovaciur qcevas, rac uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis ganvita-

rebasa da zrdas [3]. Tumca, empiriuli kvleva gviCvenebs,

rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom, sazogadod, privatizebuli

kompaniebi ukeTes Sedegebs aRweven vidre saxelmwifo

kompaniebi, privatizacias araerTgvarovani gavlena aqvs

korporatiul Sedegebze mflobelTa tipis mixedviT [9].

privatizebuli kompaniebi, romelTa mflobelebi Ziri-

Tadad kompaniis garedan mosuli pirebi arian, rogorc

wesi, ukeTes Sedegebs aRweven vidre kompaniebi, romelTa

aqciebs menejerebi da sawarmos muSebi floben [6].

amgvarad, gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi mniSvneloba

aqvs ara TviT privatizebis faqts, aramed, Tu rogor

ganxorcieldeba privatizebis procesi.

saerTaSoriso gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom priva-

tizaciis procesi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ise, rom

gansxvavebuli gavlena moaxdinos efeqtianobasa da Tanas-

worobaze da, amgvarad, adamianis ganviTarebaze. efeqti-

anobis aspeqtze aqcenti keTdeba maSin, rodesac mTavroba

iRwvis pragmatuli miznebis dakmayofilebisaTvis. prag-

matuli miznebi fokusirdeba sawarmos saqmianobis Sede-

gebis gaumjobesebaze, pasuxismgeblobis arealis Seviw-

rovebasa da mTavrobis funqcionirebis optimizaciaze,

sabiujeto deficitis problemis gadaWraze. Tumca, ro-

desac privatizacias sistemuri xasiaTis miznebi gaaCnia,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, arsebuli ekonomikuri da poli-

tikuri institutebis kardinaluri gardaqmna, efeqtiano-

bas naklebi yuradReba eqceva. radgan sistemuri trans-

formacia SeiZleba warumatebeli aRmoCndes, Tu refor-

matorebi ver moaxerxeben farTo mxardaWeris mopovebas,

65

aseT SemTxvevaSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

ganawilebiT efeqtsa da Tanasworobis problemebs.

cxadia, sxvadasxva miznebis misaRwevad saWiroa

privatizaciis gansxvavebuli strategiis gamoyeneba. po-

litikuri prioritetebis CamoyalibebiT saxelmwifo

faqtobrivad gansazRvravs privatizaciisadmi mis midgo-

mas. efeqtiani privatizaciis meTodebis gamoyenebis Sede-

gad unda Seiqmnas mogebaze orientirebuli kerZo sa-

warmoebi, romelTa mesakuTreebi iqnebian adamianebi, rom-

lebic ar arian dakavSirebuli mocemul sawarmoebTan da

romlebic SeZleben saxelmwifo daxmarebis gareSe funq-

cionirebas. empiriuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom, maSin,

rodesac mesakuTreebi ar arian sawarmosTan dakavSire-

bulni, kerZo sakuTreba ufro efeqtianad gamoiyeneba

rogorc ganviTarebuli ekonomikis [2, 5, 12], aseve garda-

mavali ekonomikis qveynebSi [4, 5, 7, 10]. aRniSnuli kvleve-

bis mixedviT sawarmos TanamSromlebis da muSebis mflo-

belobis SemTxvevaSi aqcionerebis danawevrebuli kont-

roli sawarmoTa dabalefeqtianobas iwvevs, radgan efeq-

turi restruqturizaciis gansaxorcieleblad susti mo-

tivacia da naklebi SesaZleblobebi arsebobs. amgvarad,

privatizaciis efeqtiani meTodi pirvel rigSi unda uz-

runvelyofdes potenciuri myidvelebis ranJirebas, raTa

maT hqondeT swori stimuli privatizaciis Semdgom pe-

riodSi [18].

ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gazrdis miRweva SesaZ-

lebelia qonebis im strategiuli investorebisaTvis

miyidviT, romlebic sawarmos restruqturizaciis yvela-

ze optimalur gegmas warmoadgenen. es meTodi gulisx-

mobs myidvelebsa da maT SesaZleblobebze konkretuli

informaciis xelmisawvdomobas da iTvaliswinebs gasa-

yidi sawarmoebis winaswar Sefasebas. auqcionebze sawar-

moebis im investorebze miyidviT, romlebic yvelaze ma-

Ral fass sTavazoben, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes orive

pragamtuli miznis misaRwevad, saxelmwifo biujetis Se-

mosavlebis gazrdisa da sawarmos saqmianobis Sedegebis

gasaumjobeseblad. meore SemTxvevaSi miCneulia, rom uf-

ro efeqtian myidvelebs ufro meti finansuri nakadis

generireba SeuZliaT da amgvarad mzad arian, sawarmoSi

ufro meti Tanxa gadaixadon. Tumca, privatizaciis efeq-

tiani meTodiT moiTxoveba ganxorcielebis xangrZlivi

periodi. privatizaciis masiurad ganxorcielebis SemTx-

vevaSi, rasac adgili hqonda postsabWoTa qveynebSi, aqti-

vebis auqcionebis meSveobiT gayidvas SeiZleba didi dro

dasWirdes.

zemoaRniSnulisagan gansxvavebiT, privatizacia Za-

lian swrafad unda ganxorcieldes im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac mTavroba miznad isaxavs sistemur transfor-

macias. am dros yvelaze Sesaferisi strategiaa masiuri

privatizacia, romelic SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Tanab-

rad xelmisawvdomi vauCerebiT privatizaciis an sawarmos

xelmZRvanelebisa da TanamSromlebis mier sawarmoebis

Sesyidvis meSveobiT. orive meTodi araefeqtiania, radgan

isini iwveven sakuTrebis danawilebas mraval mcire

aqcioners Soris an sakuTrebis uflebis koncentrirebas

sawarmosTan dakavSirebuli pirebis xelSi. privatizebul

sawarmoebs orive SemTxvevaSi susti motivacia da mwiri

SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia saWiro restruqturizaciis gan-

xorcielebisaTvis. masiuri privatizaciis dros mcirea

saxelmwifo biujetis sargebelic, radgan sawarmoTa aq-

tivebis ganawileba ufasod an simbolur fasad xdeba mo-

saxleobis farTo fenebis an sawarmoTa TanamSromlebi-

saTvis. Tumca, privatizaciis amgvar meTodebs SeiZleba

dadebiTi gavlena hqondes aqcionerTa Semosavlebis ode-

nobasa (Tu aqciebis fasi gaizrdeba gayidvis Semdeg) da

socialur Tanasworobaze.


67

1. Papava V. Postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika. Tbilisi, “pdp”, 2002.

2. Agrawal A. and Knoeber C.R. “Firm Performance and Mechanisms to control Agency Problems Between Managers and Shareholders”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, vol. 31, No3, 1996.

3. Brada, Josef C. “Privatization is Transition –Or Is It?” Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 10, № 2 (Spring): 67-86, 1996.

4. Brown, D. and Earle, J. “Privatization and Restructuring in Russia: New Evidence from Panel Data on Industrial Enterprises. RECEP Working Paper, № 1, 2000.

5. Claessens, S . and Djankov, S. “Ownership Concentration and Corporate Performance in the Czech Republic”, CEPR Discussion Paper, № 2145, 1999.

6. Djankov, Simeon, and Peter Murrell The Determinants of Enterprise Restructuring in Transition: An Assessment of the Evidence. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2000.

7. EBRD Transition Report. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, London, 1995.

8. Feigenbaum B. Harvey and Jeffrey R. Henig, “The Political Underpinnings of Privatization: A Typology,” World Politics, Vol.46, No. 2 (January), pp. 185-208, 1994.

9. Frydman, Roman; Cheryl Gray, Marek Hessel and Andrzej Rapaczynski “When Does Privatization Work? The Impact of Private Ownership on Corporate Performance in the Transition Economies.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114, , November: 1153-1191, 1999.

10. Kuznetsov, P., Muravyev, A. “Ownership Structure and Firm Performance in Russia: The Case of Blue Chips of the Stock Market”, EERC Working Paper, № 01/10, 2001.

11. Manzetti Luigi, “The Political Economy of Privatization through Divesture in Lesser Developed Economies,” Comparative Politics, Vol.25, No. 4 (July), pp. 429-454, 1993.

12. McConnell, J.J. and Servaes, H. “Additional Evidence on Equity Ownership and Corporate Value”, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 27, 1990.

13. Meggison, William L.; Nash, Robert C.; and van Randenborgh, Matthias “The Financial and Operating Performance of Newly Privatized Firms: An International Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Finance, 49 (June): 403-452, 1994.

14. Molyneux, Richard and David Thompson, “Nationalized Industry Performance: Still third-Rate?” Fiscal Studies, February, 8, pp. 48-82, 1987.

15. Sachs, D. Jeffrey, “Privatization in Russia: Some Lessons from Eastern Europe,” American Economic Review, vol.82, no.2, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, (May), pp. 43-48, 1992.

16. Vickers John and Yarrow George, “Economic Perspectives on Privatization”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5, No. 2, (Spring), pp.111-132, 1991.

17. Vining, Aiden R., and Boardman, Anthony E. “Ownership versus Competition: Efficiency in Public Enterprise.” Public Choice, 73 (March): 205-309, 1991.

18. World Bank, Techniques of Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises, (3Volumes), Technical Papers 88, 89, and 90, Washington DC, 1988.

Berulava George THE POLITICAL ECONOMY ISSUES

OF PRIVATIZATION

SUMMARY

Privatization is one of the key instruments of transformation strategy that influences both efficiency of market performance and equity of income distribution and thereby the human development. The economic and social consequences of privatization are largely dependent on the choice of privatization method, which in turn has political economy nature. If government implements privatization to attain pragmatic goals it chooses

69

efficient privatization methods. When pursued goals have systemic character the chosen methods of privatization are less efficient but could potentially lead to a more fair distribution.

goderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSvili Tamar kilaZeTamar kilaZeTamar kilaZeTamar kilaZe

kavSirgabmuloba saqarTveloSikavSirgabmuloba saqarTveloSikavSirgabmuloba saqarTveloSikavSirgabmuloba saqarTveloSi

1. istoriuli eqskursi1. istoriuli eqskursi1. istoriuli eqskursi1. istoriuli eqskursi

kavSirgabmuloba _ esaa informaciis miReba-gada-

cema fostis, telegrafis, telefonis, radiomauwyeblo-

bis, televiziis da sxvaTa meSveobiT. ganasxvaveben sa-

fosto da eleqtrokavSirgabmulobas. safosto kavSirgab-

mulobas safuZveli Cauyara werilobiTma informaciam.

kavSirgabmulobas zogjer uwodeben informaciis

sivrceSi gadacemas. signalebis (informaciis) gadasace-

mad uZvelesi droidan iyenebdnen cecxlis kvamls, dol-

ze dartymas, droSebis moZraobas (zRvaze). amiT infor-

maciis gadacema ramdenime kilometrze iyo SesaZlebeli.

Semdeg ki, kavSiris damyareba daiwyes informaciis Semc-

veli sagnebiT (werilebiT), risTvisac iyenebdnen adami-

anebs (malemsrbols), frinvelebs (mtreds) an sxva cxo-

velebs (magaliTad, ZaRls).

saqarTveloSi fostis arsebobas didi xnis isto-

ria aqvs. uZvelesi droidan cnobilia, rom aq cnobebis

swrafad gadacema “SikrikTa” da “malemsbolTa” meSveo-

biT xorcieldeboda, romlebic araerTxelaa moxseniebu-

li “qarTlis cxovrebasa” da sxva qarTul Tu ucxour

istoriul wyaroebSi. X1X s-is damlevs, qarTuli eko-

nomikuri azrovnebis mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli _

ioane batoniSvili, romelmac Seadgina saxelmwifo wes-

wyobilebis reformis kanonproeqti, miiCnevda, rom fos-

tis sadgurebis mowyoba friad sasargeblo iqneboda

xalxisaTvis da Semosavals miscemda xazinas. aReb-mice-

mobis gafarToeba safosto kavSiris gareSe SeuZlebeli

iyo da moiTxovda safosto dawesebulebebis Seqmnas. igi

werda: “fostebi anu Cafarxana raoden SeiZlebodes gan-

wesdes sam adgilas: qarTlsa, kaxeTsa da TaTrebSi”.

saqarTveloSi pirvel safosto gadazidvebTan qar-

Tuli urmis saxelia dakavSirebuli. popovis saxelobis

kavSirgabmulobis centralur muzeumSi (sanqt-peterbur-

gi) gamofenil uZveles fostis gadazidvis saSualebebTan

erTad aris qarTuli uremic. uremSi Sebmuli xarebi mZi-

med ewevian fostis did yuTs. urems win ori qarTveli

miuZRvis. qarTuli urmiT fostis gadazidvas bevr qveya-

naSi miuqcevia yuradReba.

sur. 1 fosta da safosto sur. 1 fosta da safosto sur. 1 fosta da safosto sur. 1 fosta da safosto ““““taCkataCkataCkataCka”””” (XIX s.)(XIX s.)(XIX s.)(XIX s.)

71

1900 wels germanulidan rusul enaze Targmnil

wignSi “teqnika da mrewveloba” (meaTe tomi)10 aRwerilia

berlinis safosto muzeumis zogierTi unikaluri eqs-

ponati da aqve naTqvamia, rom: am muzeumSi ruseTis eqspo-

natebidan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa “orTvliani qarTu-

li urmiT fostis gadazidvis suraTebi”. aqedan cxadia _

qarTulma uremma mkvidrad moipova adgili safosto ga-

dazidvebis uZveles saSualebebs Soris. popovis saxelo-

bis muzeumis erT-erTi katalogi gvamcnobs, CikagoSi, 1893

wels mowyobil msoflios safosto gamofenaze, ruseTis

safosto ganyofilebaSi aCvenebdnen qarTuli safosto

urmis models da kavkasionze fostis gadatanis naxats.

saqarTveloSi safosto kavSiris ganviTarebasTan mWid-

rod iyo dakavSirebuli safosto mimosvlis gaumjobese-

ba kavkasionze gavliT saqarTvelodan ruseTSi.

saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris safosto kavSiris

da safosto gadazidvebis qronologia X1X s-Si aseTia:

1804 weli _ Seiqmna safosto kavSiris xazi dari-

alis xeobis gavliT. fosta mxolod cxeniani estafetiT

gadahqondaT;

1805 weli _ TbilisSi gaixsna pirveli safosto

kantora;

1826 weli _ fostis gadasatanad safosto kantoras

damatebiT 120 cxeni gamoeyo. am periodSi fostis cxe-

nebiT da orTvalebiT SeiZleboda ara marto safosto

tvirTis gadazidva, aramed mgzavrTa gadayvanac;

1832 wlidan saqarTvelos zogierT safosto marS-

rutze fostis sadgurebi, sadac inaxavdnen safosto cxe-

nebs, orTvalebs, urmebs da eweodnen maT remonts, ekuTv-

noda rogorc safosto uwyebas, aseve kerZo pirebs. 1836

wels kerZo pirebs aekrZalaT safosto sadgurebis flo-

ba da isini Seisyida safosto uwyebam.

10

Промышленность и техника. Том X. С-Петербург. “ Просвещение”, 1900 г.

1840 weli _ Tbilissa da vladikavkazs Soris 11

axali safosto sadguris ageba daiwyo;

1870 weli _ Tbilisis, mcxeTis, duSeTis, fasana-

uris, mleTis, gudauris, yazbegis, larsis, baltasa da

vladikavkazis safosto sadgurebSi cxenebis raodenoba

652-mde gaizarda. qarTveli mowinave sazogadoeba gansa-

kuTrebuli yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals safosto mimosv-

las saqarTvelos samxedro gazaze. am mxriv sagulisxmoa

ruseTis teqnikuri sazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofilebis

moRvaweoba saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze fostis mimosv-

lis gasaumjobeseblad. am ganyofilebis Tavmjdomarem,

ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi kargad cnobilma mecnierma da

inJinerma m. garsevaniSvilma 1876 wlis 14 dekembers ga-

marTul sxdomaze moiyvana magaliTebi peterburgidan

fostis dagvianebaze. gansakuTrebiT qviSxeTisa da yazbe-

gis mimarTulebiT Tovlisa da zvavis gamo, risTvisac

gzaTa mimosvlis mmarTvelobam winadadebiT mimarTa pe-

terburgs, Tu xuTi dRiT Seferxdeboda TbilisSi fos-

tis gamogzavna, maSin igi Termur-xan-Suraze, derbedze,

baqoze, elizavetpolze gavliT unda gamoegzavnaT 200

versis nacvlad 1211 versis SemovliT.

1879 wels gazeTi droeba (s. mesxis statia _ ùpoC-

toba”) werda _ `mometebul nawils saqarTvelos adgi-

lebSi, garda im qalaq-dabebisa, romlebic rkinigzaze

mdebareoben, kviraSi mxolod orjer da samjer mosdiT

fosta... mgonia dro aris foCtis gamgeobam da umaRlesma

mTavrobam am garemoebas jerovani yuradReba miaqcios.

rac am oci wlis win iyo, is aRar aris dRes Cveni cxov-

reba: mudamdRe matulobs Cvens qveyanaSi vaWroba da war-

moeba, mudamdRe mravldebian Skolebi, mravldeba wera-

kiTxvis mcodne xalxi, romelTac surT fostiT ambebi

Seityon. erTi-orad ufro metia dReisaTvis sxvadasxva

mazrebis mosaxleobas Soris misvla-mosvla da kavSiri.

amas garda TviTmmarTvelobisTvisac aucileblad saWi-

roa gamarTuli fostis gza da korespodencia”. mas miaCn-

73

da, rom jobda gaZvirebuliyo fostis gagzavna, sama-

gierod gaumjobesebuliyo misi organizacia. “oRond ki

iyos foCta, oRond ki SeiZlebodes foCtis droze da ri-

gianad wignebisa da gazeTebis miReba da mometebul

xarjs ueWvelia aravin dazogavs” _ werda gazeTi.

1886 wels gaixsna fostis gza raWa-leCxumis mimar-

TulebiT. `fostis gzas didi mxiarulebiT egebeba xal-

xio” _ werda gazeTi ìveria”. aRniSnuli publikaciebi

imaze miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobas SesaniS-

navad esmodaT kavSirgabmulobis mniSvneloba da mTavro-

bis kursic misi ganviTarebisaken iyo mipyrobili.

1886 wels mcxeTaSi daarsda fostis ganyofileba.

amave periodSi fosta amuSavda ara marto qala-

qebsa da dabebSi, aramed soflebSic. Tu manamde soflis

mcxovreblebs TviTon unda miekiTxaT safosto gzavnil-

Ta misaRebad safosto ganyofilebebisaTvis, axla SesaZ-

lebeli iyo korespondenciebis adgilze miReba.

1901 weli _ iyalTosa da axmetaSi gaixsna safosto

ganyofilebebi.

1913 wlis mdgomareobiT, saqarTvelos orive (Tbi-

lisisa da quTaisis) guberniaSi 108 safosto ganyofileba

funqcionirebda da igi faravda saqarTvelos mTel teri-

torias.

safosto kavSiriT igzavneboda ara marto kores-

pondenciebi, aramed fulic. 1894 wels gazeTi “iveria”

werda: saqarTveloSi SesaZlebelia 1000 maneTamde fulis

fostiT gagzavna, rac Semdegnairad xorcieldeboda: “gam-

gzavni fuls miitans fostaSi, fosta fulis miRebis kvi-

tancias aZlevs gamgzavnels da Semdeg adresats ugzavnis

talons, romliTac is fostidan fuls miiRebs”11.

11 gamoyenebulia “saqarTvelos fostis” oficialuri saitis

masalebi. http://www.georgianpost.ge/index.php?page=15&lang=geo

safosto qselis gafarToebasa da ganyofilebebis

gaxsnas saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da gansakuTre-

biT sofel adgilebSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda. rac

ufro meti iqneboda safosto ganyofilebebi, miT ufro

advilad SeeZloT adamianebs esargeblaT safosto momsa-

xurebis sikeTiT. Semdeg, XX s-Si safosto kavSiri ar-

naxulad gaizarda.

kavSirgabmulobis mniSvnelovani Semadgenlebia te-

legrafi da telefoni.

telegrafi, rogorc kavSiris saSualeba, farTod

gamoiyeneboda X1X s-is Suaxanebidan XX s-is dasawyisam-

de. Tavidan telegrafis rols asrulebda e.w. optikuri

saSualeba heliografis da simaforis saxiT. am sistemiT

erTi niSnis gadacema moiTxovda or wuTs da informaci-

is miReba SesaZlebeli iyo optikuri milis saSualebiT.

aseTi sistema damontaJebuli iyo baTumis portSi da

gamoiyeneboda gemebis samarTavad napiridan. 1839 wels

gamoigones telegrafi saweri aparatiT. ruseTis imperiis

masStabiT pirveli aseTi aparati gamoiyenes kavSirisaT-

vis “carskoe selosa” da gzaTa mimosvlis saministros

Soris.

XIX saukunis Sua naxevridan farTo gamoyeneba pova

morzes anbanma. is warmoadgens tiresa da wertilebis

kombinacias, romelic gadaicemoda satelegrafo aparat-

ze eleqtroenergiis meSveobiT. informaciis gadacemi-

saTvis gamoiyenebdnen eleqtrosadenebs, rogorc sahaero

_ miwiszeda ganlagebiT, aseve izolirebuli sadenebis

CalagebiT wyalqveS. saqarTveloSi rkinigzis gaxsnasTan

dakavSirebiT mTel sarkinigzo xazze XIX saukunis 70-

iani wlebidan gamoiyeneboda sahaero, satelegrafo sade-

nebiT signalebis gadacema. 1830 wlidan praqtikaSia usa-

deno satelegrafo gadacema (radio). man farTo gamo-

yeneba pova samxedro nawilebsa da flotSi. aseTive sis-

temebiT iyo aRWurvili saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganla-

gebuli rusuli armiis nawilebic. Sesabamisad, samxedro

75

nawilebSi Camoyalibda satelegrafo da kavSirgabmulo-

bis aseulebi. satelegrafo sistema saqarTveloSi dRe-

sac gamoiyeneba.

XIX saukunis bolodan praqtikaSi Semodis sate-

lefono kavSiri. igi warmoadgenda sadenebiT abonentebis

dakavSirebis sistemas. ruseTis imperiis masStabiT 1900

wels telefonebi daidga: peterburgSi, moskovSi, var-

SavaSi, rigasa da odesaSi. xolo TbilisSi pirveli

satelefono sadguri amuSavda 1903 wlidan. igi gaTva-

liswinebuli iyo 100 abonentze da warmoadgenda kavSi-

ris Zalian Zvir saxes. amitom abonentebi korporaciebi

da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi iyo. satelefono kavSiris

gaiafeba da abonentTa ricxvis masStabebis zrda SesaZ-

lebeli gaxda gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebidan, sade-

nianma telefonebma am droisaTvis dafara ara marto

qalaqebi, aramed is soflebsa da raionis centrebTan da-

sakavSirebladac iqna gamoyenebuli. dReisaTvis satele-

fono kavSiri cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens.

saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi arsebobs rogorc sadeniani,

maT Soris optikur-boWkovani kavSiric, aseve mobiluri

sahaero kavSiris satelefono sistemebi, xolo mis ba-

zaze saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze SesaZlebelia in-

ternetis qseliT sargeblobac12.

kavSirgabmulobis erT-erT Semadgenels warmoad-

genda safeldegero samsaxuri. igi Tavdapirvelad saja-

riso formirebebSi Seiqmna da emsaxureboda mniSvnelova-

ni dokumentaciis gagzavnas feldegerebis saSualebiT.

SaqarTveloSi am sistemam Cveni saukunis dasawyisamde

12 http:/www. http://books.google.ge/books?id=4W5sUATx57MC&pg=PA783&dq-

=телеграф&h. gv. 783-784

iarseba, xolo dReisaTvis gauqmebulia. bolos safelde-

gero samsaxuri Sedioda kavSirgabmulobis uwyebaSi.

2. saqarTvelos kavSirgabmuloba XX s2. saqarTvelos kavSirgabmuloba XX s2. saqarTvelos kavSirgabmuloba XX s2. saqarTvelos kavSirgabmuloba XX s----SiSiSiSi

kavSirgabmuloba XX s-Si ekonomikis mniSvnelovan

dargs warmoadgenda. Mmisi arseboba da ganviTareba auci-

lebeli gaxda saxelmwifo sistemis funqcionirebis, eko-

nomikis ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis socialuri mdgo-

mareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis.

1940 wlidan 1987 wlamde kavSirgabmulobis dargis

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb SegviZlia vimsjeloT qvemoT moyva-

nil cxrilSi arsebuli maCveneblebis mixedviT.


saqarTvelos kavSirgabmulobis ganviTarebissaqarTvelos kavSirgabmulobis ganviTarebissaqarTvelos kavSirgabmulobis ganviTarebissaqarTvelos kavSirgabmulobis ganviTarebis

maCveneblebimaCveneblebimaCveneblebimaCveneblebi13131313

gagzagagzagagzagagzavnilia:vnilia:vnilia:vnilia: 1940194019401940 1965196519651965 1970197019701970 1980198019801980 1985198519851985 1986198619861986 1987198719871987

werilebi, mln 38 97 112 150 156 150 140

gazeTebi da Jurna-

lebi, mln 122 378 748 923 1007 1164 1137

amanaTebi, mln 0.6 1.6 2.1 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.7

Tanxis gadagzavna

da pensiis darige-

ba, mln man.

1.2 7.6 10.5 10.7 11.1 11.2 11.6

telegrama, mln 3.9 6.8 8.7 10.9 9.6 9.2 9.1

saqalaqTaSoriso

satelefono saub-

rebi, mln

1.4 5.1 7.8 16.5 23.5 25.6 27.9

kavSirgabmulobis

Semosavali,

faqtobriv

.. 28.8 46.5 97.4 131.6 137.2 145.4

13 Народное хозяйство Гсср в 1987 г. Статистический ежегодник. Тб., 1988, с. 163-164.

77

fasebSi, mln man.

safosto, satele-

fono da sateleg-

rafo ganyofile-

baTa ricxvi, erT.

663 1228 1430 1735 1767 1776 1741

m.S. soflad 519 858 987 1176 1200 1209 1197

satelefono apara-

tebis ricxvi (kav-

Sirgabmulobis

saministros

sistemaSi), aTasi

.. .. 218.3 464.7 542.6 575.7 614.9

m.S. saqalaqo sate-

lefono qselSi .. .. 191.8 367.8 448.6 476.9 511.0

mS. sasoflo qsel-

Si .. .. 26.5 66.9 94.0 98.8 104.9

m.S. binaze dadgmu-

li satelefono

aparatebi, aTasi

.. .. 98.6 235.8 304.4 337.4 359.4

saqalaqTaSoriso

taqsofonebis

ricxvi, erTeuli

.. .. 51 152 286 366 496

kolmeurneobebis

da sabWoTa meur-

neobebis ricxvi,

romelTac gaaCni-

aT satelefono

sadgurebi, pro-

centi kolmeurne-

oba

.. .. 17.0 60.5 83.6 85.0 80.8

sabWoTa meurneoba .. .. 45.0 41.7 53.5 54.9 54.8

TiTqmis mTeli XX s-is ganmavlobaSi kavSirgabmu-

loba da am dargis mier miRebuli Semosavlebi ganuw-

yvetliv izrdeboda, rasac ganapirobebda upirvelesad

teqnikuri progresi da ekonomikuri zrda. 1980 wels kav-

Sirgabmulobis Semosavlebma Seadgina 1735 mln maneTi, ma-

Sin, roca mTliani erovnuli Semosavali 80 91.5 mln ma-

neTi iyo, anu kavSirgabmulobis wili 2.1%-iT ganisazRv-

reboda. Sesabamisad, 1985 w. kavSirgabmulobaSi Seiqmna

1767 mln maneTis produqcia _ 1.6%, 1987 w-s ki _ 1741 mln

maneTis _ 1.7%. cifrebi metyvelebs imaze, rom kavSirgab-

mulobis dargis ganviTarebis tempi aRemateboda ekono-

mikis saerTo zrdis temps.

TiTqmis mTeli XX s-is ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis

kavSiris erT-erT prioritetul formas warmoadgenda we-

rilebi da amanaTebi. misi meSveobiT exmianebodnen erTma-

neTs ara marto mcxovreblebi, aramed saxelmwifo struq-

turebic. informacias awvdidnen banderolebiTa da weri-

lebiT, amitomac saqarTveloSi gagzavnili werilebis

ricxvi 1940 w-is 38 mln-dan 140 mln-mde gaizarda 1987

wlisaTvis. amanaTebi ki _ 0.6 mln-dan, 2.7 mln-mde imave

wlebSi.

fostis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda Tanxis gadag-

zavna da pensionerebisaTvis pensiebis darigeba. am mizniT

yvela safosto ganyofilebaSi dasaqmebulni iyvnen e.w.

fostalionebi. maT evalebodaT gazeTebisa da Jurna-

lebis xelmomwerebisaTvis darigebac. 1940 w Tanxisa da

pensiis gagzavnis maCvenebelma 1.2 mln maneTi Seadgina.

misi moculoba dinamikaSi ganuwyvetliv izrdeboda da

1987 wlisaTvis ukve 11.6 mln maneTs miaRwia. gasuli sau-

kunis 40-iani wlebidan gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis gamoce-

mul egzemplarTa raodenoba masStaburi iyo. misi fasi

SedarebiT siiafiT gamoirCeoda, xolo xelmomwerTa

ricxvi Zalian maRali iyo, amitom gagzavnili da ad-

resatamde mitanili gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis moculoba

1940 wlis 122 mln egzemplaridan 1987 wlisaTvis 1137 mln

egzemplaramde gaizarda.

kavSirgabmulobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda sa-

fosto, satelefono da satelegrafo ganyofilebaTa

ricxvic. Tu igi 1940 w. 663 erTeuli iyo mTeli saqarTve-

los masStabiT, 1987 wlisTvis 1741 erTeulamde gaizarda.

XX s-is 40-ian wlebamde telefonebs umeteswilad

gamoiyenebda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi, sawarmoebi da

organizaciebi. meore msoflio omis Semdgom ki mosax-

79

leobisaTvis daiwyes telefonebis dadgma, Tumca, tele-

fonebis dadgmis msurvelTa ricxvi gacilebiT meti iyo,

vidre satelefono wyvilebis raodenoba, amitomac am seq-

torSi yovelTvis iyo rigebi. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa,

kavSirgabmulobis saministros sistemaSi satelefono

aparatebis ricxvma 1970 wlisTvis saqarTvelos masStabiT

Seadgina 218.3 aTasi, xolo 1987 wlisTvis _ 614.9 aTasi,

anu maTi ricxvi TiTqmis samjer gaizarda. amasTan, Tu

1970 w. binaze dadgmul satelefono aparatebis ricxvi

98.6 aTasi iyo (saerTo telefonis aparatebis 45%), 1987

wlisTvis binaze dadgmuli iyo 359.4 aTasi telefoni

(60.1%). 60-iani wlebis bolosTvis soflad kolmeurneobe-

bisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis balansze arsebuli avtoma-

turi satelefono sadgurebis mSeneblobac daiwyo.

XX saukuneSi tele da radiogadacemebis orga-

nizeba xorcieldeboda kavSirgabmulobis saministros,

satranslacio da sarealacio sadgurebis meSveobiT. te-

levizorebis, radiomimRebebisa da radiosatranslacio

wertilebis raodenoba asaxulia me-2 cxrilSi. cxrili 2cxrili 2cxrili 2cxrili 2

saqarTveloSi televizorebis, radiomimRebebis da saqarTveloSi televizorebis, radiomimRebebis da saqarTveloSi televizorebis, radiomimRebebis da saqarTveloSi televizorebis, radiomimRebebis da

radiosatranslacio wertilebis ricxviradiosatranslacio wertilebis ricxviradiosatranslacio wertilebis ricxviradiosatranslacio wertilebis ricxvi14

1940194019401940 1960196019601960 1970197019701970 1980198019801980 1985198519851985 1986198619861986 1987198719871987

sul:

m.S.

soflad

67 898 1746 2773 3389 3477 3550

36

250

516

843

992

1010

1028

teleradio aparaturis ricxvis gazrda 1940 wlis

67 aTasidan 1987 wels 3550 aTasamde, gamowveuli iyo teq-

14

Народное хозяйство Гсср в 1987 г. Статистический ежегодник. Тб., 1988, с. 164.

nikuri progresiT da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis

amaRlebiT.

3. kavSirgabmuloba dRevandel saqarTveloSi3. kavSirgabmuloba dRevandel saqarTveloSi3. kavSirgabmuloba dRevandel saqarTveloSi3. kavSirgabmuloba dRevandel saqarTveloSi

kavSirgabmuloba, teqnikur progresTan erTad,

swrafad mzardi dargia da, bunebrivia, saqarTveloSic

is swrafi tempebiT viTardeba. qveynis damoukideblobam

da sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlam Zireulad Secvala

kavSirgabmulobis sistema da misi marTva. moxda kavSir-

gabmulobis sistemis umetes organizaciaTa da obieqtTa

privatizacia, gauqmda kavSirgabmulobis uwyeba (saminist-

ro) da misi “sakoordinacio” funqciebi gadaeca “saqar-

Tvelos komunikaciebis erovnul komisias”, igi warmodge-

nilia komisiis TavmjdomariTa da oTxi wevriT. komisiis

struqturaSi Sedis departamentebi.

dRevandeli saqarTvelos kavSirgabmuloba warmod-

genilia saqarTvelos fostiT, sadeniani eleqtruli kav-

SiriT, fiWuri telefonebiTa da internetiT. CamoTvlil-

Tagan saqarTvelos fosta asprocentiani saxelmwifo sa-

kuTrebaa da misi privatizeba igegmeba uaxloes momaval-

Si. danarCen seqtorSi saxelmwifos wili ar aqvs.

dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi kavSirgabmuloba warmo-

udgenelia mobiluri fiWuri kavSiris gareSe. misi Seqm-

nis istoriuli qronologia aseTia:

• 1946 weli _ aSS-Si,q. sent-luisSi, laboratoriulad daiwyo eqspluatacia avtomobilis mobilurma sate-

lefono momsaxurebam. imave wels ssrk-Si gamosca-

des analogiuri mobiluri telefoni, moqmedebis

arealiT _ 20 km;

• 1947 weli _ aSS-Si Seiqmna 6 ujriani mobiluri satelefono kavSiris principuli sqema. imave wels

moskovSi Seiqmna pirveli mobiluri telefoni, rom-

lis wona iyo 3 kg, moqmedebis radiusi _ 30 km-de,

batareis dautvirTavad muSaobis periodi _ 30 sT-

81

mde. momaval wels moskovSive Seiqmna kompaqturi mo-

biluri telefoni, woniT 0.5 kg.

• 1958 wels _ moskovSi eqspluataciaSi Sevida sauwye-baTaSorisi mobiluri satelefono momsaxureba “al-

tai”.

• 1954 wlidan mobilur kavSirze kvlevebis Catareba daiwyo firma “motorolam”. amave firmam 1976 wels

Cikagos policiisaTvis pirveli racia Seqmna. 1983

wlis 6 marts gayidvaSi pirveli portatuli fiWuri

telefoni kompania “motorolam” gamouSva. mis dam-

zadebaze 100 mln dolari daixarja. aparatis wona

Seadgenda 794 g-s da fasi 3995 dolari iyo.

• 1984 wlisTvis portatuli mobiluri kavSiriT 300 aTasi kaci sargeblobda, 2003 wlisTvis _ 1.2 mlrd,

xolo dReisaTvis funqcionirebadi mobiluri tele-

fonebis ricxvi 3 mlrd-s aWarbebs.

• mobiluri telefoni TandaTan ixveweboda. pirveli feradekraniani telefoni 1997 wels gamovida, xolo

pirveli orbaraTiani mobiluri _ 1999 wels. 2000

wels kompania “Sarfma “telefonSi CaamontaJa cif-

ruli fotoaparati, xolo 2002 wlidan xmarebaSia

e.w. “bluTuziani” aparatebi, romelTac, garda sate-

lefono kavSirisa, mravalnairi funqciis Sesruleba

SeuZliaT.

dReisaTvis mobiluri aparatebi ara mxolod teqni-

kis saswaulia, aramed isini Semosavlis uzarmazari wya-

rocaa.

saqarTveloSi mobiluri kavSiris gamoyeneba da-

iwyo gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan. pirveli aseTi

kompania, romelic uzrunvelyofda kavSirs mxolod Tbi-

lisis maStabiT, iyo “megakomi”. man ganviTareba ver pova.

SemdgomisaTvis ki gamoikveTa “jeoseli” da “magTi”.

saqarTvelos bazarze SedarebiT axali Semosulia kom-

pania “bilaini”. mobiluri kavSiri dReisaTvis TiTqmis

saqarTvelos mTel teritorias faravs. mobiluri tele-

fonebis qselis abonentebis moxmarebis dinamika moce-

mulia nax. 1-Si.

nax. 1nax. 1nax. 1nax. 1.... mobiluri telefonebis moxmarebis dinamikamobiluri telefonebis moxmarebis dinamikamobiluri telefonebis moxmarebis dinamikamobiluri telefonebis moxmarebis dinamika

mobiluri kavSiri sakomunikacio dargis Semosav-

lebis ZiriTadi wyaroa. saerTod ki sakomunikacio dar-

gis Semosavlebi saqarTvelos mTlian Sida produqtSi

daaxloebiT 7%-ia, rac struqturulad cudi maCvenebeli

ar aris. aRniSnulis sailustraciod me-3 cxrilis maCve-

neblebic sakmarisia.

cxrili 3cxrili 3cxrili 3cxrili 3 sakomunikacio Semosavlebis wili mSpsakomunikacio Semosavlebis wili mSpsakomunikacio Semosavlebis wili mSpsakomunikacio Semosavlebis wili mSp----SiSiSiSi15151515

15 monacemebi aRebulia komunikaciebis erovnuli komisiis 2009 wlis

angariSidan.

83

2005200520052005 2006200620062006 2007200720072007 2008200820082008 2009200920092009

sakomunikacio dargis

Semosavlebi. mln lari 703 1001 1113 1299 1250

mSp mln lari 11621 13370 16999 19070 17949

sakomunikacio dargis Semo-

savlebis wili mSp-Si. % 6.0 7.4 6.5 6.8 6.9

mobiluri telefonebis wili eleqtronuli komuni-

kaciebis bazarze mocemulia nax. 2-Si.

nax. nax. nax. nax. 2222.... mobiluri kavSiris Semosavlebis wilimobiluri kavSiris Semosavlebis wilimobiluri kavSiris Semosavlebis wilimobiluri kavSiris Semosavlebis wili

komunikaciebis saerTo SemosavlebSikomunikaciebis saerTo SemosavlebSikomunikaciebis saerTo SemosavlebSikomunikaciebis saerTo SemosavlebSi

saqarTvelos mobiluri kavSiris bazarze arsebuli

kompaniebis xvedriTi wilebi abonentebis ricxvisa da

Semosavlebis mixedviT naCvenebia naxaz 3-ze.

naxnaxnaxnax. 3. 3. 3. 3. mobiluri kompaniebis wili saqarTvelos fiWuri . mobiluri kompaniebis wili saqarTvelos fiWuri . mobiluri kompaniebis wili saqarTvelos fiWuri . mobiluri kompaniebis wili saqarTvelos fiWuri

kavSikavSikavSikavSiris bazarzeris bazarzeris bazarzeris bazarze

saqarTvelos kavSirgabmulobis ZiriTad maCveneb-

lebze, 1990 wlidan moyolebuli, warmodgenas iZleva

oficialuri statistikis monacemebi, romlebic TiTqmis

ucvlelad mogvyavs me-4 cxrilSi. cxrilis monacemebidan

Cans, rom umniSvnelod, magram mainc, drois dinamikaSi

mcirdeba stacionarul satelefono qselSi CarTuli

abonentebis ricxvi rogorc saerTod, aseve binaze dadg-

mulis mixedviT. amasTan, satelefono sadgurebis raode-

noba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda 1990 wlis 1101 erTeulidan

202-mde 2008 wlisaTvis. es gamowveulia lokaluri sate-

lefono sadgurebis gauqmebiT, romlis gamomwvevi Ziri-

Tadi mizezi kolmeurneobebisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis,

aseve msxvili sawarmoebis likvidaciaa. 2001 wlidan ga-

nuwyvetliv izrdeba fiWuri kavSiris abonentTa raode-

noba. cxrili 4cxrili 4cxrili 4cxrili 4

kavSirgabmulobis ZiriTadi maCveneblebikavSirgabmulobis ZiriTadi maCveneblebikavSirgabmulobis ZiriTadi maCveneblebikavSirgabmulobis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi16161616

wlebiwlebiwlebiwlebi satelefono

sadgurebis

satelefono qselSi

CarTuli abonentebis

fiWuri

kavSiris

16

saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti. saqarTvelos statistikuri

weliwdeuli 2009. gv. 217.

nax. a. bazarze mobiluri

kompaniebis wili abonentebis

mixedviT

nax. b. bazarze mobiluri

kompaniebis wili

Semosavlebis mixedviT

85

raodenoba,

erTeuli

raodenoba abonentTa

raodenoba,

aTasi sul,

aTasi

cali

aqedan

binis,

aTasi

1990199019901990 1101 705.5 517.6 -

1995199519951995 737 626.3 512.5 -

2000200020002000 427 572.4 404.6 185.5

2001200120012001 409 582.3 394.0 284.0

2002200220022002 405 584.0 389.4 412.8

2003200320032003 396 588.3 363.8 560.8

2004200420042004 318 532.8 445.1 840.6

2005200520052005 346 544.4 480.8 1174.3

2006200620062006 364 571.7 507.6 1703.9

2007200720072007 221 577.2 500.2 2310.4

2008200820082008 222 576.6 503.5 2795.1

saqarTvelos kavSirgabmulobis seqtorSi warmate-

biT funqcionirebs interneti. aRniSnul bazarze mraval-

ricxovani internet-provaideria. aseve Zalas ikrebs sa-

fosto kavSiris kerZo kompaniebic.

Tkeshelashvili Goderdzi Kiladze Tamar

COMMUNICATION IN GEORGIA

SUMMARY

The history of development of communication in the Georgian state from the earliest times to our epoch is considered in the article.

Corresponding attention is paid to the creation and development of postal service in the time of Russian empire in Tbilisi and Kutaisi provinces.

The development of comunikacation in the 20th century, including electronic and automatic communication both in the cities, and in the villages is analyzed. Also is represented market analysis of mobile communication with the application of corresponding statistical parameters.

revaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvili siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe –––– XXI saukunis udidesi borotebaXXI saukunis udidesi borotebaXXI saukunis udidesi borotebaXXI saukunis udidesi boroteba

siRaribe Tanamedrove epoqis umwvavesi problemaa,

romelic met-naklebi zomiT msoflios yvela qveynisTvi-

saa damaxasiaTebeli. msoflio bankis monacemebiT, amJamad

mlrd-ze meti adamiani (Cveni planetis mosaxleobis

TiTqmis naxevari) dReSi 2 dolarze naklebi SemosavliT

cxovrobs, maT Soris 1,3 mlrd adamians dReSi 1 dolar-

ze naklebi Semosavali aqvs. amasTan, saprognozo monace-

87

mebiT, momavalSi maTi raodenoba ufro swrafad gaizr-

deba.

siRaribe aisaxeba mosaxleobis socialur yofaSi.

amJamad msoflioSi 800 mln-ze meti kaci SimSilobs. maRa-

li Semosavlebis mqone qveynebSi 100-dan mxolod erTi

bavSvi ver aRwevs 5 wlamde asaks, Rarib qveynebSi ki maTi

raodenoba 5-jer metia. pirveli jgufis qveynebSi 5 wlam-

de asakis bavSvebis mxolod 5%, xolo Rarib qveynebSi ki

50%-ze meti bavSvi SimSilobs [7].

siRaribis maCveneblebi msoflios calkeuli regi-

onebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. aRmosavleT aziis qvey-

nebSi igi SedarebiT dabalia da Semcirebis tendenciiT

xasiaTdeba. samxreT afrikis, samxreT aziisa da laTi-

nuri amerikis qveynebSi ki RaribTa raodenoba didia da

zrdis tendencia aqvs.

siRaribis problema uSualo kavSirSia msoflios

calkeuli qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis maC-

veneblebTan. msoflio bankis monacemebiT, msoflios 20

yvelaze mdidari qveynis saSualo Semosavali 37-jer aRe-

mateba 20 uRaribesi qveynis analogiur maCvenebels da

bolo oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze es gansxvaveba gaor-

magda. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan am

mxriv yvelaze gansxvavebuli maCvenebeli hqonda ruseTs

(12,2-jer), slovakeTSi ki igi gansxvavdeboda mxolod 2,6-

jer, ungreTsa da CexeTSi 3,5-jer, poloneTSi 5,1-jer [8].

siRaribe aisaxeba aucilebeli sasursaTo produq-

tebis moxmarebaSi. msoflio mosaxleobis 14% ver moix-

mars aucilebeli sasursaTo produqtebis minimumsac ki.

amasTan, 0,5 mlrd-ze meti adamiani qronikulad SimSi-

lobs, romelTaganc mesamedi bavSvebia. msoflio mosax-

leobis 22%-s ar aqvs sufTa sasmeli wyali, 34% cxov-

robs antisanitariul pirobebSi da daaxloebiT amdenive

– eleqtroenergiis gareSe [7].

saprognozo monacemebiT, 2025 wlisaTvis planetis

mosaxleoba 3 mlrd-iT moimatebs, rac umetesad aziis

kontinentis xarjze moxdeba. amasTan, ufro swrafad

gaizrdeba qalaqis mosaxleoba, romelic am droisaTvis

gasammagdeba. uaxloesi 15 wlis manZilze mosaxleoba rom

uzrunvelyofil iqnes sursaTiT, saWiro iqneba naTesi

farTobebis an mosavlianobis 3-jer gadideba, rac arare-

aluria. praqtikulad, am periodSi mosavlianobis zrda

SesaZlebelia mxolod 50%-iT [7].

siRaribe xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis prostituciis,

Sidsisa da sxva mZime infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrce-

lebisaTvis, politikuri eqstremizmis, saerTaSoriso te-

rorizmisa da sxva uaryofiTi movlenebis aRorZinebisaT-

vis.

siRaribis ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa Soris mniSvne-

lovani adgili ganaTlebasa da jandacvas ganekuTvneba.

msoflioSi 113 mln bavSvi ar dadis skolaSi, romelTa-

gan 2/3 gogonaa. dedamiwis 1 mlrd zrdasruli mosaxle-

oba gaunaTlebelia. umwvavesi problemebi dgas mosaxle-

obis samedicino momsaxurebis sferoSi. am mimarTulebiT

mniSvnelovani programebi aqvs SemuSavebuli msoflio

banks. maTgan aRsaniSnavia “ganaTleba yvelasaTvis’’, ro-

melic iTvaliswinebs 2015 wlisaTvis yvela bavSvis daw-

yebiTi ganaTlebis miRebas. agreTve, xorcieldeba pro-

grama Sidsis, tuberkuliozisa da malariis winaaRmdeg

brZolisaTvis, ramdenadac swored es daavadebebi axdens

damRupvel zemoqmedebas ganaTlebisa da jandacvis siste-

maze da, saerTod, msoflioSi siRaribis donis Semci-

rebaze.

saqarTveloSi siRaribe mTeli simwvaviT gamovlin-

da damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg. Zveli sistemis

ngrevam da reformebis procesebSi daSvebulma Secdomeb-

ma, samoqalaqo omma da eTnokonfliqtebma sakmaod gaamw-

vava qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. 1997 w.

siRaribis donem Seadgina 46,2%, 2000 w. – 51,8%, xolo 2003

89

wels _ 54,3%. momdevno periodSi ki igi Zalze swrafad

mcirdeboda da 2009 wels siRaribis donem (medianuri

moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT) 20% Seadgina, rac Zalze

Sorsaa realobisagan. aseTi mdgomareoba ganpirobebulia

ara qveynis bunebrivi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTare-

biT, aramed statistikuri samsaxuris mier cifrebis ub-

ralo manipulirebiT – saarsebo minimumis donis xelov-

nuri SemcirebiTa da, Sesabamisad, siRaribis donis maC-

veneblebis koreqtirebiT, ris Sesaxebac araerTma swav-

lulma ekonomistma gamoTqva Tavisi protesti [1,2,3,4].

miuxedavad bolo periodSi gatarebuli RonisZi-

ebebisa, qveyanaSi siRaribis realuri done jer kidev

maRalia da, eqspertebis SefasebiT, igi 50%-ze mets Se-

adgens. am saqmeSi cudi roli Seasrula 2008 w. agvistoSi

saqarTveloSi ruseTis agresiam, ramac, ekonomikis ngre-

vasTan erTad, warmoSva ltolvilTa didi nakadebi da

sagrZnoblad gauaresda mosaxleobis ekologiuri da

socialuri pirobebi.

moyvanili msjelobis safuZvelze SeiZleba davask-

vnaT, rom siRaribe, rogorc globalur, ise lokalur

doneze, erT-erTi mwvave socialur-ekonomikuri proble-

maa, romlis dasaZlevad saWiroa axali samuSao adgi-

lebis SeqmniT dasaqmebis zrda da umuSevrobis Semcire-

ba, rac saTanado pirobebs Seqmnis qveynis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareobis

gaumjobesebisa da siRaribis dazzlevisaTvis.


1. gabiZaSvili b., kirvaliZe z.gabiZaSvili b., kirvaliZe z.gabiZaSvili b., kirvaliZe z.gabiZaSvili b., kirvaliZe z. miTi Tu realoba, J.

ekonomika da biznesi. Tbilisi, №2, 2009.

2. gabiZaSvili b.gabiZaSvili b.gabiZaSvili b.gabiZaSvili b. siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi.

Tbilisi, 2006.

3. papava vpapava vpapava vpapava vllll.... nekroekonomikis zombireba. Tbilisi,

2010.

4. WiTanava n. WiTanava n. WiTanava n. WiTanava n. globalizacia da saqarTvelos

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis problemebi.

saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis

Sromebi, t. 8, Tbilisi, 2010.

5. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris

monacemebi.

6. Всемирный банк, годовой отчет 2002. М., 2003. 7. Лучкина Л. Проблемы бедности в странах ЦВЕ и в России. ж.

Мировая экономика и международные отношения. М., №5, 2005. 8. Шишков Ю. Уровень бедности в современном мире, журн.

Мировая экономика и международные отношения. М., №1, 2006.

Javakhishvili Revaz POVERTY – 21st CENTURY’S THE GREATEST HARM

SUMMARY

Poverty is the world’s painful social-economic problem. No-

wadays, more than 800 million people starve, from which 1/3 are children. One of the conditions to spread prostitution, AIDS and other serious infectious disease, as well as political extremism, international terrorism and to develop other negative factors is poverty.

Despite recently implemented measures in Georgia, the level of the real poverty is still remains high. Destruction of the old system, serious problems made during economic reforming process, civil war and Russian aggression aggravated the economic and social situation of the country. The

91

main way to reduce poverty in the country is to increase employment and decrease unemployment levels by attracting investments.

nanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZe siRaribesiRaribesiRaribesiRaribe ganviTarebad qveynebSiganviTarebad qveynebSiganviTarebad qveynebSiganviTarebad qveynebSi

siRaribe SeiZleba kacobriobis ganviTarebis is-

toriis mudmiv Tanamgzavrad CaiTvalos. swored amitom,

qonebrivi diferenciaciis pirobebSi, masTan brZola

warmoebda da axlac warmoebs yvela qveyanaSi, TviT yve-

laze mdidrad aRiarebulSic ki. amis miuxedavad, misi

sruli daZleva jerac ver moxerxda, rac misi sirTu-

lisa da mravalfaqtorulobis maCvenebelia.

siRaribes zrdis, an piriqiT, amcirebs qveynis mier

arCeuli sazogadoebrivi kvlavwarmoebis, sameurneo meqa-

nizmisa da ganviTarebis socialur-ekonomikuri tipi, xo-

lo amJamindel maRal dones ganapirobebs rogorc didi

struqturuli Zvrebi, romelic Tan sdevs Zveli ekono-

mikuri sistemis ngrevasa da axlis mSeneblobas, ise

umuSevroba da mZlavri ekonomikuri krizisi, romelmac

didi xania globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina da romlis daZ-

levis mxolod calkeuli niSnebi Tu SeiniSneba ama Tu

im qveyanaSi.

siRaribe aris normaluri cxovrebisaTvis saWiro

pirobebisa da materialuri Rirebulebebis qronikuli

ukmarisoba, romlis subieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc

calkeuli adamiani, ise socialuri jgufi, qveyana an re-

gioni [1. gv. 4]. siRaribe iwvevs mosaxleobis cxovrebis

xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebis gauaresebas, socialur-

ekonomikuri da genderuli uTanasworobis zrdas, aris

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis muxruWi da socialuri ka-

taklizmebis mizezi. unda iTqvas imazec, rom siRaribe,

raRac ufro metia, vidre arasakmarisi Semosavali, ram-

denadac siRaribis indeqsSi asaxvas ver poulobs Raribi

adamianis daCagrulobis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis umetesoba.

rogorc Cans, adamianuri siRaribis koncefcia bevrad

ufro farTo da yovlismomcvelia da im ekonomikuri,

politikuri da socialuri procesebis Sedegia, romle-

bic urTierTzemoqmedebis Sedegad erTmaneTs aZliereben

da RaribebisaTvis gaWirvebas kidev ufro aRrmaveben.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros, yofil sabWoTa

kavSirSi, termini `siRaribe~, oficialurad arc gamoiye-

neboda, gamomdinare ideologiuri mosazrebidan. iTvle-

boda, rom siRaribe, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobda, arse-

bobda mxolod mosaxleobis SedarebiT naklebad uzrun-

velyofili fenebi, magram maTac ki saarsebo minimumis

uzrunvelmyofeli Semosavlebi hqondaT. mxedvelobaSi ar

miiReboda, rom calkeul problematur periodebSi (ome-

bi, areulobebi, stiqiuri ubedurebebi) mosaxleobis gark-

veuli nawili mZime materialur gaWirvebas ganicdida.

qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenidan ganvlil pe-

riodSi, gansakuTrebiT `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg,

arsebobda qveynisa da sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo

93

bevri pozitiuri gardaqmnis didi molodini. ganvlil

periodSi Zalze bevri rame marTlac gakeTda da rom ar

yofiliyo politikuri Tu ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xel-

SemSleli cnobili garemoebebi, romlebic droSi erTma-

neTs daemTxva, albaT kidev ufro metis gakeTeba iqne-

boda SesaZlebeli. axla ki iseT situaciaSi aRmovCndiT,

rom qveynis winaSe mdgomi, aucileblad gadasaWreli

problemebis ricxvs bevri axali problemac daemata, ro-

melic adre an ar arsebobda, an CvenTvis SeumCneveli iyo.

magaliTad, qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva

da misi aRdgenis aucilebloba da, rac gansakuTrebiT

TvalsaCinoa, siRaribis problema.problema.problema.problema. unda aRiniSnos, rom es

problema, globaluri ekonomikuri krizisisa da buneb-

rivi kataklizmebis gamo, imdenad gamwvavda, rom axla

mTeli msofliosa da yoveli qveynis umTavres sazruna-

vad iqca.

siRaribis maRal dones qveynebis umetesobaSi ga-

napirobebs mosaxleobis Semosavlebis dabali done, umu-

Sevroba, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali tempebi, mwiri

materialuri da Ffinansuri resursebi, mosaxleobis so-

cialuri dacvis naklebefeqtiani meqanizmebi. amdenad, sa-

qarTvelosTvis, iseve, rogorc msoflios sxva, gansakuT-

rebiT ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvisac siRaribis daZleva

iyo da axlac rCeba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes problemad.

siRaribe aris didi socialuri ubedureba, rome-

lic mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils ar aZlevs nor-

maluri cxovrebisa da rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-

vania, normaluri kvebis SesaZleblobas. mdidari adami-

anebisaTvis, romelTac arasdros ganucdiaT materialuri

siduxWire, Znelia imisi aRqma, rom viRacas ara aqvs sak-

vebi, rigiani tansacmeli, janmrTelobis dacvisa da Se-

narCunebis, ganaTlebis miRebisa da dasvenebis SesaZleb-

loba. maTTvis, romelTa umTavresi sazrunavi materi-

alur siuxvesTan dakavSirebuli problemebia, gaugebaria,

rom dedamiwaze mosaxleobis didi nawili mSieria, si-

RatakeSi cxovrobs an saxifaTod uaxlovdeba am zRvars.

amis magaliTad isic sakmarisia, rom msoflioSi 2005

wlis monacemebiT, 2 dolarze naklebs dReSi xarjavda

2598,1 milionze meti adamiani.

siRaribe, raRaca zomiT, yvelgan arsebobs da amas

Tavisi safuZveli gaaCnia, radganac yvela rodia mdidari

ojaxis STamomavali; yvelas rodi aqvs sakmarisi unari,

codna an SesaZlebloba, gamoimuSaos sakmarisi fuli da

uzrunvelyos sakuTari Tavi da ojaxi; zogierTi samu-

Saos ver poulobs, gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri recesiis

pirobebSi. bolos da bolos yvelgan arian Sromis-

uunaroni _ moxucebi, invalidebi, avadmyofebi, romlebic

sxvebis daxmarebis gareSe SimSiliT sikvdilisaTvis ari-

an ganwirulni. ganviTarebis maRal doneze myofi qvey-

nebi, sxvadasxva programebisa da saqvelmoqmedo orga-

nizaciebis daxmarebiT, axerxeben adamianebs Soris arse-

buli qonebrivi uTanabrobis ramdenadme Serbilebas,

aucilebeli saarsebo saSualebebiT mosaxleobis uzrun-

velyofas, Tumca bolomde ara. amis magaliTad Tundac

iseTi umdidresi qveyana gamodgeba, rogoric aSS-ia, rome-

lSic moqmedma metad mravalferovanma socialuri

dazRvevis sistemamac ver SeZlo arsebuli problemis

gadawyveta, ramdenadac siRaribis absoluturi daZlevis

pirobebSic ki, roca adamianebs aqvT arsebobisaTvis

aucilebeli yvela saWiro piroba, nivTi Tu Semosavali,

yovelTvis rCeba SefardebiTi siRaribe.

roca siRaribeze vsaubrobT, upirvelesyovlisa

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ganviTarebadi qveynebi, ramdenadac

am qveynebSi siRaribe imdenad gamokveTili, yovelmxrivi

da masobrivia, rom is adgilobrivi mosaxleobis cxov-

rebis yoveldRiur normad aris gadaqceuli. siRaribes-

Tan brZola rigi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis _ gaero,

msoflio banki, Sso da sxv., moRvaweobis erT-erT Ziri-

Tad mimarTulebas warmoadgens. gaeros iniciativiT, 1997

95

w. daiwyo siRaribesTan brZolis specialuri programis

SemuSaveba. msoflioSi aTaswleulis ganviTarebis 8 Ziri-

Tadi miznidan erT-erTi swored ukiduresi siRaribisa da

SimSilianobis aRmofxvras exeba.

siRaribis daZlevis problemis gadawyvetas yurad-

Reba uZvelesi periodidan eqceoda, misi intensiuri kvle-

va ki XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze daiwyo da dResac

grZeldeba. yovelive aman Tavisi asaxva bevri cnobili

ucxoeli Tu Tanamemamule mecnieris SromebSi pova, gan-

sakuTrebiT bolo periodSi.

siRaribesTan brZolis aucilebloba im ZiriTadi

SedegebidanD gamomdinareobs, romelic Tan sdevs siRari-

bes, kerZod:

_ dehumanizaciadehumanizaciadehumanizaciadehumanizacia, anu tanjva yoveldRiuri SimSili-

sagan, rac adamianebs aiZulebs, gamudmebiT ifiqron

miznis misaRwevad;

_ gaboroteba,gaboroteba,gaboroteba,gaboroteba, anu adamianTa Soris urTierTobebis

gauareseba, gansakuTrebiT ojaxSi da Zaladobisaken misw-

rafeba;

_ sakuTari potencialis realizaciis SeuZlebsakuTari potencialis realizaciis SeuZlebsakuTari potencialis realizaciis SeuZlebsakuTari potencialis realizaciis SeuZleblolololo----

babababa, ramdenadac, mcire ganaTlebis an gaunaTleblobis

gamo, adamianebi moklebulni arian sakuTari unaris gan-

viTarebas da Sromis nayofierebis gazrdis SesaZleb-

lobas. isini uSedegod flangaven sakuTar potencials

da sargebeli ar moaqvT arc sakuTari Tavis da arc

sazogadoebisTvis.

_ Tavisuflebis mkveTri SezRudvaTavisuflebis mkveTri SezRudvaTavisuflebis mkveTri SezRudvaTavisuflebis mkveTri SezRudva, ramdenadac, ga-

darCenisaTvis yoveldRiuri brZola Raribebs arTmevs

drosa da sivrces, sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi

damoukidebeli monawileobisaTvis [3. gv. 118-128]; maT ar

aqvT SesaZlebloba, sazogadoebas gaacnon TavianTi inte-

resebi, ar gaaCniaT sxva arCevani, garda imisa, rom sxvebs

mihyidon sakuTari politikuri uflebebi;

_ ar aqvT piradi Tavisuflebis realizaciis saar aqvT piradi Tavisuflebis realizaciis saar aqvT piradi Tavisuflebis realizaciis saar aqvT piradi Tavisuflebis realizaciis sa----

SualebaSualebaSualebaSualeba, ramdenadac SeuZlebelia individualuri Tavi-

sufleba siRatakis mospobis gareSe;

_ ar aqvT janmrTelobis dacvisa da SenarCunebis ar aqvT janmrTelobis dacvisa da SenarCunebis ar aqvT janmrTelobis dacvisa da SenarCunebis ar aqvT janmrTelobis dacvisa da SenarCunebis

SesaZSesaZSesaZSesaZleblobaleblobaleblobalebloba, rasac adamianebi naadrev sikvdilamde

mihyavs;

_ ar aqvT SesaZlebloba, daicvan TavianTi sakuTar aqvT SesaZlebloba, daicvan TavianTi sakuTar aqvT SesaZlebloba, daicvan TavianTi sakuTar aqvT SesaZlebloba, daicvan TavianTi sakuT----

rebiTi uflebebirebiTi uflebebirebiTi uflebebirebiTi uflebebi. mdidrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Raribebi-

saTvis, iseve, rogorc wvrili mewarmeebisaTvis, bevrad

rTulia kanonebis dacva.

gamoyenebuli lgamoyenebuli lgamoyenebuli lgamoyenebuli literaturaiteraturaiteraturaiteratura

1. abesaZe r. abesaZe r. abesaZe r. abesaZe r. siRaribe da ekonomikuri ganviTareba. p. gu-

guSvilis ekonomikis institutis 65-e wlisTavisadmi

miZRvnili saqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecniero-praq-

tikuli konferenciis krebuli èkonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis tendenciebi~. Tbilisi, 2009.

2. papava vl.papava vl.papava vl.papava vl. siRaribis Semcireba kerZo seqtoris ganvi-

Tarebis gziT: qarTuli sinamdvile da perspeqtivebi~

_ saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis

Sromebi, t. VII, Tbilisi, 2009.

3. lamsdorfi o. g.lamsdorfi o. g.lamsdorfi o. g.lamsdorfi o. g. Tavisufleba – siRaribis saukeTeso

wamali, wignSi, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, V, `refor-

mebi da Tavisufleba~. Tbilisi, 2007.

Arevadze Nanuli

POVERTY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

SUMMARY

97

The article analysis the principle causes of its creation and the probable results following it, the struggle of mankind to overcome it since then ancient times. Undetermined the causes of the complicity and multifactority of the problem. The necessity to continue the struggle against it.

TinaTin CxeiTinaTin CxeiTinaTin CxeiTinaTin CxeiZeZeZeZe siRaribis daZlevis ekologiurisiRaribis daZlevis ekologiurisiRaribis daZlevis ekologiurisiRaribis daZlevis ekologiuri


siRaribe, SimSili, umuSevroba _ ai is problemebi,

romelic dRes msoflios yvela qveyanas awuxebs ganur-

Cevlad imisa, qveyana ganviTarebadia Tu ganviTarebuli.

eqspertTa gaTvlebiT, msoflioSi 800 mln adamiani dReSi

1 aSS dolars ver xarjavs, maSin, rodesac, saerTa-

Soriso kriteriumebiT, RaribTa ricxovnobas gansazRvra-

ven imis mixedviT, Tu Tavisi SemosavlebiT saarsebo moT-

xovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad dReSi saSualod ram-

deni dolaris daxarjvis saSualeba aqvs adamians. Tu

dRiuri danaxarji 2 dolars ar aRemateba, aseTi ada-

miani siRaribis zRvars miRma myofad iTvleba, xolo is

adamiani, romelic Tavisi SemosavliT dReSi 1 dolarze

mets ver xarjavs _ Ratakad. iseT qveyanaSi ki, rogoric

aris aSS, 32 milioni adamiani siRaribis zRvars miRma

cxovrobs. gansakuTrebiT afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis

qveynebi gamoirCeva siRaribiTa da moSimSile mosaxle-

obiT. siRaribe maRalia postsabWoTa qveynebSic, romle-

bic sabazro ekonomikis gzas daadgnen, maT Soris gamo-

naklisi arc saqarTveloa.

dReisaTvis saqarTvelo erT-erT Rarib qveynad rom

iTvleba, amis mizezi is aris, rom qveynis mosaxleobis

50%-ze meti umuSevaria da vinc muSaobs, maTi xelfasi

ver akmayofilebs saarsebo moTxovnebs. qveynis mSp-is

moculobam ver miaRwia 80-iani wlebis maCveneblebsac ki.

nebismieri qveynis mdgrad ekonomikur zrdasa da

ganviTarebas safuZvlad udevs im bunebriv-resursuli

potencialis optimalurad gamoyeneba, romelic gaaCnia

aRniSnul qveyanas. bunebriv resursebs warmoadgens miwa,

wyali, tye, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli da sxva. Tanamedrove

pirobebSi calkeuli qveynisaTvis aRniSnul faqtors ga-

damwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. bunebrivi resursebiT mdi-

dari qveynebi upiratesobiT sargebloben maRalteqno-

logiur, magram bunebrivi resursebiT Raribi qveynebis

winaSe. saerTod, bunebrivi resursebis gareSe SeuZle-

belia araTu ekonomikis ganviTareba, aramed arsebobac

ki.

bunebrivi resursebidan Cven ganvixilavT ekonomi-

kuri ganviTarebis iseT fuZemdeblur da universalur

faqtors, rogoric aris miwa. miwas, rogorc warmoebis

ZiriTad saSualebas, kacobrioba Tavisi arsebobis Sesa-

narCuneblad iyenebs. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis pro-

cesi uSualod dakavSirebulia miwasTan. mosavlis miRe-

bis mizniT adamiani uZvelesi droidan amuSavebs miwas,

àkulturebs~ mas da qmnis ekonomikur nayofierebas. mi-

wis mosavlianoba damokidebulia niadagis nayofierebaze.

niadagi qveynis, eris simdidrea, akademikos v. v. doku-

Caevis TqmiT, niadagi ufro Zvirfasia, vidre wiaRiseuli,

qvanaxSiri, oqroc ki. adamians SeuZlia iarsebos oqros

gareSe, niadagis gareSe ki ver iarsebebs.

miwis daufaseblobas mivyavarT soflis meurne-

obaSi miwis farTobebis Semcirebisaken, Tu isini mwyob-

ridan gamova (eroziis, damlaSebis da aS. gamo), sama-

99

giero farTobebis yidva an importi SeuZlebelia, amitom

aucilebelia degradirebuli niadagebis rekultivacia

da aRdgena, maTi isev warmoebaSi CarTva, raTa maTi da-

muSavebiT miviRoT adamianisaTvis saWiro sakvebi, radgan,

rogorc avRniSneT, planetaze sicocxlis gasagrZeleb-

lad aucilebelia sakvebi, sakvebi produqtebis wyaros ki

veluri buneba da soflis meurneoba warmoadgens. deda-

miwaze sakvebad vargisi mcenareebis 80 aTasi saxeobidan

soflis meurneobaSi gamoiyeneba 30, aqedan mxolod 4

kultura _ xorbali, brinji, simindi, kartofili iZleva

ufro met sasursaTo produqts, vidre yvela erTad

aRebuli.

saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamen-

tis 2006 wlis monacemebis mixedviT irkveva, rom Zi-

riTadi saxis sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoeba

mosaxleobis erT sulze wliTiwlobiT mcirdeba (ix.

cxr. 1). magaliTad, Tu xorblis raodenoba erT sul mo-

saxleze 1999 wels iwarmoeboda 51kg, 2006 wels igi

Semcirda 16 kg-mde. Sesabamisad Semcirda simindis war-

moeba (110kg _ 49kg), kartofilis (100kg _ 38kg), bostne-

ulis (94kg _ 41kg) da a.S., rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom sa-

qarTvelos mosaxleoba SimSilobs. fiziologiur moT-

xovnilebebs igi adgilobrivi samamulo warmoebis sak-

vebze saSualod 50%-Tac ki ver ikmayofilebs.

mosaxleobis zrdasa da sasursaTo uzrunvelyofas

Soris winaaRmdegoba gansakuTrebiT kargad vlindeba,

rodesac vexebiT miwis resursebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs.

maSin, rodesac, erTi mxriv, mosaxleobis sursaTze moT-

xovnilebis zrda sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwe-

bis zrdas moiTxovs, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo mcirdeba

nayofieri miwebi, rogorc xarisxobrivi, aseve raodenob-

rivi TvalsazrisiT (ix. cxr. 2). dadgenilia, rom mimdi-

nareobs niadagis dehuminizaciis procesi, romelic sa-

soflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis nayofierebis da-

cemisa da xarisxobrivad dabal kategoriebSi gadayvanis

mizezia, aseve aRiniSneba didZali sasoflo-sameurneo da-

niSnulebis miwebis arasasoflo sameurneo daniSnule-

bisamebr gamoyeneba (mSeneblobebis, qalaqebisa da dasax-

lebuli punqtebis, navTobsadenebis farTobebis gazrdisa

da sxva saqmianobisaTvis). aseve sayuradReboa, rom sof-

lis meurneobis 2006 wlis statistikuri krebulis mixed-

viT, 2006 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo

daniSnulebis saxnavi miwebis 40% daumuSavebelia (ix.

cxr. 3), risi Sedegic aris qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze

warmoebuli sakvebi produqciis Semcireba.


ZiriTadi saxis sasofloZiriTadi saxis sasofloZiriTadi saxis sasofloZiriTadi saxis sasoflo----sameurneo prosameurneo prosameurneo prosameurneo produqtebis duqtebis duqtebis duqtebis

warmoeba mosaxleobis erT sulze (kg)warmoeba mosaxleobis erT sulze (kg)warmoeba mosaxleobis erT sulze (kg)warmoeba mosaxleobis erT sulze (kg)

wyaro:wyaro:wyaro:wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti, 2006.

wlebi

produqtebi

1999199919991999

2000200020002000

2001200120012001

2002200220022002

2003200320032003

2004200420042004

2005200520052005

2006200620062006

xorbali 51 20 70 46 52 43 44 16

simindi 110 67 66 92 106 95 98 49

kartofili 100 69 96 96 98 97 101 38

bostneuli 94 80 91 93 99 93 102 41

xili 67 57 46 40 60 37 62 35

yurZeni 50 48 34 21 46 42 58 37

xorci 23 25 23 25 25 25 26 23

rZe 157 146 166 173 176 181 184 163

kvercxi 88 82 94 94 105 115 118 82

101

1990 wlidan qveyanaSi saSualod kvebis produq-

tebis moxmareba mkveTrad Semcirda. arc erTi maCvenebeli

ar akmayofilebs kvebis mecnierulad dasabuTebul fizi-

ologiur normebs. maSin, rodesac Catarebuli samecniero

kvleviTi muSaobis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom qveyanaSi

arsebobs sakmao sasursaTo potenciali, romlis reali-

zacia damokidebulia adgilobrivi niadagur-klimaturi

pirobebis racionalurad gamoyenebisa da agraruli po-

litikis swor mizanmimarTul gatarebaze, rac, samwuxa-

rod, dReisaTvis arasrulyofilad aris gamoyenebuli.

saqarTveloSi sagrZnoblad SezRudulma agrosamrewvelo

produqciis warmoebam da mosaxleobis msyidvelobiT-

unarianobis daqveiTebam, rasac emateba masiuri umuSev-

roba, iseTi negatiuri movlena gamoiwvia, rogoricaa

sakvebi produqtebis moxmarebis mniSvnelovani daqveiTeba

da racionis higienur-fiziologiuri normebis dauc-

veloba. aqedan gamomdinare, samamulo sasursaTo pro-

duqciis warmoebis mkveTrad Semcirebam importiT misi

Canacvleba gamoiwvia, ris Sedegadac sasursaTo bazris

50%-ze meti importulma saeWvo xarisxisa da warmomav-

lobis produqciam daikava. arasrulfasovnad ikvebeba

(vitaminebis, cilebis, iodis da sxv. nakleboba) mosax-

leobis umetesi nawili, rasac mivyavarT Sromisunariano-

bis dacemamde. siRaribe, arasakmarisi kveba da avadmyo-

fobaTa urTierTzegavlena qmnis Caketil wres, rac,

saubedurod, momaval Taobebs gadaecemaT (sqema 1).

siRaribis daZlevis erT-erT saSualebad migvaCnia

qveynis bunebriv-resursuli potencialis, kerZod, miwis

racionalurad gamoyeneba, romelic dafuZnebuli unda

iyos mecnierul ekonomikur-ekologiur kvlevebze. ni-

adagis nayofierebas Tu am TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT,

vnaxavT, rom niadagis nayofierebis aRdgenis an gaum-

jobesebis mizniT Catarebuli mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi,

xSir SemTxvevaSi, ekologiuri faqtorebis gauTvalis-

wineblad tardeba. amis saukeTeso magaliTia aralis

zRvis katastrofis SemTxveva.

sqemasqemasqemasqema 1111

siRaribis donis Semcirebis da moSimSile mosax-

leobis dapurebis aucilebloba moiTxovs, sasursaTo

produqciis gazrdis mizniT, gaizardos niadagis nayo-

fiereba da farTobis erTeulze produqciis mosavli-

anoba, risTvisac saWiroa niadagis ekologiuri da kli-

maturi pirobebis Rrma codna, radganac yoveli zonis,

yoveli tipis niadagi moiTxovs konkretul midgomas da

specifikuri agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebis gatarebas. ro-

desac ar aris mxedvelobaSi miRebuli niadagis fizi-

kur-qimiuri Sedgeniloba da ekologiuri moTxovnebi, sa-

surveli Sedegi ver miiReba, piriqiT, SeiZleba adamianis

uxeSi CareviT dairRves garemos ekologiuri balansi.

siRaribe

arasakma-

risi

kveba

bavSvTa

maRali

sikvdili-

anoba

organizmis

avadmyofob-

isadmi

winaaRmde-

gobis gau-

wevloba

uRonoba swavlis

unaris

daqveiTeba

sicocx-

lis

xangrZl-

ivobis

Semci-

reba

Sromis

unaris

daqvei-

Teba

103

maRalproduqtiuli miwaTmoqmedeba mowodebulia

imisaTvis, rom dadebiTad gadawydes sasursaTo programa.

likvidirebul iqnes siRaribe da umuSevroba. saqarTve-

los miwaTmoqmedebis dRevandeli mdgomareoba ar pasu-

xobs mis SesaZleblobebs, mTeli rigi saxnavi miwis far-

Tobebi daumuSavebelia, xolo rac damuSavebelia, dabal-

mosavliania, risTvisac saWiroa mecnieruli midgoma.

saxnavi farTobebis gadidebasa da degradirebuli niada-

gebis rekultivaciaze araviTari statistikuri monace-

mebi ar arsebobs.


sasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflo----sameurneo kulturebissameurneo kulturebissameurneo kulturebissameurneo kulturebis naTesi farTobebinaTesi farTobebinaTesi farTobebinaTesi farTobebi (sakuTrebis yve(sakuTrebis yve(sakuTrebis yve(sakuTrebis yvela formis meurneobebSi aTasi ha)la formis meurneobebSi aTasi ha)la formis meurneobebSi aTasi ha)la formis meurneobebSi aTasi ha)

wlebi 2002200220022002 2003200320032003 2004200420042004 2005200520052005 2006200620062006 2007200720072007 2008200820082008

naTesi

farTobi

sul

577.0

561.7

534.0

539.6

330.2

297.2

329.8

xorbali 139.1

117.3

104.8

97.4

58.7

45.4

48.6

Mmemcenareobis produqtebis warmoeba

(aTasi tona )

xorbali

199.7

225.4

185.8

190.1

69.7

74.9

80.3

simindi 400.1 461.9 410.6 421.3 217.4 295.8 328.2

sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavlianoba

(centneri 1 heqtridan)

xorbali

17.0

19.3

18.2

19.9

12.4

16.7

16.8

simindi 20.5 24.2 22.0 21.8 18.4 24.1 22.9

Oojaxuri meurneobebis wili memcenareobis

P produqciis warmoebebSi (%)

xorbali 91 88 89 96 81 86 86

wyaro.wyaro.wyaro.wyaro. statistikuri weliwdeuli, 2009.


sasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflo----sameurneo savargulebis gamoyenebasameurneo savargulebis gamoyenebasameurneo savargulebis gamoyenebasameurneo savargulebis gamoyeneba

sul sas. sam.

savarguli

maT Soris daumuSa-vebeli

damuSa-vebuli

saZovari Mmravalwliani

nargavebi

wlebi

wlebi

wlebi

wlebi

2006

2007

2008

2006

2007

2008

2006

2007

2008

2006

2007

2008

2006

2007

2008

sul

sul

sul

sul

865

854

838

132

166

130

330

297

329

287

247

264

116

114

115

wyaro.wyaro.wyaro.wyaro. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba, 2008.

amJamad Seqmnil situaciaSi ekonomikuri zrda da

aqedan gamomdinare siRaribis daZleva SesaZlebelia mxo-

lod bunebrivi resursebis zeeqspluataciiT, eqsten-

siuri bunebaTtevadteqnologiebis ganviTarebiT, rac

uaxloes momavalSi xels Seuwyobs àntimdgradi ganvi-

Tarebis~ tendencias. amitom ekonomikuri zrdisa da

progresis maCveneblebSi saWiroa Setanil iqnes ekolo-

giuri koreqtirebi. saWiroa gavzardoT bunebis `konku-

rentunarianoba~ teqnogenuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

dros.

msoflio bankisa da ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier

SemoTavazebulia, rom ZiriTad ekonomikur gaangariSebeb-

Si CairTos ekologiuri faqtoris maCvenebleblebi, rac

aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia.

simindi 96 97 97 99 99 99 99

105

gamoyenebuli literaturgamoyenebuli literaturgamoyenebuli literaturgamoyenebuli literaturaaaaAAAA

1. papavapapavapapavapapava vvvvllll.... siRaribis Semcireba kerZo seqtoris ganvi-

Tarebis gziT. qarTuli sinamdvile da perspeqtivebi.

saq. ek. mecnierebaTa akademia, Sromebi, t. VII, 2009, gv.

276.

2. lipartia z., jRarkava n. lipartia z., jRarkava n. lipartia z., jRarkava n. lipartia z., jRarkava n. saqarTveloSi siRaribis

daZlevis perspeqtivebi Tanamedrove etapze. p. guguS-

vilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero konferenci-

is masalebi, 2010.

3. CxeiZe T.CxeiZe T.CxeiZe T.CxeiZe T. umuSevrobis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTve-

loSi. p. guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis SromaTa

krebuli, t. II, 2009.

Chkheidze Tinatin ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POVERTY

OVERCOMING

SUMMARY

Poverty – hunger – unemployment – these are the problems that warry all countries of the world. A present Georgia is considered as one a poor country; This is caused by the fact that more than 50% of the population is unemployed. One of the means to overcome the unemployment is a rational use of natural resource potential of the country, particularly of land. Today a significant part of arable lands is uncultivated that is unadmissible.

lina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvili meabreSumeobismeabreSumeobismeabreSumeobismeabreSumeobis ganviTarebisganviTarebisganviTarebisganviTarebis zogierTizogierTizogierTizogierTi

aspeqtiaspeqtiaspeqtiaspeqti saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi

meabreSumeoba saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis

erT-erTi uZvelesi da tradiciuli dargia. abreSumis Wi-

isagan miRebuli parki iZleva Zvirfas naturalur ned-

leuls – abreSumis Zafs, romlisganac damzadebuli qso-

vili gamoirCeva higienurobiT, sifaqiziT, simtkiciTa da

gamZleobiT. abreSumis Zafi eleqtrobisa da siTbos cudi

gamtaria, ris gamo igi farTod gamoiyeneba eleqtro da

radioteqnikaSi, kavSirgabmulobaSi da sxva. dReisaTvis

dargi savalalo mdgomareobaSia. arada didia meabreSu-

meobis rogorc socialuri, ise ekonomikuri mniSvneloba.

abreSumis Wiis gamokveba da parkis miReba mokle

periods _ 28-31 dRes moicavs.

qveyanaSi meabreSumeobis aRmavlobisTvis gansakuT-

rebuli mniSvneloba aqvs meTuTeobis ganviTarebas, ram-

denadac TuTis foToli warmoadgens abreSumis Wiis

erTaderT sakvebs. TuTa siTbosmoyvaruli, dekoratiuli

da nayofis momcemi mravalwliani nargavia.

abreSumis Wiis gamosakvebad gansakuTrebuli mni-

Svneloba aqvs TuTis iseTi jiSebisa da hibridebis

gaSenebas, romelTa foToli maRali kvebiTi Rirebule-

biT gamoirCeva, rac gamoixateba TuTis foTlis zomaSi,

foTlis simsubuqesa da nestis xangrZlivad Senaxvis

unarSi.

`TuTa sxvaTa enaa, qarTulad mas Jola hqvian da

xarTuTas-tuta~, aseTia sulxan-saba orbelianis mier Tu-

Tis ganmarteba. saqarTvelos dasavleT regionebSi am

kulturas dResac Jolas, bJolas eZaxian, samegreloSi

jamps, kaxeTSi ki unayofo TuTis Zirs an tots furcels

eZaxian.

107

saqarTveloSi abreSumis Wiis Teslis (grenis) Se-

motanas V saukunes, mefe vaxtang gorgaslis saxels

ukavSireben. meabreSumeobis ganviTarebisa da abreSumis

nawarmiT vaWrobaSi garkveuli adgilis dasakaveblad sa-

qarTveloSi mxolod abreSumis grenis Semotana ar iyo

sakmarisi, aucilebeli iyo abreSumis Wiis sakvebi bazis,

TuTis kulturis arsebobac. ramdenadac istoriuli wya-

roebi saqarTveloSi meabreSumeobis ganviTarebis garkve-

ul doneze uZvelesi droidan miuTiTeben, TuTis kultu-

ris arsebobac ufro adrindel periods Tu ara, V sau-

kunes mainc unda ganekuTvnebodes.

meabreSumeobis dargis mkvlevrebis (a. dekandoli,

rondo, mukerjni, v. tixomirovi, n. Savrovi, d. rosinski)

azriT, TuTis abreSumxvevias winapris samSoblo aziaSi,

himalais aRmosavleT nawilSi unda veZeboT, rom TuTis

xis veluri saxeoba ufro metad aris gavrcelebuli Ci-

neTSi, iaponiasa da indoeTSi, Semdeg kavkasiaSi, TurqeT-

sa da Sua aziis qveynebSi [4,5]. amgvarad, TuTis kulturis

samSoblo subtropikuli qveynebis regionebia, saidanac

igi msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gavrcelda, iq, sadac

am nargavis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli bunebri-

vi pirobebi arsebobs.

saqarTveloSi TuTis nargavebi TiTqmis yvelgan

gvxvdeba, im adgilebSic ki, sadac sxva saxis xexili ar

xarobs.

XIX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi memce-

nareobis sxva dargebTan erTad meTuTeoba – rogorc ab-

reSumis Wiis sakvebi baza – TandaTanobiT viTardeboda.

TuTis xis plantaciebs intensiurad aSenebdnen rogorc

aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos regionebSi.

imdenad didi iyo am kulturis meurneobrivi

mniSvneloba, rom saqarTveloSi yma-glexTa naturaluri

begaris nusxaSi TuTis mokrefili foTlebic Sedioda.

TuTis foTols umetesad memamuleebi hyiddnen, romleb-

sac am dargis ganviTarebiT Semosavlis axali wyaro

gauCndaT. 1840-1865 wlebSi qveyanaSi meabreSumeobis aRmav-

lobis Sedegad gaZvirda TuTis xis nergebi, amitom sa-

nerge meurneobis Seqmna da funqcionireba swrafad gaxda

savaWro miwaTmoqmedebis yvelaze momgebiani dargi. mTeli

mosaxleoba masiurad CaerTo abreSumis parkis warmo-

ebasa da TuTis nargavTa gaSenebis saqmeSi, radgan me-

abreSumeoba did Semosavals iZleoda [1].

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi amier-

kavkasiis meabreSumeobis raionebs abreSumis Wiis daava-

deba – pebrini moedo, romelmac gaanadgura rogorc

Semotanili, ise adgilobrivi grenac. am faqtis gamo jer

Semcirda, xolo Semdeg Sewyda TuTis foTolze moTxov-

na, ramac uaryofiTad imoqmeda TuTis plantaciebisa da

erTeuli nargavebis gaSenebaze. imis gamo, rom TuTis

foTlis realizacia aRar warmoebda, saqarTveloSi da-

iwyes TuTis nargavTa gakafva da mis adgilze sxva saxis

xexilis gaSeneba. cnobilia, rom kriziss gamococxleba

da Semdeg aRmavloba mosdevs. 90-iani wlebidan qveyanaSi

ukve farTod gaCaRda abreSumis Wiis gamosakvebad TuTis

foTliT vaWroba.

rogorc soflis meurneobis sxva dargebi, meabre-

Sumeobac (meTuTeobasTan erTad) 1900-1913 wlebSi gark-

veul aRmavlobas, xolo pirveli msoflio omisa da mom-

devno periodSi ganviTarebis Seferxebas ganicdida.

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis 70-wlian pe-

riodSi meabreSumeobis dargi, maT Soris abreSumis Wiis

sakvebi baza – meTuTeobac ganviTarebis myar safuZvelze

dadga.

axlad Camoyalibebulma meabreSumeobis trestma

TuTis plantaciebis axali sanergeebi Seqmna imereTis,

guriisa da samegrelos regionebSi (samtredia, Terjola,

ozurgeTi, banZa, zugdidi), aseve aWarisa (qobuleTi) da

kaxeTis regionSi (Telavi, lagodexi), romelTa aqtiuri

109

saqmianobiT qveynis meabreSumeobis raionebi yovelwli-

urad maRali xarisxis TuTis sanerge masalas iRebdnen.

meore msoflio omma mZime dartyma miayena qveynis

mTel saxalxo meurneobas, maT Soris meTuTeobasac. Tu-

Tis xeebis udidesi nawili araswori eqspluataciiT da

cudi movlis Sedegad gaxma da amoiZirkva. am procesma

TuTis foTlis mosavlianobis Semcireba da, Sesabamisad,

meabreSumeobis dargis ganviTarebis Seferxeba gamoiwvia.

aucilebeli gaxda mTavrobas garkveuli RonisZieba ga-

etarebina dargis aRdgenis mimarTulebiT. 1947 wels mTav-

robis mier miRebul dadgenilebaSi _ òmis Semdgom peri-

odSi soflis meurneobis amaRlebis RonisZiebebis Se-

saxeb~ _ xazgasmuli iyo, rom meabreSumeobis ganviTare-

bisaTvis ZiriTad pirobas warmoadgens: abreSumis Wiis

sakvebi bazis saswrafo aRdgena da gafarToeba, nar-

gavebis movlis gaumjobeseba, plantaciebSi meCxerianobis

likvidacia da TuTis maRalmosavliani jiSebis farTo

danergva.

qarTveli seleqcionerebis mier adre gamoyvanil

maRalmosavlian TuTis jiSebsa da hibridebs, rogoricaa

saqarTvelo, quTaTuri, adreuli, hibridi – TbilniiS-7,

emateboda TuTis axali jiSebi da hibridebi: TbilniiS-2,

gruzniiS-4, gruzniiS-5. TuTis nergebis axali jiSebis da

hibridebis gamoyvanis procesi aqtiurad viTardeboda da

70-iani wlebis bolos qarTvelma seleqcionerebma gamoiy-

vanes TuTis xis axalis jiSebi: qarTli, iveria, diRmuri,

uxvi da samgoruli.

sakiTxis Seswavlam gviCvena, rom gasuli saukunis

70-ian wlebSi TuTis xis nargavTa ZiriTadi nawili

(plantaciebis saxiT) sazogadoebrivi meurneobis, kerZod,

kolmeurneobebis farTobebze iyo gavrcelebuli, mcire

nawili erTeuli nargavebis saxiT kolmeurneTa da sab-

WoTa meurneobebSi dasaqmebul muSakTa pirad damxmare

meurneobebSi iyo warmodgenili. am periodSi TuTis

plantaciebis saerTo raodenobis 76,6% gaadgilebuli

iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos regionebSi: imereTi, guria,

samegrelo, aWaris ar., xolo 23,4% kaxeTis regionze mo-

dioda.

saqarTveloSi 1967 wels eqspluataciaSi gadace-

muli TuTis plantaciebis odenobam 4,6 aTasi ha Seadgina,

magram 1975 wels maTi raodenoba 3,8-jer Semcirda. aseve

mkveTrad Semcirebis tendencia SeiniSneboda eqspluata-

ciaSi gadacemuli TuTis erTeuli nargaobis mxrivac.

TuTis nargavTa aseTi mkveTri Semcireba TuTis jiSiani

nargavebis virusulma, mikroplazmurma daavadebam –

`wvrilfoTola xuWuWianobam~ gamoiwvia, romelic pirve-

lad swored dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi

jer kidev 1964 wels SeniSnes.

meTuTeobaSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba mTavrobis yu-

radRebis sagani gaxda, ris gamoc jer 1967 wlis 21 Te-

bervals iqna miRebuli dadgenileba `TuTis nargavTa

daavadebis winaaRmdeg RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb~ da 1970

wlis 18 seqtembers _ dadgenileba `meabreSumeobis sakve-

bi bazis aRdgenis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb~. aRniSnuli

dadgenilebebis Sesabamisad meTuTeobaSi gatarda rigi

RonisZiebebi, saxeldobr, Seswavlili da dadgenili iqna

TuTis daavadebis `wvrilfoTola xuWuWianobis~ virusu-

li buneba, gamoavlines WiWinobelas saxe, romelsac ga-

daaqvs daavadeba. qarTveli seleqcionerebis mier iqna

SerCeuli daavadebis mimarT SedarebiT gamZle TuTis 8

jiSi: iveria, quTaTuri, TbilniiS-2, TbilniiS-4, oSima, ne-

zumigaesi da mcxeTuri.

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi saqarT-

veloSi ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi aRar funqci-

onirebs msubuqi mrewvelobis obieqtebi – abreSumsaqsovi

fabrikebi. sabazro ekonomikis ZiriTadi pirobis `moT-

xovnis~ ararsebobis gamo `miwodebac~ Sesabamisad ar

aris. swored moTxovna-miwodebis deficiti ganapirobebs

dReisaTvis meabreSumeobaSi (meTuTeobaSi) arsebul mdgo-

111

mareobas. dargSi arsebuli mdgomareoba sxva mizeziTac

aris ganpirobebuli. saTbobi resursebis nakleboba xels

uwyobs mosaxleobis mier TuTis nargavebis masiur ga-

Cexvas. TuTis nargavTa aseTi mkveTri Semcirebis erT-erT

mizezad am kulturis mikroplazmuri daavadebac gvev-

lineba, romelic bolo wlebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

regionebSic gaCnda da garkveuli ziani miayena am dargs.

moumzadeblad Catarebulma miwis privatizaciam da

arasworad ganxorcielebulma miwis ganawilebam aTaso-

biT TuTis nargavi Seiwira da gaanadgura. darCenil

TuTis plantaciebSi maRalia meCxerianobis done.

abreSumis Wiis sakvebi bazis ganmtkicebis mizniT

aucileblad migvaCnia:

• qveynis regionebSi droulad Catardes arsebuli TuTis erTeuli nargavebisa da plantaciebis farTobis

zusti inventarizacia, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gaWirdeba

rogorc gamosakvebad saWiro Wiis raodenobis gansazRv-

ra, ise mTlianad dargis – meabreSumeobis ganviTarebis

SesaZlo parametrebis gaTvla perspeqtivaSi.

• meabreSumeobis (meTuTeobis) reabilitaciisaTvis saWiro investorebis mozidva da dargSi investiciebis

Cadeba, aseve miznobrivi kreditis gamoyofa, rac saqarT-

velos mTavrobisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis

mxridan didi daxmareba iqneba dargis mimarT.

• abreSumis Wiis sakvebi bazis ganmtkicebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces TuTis sxva-

dasxva jiSis warmoebaSi danergvas. qarTveli seleqci-

onerebi, dargis ganviTarebis mizniT, aucileblad Tvli-

an TuTis rekomendebuli mravali jiSisa da adgilob-

rivi formebis warmoebaSi danergvas iaponuri warmo-

Sobis introducirebuli TuTis jiSebsa da formebTan

erTad. esenia adgilobrivi-1 da adgilobrivi-2, romlebic

xasiaTdeba virusuli daavadebebisadmi gamZleobiT, foT-

lis damakmayofilebeli mosavlianobiT, varjSi totebis

Tanabrad ganawilebisa da regeneraciis maRali unariT.

specialistebis azriT, aRniSnuli Tvisebebis gamo, auci-

lebelia es jiSebi daraiondes dasavleT saqarTvelos

meabreSumeobis ZiriTad regionebSi [3].

• saqarTveloSi abreSumis Wiis sakvebi bazis ganmt-kicebis mizniT mewyersaSiS zonaSi tyis masivebis gana-

SenebisaTvis (sxva jiSebTan erTad) gansakuTrebuli yu-

radReba unda mieqces TuTis maRaltaniani, daavadebi-

sadmi gamZle nargavebis gaSenebas. garda imisa, rom TuTa

warmoadgens abreSumis Wiis erTaderT sakvebs, sxva mniSv-

nelovan sameurneo funqciasac asrulebs. TuTis xis kar-

gad ganviTarebuli fesvTa sistema xels uSlis niadagis

wylismier da qarismier erozias da amcirebs zvavsa-

SiSroebas [2].

Tavisi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobiT qveyanaSi meabre-

Sumeobis gamococxleba da dargis Semdgomi ganviTareba

dReisaTvis soflis mosaxleobis ekonomikuri sidux-

Wiris Serbilebis TvalsazrisiT did mniSvnelobas iZens,

ramdenadac saqarTvelo Tavisi klimaturi pirobebiT, mo-

saxleobaSi arsebuli abreSumis parkis warmoebis tradi-

ciebiT, saWiro muSaxeliT, sakvebiT, abreSumis parkis

pirveladi gadamuSavebisTvis saWiro materialuri baziT

da sxva saSualebebiT, srulad akmayofilebs dargis re-

abilitaciisaTvis saWiro moTxovnebs.


1. guguSvili p.guguSvili p.guguSvili p.guguSvili p. saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekono-

mikuri ganviTareba XIX-XX ss., Tbilisi, t. 3, 1958.

2. daTunaSvili l., CxeiZe T., asaTiani z.daTunaSvili l., CxeiZe T., asaTiani z.daTunaSvili l., CxeiZe T., asaTiani z.daTunaSvili l., CxeiZe T., asaTiani z. meabreSumeobis

reabilitaciis gzebi regional WrilSi. mcire da sa-

Sualo biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi regione-

113

bis agrosamrewvelo seqtorSi. baTumi, gamomcemloba

àWara~, 2007.

3. nikoleiSvili g., asaTiani z.nikoleiSvili g., asaTiani z.nikoleiSvili g., asaTiani z.nikoleiSvili g., asaTiani z. da sxvebi. agraruli mec-

nierebis problemebi. samecniero SromaTa krebuli

XXVIII. Tblisi, 2004.

4. Росинский Д. Исторический ход и современное шелководство на земном шаре. Москва, 1908.

5. Шавров Н. Добывание, обработка и условия сбыта шелка в Австро-Венгрии, Италии, Франции. СПБ, Москва, 1890.

Datunashvili Lina SOME ASPECTS OF SILKWORM FODDER

IN GEORGIA

SUMMARY The studies historical aspect of mulberry development as a base for

silkworm fodder. Is analyzed current situation of the branch and the attention is focused on current problems of mulberry growing.

Are given some conclusions and are offered propositions to favor first the reanimation and then the development of mulberry growing in Georgia regions especially in Adjara region that is very important for the further restoration of sericulture in Georgia.

iza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauri Tamar TaflaZeTamar TaflaZeTamar TaflaZeTamar TaflaZe

saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobsaqarTvelos konkurentunarianobsaqarTvelos konkurentunarianobsaqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis is is is aaaamaRlebamaRlebamaRlebamaRleba, , , ,

rogorcrogorcrogorcrogorc umuSevrobis donis SemcirebisumuSevrobis donis SemcirebisumuSevrobis donis SemcirebisumuSevrobis donis Semcirebis

erTerTerTerT----erTi erTi erTi erTi faqtorifaqtorifaqtorifaqtori

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianoba _

mdgomareoba, problemebi da specifikuri Taviseburebebi

_ Semdegi garemoebebiTaa ganpirobebuli [1, 2]: 1) xelsay-

reli geografiuli mdebareoba Cvens qveyanas SesaZleb-

lobas aZlevs, iyos azia-evropis satransporto derefani,

ganaviTaros turizmi, gaaumjobesos infrastruqtura da

am gziT Seqmnas samuSao adgilebi da miiRos Semosavali;

2) saqarTvelo arainovaciuri qveynebis jgufs ganekuTv-

neba. igi upiratesad orientirebulia xelsayrel geogra-

fiul mdebareobasa da bunebriv resursebze, gansxvavebiT

inovaciuri qveynebisagan, romelTaTvisac prioritetulia

maRali teqnologiebi; 3) saqarTvelo gamoirCeva ekonomi-

kuri Tavisuflebis Zalian maRali maCvenebliT. Cveni

kvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, SevCerdebiT Tavisuflebis

maCvenebelze mxolod SromiT urTierTobebSi. Tavisuf-

lebis maCvenebeli am sferoSi 99,9%-is tolia da qveyanac

Sesabamisad pirvel adgilzea; 4) 2007 wlis monacemebiT,

saqarTveloSi mogebis gadasaxadi dabalia gardamavali

ekonomikis qveynebTan SedarebiTac da ganviTarebul qvey-

nebTan SedarebiTac (magaliTisTvis, aSS-Si mogebis gada-

saxadis ganakveTi tolia 35%-is, safrangeTSi _ 33,8%-is,

did britaneTSi, TurqeTsa da yazaxeTSi _ 30%-is, iranSi

_ 25%-is, ruseTsa da belorusSi 24%-is, azerbaijanSi _

22%-is, estoneTsa da gaerTianebul emiratebSi 0%-is); 5)

Cvens qveyanaSi erT sulze gaangariSebiT mSp 2000 larze

naklebia.

qveynebis saerTaSoriso reitingi, garda zemoT Ca-

moTvlilisa, mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli mis te-

ritoriaze warmoebuli saqonelisa da momsaxurebis kon-

kurentunarianobaze sagareo bazarze. saqarTvelos glo-

balur SefardebiT upiratesobasTan dakavSirebiT, auci-

lebelia iTqvas Semdegi: saqarTvelos obieqturi mizeze-

biT gamowveuli eqsport-importis arasasurveli struq-

tura aqvs sagareo vaWrobis balansis mzardi deficitis

pirobebSi. importis moculobasa da struqturas gan-

sazRvravs arsebuli ekonomikuri, socialuri da politi-

kuri viTareba. moxmarebul mSp-Si importi didi xvedriTi

wilis maCvenebliT aris warmodgenili da struqtu-

115

rulad erTjeradi moxmarebis saqonlisagan Sedgeba. rac

Seexeba eqsports, gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, sagareo

ekonomikuri reformis dawyebisTanave, daiwyo aqtiuri

muSaoba eqsportis struqturis gaumjobesebasTan dakav-

SirebiT. magram yvelaferi damTavrda cnobili politi-

kuri movlenebiT. damoukidebel qveynebSi daiSala eko-

nomikuri sistemebi. importma SeiZina saxelmwifo mniSvne-

loba. aman ki moiTxova eqsportis sanedleulo struq-

turis SenarCuneba. amasTan, deficiturma samomxmareblo

bazarma da momxmarebelTa dabalma Semosavlebma arse-

bul struqturaSi, kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli importis

struqturisa da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gauaresebas.

saqarTveloSi neli tempiT viTardeba realuri seq-

tori. es ki ganapirobebs samomxmareblo importis saned-

leulo eqsportiT Canacvlebis aucileblobas. sanedle-

ulo eqsporti da samomxmareblo importi ki yvelaze

arasasurveli wyvilia saqarTvelosTana qveyanaSi, qveya-

naSi, romelmac miznad daisaxa evro-atlantikur struq-

turebSi integracia da aqtiurad muSaobs, daimkvidros

Rirseuli adgili saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis

msoflioSi aRiarebuli kriteriumebis Sesabamisad.

saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc sxva nebismier qveya-

naSi, saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianoba (ekonomikur

zrdaSi, mikro da makroekonomikur garemoSi, ekonomikur

TavisuflebaSi, sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sfe-

roSi da sxv.) kompleqsuri maCvenebelia da misi TiToeu-

li komponenti aqtiurad zemoqmedebs rogorc umuSevro-

bis, ise dasaqmebis donis maCvenebelze. amjerad yuradRe-

bas SevaCerebT mxolod umuSevrobis donis maCvenebelze.

amJamindel, postkomunistur saqarTveloSi adgili

aqvs rogorc ciklur, ise friqciul da struqturul

umuSevrobas. mokled mimovixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

ekonomikuri krizisis dros sawarmoebi masiurad

wyveten funqcionirebas, swrafi tempiT ecema ekonomikuri

zrdis maCvenebeli, katastrofulad mcirdeba samuSao ad-

gilebis ricxvi, momuSaveTa umetesoba rCeba samsaxurisa

da Semosavlis gareSe. Cndeba umuSevrobis forma _ cik-

luri umuSevroba. cikluri umuSevrobis masStabebi da-

mokidebulia ekonomikuri krizisis simwvaveze.

saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri krizisi daiwyo jer ki-

dev sabWoTa periodSi. pirveli antikrizisuli nabijebic

im periodSi gadaidga. daigegma sagareo ekonomikuri re-

forma. farTo sazogadoebis gansjis sagani gaxda eqspor-

tisa da importis arasasurveli struqtura. sanedleulo

eqsports da farTo moxmarebis saqonlis imports speci-

alistebi adgilobrivi warmoebis saqonlis dabal xa-

risxsa da konkurentuunarobas ukavSirebdnen. mogviane-

biT, ukve postsabWoTa qveynebSi saqonlis konkurentuuna-

robas daemata ekonomikuri kavSirebis rRveviT gamow-

veuli sawarmoTa qmeduunaroba. kidev ufro mogvianebiT

gaCnda e.w. ’’sabazro ekonomikis’’ idea, romelic iTva-

liswinebda sawarmoo orientaciis ekonomikidan sabazro

ekonomikaze ’’naxtoms’’, gasaRebis orientaciis ekonomikis

gverdis avliT. saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganlagebuli

sawarmoebis qmeduunaroba, maT mier warmoebuli saqon-

lis uxarisxobisa da konkurentuunarobis aJitireba, sa-

bazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis ideasTan erTad, qveyanaSi

ekonomikuri krizisis gaRrmavebis seriozuli mizezi

gaxda [3].

ekonomikuri kavSirebis axal sistemaze gadasvlis

warumatebel politikas Sedegad mohyva umuSevarTa ra-

odenobis katastrofuli zrda. Tanac es xdeba maSin, ro-

ca qveyanaSi cnobili iyo mxolod sruli dasaqmebis mo-

deli, dasaqmebulTa da maTi ojaxebis Semosavlebis er-

TaderT wyaros xelfasi warmoadgenda, dasaqmebulTa wi-

naSe pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda saxelmwifos, saxelm-

wifo sakuTrebis garda ar arsebobda sxva forma, farTo

sazogadoebisTvis informaciis donezec ki ucnobi iyo

Sromis bazari da dasaqmebis sabazro modeli.

117

postkomunistur saqarTveloSi friqciuli umuSev-

robisTvis seriozuli mizezebi arsebobda da arsebobs

amJamadac. gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi sawarmoebis

qmeduunarobas Sedegad mohyva umuSevrobis masStaburi

procesis dawyeba. samsaxuris gareSe darCenilebis xe-

laxlad dasaqmeba moiTxovda axali sawarmoebis dafuZ-

nebas, ukve arsebulis modernizacias, umuSevarTa pro-

fesiul momzadebas an gadamzadebas. Tu gaviTvaliswi-

nebT, rom masobriv umuSevrobasTan erTad axali sawar-

moebis aSeneba, Zvelebis modernizacia da specialistTa

momzadeba da gadamzadeba dros moiTxovs, SeiZleba da-

vaskvnaT, rom postkomunistur saqarTveloSi friqciuli

umuSevroba seriozul problemas warmoadgens. umuSevro-

biT gamowveul stress kidev ufro amZafrebs socializ-

midan gadmoyolili mentaliteti.

avtorebis didi nawili struqturuli umuSevrobis

magaliTad asaxeleben kompiuterebis masobrivad danerg-

vis Sedegad mbeWdavebis profesiis gauqmebas da maT

umuSevrad darCenas. igive moxda saqarTveloSic, Tanac

arcTu ise didi xnis win, ufro zustad ki postsabWoTa

periodSi. mbeWdav-memanqaneebis garda, struqturuli umu-

Sevroba SeexoT buRaltrebsac bass sistemaze gadasvlis

gamo. arasaWiro profesia gaxda ’’milicieli’’, maTi adgi-

li warmatebiT daikaves policielebma da patrulis Ta-

namSromlebma. umuSevrobis problema gansakuTrebuli

simwvaviT Seexo sabWoTa periodis partiuli nomenklatu-

ris muSakebsa da mTavrobis Cinovnikebs.

Cvens xelT arsebuli statistikis mixedviT, 2003-

2005 wlebSi umuSevarTa ricxvi gaizarda, 2004 wels _

21,7 aTasi kaciT (9%-iT) wina welTan SedarebiT, 2005

wels ki _ 21,7 aTasi kaciT (8%-iT) 2004 welTan, anu wina

welTan SedarebiT da 43,4 aTasi kaciT (18%-iT) 2003 wel-

Tan SedarebiT. umuSevarTa raodenobis 8-9%-iani zrda ar

aris kargi maCvenebeli, uaresi ki is aris, rom umuSe-

varTa ricxvi izrdeba mSp-s zrdis paralelurad.

statistika paradoqsulia. qveyanaSi izrdeba mSp

umuSevrobis zrdisa da dasaqmebis Semcirebis parale-

lurad. ekonomikis am umniSvnelovanesi maCveneblebis

cvlilebis tendenciebs Soris Tanafardobis darRveva

ukavSirdeba xelisuflebis cvlilebas da axali xeli-

suflebis mier ganxorcielebul reformebs samarTal-

damcav struqturebsa da saministroebSi. KkerZod, moxda

mTeli rigi saministroebis gaerTianeba, ’’Zveli’’ kadrebis

masiurad daTxovna da SemdgomSi konkursebis gziT maTi

Canacvleba axlebiT. arsebuli kadrebis daTxovniT da-

iwyo da warmatebiT ganxorcielda policiis reformac.

yovelgvari gadaWarbebisa da damatebiTi mtkicebu-

lebebis gareSe SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ekonomikur

zrdasa da ekonomikur Tavisuflebaze orientirebuli sa-

erTaSoriso konkurentunarianoba nebismier arainovaciur

qveyanaSi, m.S. saqarTveloSic umuSevrobis donis Sem-

cirebis xelSemwyob faqtors warmoadgens.


1. abesaZe r., burduli v.abesaZe r., burduli v.abesaZe r., burduli v.abesaZe r., burduli v. inovaciuri ganviTarebis gzebi

globalizaciis pirobebSi. paata guguSvilis ekonomi-

kis institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli. t. 1,

Tbilisi, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ga-

momcemloba, 2008.

2. naTelauri i.naTelauri i.naTelauri i.naTelauri i. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso konkurent-

unarianoba (msoflio ekonomikuri forumis Sefaseba).

saqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecniero-praqtikuli kon-

ferenciis masalebis krebuli: èkonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis tendenciebi Tanamedrove etapze’’. Tbilisi, pa-

ata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba,

2009.

119

3. naTelauri i., TaflaZe TnaTelauri i., TaflaZe TnaTelauri i., TaflaZe TnaTelauri i., TaflaZe T. saqarTvelos eqsporti da

qveynis saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianoba. paata gu-

guSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero Sromebis

krebuli. t.1, Tbilisi, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.

Natelauri Iza

Tapladze Tamar THE COMPETITIVENESS RISE OF GEORGIA AS AN

ONE OF THIS FACTOR OF UNEMPLOYMENT LEVEL DECREASE

SUMMARY

There is evaluated an unemployment level of post-communist

Georgia according to the requirements of the increase of the country’s international competitiveness.

zurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvili soflad siRaribis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvis soflad siRaribis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvis soflad siRaribis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvis soflad siRaribis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvis

filipe gogiCaiSvili samarTlianad aRniSnavda,

rom “eri ver ganviTardeba da ver aRorZindeba, Tu udi-

desi nawili am erisa mudam siRaribeSi iRrCoba da

moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mxriv TavisTvis ada-

mianuri cxovreba ver Seuqmnia... misi interesebis uaryofa

mTeli eris uaryofasa da ganwirvas niSnavs” [1, gv. 29-30].

saqarTvelosaTvis, iseve, rogorc mravali ganviTa-

rebadi Tu ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis, siRaribis daZ-

leva rCeba erT-erT umwvaves problemad. siRaribis Te-

oriuli da meTodologiuri sakiTxebis kvlevis mimarTu-

lebiT qveyanaSi dagrovda garkveuli gamocdileba, Tum-

ca, samwuxarod, saTanado yuradReba ar eTmoboda sof-

lad siRaribisa da siRatakis realuri mdgomareobis, sa-

soflo Sinameurneobebis siRaribis problemis kvlevebs;

jerovnad ar aris Seswavlili soflad siRaribis dad-

genis rigi meTodologiuri sakiTxebi, gamomwvevi mize-

zebi da daZlevis strategiuli gzebi da sxv.

unda aRiniSnos, rom sasoflo Sinameurneobebis

xelSemwyobi samTavrobo politika ar iyo Tanmimdevru-

li, is, arcTu iSviaTad, ufro populisturi datvirTvis

mqone RonisZiebebs emyareboda. soflebis mcire nawili-

saTvis traqtoris gadacema, sasuqisa Tu dizelis sawva-

vis mcire partiebis Cuqeba, bunebrivia, ver moaxdenda

sasoflo Sinameurneobebis da mTlianad soflis siRari-

bis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas.

saqarTveloSi soflad mTeli mosaxleobis 47%-ze

meti cxovrobs (2009), aq saqmianobs daaxloebiT 795 aTasi

ojaxuri Sinameurneoba da 1000-mde sasoflo-sameurneo

sawarmo. 2004 wlis monacemebiT, siRaribis done qalaqis

mosaxleobaSi Seadgenda 50,3%-s, xolo soflad _ 53,7%-s.

2008 wels soflad medianuri moxmarebis 60%-ze dabali

moxmareba hqonda Sinameurneobebis 26,2%, xolo 40%-ze

dabali hqonda 11,9%; amave dros, qalaqis Sesabamisi maC-

veneblebi Seadgenda _ 18 da 7%-s [2, gv. 17; 3, gv. 17; 4, gv.

17; 5, gv. 13,17,57,58].

arsebiTi gansxvavebani qalaqisa da soflis mosax-

leobis (Sinameurneobebis) mTlian Semosavlebsa da mox-

marebis doneebs, maT struqturebs Soris, ganapirobebs,

qalaqTan SedarebiT soflad siRaribis ufro maRal do-

nes, aseve siRaribis met siRrmesa da siRaribis met simw-

vaves.

sasoflo Sinameurneobebis mwarmoebeli resursebi

damokidebulia maT zomebze, maT mier gamoyenebuli sa-

vargulebis odenobasa da struqturaze, pirutyvis raode-

nobaze, saWiro teqnikis flobasa Tu misi sargeblobis

SesaZleblobaze, misi wevrebis finansur mdgomareobaze,

meurneobis gaZRolis saTanado codnasa da gamocdi-

121

lebaze. Sinameurneobebi gansxvavdebian ara mxolod maT

sargeblobaSi myofi miwis raodenobisa da xarisxis mi-

xedviT, aramed misi wevrebis sasoflo-sameurneo Tu ara-

sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi CarTulobiT, TavianTi

droisa da codnis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebiT, Semo-

savlebis sididisa da struqturis mixedviT.

soflad siRaribis mniSvnelovan mizezs mciremi-

wiani Sinameurneobebis maRali xvedriTi wona warmoad-

gens. 2004 wlis sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris monacemebiT,

sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis mqone Sinameurneobebis 43,2%-

s hqonda 0,5 ha-ze naklebi; 0,5-0,99 ha miwa hqonda meur-

neobebis 32%-s, e.i. 1 ha-ze naklebi hqonda meurneobebis

75,2%-s; 1-1,99 ha-mde hqonda mxolod meurneobebis 18,3%-s;

2-2,99 ha _ 3%-s da 3-4 ha hqonda Sinameurneobebis 1,4%-s.

amasTan, meurneobebis mcire zomis farTobebi danawevre-

bulia, nakveTebi gabneulia da mniSvnelovnadaa erT-

maneTs dacilebuli. aRweris monacemebiT, erTnakveTiani

meurneobebi Seadgenda mTeli meurenobebis 33,9%-s, 2-3

nakveTiani iyo meurneobaTa 48,8%; 4-5 nakveTiani meurneoba

iyo 13% meurneobebisa da 6-9 nakveTiani iyo 3,9% meur-

neobebisa [6, gv. 51-54,87]. mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia sasoflo

sameurneo aRwerebis, savargulebis ganawilebis, Sina-

meurneobaTa zomebis dadgenis, nakveTebis fragmentiza-

ciis cvlilebebis, saTanado sistematuri statistikuri

kvlevebis ganxorcielebis gagrZeleba, rac unda daedos

safuZvlad soflad siRaribis daZlevisa da saTanado

agraruli politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebas.

calkeul decilur jgufebSi, garkveuli pozi-

tiuri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos sasoflo

SinameurneobebSi, qalaqis Sesabamis maCveneblebTan Seda-

rebiT, siRaribisa da siRatakis uaresi mdgomareobaa.

Raribi, upiratesad mcire da saSualo zomis Sinameur-

neobebi, mniSvnelovanwilad arian orientirebulebi sa-

kuTar saWiroebaTa dakmayofilebaze, mTlianad warmo-

ebul produqciaSi metad mcire adgili ukavia bazarze

orientirebul produqcias, Sedegad maT aqvT metad mcire

fuladi Semosavlebi, maT praqtikulad ar aqvT kreditis

aRebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikisa Tu axali teq-

nologiis danergvis saSualeba.

TeoriaSi ganixilaven Semosavlebis diferenciaci-

is optimalur da zRvrul doneebs, gamoyofen oTx mo-

dels: zepolaruls, zomierad polaruls, zomiersa da

egalitaruls (arasabazros). zepolaruli modelisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia Semosavlebis diferenciaciis iseTi

done, rodesac ukiduresad decilur jgufebs Soris gan-

sxvaveba Seadgens 20-30 : 1-Tan [7, gv. 75]. saqarvelos Sina-

meurneobebis decilur jgufebSi Sesavlebis mixedviT

ganawilebis 2008 wlis monacemebiT, gansxvaveba uki-

duresi deciluri jgufebis SemosavlebSi Seadgenda 27:1-

Tan [5, gv. 63], rac aSkarad gviCvenebs zepolaruli mo-

delis arsebobas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom 2004 wels Seicvala siRaribis

zRvris gaangariSebis meTodika, kerZod, Seicvala saarse-

bo minimumis kalaTaSi gasaTvaliswinebeli produqtebis

Semadgenloba, Semcirda Sromisunariani mamakacisaTvis

saSualo dRiuri kaloriulobis rekomendebuli maCvene-

beli (2700-dan 2300 kkaloriamde), gasaSualoebul fasebze

gadaangariSebiTa da SevaWrebis koeficientze (0,865) gam-

ravlebiT aseve mcirdeba sasursaTo kalaTis saboloo

Rirebuleba, ris Sedegad siRaribis zRvars miRma myofi

mosaxleobis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad klebulobs. Semd-

gom (2006), Seicvala siRaribis donis gansazRvris krite-

riumic, kerZod, siRaribis absoluturi da SefardebiTi

zRvrebis dadgenis saarsebo minimumis maCvenebels Ca-

enacvla medianuri moxmarebis maCvenebeli. statistikis

saxelmwifo samsaxuris mier ganxorcielebuli siRaribis

donis gaangariSebis rigi meTodikuri cvlilebani da

siRaribis absoluturi da SefardebiTi zRvrebis dad-

genis kriteriumis cvlileba, aseve saarsebo minimumis

123

maCvenebelis Canacvleba medianuri moxmarebis maCveneb-

liT, garkveulad arTulebs siRaribis donis, siRrmisa

da simwvavis maCveneblebis Sesadarisobas, ar iZleva di-

namikaSi cvlilebebis swori analizis SesaZleblobas.

2003 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo “ekono-

mikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa”.

amPprogramis Seqmna, qveynis ganviTarebis politikuri da

makroekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, udavod mniSvnelovani

iyo, Tumca, vfiqrobT, igi saTanadod ar moicavda sasof-

lo Sinameurneobebis, mTlianad soflis siRaribis sa-

kiTxebs, masSi ar iyo saTanadod ganxiluli agraruli

seqtoris ganviTarebis realisturi gzebi da maTi mni-

Svneloba soflis mosaxleobis siRaribis daZlevaSi.

imisaTvis, rom saqarTveloSi soflad siRaribe sasoflo

Sinameurneobebis ganviTarebis gziT Semcirdes, aucilebe-

lia RonisZiebaTa dagegmvisas srulad iyos gaTvalis-

winebuli Rarib da Ratak SinameurneobaTa problemebi da

maTi mdgradi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi.

sasoflo Sinameurneobebis siRaribis Semcireba Zi-

riTadad unda miiRweodes maTi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis,

Sinameurneobebis produqtiulobis, sasaqonlo warmoebis

gadidebis, ojaxur SinameurneobebSi realurad TviTda-

saqmebulTa matebis da maTi wevrebis sxva sferobSi dama-

tebiT dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis gafarToebiT. metad

Rarib da Ratak SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebi unda izr-

debodes ufro swrafad, vidre saSualo Semosavlebi, rac

miiRweva mcire da saSualo zomis Sinameurneobebis gan-

viTarebis gziT.

sasoflo SinameurneobaTa ganviTarebisa da sof-

lad siRaribis daZlevis umTavresi gzebia: soflis meur-

neobis industrializacia, warmoebis specializacia da

optimaluri koncentracia. ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli

koncentracia qmnis warmoebis specializaciis pirobebs,

xolo, Tavis mxriv, meurneobebis specializacia xels

uwyobs maTi optimalurad koncentraciis, warmoebis

masStabebis zrdis process. SinameurneobaTa optimaluri

zomebi unda ganapirobebdes miwis, materialur-teqnikuri

saSualebebisa da samuSao Zalis racionalur gamoyene-

bas.

saxelmwifo politikam, erTi mxriv, xeli unda

Seuwyos efeqturi kulturebis da jiSebis, axali teqno-

logiebis danergvasa da gavrcelebas, SinameurneobaTa

mosavlianobisa da produqtiulobis gadidebas, meore

mxriv, man unda astimuliros Sinameurneobebis gaerTi-

aneba, sxvadasxvagvari mwarmoebeli, mommaragebeli Tu

gamsaRebeli kooperativebis, gaerTianebebis warmoqmna da

ganviTareba, xolo mesame mxriv _ saTanado proeqtebiTa

da kreditebiT, soflad unda ganaviTaros sxvadasxva

teqnikuri saSualebebiT momsaxurebis ganmaxorcielebe-

li centrebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen Sinameurneobe-

bis saTanado momsaxurebas.

Ggamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literatura

AAAA

1. gogiCaiSvili f.gogiCaiSvili f.gogiCaiSvili f.gogiCaiSvili f. xelosnoba saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi,

Tsu, 1976.

2. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba,saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba,saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba,saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba, statistikuri kre-

buli 2007, statistikis departamenti. Tbilisi, 2008.

3. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba.saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba.saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba.saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba. statistikuri publi-

kacia 2008, statistikis departamenti, Tbilisi, 2009.

4. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba.saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba.saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba.saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba. statistikuri publi-

kacia 2009, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsa-

xuri, Tbilisi, 2010.

5. saqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelos Sinameurneobebi,s Sinameurneobebi,s Sinameurneobebi,s Sinameurneobebi, statistikuri publi-

kacia 2008, statistikis departamenti, Tbilisi, 2009.

6. saqarTvelos 2004 wlis sasoflo-sameurneo aRwera. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis statistikis

departamenti, Tbilisi, 2005.

125

7. asaTianiasaTianiasaTianiasaTiani r.r.r.r. “axali socialuri sakiTxi da siRaribis

winaaRmdeg brZola”, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri akade-

miis Sromebi, t. II, Tbilisi, “siaxle”, 2001.

8. papavapapavapapavapapava vvvvl.l.l.l. siRaribis Semcireba kerZo seqtoris

ganviTarebis gziT: qarTuli sinamdvile da

perspeqtivebi, Sromebi _ 7, saqarTvelos ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa akademia, “siaxle”, Tbilisi, 2009.

Revishvili Zurab

ON THE ISSUE OF RESEARCH OF RURAL POVERTY

SUMMARY

The article focuses attention on the importance of research of some

methodological issues of rural poverty. It analyzes the causes of the rural poverty of Georgia and the ways how to overcome it.

nana bibilaSvilinana bibilaSvilinana bibilaSvilinana bibilaSvili dasaqmebis saxelmwifo regulirebis ZiriTadi dasaqmebis saxelmwifo regulirebis ZiriTadi dasaqmebis saxelmwifo regulirebis ZiriTadi dasaqmebis saxelmwifo regulirebis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebi postkomunistur qveynebSimimarTulebebi postkomunistur qveynebSimimarTulebebi postkomunistur qveynebSimimarTulebebi postkomunistur qveynebSi

postkomunisturi qveynebis, da, maT Soris, saqarT-

velos ekonomikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba dasaqmebisa da Sromis bazris sa-

xelmwifo regulirebis sakiTxebis Seswavlas. es ukanask-

neli warmoadgens postkomunisturi qveynis, kerZod, sa-

qarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri sferos funqcionire-

bis normalizaciis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors.

am qveynebis mosaxleobis dasaqmebis sferoebSi bo-

lo aTwleulSi Seiqmna sruliad axali situaciebi: Sro-

miTi resursebis Tavisufali wesiT daqiravebisa da daT-

xovnis safuZvelze xdeba dasaqmebis axali modelebis

formireba; SromiTi resursebis gamoyenebis sferoSi vi-

Tardeba sabazro urTierTobebi; adgili aqvs umuSevro-

bis donis zrdis tendencias; arsebiTad izrdeba mosax-

leobis sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufebis

diferenciacia da sxva [5,6,7,8].

amgvarad, bunebrivia, sabazro urTierTobebze ga-

dasvlis procesebma postkomunistur qveynebSi gamoiwvia

dasaqmebis transformacia da Seqmna principulad axali

situaciebi maTi Sromis bazrebis formirebis sferoebSi.

am qveynebSi, amJamad arsebuli mwvave socialur-ekonomi-

kuri krizisis pirobebSi, gaCnda Sromis siWarbe da sxva-

dasxva saxeobis umuSevroba.

127

aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveynebSi mimdinare reformebma

gamoiwvia SromiTi resursebis stiqiuri gadanawileba,

romlisTvisac ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia TviTdasaqme-

bulebis, formalurad an komerciul seqtorSi dasaqmebu-

lebisa da umuSevrebis odenobis gazrda ekonomikurad

aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mudmiv SemcirebasTan

erTad.

cvlilebebi (gadanawilebiTi procesebi dargobriv,

profesiul-kvalificiuri dasaqmebis struqturaSi, dasaq-

mebis axali formebis SemoReba, umuSevrobis donis zrda

da sxva), romlebic dReisaTvis mimdinareobs zemoT nax-

senebi qveynebis dasaqmebis sferoebSi, xasiaTdeba ara-

erTgvarovnebiT, didi sirTuliTa da winaaRmdegobebiT.

amitom, bunebrivia, warmoiqmna Sromis bazrisa da dasaq-

mebis procesTa regulirebis sakiTxebisadmi diferen-

cirebuli midgomis da maTi regulirebisaTvis saWiro

ufro efeqtiani formebisa da meTodebis SemuSavebis

aucilebloba.

cnobilia, rom saxelmwifo politikisadmi konkre-

tuli midgomis gansazRvra dasaqmebis sferoSi iTvalis-

winebs Sromis bazarze Tavmoyrili tendenciebis kvlevas,

maTi formirebis mizezTa analizs, agreTve, Zalze mwvave

da damangreveli umuSevrobis formebis gamovlenas [7,8,5].

postkomunistur sivrceSi myofi qveynebis Sromis

bazrebze amJamad Seqmnil tendenciebs axasiaTebs im pir-

Ta (adamianTa) ricxovnobis mniSvnelovani zrda, romleb-

sac xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ar gaaCniaT samuSao.

es ki, bunebrivia, iwvevs amgvari kategoriis umuSevrebis

xvedriTi wilis gazrdas umuSevrebis saerTo raodeno-

baSi.

aseTi tendenciis Seqmnis ZiriTad safuZvels war-

moadgens ekonomikuri, demografiuli da socialuri faq-

torebis urTierTzemoqmedebis procesebi. swored isini

gansazRvraven Sesaswavli qveynebis umuSevarTa struq-

turaSi amJamad ganxorcielebad negatiur Zvrebs, romle-

bic, rogorc wesi, mimarTulia socialurad daucveli

jgufebisaken.

aRniSnuli kategoriis iZulebiT dausaqmeblebis

raodenobis zrdas, rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs ra maTi

Sromis procesSi xelaxali CarTvisaTvis saWiro unarisa

da kvalifikaciis daqveiTeba, bunebrivia, didia aseT pi-

robebSi samuSaos Zebnis saSualo drois gazrdis alba-

Toba. es, ra Tqma unda, iwvevs negatiur Sedegebs rogorc

samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciis daqveiTebis, aseve pirov-

nebis ganviTarebis saerTo mimarTulebiT. aRniSnulidan

cxadia, rom amJamad, postkomunisturi qveynebis sinamdvi-

leSi warmoiqmna dasaqmebis politikis umuSevrobis

mudmivad cvlad struqturasTan Seguebis aucilebloba.

aseT situaciebSi, imisaTvis, rom moxdes pirobebis

gaumjobeseba Sromis bazarze da sazogadoebis yvelaze

daucveli fenebis gadarCena, Cveni azriT, aucilebelia,

ganxorcieldes saxelmwifos mizanmimarTuli Careva da-

saqmebisa da Sromis bazris sferoebSi.

am qveynebis dasaqmebis sferoebis saxelmwifo re-

gulirebisaTvis saWiro ZiriTadi RonisZiebebi SeiZleba

dajgufdes Semdegnairad: 1. maTi gamoyenebis Sedegad mo-

salodneli droiTi efeqtebis Sinaarsis mixedviT _ mok-

le, saSualo da xangrZlivvadiani RonisZiebebi; 2. Sromis

bazris procesebze zemoqmedebis mixedviT _ pirdapiri da

iribi (anu arapirdapiri) RonisZiebebi; 3. Sromis bazris

garkveul mxareebze zemoqmedebis mixedviT _ SromiTi re-

sursebis miwodebis, SromiT resursebze moTxovnisa da

xelfasis regulirebisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebi; 4. do-

neebis mixedviT _ mikro da makrodoneebis maregulire-

beli RonisZiebebi.

aRniSnulidan cxadia, rom CamoTvlil jgufebSi

Semavali RonisZiebebis erTi nawili dasaregulirebel

obieqtze axdens pirdapir, xolo meore _ ki arapirdapir

zegavlenas.

129

pirdpirdpirdpirdapiri zegavlenis RonisZiebebsapiri zegavlenis RonisZiebebsapiri zegavlenis RonisZiebebsapiri zegavlenis RonisZiebebs miekuTvneba

samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis, ganaTlebis sferos, profe-

siuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis programebi, cvli-

lebebi Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi, regionuli politikis

sferoSi Catarebuli RonisZiebebi da sxva.

iribi zegaviribi zegaviribi zegaviribi zegavlenis RonisZiebebslenis RonisZiebebslenis RonisZiebebslenis RonisZiebebs miekuTvneba fulad-

sakredito da sagadasaxado politika, mewarmeebis subsi-

direba, samuSaoze mowyobili umuSevrebis warmoebrivi

momzadeba-gadamzadebisa da sxva ekonomikuri xasiaTis

RonisZiebebi.

postkomunistur qveynebSi, Tanamedrove pirobebSi,

mosaxleobis dasaqmebis saxelmwifo regulirebis siste-

mis SemuSavebis dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda

mieqces dasaqmebis procesebsa da Sromis bazarze arse-

bul situaciaze ara marto pirdapiri, aramed iribi eko-

nomikuri zegavlenis RonisZiebebis gaTvaliswinebas. es

gamowveulia imgvari formebisa da meTodebis kompleq-

suri da prioritetuli gamoyenebis aucileblobiT, rom-

lebic, dRevandel pirobebSi, iZleva saWiro Sedegis

miRebis saSualebas. praqtika cxadyofs, rom rac ufro

operatiul da xanmokle xasiaTs atarebs dasaqmebis esa

Tu is problema, miT ufro didia maTi pirdapiri zegav-

lenis RonisZiebebiT mogvarebis albaToba.

maSasadame, postkomunisturi qveynebis ganviTarebis

dRevandel pirobebSi aucilebelia, rom maTi Sromis baz-

rebisa da mosaxleobis dasaqmebis saxelmwifo reguli-

rebis sistemebi Seesabamebodes sabazro urTierTobebze

gardamavali ekonomikis Tanamedrove moTxovnebs da sak-

maod efeqtianad funqcionirebdes federalur, dargobriv

da regionul doneebze. am sistemebma unda uzrunvelyos

rogorc xanmokle periodis amsaxveli amocanebis, aseve

saSualo da grZelvadiani droiTi faqtorebis amsaxveli

problemebis gadaWra.

postkomunisturi qveynebis, kerZod saqarTvelos

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dRevandeli viTare-

bidan gamomdinare [1], dasaqmebis regulirebis sadasaqmebis regulirebis sadasaqmebis regulirebis sadasaqmebis regulirebis saxelmxelmxelmxelmwiwiwiwi----

fo politikisfo politikisfo politikisfo politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebsZiriTad mimarTulebebsZiriTad mimarTulebebsZiriTad mimarTulebebs unda warmoadgen-

des:

_ dasaqmebis ganviTarebisa da gafarToebisaTvis

saWiro pirobebis Seqmna ekonomikis alternatiul da ara-

saxelmwifoebriv seqtorebSi;

_ saxelmwifo seqtoris dasaqmebis donis varireba

qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da misi struqturuli

gardaqmnis faqtorebisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad;

_ muSakTa gamoTavisuflebis procesTa marTva, sa-

warmoebis likvidaciis, sanaciisa da reorganizaciis, ag-

reTve samuSaodan daTxovnilTa socialuri dacvis Ro-

nisZiebebis urTierTSerwymis gziT;

_ kadrebis profesiuli momzadebis iseTi sistemis

Seqmna, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneba sabazro urTier-

TobebTan da gaiTvaliswinebs postkomunisturi ekono-

mikis specifikas;

_ Sromisunariani mosaxleobis profesiuli mobi-

lurobis uzrunvelyofa, umuSevar moqalaqeTa da dausaq-

mebeli mosaxleobis profesiuli momzadebis masStabebis

gafarToebisa da efeqtianobis amaRlebis, agreTve samu-

Saodan gamoTavisuflebuli muSakebis winmswrebi momza-

debisa da gadamzadebis procesTa organizaciisa da gan-

xorcielebis gziT;

_ umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis uzrunvelyofa

saxelmwifos ganviTarebis yovel etapze miRebuli garan-

tiebisa da normativebis Sesabamisad.

dReisaTvis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs

dasaqmebis axali organizaciuli struqturebis Seqmnis,

misi regulirebisaTvis saWiro meTodebisa da saSualebe-

bis SerCevis, saxelmwifo da kerZo iniciativebis Tana-

fardobis, agreTve am dargis centralizaciisa da de-

centralizaciis problemebi.

131

aRsaniSnavia, rom Sromis bazris marTva (rogorc

dasaqmebaze moqmedi RonisZiebebis organizebuli sistema)

unda warmoadgendes saqarTveloSi mimdinare radikaluri

ekonomikuri reformebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTu-

lebas.

dRevandel pirobebSi aucilebelia, saqarTveloSi

SemuSavdes iseT gadaudebel RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, ro-

melic xels Seuwyobs situaciis Secvlas Sromis bazar-

ze. am dros, ZiriTad princips unda warmoadgendes sim-

Zimis centris gadatana pasiuridan (magaliTad, umuSevar-

Ta daxmarebebis gacema) ufro aqtiur RonisZiebebze, rom-

lebic Seqmnis umuSevrobis warmoSobisa da misi masiuri

gavrcelebis xelis SemSlel pirobebs. Sromis bazarze

pirdapiri zemoqmedebis aqtiur saSualebebs Soris mniSv-

nelovani adgili unda miekuTvnos kadrebis profesiul

momzadebasa da gadamzadebas. cnobilia, rom es Ronis-

Zieba, warmoebis dacemisa da dasaqmebis donis Semcirebis

pirobebSi, xels uwyobs koniunqturis gamoTanabrebas

Sromis bazarze dasaqmebis moculobis Secvlisa da Sro-

mis resursebze miwodebisa da moTxovnis maCvenebelTa

urTierTSesabamisobaSi moyvanis gziT. maSasadame, gamo-

dis, rom aRniSnuli RonisZieba amave dros warmoadgens

ciklur da struqturul umuSevrobasTan brZolis saSu-

alebas.

kadrebis momzadebis maregulirebeli rolis arsi

ZiriTadad mdgomareobs imaSi, rom rig dargebSi, arse-

buli warmoebis dacemis pirobebSi, roca bazarze SeimC-

neva SezRuduli moTxovna samuSao Zalaze, saxelmwifos,

SromiTi resursebis odenobis, maTi profesiuli mom-

zadebisa da dasaqmebis donis varirebis gziT SeuZlia

Seamciros samuSao Zalis rezervis sidide da amiT Se-

asustos dausaqmebelTa dawola Sromis bazarze (kerZod,

igi amas axerxebs kadrebis momzadebis, gadamzadebisa da

kvalifikaciis amaRlebis ganStoebuli sistemis Seqmnis,

mosaxleobis profesiuli momzadebis masStabebis gafar-

Toebis, momzadebis vadebis gadidebis da a.S. gziT). Dda-

saqmebis sferos saxelmwifo regulirebis amgvarma for-

mam, rogorc Sromis bazris sferoSi gatarebuli aqtiuri

politikis erT-erTma metad efeqturma RonisZiebam, yve-

laze ufro meti gavrceleba pova SvedeTSi. am formis

Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is aerTianebs anti-

ciklur mimarTulebas da ekonomikis struqturuli gar-

daqmnis mastimulirebel saSualebebs.

am mimarTulebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi

kadrebis profesiuli momzadebis amJamad moqmedi sistema

ver pasuxobs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs da igi Zireul

srulyofas saWiroebs.

dasaqmebis politikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan ele-

ments warmoadgens samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, romelic

moiTxovs ekonomikis mniSvnelovan gamococxlebas. am mi-

marTulebiT saxelmwifom xeli unda Seuwyos qveynis

mosaxleobis TviTdasaqmebisaTvis saWiro garemos Seqmnas.

es ki, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs mcire mewarmeobis ganvi-

TarebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmnas. dasaqmebis poli-

tikis am aspeqtis mniSvneloba ara marto imiT gani-

sazRvreba, rom igi mewarmes aZlevs saSualebas, iqonios

da organizeba gaukeTos Tavis saqmes, aramed imiTac, rom

am gziT, mewarmis garda, sxvebisTvisac iqmneba axali sa-

muSao adgilebi.

dasaqmebis sferos saxelmwifo regulirebis erT-

erT mniSvnelovan RonisZiebas warmoadgens droebiTi

dasaqmebis sistemis Seqmna, romelic mniSvnelovnad amci-

rebs Sromis bazarze arsebul daZabulobas. droebiTi

dasaqmebis sistemis Seqmnis RonisZiebebs Soris aRsaniS-

navia egreT wodebuli sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis mocu-

lobebis zrda. sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis simravlidan

gamoyofen or ZiriTad tips: a) Sromatevad sazogado-

ebriv samuSaoebs (romlebic ZiriTadad orientirebulia

gzebis, sacxovrebeli saxlebis, irigaciuli mowyobilo-

133

bebis mSeneblobasa da remontze); b) socialuri xasiaTis

mqone samuSaoebi (romelTa dafinanseba xdeba municipa-

luri xelisuflebis mier da warmoadgens moxucebisa da

invalidebis momsaxurebas, bavSvebis movlas, avadmyofebis

daxmarebas, momsaxurebas da a. S.).

sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis saqarTveloSi Catare-

bis praqtika aCvenebs, rom isini, rogorc wesi, gamo-

iyeneba arakvalificiuri Sromis sferoSi (iseTi samuSa-

oebis Casatareblad, rogoricaa: gzebis remonti, qala-

qebis keTilmowyoba, zogierTi samSeneblo samuSao). es ki

aZnelebs qalebis CarTvas sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis samu-

Saoebis Sesrulebis procesSi. miT ufro, rom maTi ume-

tesi nawili umaRlesi ganaTlebiTaa. amitom, momavalSi

saWiroa amgvari samuSaoebis kompleqsurobis gazrda.

samuSao Zalis moZraobis regulireba Tanamedrove

pirobebSi SeuRlebuli unda iyos mis profesiul, soci-

alur da teritoriul mobilurobasTan. am mxriv, saqarT-

veloSi Sesaqmnelia specialuri mobiluri sistemebi sa-

Tanadod mastimulirebeli berketebiT.

dasaqmebis Tanamedrove politikas aucileblad un-

da gaaCndes iseTi diferenciuli nawilebi, romlebic

iTvaliswinebs mosaxleobis calkeuli fenebisa da kate-

goriebisken mimarTul dasaqmebis regulirebis RonisZi-

ebebs. swored amgvari midgomaa saWiro Cveni qveynis da-

saqmebis sferos regulirebisadmi, radgan igi karg Sede-

gebs iZleva.

ase gvesaxeba Cveni qveynis dasaqmebisa da Sromis

bazris sferoebis regulirebis aqtiuri saxelmwifo po-

litikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi uaxloes perspeqtivaSi.

rac mTavaria, am politikis ganviTareba da praqtikuli

realizacia SeuZlebelia mxolod dasaqmebis saxelmwifo

samsaxurebis ZalebiT. isini Sromis bazarze iseTi mTa-

vari moqmedi mxareebis sammxrivi TanamSromlobis safuZ-

velze unda ganxorcieldes, rogoricaa: saxelmwifo xe-

lisufleba, mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi da Tavad muSakebi.

aRniSnulidan cxadia, rom postkomunistur qveyneb-

Si, da maT Soris saqarTveloSi, didi perspeqtiva gaaCnia

dasaqmebisa da Sromis bazris sferoebis saxelmwifo re-

gulirebis aqtiur politikas. amitom migvaCnia, rom rac

ufro male moxdeba Cvens qveyanaSi dasaqmebis sferos

marTvis gaaqtiureba swori saxelmwifo politikis gata-

rebis gziT, miT ufro meti iqneba amJamad arsebuli masi-

uri umuSevrobis SesamCnevad aRmofxvris albaToba.

GGGG


1. bibilaSvili n. bibilaSvili n. bibilaSvili n. bibilaSvili n. Sromis bazris regulirebis zogadi

aspeqtebi postsabWour qveynebSi. wignSi: "postsabWo-

uri qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis Teoriuli da

praqtikuli aspeqtebi saqarTvelos magaliTze". Tbi-

lisi, "mecniereba", 2002.

2. griSikaSvili a.griSikaSvili a.griSikaSvili a.griSikaSvili a. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi.

problemebi, perspeqtivebi. Tbilisi, "saqarTvelos

erovnuli bankis gamomcemloba", 1998.

3. vaxania v., kvaracxelia d. vaxania v., kvaracxelia d. vaxania v., kvaracxelia d. vaxania v., kvaracxelia d. Sromis bazris saxelmwi-

foebrivi regulirebis RonisZiebaTa sistema. J. "soci-

aluri ekonomika", #1, 2000.

4. kvirkvaia m.kvirkvaia m.kvirkvaia m.kvirkvaia m. dasaqmebis regulirebis srulyofis

RonisZiebebi. J."socialuri ekonomika", #2, 1999.

5. Макроэкономика. Москва, "НОВОЕ ЗНАНИЕ", 2002 (под ред. Плотницкого М.И.).

6. Орешин В. П. Государственное регулирование национальной экономики. Москва, "ИНФРА-М", 2001.

7. Рощин С. Ю., Разумова Т. О. Экономика труда. Москва, "ИНФРА-М", 2001.

8. Рынок труда. Москва, "ЭКЗАМЕН", 2000 (под общей ред. Буланова В.Ц., Волгина Н.А.).

135

Bibilashvili Nana MAIN TRENDS OF STATE REGULATION OF EMPLOYMENT

IN POSTCOMMUNIST COUNTRIES

S U M M A R Y

At modern stage of the development of postcommunist countries and among them Georgia great attention is payed to the study of state ragulation problems of employment and labor market. The regulation is one of the key factors of functioning of a social-economic sphere in a postcommunist country, especially in Georgia.

According to the above mentioned the article is dedicated to the analysis of main aspects of state regulation of employment and labor market in these countries on the example of Georgia. It proofs the necessity of state regulation of employment and labor market of given countries, defines the limits of such regulation, main trends, the ways and mechanizms of its carrying out, proposes some measures to improve the employment system existing in Georgia etc. It draws a conclusion about the fact that the development and realization of active state policy of regulation of employment and labor market sphere is impossible only by means of state services. This should be done on the basis of tripartite cooperation of main active parts on labor market, such as state authority, entrepreneurs unions and workers themselves.

Tea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSvili saxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifo seqtorisseqtorisseqtorisseqtoris roliroliroliroli dadadada mniSvnelobamniSvnelobamniSvnelobamniSvneloba

gardamavaligardamavaligardamavaligardamavali ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis qveynebSiqveynebSiqveynebSiqveynebSi

dReisaTvis saxelmwifo seqtoris funqcionirebis

problemebisa da misi marTvis meTodebis Sesaxeb samec-

niero literaturaSi sakmaod bevri naSromi arsebobs.

ZiriTadi leitmotivi, rac am naSromebSi ikiTxeba, aris

Semdegi: postsabWoTa sivrceSi ukanaskneli 2-2,5 aTeuli

wlis ganmavlobaSi sabazro ekonomikis Camoyalibebis

mizniT Catarebuli reformebis mimdinareobam naTlad aC-

vena, rom, TiTqmis yvelgan, erTnairad uswrafesi tempe-

biT gatarebuli privatizaciisa da saxelmwifo seqtoris

xelaRebiT reformirebis mcdari strategia sruliad

araefeqturia. sameurneo gardaqmnebis arsebuli gamoc-

dileba damajereblad metyvelebs imaze, rom ekonomikis

totaluri kapitalizacia TavisTavad saxelmwifosa da

sazogadoebis winaSe mdgar arc erT problemas ar

wyvets. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sakuTrebis formaze ufro

mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda misi marTvis konkretuli meqa-

nizmis SerCeva; aseve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom didi mniSvne-

loba ar aqvs ramdenad didia an patara saxelmwifo seq-

tori, agreTve, Tu rogoria igi da rogor imarTeba. dRe-

isaTvis absoluturad naTelia “totaluri” bazris ideis

mcdaroba, romelmac praqtikulad verc erT qveyanaSi ver

gaamarTla. aseve mcdaria “totaluri” saxelmwifos ide-

ac, roca yvelaferi igegmeba da imarTeba saxelmwifos

mier da bunebrivi sabazro meqanizmebi iblokeba. ami-

tomac, axal pirobebSi Cndeba saxelmwifo regulirebis

ufro moqnili, amasTan, sakmaod Zlieri sistemis Seqmnis

aucilebloba, romelic daeyrdnoba problemisadmi yo-

velmxriv awon-dawonili midgomis da e.w. “oqros Suale-

dis” princips.

saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis uaryofiT moments war-

moadgens monopolizmis sxvadasxva formiT gamovlena,

rac xels uSlis mis moqnilobas. ucxoeli ekonomistebis

azriT, industriul epoqaSi Camoyalibebuli uzarmazari

zecentralizebuli saxelmwifo seqtori, romelic xasi-

aTdeba resursebis gauazrebeli flangviT, urTierTobe-

bis zedmeti regulirebiT, damokidebulebis ierarqiulo-

biT, regulirebis moZvelebuli meTodebiT, ukve aRar

137

pasuxobs dinamiuri ganviTarebis, swrafi struqturuli

cvlilebebis, globaluri konkurenciis Tanamedrove

moTxovnebs.

dReisaTvis saxelmwifo seqtori arsebobs msof-

lios yvela qveyanaSi da yvelgan, saxelmwifo seqtoris

mier Tavisi obieqtebis gasxviseba xdeba privatizaciis

gziT. es Cveulebrivi ambavia. Tumca uzarmazari mniSvne-

loba eniWeba TviT privatizaciis procesis tempebs, sap-

rivatizacio obieqtebis uSecdomod SerCevas da a.S. sa-

xelmwifo seqtoris optimaluri sididec rTulad Sesar-

Cevia. erTi mxriv, rodesac dgeba ekonomikis krizisi, sa-

xelmwifo seqtori bevr qveyanaSi “maSveli rgolis”

rolSi gamodis, meore mxriv, misi uzomod gadideba iw-

vevs makroekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebas, rac ga-

moixateba inflaciis, gadasaxadebis zrdaSi da a.S.

msoflio gamocdileba gvkarnaxobs, rom am prob-

lemis gadasaWreli panacea ar arsebobs. yvela ganviTare-

buli qveyana konkretul situaciaSi konkretul ga-

dawyvetilebas iRebs. praqtikaSi es gamoixateba maregu-

lirebeli ciklis “privatizacia-nacionalizacia” formi-

rebaSi. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba inglisisa da safran-

geTis gamocdilebis moyvana.

“privatizacia-nacionalizaciis” ciklis “talRise-

buri” ganviTareba naTlad Cans didi britaneTis maga-

liTze. magaliTad, 1945 wels moxda rigi Zveli araefeq-

tiani da zaraliani samrewvelo dargebis (qvanaxSiris,

gazis, foladis warmoebis, eleqtroteqnikuri) naciona-

lizacia; 1951 wlidan daiwyo ukuprocesi – Zvel mflo-

belebs daubrundaT TavianTi qonebis didi nawili. 1964

wels igive sawarmoebi xelmeored iqna nacionalizebuli,

rac 1979 wlidan farTomasStabiani denacionalizaciis

procesiT Seicvala, ris Sedegad saxelmwifo sawarmoebis

2/3 gadavida kerZo mflobelobaSi.

saxelmwifo seqtoris zomebis koreqtireba unda

moxdes saxelmwifo regulirebis sistemisadmi didi moq-

nilobis miniWebis gziT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom TiTqmis yvela ganviTarebul qve-

yanaSi, imave safrangeTsa da inglisSi, sadac saxelmwifo

seqtoris roli tradiciulad maRalia, jer kidev ar

aris Camoyalibebuli “saxelmwifo sawarmos” an “saxelm-

wifo seqtoris sawarmos” saboloo ganmarteba. istori-

ulad, saxelmwifo sawarmos pirveli saerTo ganmarteba

Camoayaliba saxelmwifo sawarmoTa evropulma centrma,

romelic dafuZnda gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi da

evropuli ekonomikuri kavSiris yvela saxelmwifo sawar-

moTa asociacias warmoadgenda. es centri saxelmwifo sa-

warmos uwodebs “nebismier sawarmos, sadac saxelmwifo,

saxelmwifo organoebi an dawesebulebebi, sxva saxelm-

wifo sawarmoebi (cal-calke an erToblivad, pirdapir an

iribad) arian kapitalis garkveuli nawilis mflobelebi;

am “garkveuli nawilis” sidide “kapitalis naxevarze an

metia, anda imxelaa, rom saSualebas aZlevs saxelmwi-

fos... hqondes am sawarmoze realuri Zalaufleba”.

evropuli ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis komisiis di-

reqtiviT, romelic gamoqveynda jer kidev 1980 wels, mi-

Rebulia garkveuli rekomendaciebi, romelTa mixedviT

ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtors miekuTvneba yvela is sa-

warmo, romelTa saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos monawileobis

wili saSualebas aZlevs mas, gavlena moaxdinos gada-

wyvetilebaTa miRebis procesze da moaxdinos gadamwyveti

zemoqmedeba sawarmos saerTo politikaze.

sxvadasxva qveynebSi saxelmwifos monawileobis ra-

odenobrivi normebi ar aris unificirebuli da sakmaod

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. rig SemTxvevebSi saxelmwi-

fo seqtors miakuTvneben mxolod im sawarmoebs, sadac

saxelmwifos wili 50%-ze metia. Tumca, magaliTad saf-

rangeTSi, sadac yovelwliurad dgeba “nacionaluri sa-

139

warmoebis nomenklatura”, masSi Sedis sawarmoebi sa-

xelmwifos monawileobis 30%-ze meti wiliT.

msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom sazoga-

doebis arsebobisaTvis saWiro funqciebis realizeba

mxolod sabazro meqanizmebiT SeuZlebelia, isini auci-

leblad unda “gazavdes” saxelmwifo Carevis sistemiT.

saxelmwifo saxavs ekonomikis ganviTarebis pri-

oritetul mimarTulebebs, uzrunvelyofs resursebis

koncentrirebas am mimarTulebebiT, gamoyofs subsidiebs,

aZlevs SeRavaTebs sawarmoebs, aregulirebs sagareo ur-

TierTobebs, uzrunvelyofs uwyveti kavSiris ganxorci-

elebas produqciis mimwodeblebsa da momxmareblebs So-

ris.

ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ZiriTadi

principebia:

_ ekonomikur procesebSi saxelmwifo organoebis

minimaluri Careva;

_ zemoqmedeba socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis

ganviTarebaze.

saxelmwifo seqtorSi konkurenciis gaZlierebis

karg SesaZleblobas qmnis misi urTierToba sabazro

seqtorTan e.w. “sakontraqto” urTierTobebis meSveobiT.

es praqtika axali araa. bolo 20-30 wlis ganmavlobaSi

igi sakmaod masStaburi gaxda. kontraqtebSi wina planze

gamodis maTi ekonomikuri Sinaarsi – momsaxurebis zome-

bi da anazRaurebis formebi, sanqciebi darRvevebis Sem-

TxvevaSi da a.S. urTierTobaTa sfero sul ufro far-

Tovdeba sxvadasxva rTuli Sinaarsis momsaxurebaze sa-

xelmwifo struqturebis moTxovnaTa zrdis xarjze

(iuridiuli, konsaltinguri momsaxureba, auditi da a.S.),

romlebic xorcieldeba maRalspecializebuli da maRal-

profesiuli kerZo kompaniebis mier. kontraqtebis siste-

maSi aucileblad gaiTvaliswineba sazogadoebriv sike-

TeTa mTeli speqtri, romelTa miwodeba mosaxleobisTvis

saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobiT xdeba. adre maTi ganxor-

cieleba saxelmwifo seqtoris farglebSi koncentrirde-

boda. masSi Sedis: sazogadoebrivi transporti, sacxov-

rebeli saxlebis, sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis Senobe-

bis, sainJinro nagebobebis da komunikaciebis proeqtire-

ba, mSenebloba da momsaxureba, quCebis dasufTaveba, nag-

vis gatana, sapolicio momsaxureba, jandacva, ganaTleba,

socialuri programebi.

amgvarad, adgili aqvs sazogadoebrivi momsaxu-

rebis nawilis delegirebas saxelmwifo seqtoridan ker-

Zo da arakomerciul seqtorebSi da amiT saxelmwifos

pirdapiri Carevis SezRudvas maT warmoebaSi. igive sa-

kontraqto urTierTobebi xorcieldeba TviT saxelmwifo

seqtoris SigniT: erTi sawarmo mimarTavs sxva sawarmos

daxmarebisaTvis, raTa Seamciros danaxarjebi da gazar-

dos xarisxi, anu sabolood maRal konkurentunariani

gaxdes.

niSandoblivia, rom sabazro tipis meqanizmi sul

ufro Zlier ikidebs fexs saxelmwifo seqtoris iseT

mniSvnelovan dargebSi, rogoricaa: jandacva, ganaTleba,

socialuri momsaxureba, komunaluri meurneoba. am dar-

gebSi, rogorc wesi, momsaxurebis gawevis udidesi wili

saxelmwifos xelSia. magram xSirad am dargebis didi

mniSvnelobisa da masSi xarjebis swrafi zrdis gamo

sul ufro did datvirTvas iZens efeqtianobis problema,

romlis gadawyveta dargSi sabazro urTierTobebis da-

nergvis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. Tuki bazarze arsebobs

msgavsi momsaxurebis sxvadasxva mimwodebeli, momxmarebe-

li irCevs ufro xarisxians, iafs, rac TviT momwodebels

ubiZgebs swored am komponentebis srulyofisaken, raTa

warmateba moipovos konkurenciul garemoSi.

sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdileba sakontraq-

to urTierTobebis danergvis efeqturobis naTeli maga-

liTia. magaliTad, SveciaSi aRniSnul meTodze gadasv-

lis Semdeg danaxarjebi sagzao meurneobis, wyalmoma-

141

ragebis Senaxvaze Semcirda 10-13%-iT, nagvis gatanaze –

25%-iT; did britaneTSi igive maCvenebeli utoldeba 6%-s;

aSS-Si es maCvenebeli varirebs 20-dan 35%-mde.

gamoyenebuligamoyenebuligamoyenebuligamoyenebuli literaturaliteraturaliteraturaliteratura

1. ppppavliaSvili s.avliaSvili s.avliaSvili s.avliaSvili s. saxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTvis srul-

yofisaTvis. J. “ekonomika da biznesi”, #4, 2010, gv. 129-

136. 2. papapapavvvvliaSvili s.liaSvili s.liaSvili s.liaSvili s. privatizaciis fenomeni da problemebi

saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 2009. 3. TemurTemurTemurTemur basilia,basilia,basilia,basilia, avTandilavTandilavTandilavTandil silagaZe,silagaZe,silagaZe,silagaZe, TamazTamazTamazTamaz CikvaiZe.CikvaiZe.CikvaiZe.CikvaiZe.

postsocialisturi transformacia: saqarTvelos eko-

nomika XXI saukunis mijnaze. Tbilisi, 2001.

Lazarashvili Tea THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STATE SECTOR IN THE

COUNTRIES WITH TRANSITION ECONOMY

SUMMARY

The article deals with the role and significance of state sector in development countries. There are analyzed the peculiarities of formation of state sector in transition countries, including Georgia.

There are discussed main principles of state regulation of economy and the aims and objects of state property.

zurab wereTelizurab wereTelizurab wereTelizurab wereTeli mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebismcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebismcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebismcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis

problemebi saqarTveloSiproblemebi saqarTveloSiproblemebi saqarTveloSiproblemebi saqarTveloSi

qveynis socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi mniSv-

nelovan rols asrulebs mcire da saSualo biznesis

ganviTareba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs kon-

kurentunarianobisaTvis saWiro garemos Camoyalibebas,

dasaqmebis problemis gadawyvetas, socialuri uTanaswo-

robis mowesrigebas an Serbilebas, TiToeuli ojaxisT-

vis saarsebo da sabrunavi kapitalis gaCenisa da gafar-

Toebis garantias, ekonomikur zrdas da a.S.

mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebas zogierT

qveyanaSi ekonomikuri mdgradobis garantadac miiCneven.

143

aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniis, safrangeTis, aSS-s da sxva

qveynebis dasaqmebulTa naxevarze meti mcire bizness

axorcielebs.

mcire bizness, qveynis ganviTarebaSi maTi mniSvne-

lovani rolis gamo, msoflios yvela wamyvan qveyanaSi

xels uwyobs saxelmwifo struqturebi, romlebic speci-

alurad mcire biznesis ganviTarebisTvis aris Seqmnili.

ra Tqma unda, xelSewyoba ar niSnavs cudad momuSave

sawarmoebis daxmarebas. is gulisxmobs im problemebis

gadaWrisaTvis zrunvas, romelic sawarmos mcire SesaZ-

leblobebis gamo warmoeSveba da araTanabarkonkurentul

pirobebSi ayenebs msxvil sawarmosTan mimarTebaSi.

msoflio praqtikam cxadyo, rom mcire biznesis

ganviTarebis erT-erT mTavar problemas finansebis ukma-

risoba da maTi mopovebis sirTule warmoadgens. sawar-

mos zomisa da mewarmis gamoucdelobis gamo ar arsebobs

aranairi garantia, rom mewarme droulad SeZlebs kre-

ditis dafarvas. aRniSnulma da sxva problemebma Tval-

naTeli gaxada, rom mcire biznesi idealurad libe-

ralur pirobebSi ver ganviTardeboda.

mcire biznesis daxmarebis gadawyvetileba pir-

velad amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma miiRo 1932 wels

ekonomikuri krizisis dros, man SeimuSava sesxebis gace-

mis federaluri programa.

msxvil da mcire bizness erTmaneTisgan ganasxva-

veben dasaqmebuli personalis raodenobiT, sawesdebo ka-

pitalis, aqtivebis, brunvis, gamoSvebis, mogebis an

Semosavlis odenobiT. evrokomisiis mier, msoflio ban-

kis kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT, SemuSavda da 2005 wlidan

amoqmedda Semdegi klasifikaciebi: 1. saSualo sawarmod

iTvleba is organizacia, sadac dasaqmebulTa zRvari 50-

249 adamians aRwevs da brunva 50 mln evromde; 2. mcire

sawarmo _ 10-49 dasaqmebuli adamiani, brunva 10 mln

evromde; mikrosawarmo _ 10 kacze naklebi, brunva 2 mln

evromde.

saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebs mi-

ekuTvneba yvela organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis sa-

warmo, romelSic dasaqmebulTa saSualo wliuri ra-

odenoba da wliuri brunva ar aRemateba Semdeg zRvrul

normebs:

• mcire sawarmoebisaTvis _ 20 dasaqmebulsa da 500

aTas lars;

• saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis _100 dasaqmebulsa da

1500 aTas lars;

• msxvil sawarmoebs ganekuTvneba sawarmo, sadac

dasaqmebulTa raodenoba aRemateba 100 dasaqmebulsa da

1500 aTas lars.

sawarmoTa warmodgenili diferencirebis aucileb-

loba gamowveulia imiT, rom saxelmwifom erTmaneTisgan

ganasxvavos mcire da msxvili warmoeba, raTa uzrun-

velyos iseTi sagadasaxado sistemis Seqmna, romelic

xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi biznesis ganviTarebas.

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebis mi-

xedviT, saqarTveloSi 2010 wlis 1 seqtembrisTvis sul

325 aTasamde subieqtia registrirebuli, romlis 25,5 pro-

centi komerciuli iuridiuli pirebia; 3,7 procenti ara-

komerciuli (arasamewarmeo) iuridiuli pirebi, 67,7 pro-

centi individualuri sawarmo, xolo 3,1 procenti saja-

ro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi da sxva danarCeni subi-

eqtebi.

2002-2009 wlebSi biznesseqtorSi brunvis maCvene-

beli 4,6 miliardi laridan 20,3 miliard laramde ga-

izarda, produqciis gamoSveba Sesabamisad _ 3,1 miliardi

laridan 11 miliard laramde (nax. 1), xolo dasaqmebul-

Ta raodenoba 2002 wels iyo 301,3 aTasi kaci da 2009

wels _ 387,5 aTasi kaci, yvelaze maqsimums (388,9 aTasi

kaci) man 2005 wels miaRwia (nax. 2).

145

sainteresoa, rogor nawildeboda aRniSnuli maCve-

neblebi sawarmoTa zomis mixedviT. kerZod:

1. brunvis maCvenebeli 2002 wels msxvil sawarmo-ebze modioda 75.7, saSualoze _ 11.7 da mcireze 13.6 pro-

centi, 2003 wels Sesabamisad _ 76, 10.4 da 13.6 procenti,

xolo 2009 wels ki _ 84.4, 8.4 da 7.2 procenti;

2. produqciis gamoSveba 2002 wels msxvil sawar-moebze modioda 78.4 procenti, saSualoze _ 12.1 da mci-

reze _ 9.5 procenti, 2003 wels Sesabamisad _ 79.4, 11.2 da

9.4 procenti, xolo 2009 wels ki _ 81.5, 10.5 da 8.0 pro-

centi;

3. dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 2002 wels msxvil sa-warmoebze modioda 51 procenti, saSualoze _ 25 da mci-

reze 24 procenti, 2003 wels Sesabamisad _ 50; 23 da 27

procenti, xolo 2009 wels ki _ 58, 20 da 22 procenti.

nax. 117

17

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris vebgverdi (geostat.ge);

nax. 218

zemoT warmodgenili monacemebidan Cans, rom samive

maCveneblis (brunvis, produqciis gamoSvebis da dasaq-

mebulTa raodenobis) mixedviT 2002 da 2003 wlebSi gaci-

lebiT maRali iyo mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis wili,

vidre 2009 wels. amasTan, cxadia, rom ukeTes `sasaTbure~

mdgomareobaSi msxvili biznesia, romlis upiratesobac

iwvevs mcire da saSualo biznesis STanTqmas da mono-

poliebis warmoSobas, rac xels uSlis mcire da saSu-

alo biznesis ganviTarebas da seriozul problemebs

qmnis samuSao adgilebis SeqmnaSi.

dRevandeli mdgomareobiT mcire da saSualo biz-

nesSi dasaqmebulia mTlian dasaqmebulTa daaxloebiT 21

procenti, rodesac inglisSi es maCvenebeli 49, xolo

germaniaSi ki TiTqmis 80 procentia. saqarTveloSi arse-

bobs umniSvnelo SeRavaTebi, magram es jerjerobiT vera-

viTar efeqts ver iZleva. kerZod, mcire mewarme, romelic

ar sargeblobs daqiravebuli SromiT, e.i. marto uZRveba

warmoebas, gaTavisuflebulia salaro-aparatisgan, aseve

firmebi, romelTa brunvac 100 aTas larze naklebia, ga-

Tavisuflebuli arian damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasa-

xadisgan.

18 statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris vebgverdi (geostat.ge).

147

yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi mcire sawarmoebis

saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris mTavari mizania yovelgva-

ri barieris gauqmeba da konkurentunariani garemos Seqm-

na. saxelmwifos ganviTarebas Tvlian progresulad, Tu

is mcire da saSualo bizness waxalisebis mizniT SeRa-

vaTian sagadasaxado sistemas uqmnis. magaliTad, fineTma

mcire Semosavliani mewarmeebisTvis gadasaxadebis ganak-

veTebi Seamcira, germaniam mTlianad gaaTavisufla bizne-

si brunvis gadasaxadidan, xolo aSS-Si kompaniebi, rom-

lebsac mogebis ufro dabali maCveneblebi aqvT, gadasa-

xadsac ufro dabali ganakveTiT ixdian, warmoebis Semd-

gomi ganviTarebisaTvis da a.S.

saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesis ganvi-

Tarebis erT-erT xelSemSlel faqtorad arakonkurent-

unariani garemo gvevlineba, rac gamowveulia proteq-

cionizmis maRali doniT, ris safuZvelzec sxvadasxva

bazarze (farmacevtul, samSeneblo da sxva) yalibdeba

monopoliebi. sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom bazris Sems-

wavleli (gamaanalizebeli) da monopoliebis damdgeni

saxelmwifo struqturac wlebis ganmavlobaSi ufunqci-

od iyo, mxolod 2010 wlisTvis daigegma mis bazaze

axali struqturuli erTeulis Seqmna. Tumca esec Sedegs

ver moitans Tu, monopolistebis gamovlenis mizniT,

sxvadasxva bazari realurad ar gaanalizda da Sesaba-

misi qmedebebi ar ganxorcielda. saqarTvelos mewarme-

ebis interesebis dacvis mizniT saWiroa, ar daiSvas `de-

pinguri~ fasebi, romelsac Cvens sinamdvileSi hqonda ad-

gili da mTeli rigi produqtebis bazrebi daipyro Tur-

quli da Cinuri warmoebis nawarmma.

CamoTvlilma da kidev sxva RonisZiebebma unda uz-

runvelyos Tavisufali bazris (sadac yvela mewarmes

eqneba damkvidrebis Sansi) Camoyalibeba, romelic auci-

lebel pirobas warmoadgens mcire da saSualo biznesis

ganviTarebisTvis.

ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesobaSi samewar-

meo saqmianobis dawyebis, Semdgomi gafarToebisa da gan-

viTarebis sakiTxebs TiTqmis Tanabari yuradReba eqceva,

xolo saqarTveloSi mxolod sawarmos gaxsnaa gaadvi-

lebuli da Semdeg maTi funqcionirebis monitoringic ki

ar xorcieldeba. amitomac aris rom mcire sawarmoTa

umravlesoba saerTod ver iwyebs muSaobas, zogi umokles

vadaSi aCerebs warmoebas, zogis likvidaciac xdeba, mag-

ram aRniSnuli sagadasaxado organoebisTvis ucnobia, ra-

sac mowmobs saCivrebis zrda gaCerebul an likvidire-

bul sawarmoebze sxvadasxva sagadasaxado valdebulebe-

bis dakisrebasa da ararsebul sawarmoebze sauravebis

daricxvasTan dakavSirebiT.

mcire biznesis dawyebisaTvis mTavar problemas

sawyisi kapitalis uqonloba warmoadgens, swored ami-

tomaa, rom didi umravlesoba bizness nasesxebi (procen-

tiani) fuliT an bankis kreditiT iwyebs, romelTa

procenti imdenad maRalia, rom xSirad is savalalo

SedegebiT mTavrdeba. kerZod, mewarme yidis Tavis uZrav-

moZrav (bina, miwis nakveTi, manqana da sxva) qonebas da

biznesis ganviTarebis nacvlad is imdenad did zarals

iRebs, rom, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, wyvets warmoebis funq-

cionirebas, xolo uares SemTxvevaSi gaurbis valis

gadaxdis pasuxismgeblobas da sxva qveyanas afarebs Tavs.

saqarTveloSi sabanko seqtori erT-erTi yvelaze

ganviTarebuli ekonomikuri sferoa. umravlesi maTganis

ZiriTadi prioriteti biznesisTvis sesxebis gacema da

momsaxurebaa. maTTan erTad fuqcionirebs mikro safi-

nanso organizaciebi, romlebic anxorcieleben mcire da

saSualo biznesis dakreditebas. uaryofiTad mimaCnia ban-

kebis mier samomxmareblo saqonlis SeZenis dakreditebis

tendecia (kompiuterebis, televizorebis, sarecxi manqa-

nebis da sxvaTa SeZenis dafinanseba), radgan amiT, Cveni

azriT, isini afinanseben imports, anu ucxoeTis da ara

saqarTvelos mewarmeebs.

149

saqarTveloSi nebismieri biznessesxi 15-dan 20 pro-

centamde meryeobs, xolo sakredito pirobebi Tanabaria

mcire da didi biznesisTvis, rac maT Tanaarsebobas

Zalian arTulebs. procentebis siZviris garda sesxebis

miRebis sakiTxebic ki garTulebulia. bevr qveyanaSi me-

warmes mis mier moTxovnili sesxis miReba internetiTac

ki SeuZlia, xolo saqarTveloSi mravali formaluri

barieris gadalaxvaa saWiro, rom mewarmem sesxi miiRos.

mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis dakreditebisas

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes mewarmis saqmianobis sfero,

anu unda moxdes maTi diferenciacia da sesxebis miznob-

rivi gacema, riTac bankebi ukeT SeZleben mewarmis saq-

mianobis sworad Sefasebas da mewarmeebi moaxerxeben, sa-

boloo Sedegis misaRwevad, racionalurad moixmaron mi-

Rebuli saxsrebi.

rac ufro didia saxelmwifos neba-survili da

pasuxismgebloba mcire mewarmeebis mxardasaWerad, miT

ufro naklebi riskis gaweva uxdebaT bankebs kreditebis

gacemisas. es ki maT mier dabalprocentiani (mewarme-

ebisTvis xelsayreli) sesxebis gacemis mTavari winapi-

robaa.

amdenad, imisaTvis, rom biznesis dawyebas hqondes

realuri safuZveli, moxdes misi Semdgomi ganviTareba da

gafarToeba, rac, saboloo jamSi, qveynis keTildReobis

winapirobaa, saWiroa, saxelmwifos mxridan iyos biznesi

mxardaWerili, anu realuri, yovelmxrivi, dawvrilebiTi

Seswavlis Semdeg is daudges mewarmes garantad, raTa

miiRos iafi (dabalprocentiani) krediti. yovelive es

mewarmes miscems saSualebas, biznesi warmatebiT warmar-

Tos. amasTan, mizanSewonilia, damwyebi biznesmenebisTvis

periodulad moewyos ufaso seminarebi da konsulta-

ciebi, raTa dawyebisTanave hqondeT maT swori mimar-

Tuleba arCeuli.

saqarTvelos dRevandeli sagadasaxado sistema

ver uzrunvelyofs mcire da saSualo biznesis realur

ganviTarebas. msxvili, saSualo da mcire sididis sawar-

moebi erTi da imave sagadasaxado sistemiT ibegrebian,

rac aramarTebulad migvaCnia. erovnuli statistikuri

samsaxuris informaciiT, daaxloebiT 83 aTasamde sawar-

modan 34 aTasamde dRg-s gadamxdelia, rac 4,3 mln-iani

mosaxleobisTvis sakmaod dabali maCvenebelia da mcire

da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis arasakmaris doneze

miuTiTebs. amitomac aris, rom samuSao adgilebis zrdis

nacvlad mis Semcirebas aqvs adgili.

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom 2003 wlis Semdeg ganxor-

cielebulma sagadasaxado sistemis xSirma cvlilebebma,

kerZo sakuTrebisadmi arasamarTlianma damokidebulebam

gamoiwvia mewarmeebis daSineba, mas daemata politikuri

arastabiluroba, 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebi, msof-

lio ekonomikuri krizisi da sxva, ramac mcire mewarme-

oba mniSvnelovnad daaziana, bevrma mewarmem an gaaCera,

an kidev saerTod Sewyvita warmoeba.

saqarTveloSi mcire mewarmeebs imdenad uWirT ga-

dasaxadebis gadaxda, rom isini warmoebis gagrZelebis

mizniT xSirad arakanonier gzebsac ki mimarTaven. Mmaga-

liTad, rogoricaa sxvadasxva meTodiT saqonelbrunvis

da Semosavlebis damalva. obieqturTan erTad arsebobs

subieqturi mizezebic, aseTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mewar-

mis dabali kvalifikacia, biznesis elementebis arcodna,

zogierTi sajaro moxelis CarTva biznesSi da sxva.

yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan SegviZlia davaskv-

naT, rom saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesis

ganviTarebaSi arsebuli problemebis gadasawyvetad

aucilebelia:

• mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis mizniT saxelmwifo strategiisa da programis SemuSaveba;

• antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis daxvewa da misi drouli amoqmedeba;

151

• Tavisufali bazris Camoyalibebis mizniT konku-rentunariani garemos Seqmna;

• mcire biznesis waxaliseba da Sesabamisi sain-formacio bazis Seqmna;

• garkveuli sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis daweseba

mcire mewarmeTaTvis da sagadasaxado sistemis kidev

ufro gamartiveba;

• mcire mewarmeTaTvis sagadasaxado angariSgebisa da sabuRaltro dokumentaciis gamartiveba;

• kerZo sakuTrebis dacvis garantiebis uzrunvel-yofa;

• biznesSi saxelmwifo moxelis CarTvisa da xel-SeSlis (`reketis~) SemTxvevaSi, arsebuli kanonmdeblo-

bis gamkacreba;

• damwyebi biznesmenebisTvis ufaso seminarebisa da konsultaciebis mowyoba;

• sabanko garantiebis meqanizmis SemuSaveba da sxva.

gamoyenebuli literaturgamoyenebuli literaturgamoyenebuli literaturgamoyenebuli literaturaaaa

1. orjonikiZe n., yifiani l., orjonikiZe n., yifiani l., orjonikiZe n., yifiani l., orjonikiZe n., yifiani l., bagdasariani v. bagdasariani v. bagdasariani v. bagdasariani v. mcire

biznesi. Tbilisi, sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri uni-

versiteti~, 2007.

2. abesaZe r., kakulia e.abesaZe r., kakulia e.abesaZe r., kakulia e.abesaZe r., kakulia e. mcire biznesis makroekonomikuri

regulirebis meqanizmi saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, paata

guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba. 2008.

3. saqarTvelos erovnuli samsaxuris vebgverdi: geostat.ge. 4. Усачева Ю. В. Проблемы развития малого бизнеса в мировой

экономике. Москва, изд. Научная Книга, 2007.

Tsereteli Zurab THE PROBLEMS OF SMALL AND MIDDLE BUSINESS

DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA

SUMMARY

At present the problems still exist in the development of small and middle business of Georgia. In addition to other main factors they are caused by the existence of noncompetitive environment of the country and the reduction of a state support.

It is necessary to form a free market in Georgia for the solution of problems of small and middle business development, which is possible by the complete and timely enactment of an antimonopoly legislation. At the same time it is very important to guarantee the defence of a private property and elaborate the mechanism of bank guarantees.

Mmurman kvaracxeliaMmurman kvaracxeliaMmurman kvaracxeliaMmurman kvaracxelia regionuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis idearegionuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis idearegionuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis idearegionuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis idea

ilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZisilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZisilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZisilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZis

SemoqmedebaSiSemoqmedebaSiSemoqmedebaSiSemoqmedebaSi

kacobrioba TaobaTa cvlis mudmiv procesSia. mas

Tan mosdevs adamianTa cxovrebis materialuri da suli-

eri yofis cvlileba, amasTan erTad transformacias ga-

nicdis eric da qveyanac... saqarTvelos istoriac am qar-

texilebSi gamovlili da gamowrTobili fenomenia, rome-

lic gansakuTrebuli kataklizmebiT gamoirCeoda XIX sa-

ukuneSic.

saqarTvelos istoria omis, aneqsiisa da okupaciis

Tanmdevi procesebiT iyo mudam gajerebuli. Tu Tvals

gadavavlebT am orasi wlis istorias, vnaxavT, rom Cveni

wina Taobebi Taviseburad ibrZodnen sxvadasxva da gan-

sakuTrebiT, ruseTis imperiis koloniuri uRlis wina-

aRmdeg. istoriaSi cnobili ajanyebebi (mTiuleTis _ 1802-

1804 ww., kaxeTis _ 1812-1813 ww., imereTis _ 1819-1820 ww.)

ruseTma sisxlSi CaaxSo. axalma Taobam igrZno, rom ru-

seTTan aseTi pirdapiri SeiaraRebuli brZoliT mizans

ver miaRwevdnen. saWiro iyo imperiasTan brZolis meTode-

bis Secvla.

saqarTvelos istoria imasac gvaswavlis, rom mom-

devno axali Taobebis brZola ufro Sedegiani aRmoCnda.

153

maT “Tergdaleulebi”, anu “pirveli dasi” uwodes. ilia

WavWavaZem, akaki wereTelma, niko nikolaZem, iakob goge-

baSvilma, vaJa-fSavelam da am dasis (imave “partiis”) war-

momadgenlebma ajanyebebis nacvlad erovnuli brZolis

mTavar iaraRad da meTodad mSvidobiani brZola airCies.

aseTi brZolis mTavari asparezi ganaTleba, kultura da

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba gaxda.

“pirveli dasis” moRvaweTagan qarTuli ekonomiku-

ri azris istoriaSi gansakuTrebul figuras warmoadgens

ilia WavWavaZe da niko nikolaZe. istoriuli wyaroebi

adasturebs, rom niko nikolaZem, ilia WavWavaZesTan

erTad, ara marto Seqmna “saerTo niadagis” Teoria, ara-

med praqtikuladac scada am Teoriis principebis gan-

xorcieleba.Aam principebidan ki, mTavaria, rogorc niko

nikolaZe werda, _ ”yvela sazogadoebriv ZalTa erT

kvalSi Cayeneba da am erTiani ZaliT erisa da qveynis

winsvla-ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa”. vfiqrobT, dRevan-

del saqarTveloSi mTavari swored is aris, rom yvelam

erTad SevZloT Cvens winaSe mdgomi amocanebis gadaWra

mSvidobiani gziT, socialur-ekonomikuri progresis sa-

SualebiT.

am miznebidan, upirveles yovlisa, mTavari da Ziri-

Tadia erovnuli damoukidebloba, romelic warmoudgene-

lia erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis gareSe. magram

ilia WavWavaZesa da niko nikolaZes kargad esmodaT, rom

erovnuli damoukidebloba SeuZlebelia ganxorcieldes

qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gareSe. aqe-

dan gamomdinare, maT miznad daisaxes qarTuli kapita-

lizmis Taviseburi modelis Seqmna. Cvenma Taobebma unda

Seiswavlon iliasa da niko nikolaZis memkvidreoba misi

kargad gagebisa da praqtikaSi ganxorcielebisaTvis. Cve-

ni naSromis mizanic swored esaa.

am did moazrovneebs sworad hqondaT gacnobiere-

buli erovnuli ekonomikis momavlis gza-kvali. Ppirveli,

rasac niko nikolaZe moiTxovda, iyo is, rom saqarTve-

lom gamoiyenos Tavisi xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi

pirobebi da geopolitikuri mdgomareoba imisaTvis, rom

Seqmnas Zlieri erovnuli ekonomika. amave dros, misi

didi damsaxureba isic aris, rom man am mizniT bevri

praqtikuli proeqtis ganxorcielebac wamoiwyo. maTgan

sayuradReboa foTis portis mSenebloba da energetika.

foTis pirveli meris postze muSaobisas man gan-

sazRvra am SavizRvispira qalaqis ganviTarebis perspeq-

tivebi. igi werda, rom foTis mTavari funqcia unda gax-

des evropasa da azias Soris savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSi-

rebis ganviTareba. dRevandel pirobebSi es funqcia kidev

ufro izrdeba, magram amisaTvis TviTon foTisa da misi

portis srulyofisa da ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofaa sa-

Wiro. es dRevandeli gadasaxedidan sworad da obieq-

turad danaxuli perspeqtiva iyo.

rac Seexeba niko nikolaZis memkvidreobidan sa-

qarTvelos energetikuli ganviTarebis sakiTxs, unda iTq-

vas, rom man aqac didi samomavlo mniSvnelobis amocana

dagvitova XXI saukunis Taobebs. mas kargad hqonda gaaz-

rebuli Cveni qveynis hidroresursebis potenciuri SesaZ-

leblobebi, magram, amasTan, garkveul naTel perspeqtivas

xedavda eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebaSi qarisa da mzis

energiis aTvisebis didi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis

TvalsazrisiT. dResac did jixaiSSi, mis saxlmuzeumSi,

mis mier saqarTveloSi Seqmnili qaris pirveli generato-

ri inaxeba.

magram CvenTvis dRes mTavaria saukunis problema

_ rogori saqarTvelo unda SevqmnaT XXI saukuneSi da am

mxvriv ra SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc erovnuli, ise

saerTaSoriso gamocdilebidan. cxadia, orive aucilebe-

li faqtoria Cveni qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebisaTvis.

am TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli politikuri da socialur-

ekonomikuri analiziT SevecdebiT vaCvenoT demokrati-

uli procesebis Taviseburebani gardamavali periodis sa-

155

qarTveloSi, romlebic, saerTo SexedulebiT, qarTuli

saxelmwifos mSeneblobis safuZvels warmoadgens post-

komunisturi transformaciis saqarTvelos dRevandel

gardamaval periodSi.

cnobilia, rom ilia WavWavaZem, romlis mier daar-

sebuli erovnuli banki XIX_XX saukuneebis saqarTvelo-

Si yvela mniSvnelovani wamowyebis iniciatori iyo, sa-

fuZveli Cauyara parlamentarizmis tradicias. aRniSnuli

“bankis krebebi” qarTuli demokratiis nimuSad aris miC-

neuli maSindel saqarTveloSi. amitom mimaCnia, rom sa-

qarTveloSi demokratiis ganviTarebis problemebis kvle-

va SeuZlebelia ilia WavWavaZis “saerTo niadagis” Te-

oriis gareSe. im Teoriisa, romlis ekonomikuri mxare

ilias mkvlelobis Semdeg win wamoswia niko nikolaZem.

ilia WavWavaZes, niko nikolaZes da maT Tanamo-

azreebs kargad esmodaT, rom erovnuli ekonomikis gare-

Se arc erovnuli saxelmwifo SeiZleba arsebobdes da

amitom didi dro da energia Sealies erovnuli ekono-

mikis strategiis Seqmnas. maSinac da dResac am strate-

giis swor gaazrebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs

Cveni momavali ganviTarebisaTvis. kapitalizmi _ es, upir-

veles yovlisa, integraciuli da globaluri procesebis

erTobliobaa da Cven Tu aq ar movZebneT Cveni adgili da

roli, maSin momavalic ar gveqneba.

“qarTuli kapitalizmis modeli” _ es “saerTo ni-

adagis” Teoriis umTavresi monapovaria. msoflios yvela

xalxi da maTi ekonomikebi kapitalizmis principebze vi-

Tardeba, magram yvela maTgans Tavisi erovnuli Tavi-

seburebani gaaCnia. sxva aris kapitalizmi da, Sesabamisad,

erovnuli ekonomika iaponiaSi da sxva inglisSi, germani-

aSi, norvegiasa Tu israelSi. rogori unda iyos qarTuli

kapitalizmi da masze dafuZnebuli Cveni erovnuli eko-

nomika – ai, problema, romlis gadawyvetac Cveni qveynis

erT-erTi upirvelesi amocanaa.

ilia WavWavaZes da niko nikolaZes kargad esmodaT,

rom erovnuli ekonomika regionul ekonomikaTa gan-

viTarebis produqti da maTi Taviseburi maTematikuri

jamia. saqarTvelos mTa-bari sxvadasxva regionul Tavi-

seburebebs Seicavs da yovelive amas gaTvaliswineba

sWirdeba qveynis ekonomikuri strategiisa da misi Sesa-

tyvisi ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorci-

elebaSi. yvelaze zogadi gaazrebiT, Cveni qveyana, Tavisi

bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ori di-

di regionisgan Sedgeba _ dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi.

ilia WavWavaZem da niko nikolaZem Taviseburad gadaina-

wiles funqciebi da pirvelma maTganma qarTl-kaxeTisa

da, saerTod, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, xolo meorem da-

savleT saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

konceptualuri principebi daamuSava.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, jer kidev gasuli saukunis

90-ian wlebSi “ilialogTa klubis” iniciativiT Seiqmna

mecnier-mkvlevarTa klubi regionul ekonomikaTa koncef-

ciis SesamuSaveblad. Tbilisis universitetSi gaimarTa

diskusia, amasTan, monawileoba miviReT poloneTis qalaq

lublinSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, sadac

es sakiTxebi iqna wamoweuli da mecnierTa yuradReba da-

imsaxura. erTi sityviT, Teoriul aspeqtSi axlo war-

sulis Cveni didi moRvaweebis memkvidreoba Seswavli-

lia.Aaxla mTavaria, rom Teoriidan praqtikaze gada-

videT. sxvanairad xom, rogorc ilia ityoda, “mecniereba

uqmi Wkvis uqmi varjiSia”.

aRniSnuli diskusiebis dros SemuSavda da ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetma gamosca samecniero krebuli _ “qarTuli saxelm-

wifo” (2003). misi ZiriTadi nawili miZRvnilia qarTuli

saxelmwifos mSeneblobis socialur-ekonomikuri prob-

lemebisadmi. aq minda davayeno afxazeTTan da dasavleT

saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli rigi sakiTxebi:

157

pirvel rigSi xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom afxazeTi

da mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo istoriulad yovelTvis

erTiani politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri regioni

iyo. “qarTlis cxovrebis” araerTi wyaro cneba “afxa-

zeTs” ganixilavs, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos aRm-

niSvnel sityvas. gavixsenoT Tundac daviT aRmaSeneblis

samefo regalia _ “mefe afxazTa, qarTlTa, kaxTa da

zanTa”, sadac “afxazeTi” mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos

gamaerTianebeli politikuri regaliaa. tradiciiT es

TviT XIX saukuneSic gadmovida da igi ilia WavWavaZisa

da niko nikolaZis publicistikaSic aisaxa.

kerZod, maT SeimuSaves idea, rom kapitalizmis gan-

viTarebas dasavleT saqarTveloSi, anu afxazeTSi erTi-

ani korporaciuli sistemis Seqmna unda daedos safuZv-

lad. am mizniT kolxeTis dablobze, rionis qvemo dineba-

sa da foTis mimdebare teritoriaze unda Seqmniliyo di-

di savaWro-samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo dasaxleba

_ “kolxida”, romliTac moxdeboda produqciis gatana

Savi zRvisa da xmelTaSua zRvis regionebSi. sxvaTaSo-

ris unda aRiniSnos, rom am ideis ganxorcieleba scada

lavrenti beriam, Sesrulda garkveuli saproeqto sa-

muSaoebic, magram meore msoflio omis dawyebam es pro-

cesi SeaCera.

samocian wlebSi am proeqtiT seriozulad dainte-

resda cnobili amerikeli diplomati da Semdeg ki metad

warmatebuli biznesmeni averil harimani. igi pirobas iZ-

leoda, rom mTel am regions “evraziis Sveicariad” gada-

aqcevda, magram kremlis axalma xelmZRvanelobam proeqti

“kolxida” kvlav CaSala da afxazeTi antiqarTuli poli-

tikis placdarmad aqcia, romlis mizani dRes yvelasTvis

naTelia: “gaTiSe da ibatones” imperiuli politikiT

kremlis Tanamedrove mesveurebi cdiloben moaxdinon af-

xazeTis iseTive aneqsia da asimilacia, rogorc es ga-

akeTes asi wlis win jiqeTsa da CerqezeTSi.

“iliologTa klubma” am ramdenime wlis win moiZia

da ganaaxla zemoT xsenebuli “kolxidasa” da agreTve

e.w. “harimanis” proeqtebi da igi daukavSira evrokavSiris

“konfliqtebis mSvidobiani daregulirebis” ideas. ker-

Zod, Cven vayenebT ideas, rom Seiqmnas ori didi korpora-

ciuli sameurneo dasaxleba saqarTveloSi: zemoT xsene-

buli “kolxida” da agreTve, “iliawminda” aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi (ivrispireTSi, daviT garejsa da dalis

wyalsacavs Soris). kargi iqneba Tu investori dainteres-

deba aRniSnuli proeqtebiT, rac, vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovan

wvlils Seitans rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT sa-

qarTvelos regionul ekonomikaTa ganviTarebaSi.

amis dasasabuTeblad ramdenime argumenti SeiZleba

moviyvanoT. esenia:

a) Tavis droze, kerZod, ferganis tragediis Sem-

deg, evrokavSirma meore msoflio omis dros Sua aziaSi

gadasaxlebuli mahmadiani mesxebis (e.w. “Turqi mesxebis”)

reabilitaciis programa miiRo. am mizniT gamoiyo mniSv-

nelovani finansuri saxsrebi _ as milionamde evro. sa-

qarTvelos mTavrobas ki mosTxoves Sesabamisi samarT-

lebrivi bazis Seqmna (saqarTvelos parlamentma 2008

wels miiRo repatriaciis kanoni), magram dRemde arc erT

xelisuflebas seriozulad ar ufiqria maT ganxorci-

elebaze da “iliawmindas” mSeneblobac dRes faqtobri-

vad dakonservebulia. rac Seexeba “kolxidas” proeqts,

dRes igi saerTod miviwyebulia, maSin, roca aWaridan,

raWa-leCxumidan da svaneTidan ekomigrantTa Casaxlebi-

sTvis aseve mniSvnelovani saxsrebia gaTvaliswinebuli.

b) Tavis droze israelis saxelmwifo Seiqmna

Zveli “kibucuri” sameurneo dasaxlebebis safuZvelze da

dRevandeli israelis ekonomikaSi maT, rogorc ityvian,

lomis wili aqvT. ilia WavWavaZe da niko nikolaZe moiT-

xovdnen, rom aseTive “xodabunuri” tipis sameurneo kor-

poraciebi Seqmniliyo saqarTveloSic. Seiqmna kidec ram-

denime ebrauli “kibucis” msgavsi qarTuli “xodabuni”,

159

magram, samwuxarod, am procesma ganviTareba ver po-

va.Ddadga dro, Cvens erovnul ekonomikaSi “xodabunebis”

sasoflo-sameurneo korporaciebs farTo gza mivceT. Cven

mzad gvaqvs maTi socialur-ekonomikuri dasabuTebac,

rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes lizinguri investiciebis

mozidviT, romelic SedarebiT nakleb saxsrebs Txo-

ulobs.Aam gziTac SeiZleba mniSvnelovani finansuri da

materialur-teqnikuri saxsrebis mobilizeba “kolxidasa”

da “iliawmindas” proeqtebis realizaciisTvis, rac, Ta-

vis mxriv, aTasobiT adamians daasaqmebs. es sakiTxi sa-

xelmwifo politikis rangSi unda iqnes ayvanili. swored

dasaqmebis problemis gadawyveta warmoadgens Cvens mTa-

var arguments zemoaRniSnuli proeqtebis ganxorciele-

bisTvis, romelsac didi biZgi misces mecxramete sauku-

nis ekonomikuri azris iseTma titanebma, rogorebic iyv-

nen ilia WavWavaZe da niko nikolaZe.


1. ilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZe, Txz., Tbilisi, 1989.

2. niko nikolaZeniko nikolaZeniko nikolaZeniko nikolaZe, Txz., Tbilisi, 1988.

Kvaratskhelia Murman

FOR THE ARTICLE OF GEORGIA’S GOVERNMENTAL ESTABLISHMENT IN THE CREATIVE ACTIVITY OF ILIA

CHAVCHAVADZE AND NIKO NIKOLADZE

SUMMARY

The article reviews some aspects of nineteenth century’s economical point of view about governmental establishment in the creative activity of Ilia Chavchavadze and Niko Nikoladze. The article underlines their special method of approaching in determination of country’s future. It marks out the projects of “Kolkhidi” and “Iliatsminda” and their

importance in the present-day period.

mamuka xmamuka xmamuka xmamuka xuskivaZeuskivaZeuskivaZeuskivaZe lia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZe

161

saqarTvelos ekonomikis realuri seqtoris saqarTvelos ekonomikis realuri seqtoris saqarTvelos ekonomikis realuri seqtoris saqarTvelos ekonomikis realuri seqtoris

ganviTarebis potencialis Sesaxeb ganviTarebis potencialis Sesaxeb ganviTarebis potencialis Sesaxeb ganviTarebis potencialis Sesaxeb

saxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTva saxelmwifos, ro-

gorc menejeris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani funqciaa. aseve

mniSvnelovania sworad ganisazRvros is areali, sadac

saxelmwifos moRvaweoba warmatebuli iqneba. es ZiriTa-

dad exeba saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebul sawarmoTa

gankargvis sakiTxebs. aucilebelia Sefasdes, Tu ra po-

tencials flobs saxelmwifo, ra Rirebulebisaa misi qo-

neba da ganviTarebis rogori perspeqtiva gaaCnia.

swored zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebidan gamomdinare

ganxorcielda am sferos Semowmeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom

kontrolis palatis mier am sferos Semowmeba saerTa-

Soriso savaluto fondis moTxovnac iyo, vinaidan saWi-

ro iyo zustad gansazRvruliyo, ra qonebis patronia

saxelmwifo. saqarTvelos kontrolis palatam gamoavli-

na, rom saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili

1400 sawarmodan, 2009 wlis monacemebiT, mxolod 317 iyo

momgebiani, xolo 163-ma sawarmom saangariSo weli zara-

liT daasrula, rac mZime mdgomareobis maCvenebelia. Ca-

tarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom saxelmwifos wilobrivi

monawileobiT arsebuli sawarmoebis marTva kardinalur

srulyofas moiTxovs. mTavari problemaa ara marto ase-

Ti marTvis dabali Sedegianoba, aramed misi gaumjobese-

bis ukiduresad neli tempi.

saxelmwifo sawarmoTa auditis Catarebis gadawyve-

tileba sawarmoTa marTvis saagentos auditis Sedegebma

ganapiroba. faqtma cxadyo, rom 1400-ze meti saxelmwifo

sawarmodan, romelTa sawesdebo kapitali 2 miliards

aWarbebs, daaxloebiT 320 maTgania momgebiani. danarCeni

900 sawarmo an ar funqcionirebda, an weliwads zaraliT

asrulebda, an maT Sesaxeb ekonomikis saministro ara-

srulyofil informacias flobda, rac, Tavis mxriv, am

sawarmoebis araefeqtiani saqmianobis dasturia. 320 "mom-

gebiani" sawarmodan mogebis 90 procenti 1 sawarmoze

modis (sul am sawarmoTa wminda mogeba 95 210 031 laria,

am erTi sawarmos mogeba 89 395 031 lari). 1400-ze meti

sawarmodan funqcionirebs mxolod mexuTedi da, miuxe-

davad amisa, saxelmwifo mainc inaxavs sawarmoebis 4/5-s.

gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa xarjze xdeba zaralian sa-

warmoTa da personalis Senaxva wlebis ganmavlobaSi,

maSin, rodesac zaralian sawarmoTa mTliani xarji, anu

personalis Senaxvisa da materialur-teqnikuri bazisT-

vis gaRebuli Tanxa 150 milion lars Seadgens. auci-

leblad unda Seicvalos midgoma am sawarmoebis mimarT.

isini an unda iqces rentabelur sawarmoebad, moxdes

maTi optimizacia, unda ganisazRvros sferoebi, romleb-

Sic saxelmwifos darCena gamarTlebuli iqneba, xolo

danarCeni sawarmoebi an qoneba unda moeqces Tavisufal

brunvaSi, an unda Sefasdes am sawarmoebis sapriva-

tizacio potenciali da gaiyidos an gaices marTvaSi, ra-

sac araerTi, sazogadoebisaTvis sasikeTo da mniSvnelo-

vani Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves.

kontrolis palatam sawarmoTa marTvis saagentos

auditis Sedegad mniSvnelovani darRvevebi jer kidev ga-

suli wlis bolos aRmoaCina. am auditis Sedegad gairk-

va, rom sawarmoTa marTvis saagento mis daqvemdebarebaSi

myof daaxloebiT 500 saxelmwifo sawarmoze aranair in-

formacias ar flobda. amave daskvnis mixedviT, 1400-ze

meti saxelmwifo sawarmodan 900 an ar saqmianobs, an

wels zaraliT asrulebs. maTi Senaxva ki saxelmwifos

yovelwliurad 150 milioni lari ujdeba.

saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili

sawarmoebis wminda mogebam 2001 wels 70 milion lars ga-

daaWarba. es sakmaod didi cifria. Tumca kontrolis pa-

latis informaciaze dayrdnobiT irkveva, rom 1999

wlidan dRemde kompaniebis mogebis saerTo maCvenebeli

marTalia gaizarda, magram TiTqmis ganaxevrda Tavad mom-

163

gebiani kompaniebis ricxvi. 1999 wels 1588 sawarmodan 400-

ze metma kompaniam weli mogebiT daasrula, xolo wminda

mogebam 41.6 milioni lari Seadgina. momdevno wels war-

matebuli mxolod 390 sawarmo aRmoCnda. wminda mogebam

ki 55 milion lars gadaaWarba. 2001 wels momgebiani kom-

paniebis ricxvi ganaxevrda, magram mogebam ukve 70.5 mi-

lioni lari Seadgina. es tendencia martivad SeiZleba

aixsnas: menejmentma, saxelmwifos mxridan arasworma

marTvam bevri kompania gaakotra.

am periodis manZilze yvelaze metad mainc qveynis

biujeti dazaralda. saqme exeba saqarTvelos preziden-

tis 1998 wlis 22 aprilis #257 brZanebulebas, romelic

kompaniebs avaldebulebs, wminda mogebidan saxelmwifo

biujets dividendi gadauxados. 1999 wlidan 2001 wlamde

biujetSi dividendebis saxiT mxolod 23 milioni lari

Sevida (1999 wels _ 3.2 mln, 2000 wels _ 9.9 milioni, 2001

wels ki daaxloebiT 10 milioni lari). kanoniT sawarmos

xelmZRvaneli valdebulia, saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis

saministros warudginos angariSi sawarmoSi wminda moge-

bis ganawilebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi sawarmo, marTa-

lia, ar malavs Tavis mogebas, magram iqve miuTiTebs, rom

mas es Tanxa isev sawarmosTvis, reinvesticiisaTvis sWir-

deba. saministroc, Sesabamisad, eTanxmeba da amaSi fi-

nansTa saministrosac arwmunebs. am sqemiT wlidan wlam-

de sul mcire 20 milioni lari swored reinvesticiis

motiviT ikargeba.

zogierTi specialistis azriT, yvelaferi, maT So-

ris momgebiani sawarmoebic, kerZo mesakuTres unda Cabar-

des: kerZo kompaniis menejeri motivirebulia, rom konku-

renciis pirobebSi axali klientebi moiZios, axal baz-

rebze gavides da maqsimaluri mogeba miiRos, rac, sabo-

lood, mogebis gadasaxadis saxiT, gacilebiT met Semo-

savals niSnavs saxelmwifosTvis. zogierTis mosazrebiT,

strategiuli obieqtebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rkinigza

an navigacia, saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi unda darCes, da-

narCeni ki unda gaiyidos. ekonomikis saministrom gasul

wels 84 sawarmos privatizeba SeZlo. erTi amdenis pri-

vatizebas welsac gegmavs da, Sedegad, 210 milioni laris

miRebis imedi aqvs: saministro aqcents araefeqtian da

ararentabelur saxelmwifo sawarmoebze gaakeTebs.

Sedgenilia im kompaniebis sia, romelTa aqciebsac

saxelmwifo axlo momavalSi safondo birJaze gaitans.

saxelmwifo "eleqtrokavSiris" aqciebis mxolod 15 pro-

centis gatanas apirebs. germania, britaneTi, safrangeTi,

espaneTi, italia, portugalia, belgia, holandia da a. S.

im qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac saxelmwifoebrivi

mniSvnelobis kompaniebSi Tavad saxelmwifo ara marto

aqciaTa garkveul wils (yvelaze meti 30%) flobs, ara-

med e.w. "oqros aqciebsac" gankargavs. "oqros aqciebi"

saxelmwifoebis Sesabamis dargobriv saministroebs uf-

lebas aZlevs, dablokos kompaniis xelmZRvanelobis ne-

bismieri gadawyvetileba, Tu is qveynis interesebs ewi-

naaRmdegeba.

dReisaTvis saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia umsxvilesi

saxelmwifo sawarmoebi: „TbilgvirabmSeni“, „saqaeronavi-

gacia“, „saqarTvelos rkinigza“, „Tbilisis saerTaSoriso

aeroporti“, „engurhesi“.

2010 wlis 22 ivliss Sps saqarTvelos rkinigzam,

pirvelad istoriaSi, ganaxorciela evroobligaciebis ga-

moSveba (nominali 250 mln aSS dolari, kuponi – 9.875%,

weliwadSi orjer gadaxdiT, vadianoba – 5 weli). obli-

gaciebi warmatebiT ganTavsda londonis safondo birJa-

ze. emisia ganxorcielda saerTaSoriso sainvesticio ban-

kebis JP Morgan Securities da BofA Merrill Lynch-is saSualebiT. igi 100%-iani wiliT saxelmwifo sawarmoa. mimdinare

wels Semosavlis zrda 33.3%-ia. saqarTvelos rkinigza

axorcielebs umniSvnelovanesi proeqtebis realizacias,

rogoricaa: baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis SemaerTebeli sarkinig-

zo monakveTis mSeneblobis proeqti, Tbilisis SemovliTi

165

gzis mSenebloba. didubisa da navTluRis sadgurebis

ganviTarebis proeqti, Sida kontrolis sistemis da-

nergva.

saqarTvelos prezidentis, azerbaijanis respubli-

kis prezidentisa da TurqeTis respublikis premier-mi-

nistris mier gaformebuli SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad xor-

cieldeba baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis SemaerTebeli sarkinigzo

monakveTis mSeneblobis proeqtis realizacia. aRniSnuli

SeTanxmebis farglebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze unda

ganxorcieldes: marabda-axalqalaqis arsebuli sarkinig-

zo monakveTis reabilitacia da rekonstruqcia; axal-

qalaqis axali sadguris mSenebloba; axalqalaqi-karwaxi

(saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvari) sarkinigzo xazis mSe-

nebloba. proeqtis dafinanseba xorcieldeba azerbaija-

nuli mxaris mier, saqarTvelos da azerbaijanis mTav-

robebs Soris gaformebuli SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis SemaerTe-

beli sarkinigzo monakveTis mSeneblobis proeqtis re-

alizacias axorcielebs am mizniT 2007 wels Seqmnili

kompania „marabda-karwaxis rkinigza“. baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis

SemaerTebeli sarkinigzo xazis saqarTvelos monakveTis

sareabilitacio-sarekonstruqcio da samSeneblo samu-

Saoebis procesSi dasaqmdeba 4000 adamianze meti. amasTan,

dasaqmebis procesSi prioriteti mieniWeba adgilobriv

mosaxleobas.

rkinigzis mSenebloba dasruldeba 2012 wels. pro-

eqtis ganxorcielebiT, rogorc samxreT kavkasiis regi-

onSi, aseve mTels evraziaSi mdgradi satransporto qse-

li Seiqmneba, romelic ganamtkicebs regionul usafrT-

xoebas da qveynebs Soris savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTo-

bebis sferoSi mWidro TanamSromlobas uzrunvelyofs.

baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis SemaerTebeli sarkinigzo xazi war-

moadgens aRmosavleT-dasavleTis energetikuli satrans-

porto derefnis ZiriTad rgols, romelic regionSi eko-

nomikur zrdas da stabilurobas Seuwyobs xels. baqo-

Tbilisi-yarsis SemaerTebeli sarkinigzo xazi warmoad-

gens evropa-kavkasia-aziis satransporto derefans da aR-

niSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT saerTaSoriso eqspertebi mas

moixsenieben, rogorc „rkinis abreSumis gzas“.

Sps ”saqaeronavigacia” umTavresad uzrunvelyofs

sahaero moZraobis momsaxurebas saqarTvelos sahaero da

Tbilisis asafren-dasafren zonebSi, iseve, rogorc fre-

nebis usafrTxoebas. kavkasiisa da Sua aziis qveynebis

zonaSi saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce evropa-aziis sahaero

derefnis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia.


1. Якобсон Л.И. Государственный сектор экономики. Москва, 1996. 2. Стиглиц Дж. Экономика государственного сектора. Москва,

1997. 3. Бандурин В.В., Кузнецов В. Ю. Управление государственной

собственностью в условиях переходной экономики. Москва, 1999.

Khuskivadze Mamuka Totladze Lia

CONCERNING THE DEVELOPMENT POTENCY OF A REAL SECTOR OF GEORGIA’S ECONOMY

SUMMARY

In the article there is considered the present situation of state

enterprises in Georgia. Is analyzed the results of audit carried out by the Chamber of Control in this sphere. There is also considered the real perspectives of development of enterprises.

167

eTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakulia mcire sawarmos menejmentis mcire sawarmos menejmentis mcire sawarmos menejmentis mcire sawarmos menejmentis

TaviseburebaniTaviseburebaniTaviseburebaniTaviseburebani

mcire biznesi (bazarze misi organizaciuli for-

maa mcire sawarmo _ firma) Tavisi gansakuTrebulobiT,

upiratesobebiT da uaryofiTi mxareebiT xasiaTdeba, ri-

Tac ganpirobebulia mcire sawarmos menejmentis Tavise-

burebani.

mcire sawarmos gansakuTrebulobidan da upirate-

sobebidan upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos misi moqniloba

da mobiluroba, romlebic aZlevs mas SesaZleblobas,

msxvil sawarmosTan SedarebiT, operatiulad upasuxos

da swrafad Seeguos bazris cvalebad pirobebs.

mcire biznesi (mcire sawarmo) SeiZleba kvalifici-

rdes, rogorc ekonomikuri qcevis gansakuTrebuli forma

da iniciativiani SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba, romelic, amav-

droulad, dakavSirebulia garkveul riskTan SezRuduli

raodenobis dainteresebul adamianTa jgufisTvis.

mcire firmaSi efeqtian meurneobriobas ganapiro-

bebs mesakuTrisa da mmarTvelis erTi miznis garSemo

gaerTianeba. amasTan, misi efeqtiani funqcionirebis um-

Tavres pirobas warmoadgens is, rom aq SesaZlebelia Ta-

namSromelTa urTierTCanacvlebadoba. mcirericxovani

koleqtivisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTmaneTisadmi daxma-

reba da mxardaWera, aseve, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi ur-

TierTSecvla.

mcire sawarmos gansakuTrebul upiratesobas war-

moadgens informaciis gatarebis siswrafe. es ganpi-

robebulia mesakuTresa (xelmZRvanelsa) da daqiravebuls

Soris uSualo urTierTobebiT.

firmis mcire zoma ganapirobebs masSi kargi mar-

Tvis ganxorcielebas iq arsebuli mmarTvelobis xar-

jebTan SedarebiT, amasTan, mcire sawarmos Sesaqmnelad,

rogorc wesi, msxvili danaxarjebi ar aris saWiro.

Tavisi gansakuTrebulobisa da upiratesobebis

gverdiT mcire sawarmoebi rigi uaryofiTi mxareebiTac

xasiaTdeba. arsebiT uaryofiT maxasiaTebels mcire sa-

warmoebisaTvis warmoadgens is, rom aq mesakuTre maRali

riskis qveS imyofeba. mcire sawarmoebis efeqtiani funq-

cionireba didad aris damokidebuli ara mxolod xel-

mZRvanelis SesaZleblobebsa da unarze, aramed gare

samyaros zemoqmedebazec. meore sust mxares mcire sawar-

moebisaTvis warmoadgens kapitaldagrovebis dabali do-

ne. maTi SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia kreditis miRe-

baSic, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom mcire sawarmos ar

aqvs saWiro saxsrebi maRali procentis gadasaxdelad.

mcire sawarmoebs praqtikulad ar aqvs gamoyeneba

fondtevad, mecnierebatevad da sxva iseT dargebSi, ro-

169

melic did kapitaldabandebebs saWiroebs, amdenad, misi

moqmedebis sfero SezRudulia.

mcire biznesi metad mravalferovania, es mraval-

ferovneba da gansxvavebuloba ganpirobebulia mTeli

rigi faqtorebiT. TiToeuli maTgani, ama Tu im zomiT,

gavlenas axdens konkretuli firmis marTvis Tavisebu-

rebebze. aseT faqtorebs ganekuTvneba sawarmos zoma, da-

saqmebulTa ricxovnoba da Semadgenloba; sakuTrebis

forma; saqmianobis dargi; gamosaSvebi produqciis da

momsaxurebis moculoba da asortimenti; sawarmos orga-

nizaciuli struqtura da sxva.

specialistebis [1,2,3] mier aRiarebulia, rom marT-

vis organizaciis konkretuli formis gansazRvraze yve-

laze metad gavlenas axdens sawarmos zoma, ufro zus-

tad, dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba, dasaqmebulTa ricxov-

nobidan gamomdinare gaaCnia Tavisi specifika sawarmos

menejmentsac.

menejmenti ganisazRvreba rogorc principebis, me-

Todebis, saSualebebisa da marTvis formebis erTiani

sistema, romelic mimarTulia sawarmos mier dasaxuli

miznebis, saWiro resursebis socialuri gamoyenebis miR-

wevisaken, am resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis gziT.

sawarmos menejmentis, rogorc marTvaSi specialistis,

maxasiaTeblad aRiarebulia sawarmos Sromis mwarmoeb-

lobaSi miRwevebi, miRebuli konkretuli Sedegebi.

iaponiaSi ganasxvaveben sawarmoTa menejmentis teq-

nologiis sam dones. araorganizebuli marTva (menej-

menti), organizebuli marTva, mecnierulad dasazuste-

beli organizebuli marTva. maT Soris pirveli, marTvis

teqnologiebis dabali done, maxasiaTebelia mcire sawar-

moebisaTvis, sadac dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ar aRemateba

20 kacs. aq ar funqcionirebs, mmarTvelobis (menejmentis)

specialuri (sayovelTaod aRiarebuli) mmarTvelobiTi

qveganyofilebebi. marTva xorcieldeba elementarul do-

neze da moicavs mxolod buRaltrul aRricxvas, sa-

mecniero saqmianobis rentabelobis kontrols, xelmZRva-

nelobas Sromaze.

mmarTvelobis teqnologiis saSualo (meore) done

Seesabameba sawarmoebs, sadac dasaqmebulTa raodenoba

ganisazRvreba 21-dan 100-mde kaciT. mmarTvelobis am

doneze funqcionirebs specialuri mmarTvelobiTi qvegan-

yofilebebi. esenia: warmoebis, momaragebis, Sromis, finan-

sebis marTvis teqnologiebi, romelTa menejerebs Ses-

wevT unari, organizebulad marTon sawarmos meurneob-

rioba.

mmarTvelobis teqnologiis umaRlesi (mesame) done

Seesabameba iseT sawarmoebs, sadac dasaqmebulTa raode-

noba aRemateba 100 kacs. aseT sawarmoebSi funqcionirebs

kargad organizebuli, mecnierulad gaazrebuli mmarT-

velobis qveganyofilebebi. TiToeuli aseTi ganyofileba

Tavis sferoSi flobs mmarTvelobis teqnologiis umaR-

les dones.

mmarTvelobis doneebis mixedviT sawarmoTa da-

yofas Tavisi logika gaaCnia. cxadia, maRaziebi, kafeebi,

silamazis salonebi da sxva saxis mcire zomis sa-

warmoebi ar saWiroebs mmarTvelobis qveganyofilebebs,

igi maTTvis zedmet tvirTs warmoadgens.

Cveulebriv, mcire sawarmoebSi menejmentis gan-

xorcielebas Tavis Tavze iRebs mesakuTre.

mcire firmis (sawarmos) marTvis organizaciuli

struqtura SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT Semdegi saxiT

(ix. nax. 1).

171

nax. 1.nax. 1.nax. 1.nax. 1. mcire firmis (sawarmos) menejmentis

organizaciuli struqtura

warmoebis da gayidvebis moculobis gazrda mcire

sawarmoebSi iTxovs mmarTveli jgufis Camoyalibebas,

romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis mmarTveli (mesakuTre); mo-

maragebis agentebi, romlebic, xSirad, teqnologis, osta-

tis funqciis Semsruleblebad gvevlinebian, romelTa

daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebian daqiravebulebi. droebiTi

xelSekrulebiT (samuSaos Semsruleblad) xdeba buRalt-

ris specialistis mowveva. profesiuli da mmarTvelo-

biTi funqciebis gaerTianeba, naTesauri da ojaxuri ur-

TierTobebis arseboba mcire sawarmoebSi ganapirobebs

arsebuli resursebis ekonomiur gamoyenebas.

ganasxvaveben marTvis or saxeobas, esenia, sawarmos

mizanze orientirebuli menejmenti, mas xSirad uwodeben

`mmarTvelobas miznis mixedviT~ da funqciebis mixedviT

mmarTveloba, anu dakisrebuli funqciebis mixedviT me-

nejmenti.

biznesis menejmentSi ganasxvaveben mmarTvelobis

sam ZiriTad stils: avtoritaruls, demokratiuls, libe-

ralurs.

mmarTvelobis menejmentis stili, es aris ara is,

ra unda Sesruldes mcire sawarmos menejmentSi miznis

misaRwevad, aramed is, Tu rogori xerxiT da midgomiT

ganaxorcielos menejmenti menejerma mas Semdeg, rac

ganisazRvreba strategia, miznebi da amocanebi.

yovel menejers menejmentis ganxorcielebis Tavisi

stili aqvs, romelic, ase Tu ise, miesadageba mmarTve-

lobis zemoT aRniSnul sam ZiriTad stils. Gganasxva-

veben xuTi bunebis mmarTvelobiTi qcevis tips, esenia:

menejer-diqtatori, menejer-demokrati, menejer-pesimisti,

menejer-monopolisti; menejer-organizatori.

aRniSnuli tipebidan mcire sawarmos (mcire biz-

nesis) menejments unda axorcielebdes menejment-orga-

nizatori menejmentis es tipi yvelaze produqtiulia,

radgan igi iTvaliswinebs warmoebis SesaZleblobebs,

moTxovnas da mosaxleobis interesebs.

saqarTveloSi, gardamavali ekonomikis periodSi,

mosaxleobis didma nawilma xeli mohkida mcire bizness.

Seiqmna uamravi mcire sawarmo, gansakuTrebiT komerciul

biznesSi da momsaxurebis sxva sferoSi mcire sawar-

moebis Seqmnas xeli Seuwyo imanac, rom gasuli saukunis

90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gansaxelmwifoebriobis da pri-

vatizebis procesi daiwyo sabWoTa mcire sawarmoebe-

bidan. miuxedavad mcire sawarmoTa simravlisa, romelic,

moqmed sawarmoTa saerTo raodenobaSi, 1996 wlidan dRem-

de yovelwliurad 80 procents aRemateba, man mainc ver

moaxerxa qveynis ekonomikaSi Tavisi adgilis damkvidreba.

gamoSvebuli produqciis saerTo moculobaSi misi xved-

riTi wili jer kidev Zalze mcirea da bolo wlebis

(2003-2008) monacemebiT, mniSvnelovnad aRemateba 4 pro-

cents. maSin, rodesac ganviTarebul qveynebSi es maCvene-

beli jer kidev gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolodan

aRemateba 50 procents.

registrirebul sawarmoTa saerTo raodenobidan

(207598 erTeuli) 2007 wels funqcionirebda mxolod 23137

sawarmo (11,1%). aqedan mcire sawarmoze modis 8,9% (18576

sawarmo).

173

monacemTa mixedviT, 2003 wlidan 2007 wlis CaTv-

liT registrirebul individualur sawarmoTa saerTo

raodenoba orjer metad (2,25-jer) gaizarda, maSin, rode-

sac moqmed sawarmoTa didi nawili didxans ver axerxebs

arsebobas.

marto 2007 wlis monacemebiT registrirebuli in-

dividualuri sawarmoebis saerTo raodenobis (147775 sa-

warmo) mxolod 7,3%, anu 10854 sawarmo funqcionirebda.

mocemuli masalebidan saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis gan-

viTarebis arsebuli mdgomareobis Seswavla misi ganvi-

Tarebis dabal dones gviCvenebs.

aqve SevniSnavT, rom sawarmos menejmentis stra-

tegia da mizani, bevrad aris damokidebuli qveynis mTav-

robis mcire biznesisadmi Camoyalibebul strategiaze.

dRes arsebuli mTavrobis strategiis mixedviT,

romelic regulirebulia 2010 wels miRebul axal saga-

dasaxado kodeqsSi (Tavi XI) [4] da romelic ZalaSi Se-

vida 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan, mikro da mcire biznesSi da-

saqmebulTa menejmentis strategiad unda iqnes aRiare-

buli maTi saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis gazrda,

xolo evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis mixedviT [3], mikro

da mcire biznesis menejmentis strategia unda iyos da-

saqmebulTa raodenoba.

naSromSi [7] Camoyalibebul sxva mraval mizezTan

erTad, mcire biznesis ganviTarebis arsebuli mdgoma-

reobis erT-erTi mizezi aris mcire sawarmoebis menej-

mentis metad dabali done, SeiZleba iTqvas, misi TiTqmis

ararseboba. aRniSnulis gamosworebis mizniT, qveynis

mTavrobam, ganaTlebis saministrosTan erTad, xeli unda

Seuwyos qveyanaSi mcire biznesis menejmentis specialis-

tebis aRzrdas.

arsebul umaRles saswavleblebSi unda iswavle-

bodes disciplina `mcire biznesis menejmenti~, kole-

jebSi unda momzaddes kadrebi Sesabamisi specialobebiT.

gansakuTrebiT unda mieqces yuradReba mmarTve-

lobis dabali (pirveli) da saSualo (meore) donis me-

nejmentis teqnologias da menejeris stilidan menejer-

organizatoris stilis formirebas.

gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literaturaliteraturaliteraturaliteratura

1. Девид Дж. Речмен; Майкл Х. Мескон, Куртланд Л. Боуви; Джон В. Тилл. Современный Бизнес. В 2 т. М.,1995.

2. Грибов В. Д. Менеджмент в малом бизнесе. М., «Финансы и статистика», 2002.

3. nidlinidlinidlinidli dddd. biznesi konteqstSi. Tbilisi, biznes komuni-

kaciis centri, 2003.

4. saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi (uaxlesi cvlilebebiT da damatebebiT). Tbilisi, 2011.

5. saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb. (2010 wlis 5 no-emberis mdgomareobiT). Tbilisi, ìuristis bible-

oTeka~, 2010.

6. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro,

statistikis departamenti. mewarmeoba saqarTveloSi,

statistikuri krebuli. Tbilisi, 2008.

7. abesaZe r., kakulia e.abesaZe r., kakulia e.abesaZe r., kakulia e.abesaZe r., kakulia e. mcire biznesis makroekonomikuri

regulirebis meqanizmi saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 2008.

Kakulia Eter THE PECULIARITY OF SMALL ENTERPRISE

MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY

In the work are studied the positive and negative sides characteristic for small business (small enterprise). Are discussed three levels of enterprise management, three types of a manager for small

175

enterprises. Is given the model of organizational structure of a small enterprise (firm) management. Is given an opinion for overcoming insufficiencies existed in a small enterprise management of Georgia, about the necessity of establishing a manager organizator from managing technology of the second level and from the fifth form of the management style.

nazira kakulia nazira kakulia nazira kakulia nazira kakulia instituciuri problemebi reformebisinstituciuri problemebi reformebisinstituciuri problemebi reformebisinstituciuri problemebi reformebis

Tanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapze

instituciur problemaTa Soris Cven SevexebiT

erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, romelic ukavSirdeba sa-

kuTrebis zustad dadgenil uflebebs, uzrunvelyofs in-

vesticiebis stimulirebas, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis

zrdas, qcevis normebis srulyofasa da gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebis stimulirebas. aseT problemad miviCnevT priva-

tizaciis ganxorcielebis process. tradiciulad, priva-

tizacia ganixileba, rogorc saxelmwifos xelSi arsebu-

li instrumenti, romelic Tavisi funqcionirebis gazr-

dis mizniT sakuTrebis uflebisa da resursebis ganawi-

lebis sakiTxebs biurokratebis xelidan bazris ùCinari

xelis~ gankargulebaSi gadacemas gulisxmobs.

privatizaciis ganxorcielebis gamocdileba sxva-

dasxva qveyanaSi mowmobs imaze, rom es procesi SeiZleba

isaxavdes gansxvavebul miznebs, romlebic SeiZleba ata-

rebdes rogorc pragmatul, aseve sistemur xasiaTs19.

bunebrivia, rom gansxvavebuli xasiaTis miznebis reali-

zacia moiTxovs sxvadasxva strategiebis gamoyenebas, rac

gamoricxavs yvela dasaxuli miznis erTdroulad miRwe-

vis SesaZleblobas. politikuri prioritetebis dadgeniT

saxelmwifo faqtobrivad sazRvravs Tavis midgomas pri-

vatizaciis ganxorcielebaSi. ase magaliTad, ekonomikuri

efeqtianobis amaRlebis mizniT SeiZleba saxelmwifo sa-

kuTrebis gayidva im strategiul investorebze, romlebic

sawarmoTa restruqturizaciis yvelaze optimalur geg-

mas warmoadgenen; saxelmwifo biujetis Sevsebis amocanis

gadasaWrelad SeiZleba gadawydes sawarmoTa gayidva auq-

cionze maqsimalur fasad, xolo Tu saxelmwifo miznad

isaxavs sistemuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas, maSin

yvelaze misaRebi strategiaa masobrivi privatizacia.

garda amisa, mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba privatiza-

ciis siswrafesa da efeqtianobas Soris arCevanis gakeTe-

bas20.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli privatiza-

cia aseve mowmobs imaze, rom privatizaciis procesis

ekonomikur aspeqtebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebam gamoiwvia

im mamoZravebeli Zalebisa da motivaciis araswori ga-

19 pragmatuli miznebi iTvaliswinebs: sawarmoTa saqmianobis

efeqtianobis gazrdas, saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis sferos

Seviwroebas, saxelmwifos mxridan moqmedebis racionalizacias

da sabiujeto deficitis problemebis gadawyvetas, xolo sis-

temuri miznebi orientirebulia ekonomikuri institutebis da

interesebis kardinalur Secvlaze.

20 saqarTveloSi Tavdapirvelad oficialurad (iuridiulad)

iyo miRebuli privatizaciis yvela formis gamoyeneba (usasyid-

lo gadacema, arenda-gamosyidviT, sakonkurso gayidva, auqci-

oni, saerTaSoriso tenderi), magram yvela isini Tanabari zo-

miT ar iyo amoqmedebuli (Папава, Беридзе, 2005, ст. 159).

177

geba, romlebic safuZvlad udevs privatizaciis ganxor-

cielebis ama Tu im strategiis arCevas.

privatizaciis ekonomikur aspeqtebTan erTad, mni-

Svnelovani yuradReba eTmoba privatizaciis politikuri

arsis gagebasac, romelic dapirispirebuli socialuri

jgufebis interesebis konfliqtSi gamoixateboda. savse-

biT naTelia, rom privatizacia _ es aris socialuri

miznebis miRwevis erT-erTi alternativa, magram igi iZens

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis institutis formas, romelic

zogierTi jgufis miznebs privilegirebul mdgomareoba-

Si ayenebs maTTan dapirispirebuli socialuri jgufebis

sawinaaRmdegod.

amrigad, privatizacia warmoadgens ara sakuTrebis

uflebis ubralo gadacemas saxelmwifodan kerZo pireb-

ze, aramed iTvaliswinebs socialuri miznebis reali-

zacias da mis Sesrulebaze pasuxismgeblobis gadanacv-

lebas saxelmwifo seqtoridan kerZo seqtorze.

pasuxismgeblobis amgvari gadanacvleba cvlis

mTel instituciur struqturas, romlis meSveobiT xdeba

sazogadoebis sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis intere-

sebis dakmayofileba, izrdeba winaaRmdegoba im jgufebis

mxridan, romelTa interesebis xelyofa moxda privatiza-

ciis procesSi. aqedan TvalnaTliv Cans, Tu ra mniSv-

neloba eniWeba privatizaciis strategiis SerCevasa da

warmatebiT ganxorcielebas.

saqarTveloSi konkurenciis meqanizmis Seqmnisa da

stimulirebis procesma starti aiRo 1992 wels fasebisa

da vaWrobis liberalizaciasTan erTad. amave periodSi

daiwyo kerZo sakuTrebis institutis Seqmna privatiza-

ciis meSveobiT, romelic dResac grZeldeba. naSromis

miznebidan gamomdinare, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT

privatizaciis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi.

saxelmwifo sakuTrebis transformaciis periodi

saqarTveloSi daiwyo mcire sawarmoebis masobrivi priva-

tizaciiT jer kidev 1993 wels. dReisaTvis mcire sawar-

moebis privatizacia faqtobrivad damTavrebulia.

mcire sawarmoTa gansaxelmwifoebriobis procesSi

moqmedebda privatizaciis sxvadasxva forma: vauCeruli

meTodi, fuladi da nulovani auqcionebi, aqciebis sa-

kontrolo paketebis pirdapiri gayidva, komerciuli kon-

kursebi (tenderebi), saprivatizacio sawarmoebis aqciaTa

nawilis gadacema SromiTi koleqtivebisaTvis ufasod da

SeRavaTian fasebSi.

saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc bevr sxva gardama-

vali ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi, politikuri priori-

tetebi Warbobda ekonomikuri efeqtianobis mosazrebebs.

amis Sedegi iyo albaT is, rom auqcionebsa da ko-

merciul konkursebze (tenderebze) gamotanili sakuTreba

Tavs iyrida umTavresad insaiderTa xelSi, rogorc vi-

ciT, insaiderTa xelSi sakuTrebis gadacema (gardamavali

ekonomikis mqone qveynebis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare)

restruqturizaciis dabali doniTa da ekonomikuri saq-

mianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebis susti stimulirebiT

xasiaTdeboda.

saSualo da msxvili sawarmoebis privatizacia,

praqtikulad, mcire sawarmoebis privatizaciasTan erTad

daiwyo da pirvel etapze iTvaliswinebda maT gardaqmnas

saaqcio sazogadoebebad. unda aRiniSnos, rom mcire

sawarmoebis privatizaciisagan gansxvavebiT, saSualo da

msxvili sawarmoebis privatizacia mimdinareobda gaci-

lebiT meti siZneleebiT. saSualo da msxvil sawarmoTa

privatizaciis Semaferxebel mTavar mizezad SeiZleba ga-

movyoT: sawarmoTa aqcionirebis procesisadmi insaiderTa

mxridan winaaRmdegobis gaweva (ZiriTadi kapitalis cudi

mdgomareoba, Warbi warmoebrivi simZlavreebi, davaliane-

bebi, personalis siWarbe, finansuri resursebis mozidvis

dabali done, cudi sainvesticio klimati), romelic

afrTxobs potenciur investorebs. amis garda, im saSu-

alo da msxvili sawarmoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis

179

privatizacia, romlebmac miiRes strategiuli obieqtebis

statusi, akrZaluli iyo kanonmdeblobiT.

privatizacia saqarTveloSi Tavidanve mTeli tran-

sformaciuli strategiis ZiriTad elementad ganixilebo-

da. transformaciis pirobebSi sawarmoebi, samwuxarod,

orientirebulni iyvnen gadarCenaze da ara mogebaze. ins-

tituciuri pirobebis arastabiluroba, dargis cvalebadi

struqtura, alternatiuli momxmareblisa da mimwodeb-

lis ararseboba, xSirad ìZulebuls~ xdida direqto-

rebs, SeenarCunebinaT kavSirebi. arsebuli statusis Se-

narCunebis mizniT, isini mzad iyvnen imazec, rom sawar-

mos mxolod gadarCenis politika hqonoda. ra Tqma unda,

aseT pirobebSi saubari ar SeiZleba iyos maRali donis

produqciis gamoSvebaze, romelic mogebaze orientacias

gulisxmobs.

gardamaval periodSi, samwuxarod, gadawyvetile-

bebs iReben ara sawarmoebi, rogorc Camoyalibebuli ins-

titutebi, aramed, fizikuri pirebi, romlebic mTeli ko-

leqtivis saxeliT moqmedeben. aseT gadawyvetilebebs ego-

isturi qcevebi edeba safuZvlad, romelic personalis

SenarCunebaSi gamoixateba. amis miRweva ki SesaZlebelia

dabali xelfasisa da arasrulyofili samuSao dRis da-

wesebiT. amasTan, miuxedavad arsebuli problemebisa,

sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelebi yovelgvari xerxiT ibrZodnen

Tanamdebobis SesanarCuneblad. sawarmos moqmedeba mTli-

anad eqvemdebareboda xelmZRvanelis pirad interesebs. am

pirad interesebSi Sedis yvela is moqmedeba, romelic

gamoixateba kapitalis gayidvaSi, an Tundac gakotrebis

imitaciaSi, Tuki es sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis intereseb-

Si jdeba. faqtobrivad, sawarmoTa interesebi dayvanili

iyo Zveli xelmZRvanelobis pirad interesamde.

naklebad warmatebul transformaciul ekonomikaSi

privatizaciis ganxorcielebisas sakuTrebis uflebebis

ganawileba araswori mimarTulebiT warimarTa, vinaidan

am qveynebSi xelisuflebam ver SeZlo, erTi mxriv, im

Zveli instituciuri urTierTobebis demontaJi, romlebic

aregulirebdnen sabazro institutebis, iseTis, rogori-

caa, kerZo sakuTrebis, korporaciuli marTvis samarT-

lebrivi kodeqsis Seqmnis stimulireba. aseve, ver moiZeb-

na meqanizmi, romelic SeZlebda biujeturi SezRudvebisa

da socialuri dacvis sistemebis Camoyalibebas.

sustma da araadekvaturma instituciurma garemom

mxolod gaauaresa masobrivi privatizaciis Sedegebi. ins-

tituciuri vakuumis pirobebSi xelsayreli pirobebi Se-

iqmna menejerTa da ìnsaiderTa~ mxridan xelisuflebis

borotad gamoyenebisaTvis.

privatizaciis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli

reformebis analizisas im daskvnamde mivdivarT, rom re-

formebis procesi mimdinareobda dasavluri modelebis

mixedviT, gardamavali ekonomikis instituciuri speci-

fikis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe da migviyvana moulodnel

Sedegebamde.

savsebiT naTelia, rom ekonomikuri transforma-

ciis msvlelobaSi privatizacia aris sabazro ekonomikis

formirebis mxolod calkeuli instrumenti, amis gauTva-

liswinebloba da ignorireba Secdoma iyo. aucilebeli

iyo imis gaazreba, rom privatizacia verasodes miaRwevs

sasurvel Sedegs, Tu amas xels ar Seuwyoben Sesabamisi

institutebi, romlebic mxolod erTianobaSi warmoadge-

nen efqtiani sabazro meqanizmis safuZvels.


1. papava vpapava vpapava vpapava vllll.... ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikis

postkomunisturi transformacia (ucxouri

literaturis analizi). ekonomika, #1-3, 1999.

2. papava vpapava vpapava vpapava vllll.... postkomunisturi kapitalizmis poli-

tikuri ekonomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika, Tb.,

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, 2002.

181

3. kakulia n.kakulia n.kakulia n.kakulia n. nekroekonomikis formirebis mizezebi

postkomunistur qveynebSi. guguSvilis ekonomikis in-

stitutis Sromebi. tomi III, “mecniereba”, 2003.

4. Dubrovskiy V., Ustenko O. Business Climate in CIS Countries. CASE, Studia i Analizy, 307. Warsaw, 2005.

5. Fries S., Lysenko T. and Polenac S. The 2002 Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey: Results from a survey of 6100 firms. Memorandum, 2003.

6. Papava V. NECROECONOMICS – The political economy of post-communist capitalism. Universe, Inc. New York Lincoln Shanghai, 2005.

7. Roland, Gerard and Thierry Verdier. “Privatization in Eastern Europe: Irreversibility and Critical Mass Effects, “Journal of Public Economics”, vol. 54, pp. 161-183, 1994.

Kakulia Nazira

THE PROBLEMS OF INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS IN THE MODERN PERIOD

SUMMARY

The article with institutional problems discusses one of the

important issues, which is connected with the establishment of the exact rules of property, it supports stimulation of investment flow, grows productivity of labour, regulation of behaviour perfection and stimulation of decision making.

This type of problem assumes to be the process of privatization realization.

The issue discusses privatization as the tool in the hands of government, which as the target of increasing its functions means the transmission of the rights of property and distribution of resources from the hands of bureaucrats to the “invisible hand” of the market.

giga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZe saerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebissaerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebissaerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebissaerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebis

tendenciebitendenciebitendenciebitendenciebi

msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi ama Tu im qveynis

aqtiuri monawileobis mZlavri instrumenti saerTaSo-

riso biznesis gaaqtiureba da aRmavlobaa. es ki gulisx-

mobs erovnuli saxelmwifoebis bazris sxvadasxva seg-

mentSi Sesvlas, poziciebis SenarCunebasa da ganmtkice-

bas. saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi biznesi orive saq-

miani transaqciaa da xorcieldeba mogebis (Semosavle-

bis) miRebis mizniT. erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentuna-

rianobis zrda nebismieri saxelmwifos mizania, konku-

rentunarianobis Sefasebis indikatorebidan erT-erTi

biznesis efeqtianobaa. biznesis ganviTareba ki qveyanaSi

rTulia, Tu igi ar monawileobs Sromis saerTaSoriso

danawilebaSi. adgilobrivisagan gansxvavebiT, saerTaSo-

riso biznesSi partniorebad gamodian sxvadasxva qvey-

nebis rogorc saxelmwifo organizaciebi, ise kerZo fir-

mebi, Tumca ganxorcielebuli saqmiani operaciebis six-

SiriT kerZo seqtori gamoirCeva. aqedan gamomdinare, sa-

erTaSoriso biznesi, upirveles yovlisa, sxvadasxva qve-

yanaSi registrirebul kerZo firmebs an maT qvedanayo-

febs Soris saqmiani urTierTobaa.

Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebas safuZvlad

udevs warmoebis absoluturi da SefardebiTi upirate-

sobis faqtorebi. absoluturi upiratesobis qveS igu-

lisxmeba is SemTxveva, roca ama Tu im qveyanas Seswevs

unari, awarmoos saqoneli da momsaxureba konkurentebze

naklebi resursebiTa da danaxarjebiT. SefardebiTi upi-

ratesobis definicia odnav ufro rTulia da gulisx-

183

mobs ama Tu im qveynis unars, awarmoos saqoneli da

momsaxureba konkurentebze naklebi alternatiuli dana-

xarjebiT.

saerTaSoriso biznesi zogadad rTuli movlenaa

da man ganviTarebis sakmaod didi gza gaiara. amerikelma

mecnierma r. robinsnoma moaxdina saerTaSoriso biznesis

Semdegi periodizacia: 1. komercializaciis periodi (1500-

1850); 2. eqspansiis periodi (1850-1914); 3. koncesiis periodi

(1914-1945); 4. erovnuli saxelmwifoebis periodi (1945-1970);

5. globalizacia (XX s-is 70-iani wlebidan dRemde).

saerTaSoriso biznesSi CarTuli qveynebi metwilad

Ria ekonomikis mqonea, sadac saqmian garigebebsa da tran-

saqciebTan erTad sxvadasxva donis saerTaSoriso opera-

ciebic xorcieldeba. am operaciebze angariSsworeba

xorcieldeba rogorc erovnuli, ise sarezervo valutiT

da msoflio fuliT. Riasgan gansxvavebiT, avtarkiul

ekonomikur sistemebSi biznesoperaciebi xorcieldeba

mxolod adgilobrivi bazris farglebSi da angariSswo-

reba xdeba mxolod konkretuli qveynis erovnuli valu-

tiT.

qveynis konkurentunarianobas ganapirobebs mecni-

erebatevadi dargebis ganviTareba, informaciuli teqno-

logiebis warmoebaSi miRweuli Sedegebi, stabiluri biz-

nesgaremo da eqsportze orientirebuli strategia. amas-

Tan erTad, sul ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ganaT-

lebis xarisxs, saxelmwifos mxridan samecniero-kvleviTi

samuSaoebis dafinansebas, investiciebis mozidvas mecni-

erebaSi, msoflio samecniero miRwevebTan adaptacias, sa-

mecniero-teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sxvadasxva formis

danergvas da sxv. aqedan gamomdinare, aSkaraa, rom, dRe-

vandeli SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi, TiTqmis arc

erT qveyanas ar SeuZlia konkurentunariani iyos yvela

sferoSi, rac TanamSromlobis gafarToebas ualter-

nativos xdis.

marTvis saerTaSoriso institutis (Sveicaria q. lo-

zana) 2008 w. monacemebiT, konkurentunarianobis maCve-

nebliT 55 qveyanas Soris pirvel adgilzea aSS, meore

adgilze _ singapuri, mesameze _ honkongi. sagulisxmoa,

rom aSS am pozicias ukve 15 weli inarCunebs da es

ZiriTadad aris ganpirobebuli, rom aq ganviTarebulia

mecnierebatevadi, uaxlesi informaciuli da samxedro

teqnologiebis warmoeba da maRalia sxva qveynebSi maTi

eqsportis wili.

saerTaSoriso biznesSi saqarTvelos CarTulobis

da ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis indikatorebis gaum-

jobesebis mxriv mravalmxrivi samuSaoa Casatarebeli.

eqsportis struqtura (2000-2008) asaxavs fardobiTi

upiratesobebis mqone sferoebs. 2008 w. monacemebiT sxva-

dasxva jgufis sasaqonlo eqsporti procentobiT aseTia:

feroSenadnobebi 17.8, Savi liTonebi da jarTi 8.6, spi-

lenZis mTliani da koncentratebi 7.9, msubuqi avtomobi-

lebi 7.6, azotovani sasuqebi 7.0, oqro (sasaqonlo da na-

xevarmbadi) 6.7, cementi 5.3, spirti da spirtiani sasmelebi

4,9, yurZnis naturaluri Rvinoebi 2.5, Txili da sxva

kakali 2.2.

rogorc monacemebi gviCvenebs, eqsportSi mniSvne-

lovania samrewvelo produqciis wili, rac fardobiT

upiratesobas asaxavs industriul seqtorSi. am garemo-

ebam ki xeli unda Seuwyos sxva seqtorebis (soflis me-

urneoba, vaWroba, mSenebloba da sxv.) ganviTarebas.

ucxoeli da adgilobrivi eqspertebis aRiarebiT, saqarT-

velos soflis meurneobis da kvebis mrewvelobis saeqs-

porto produqciis warmoebis didi potenciali gaaCnia.

es ki Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi tradiciuli

seqtorebiT qveynis kidev ufro aqtiuri CarTvis mniSvne-

lovani faqtoria.

xazgasasmeli da damafiqrebelia, rom saqarTvelo-

Si moxmarebuli produqciis 70-80% importirebulia, anu

saqarTvelo calmxrivad mWidrodaa integrirebuli msof-

185

lio bazarTan. calmxrivad imitom, rom eqsporti im-

ports 4-5-jer CamorCeba. ufro metic, saqarTvelo gare

samyarosTan metwilad dakavSirebulia strategiuli pro-

duqciis (xorbali, navTobproduqtebi, bunebrivi airi da

sxv.) importirebis kuTxiT, xolo eqsportis poziciebidan

Cveni qveynis produqcia araa pirveladi. 2008 wlis mona-

cemebiT eqsportma Seadgina 1,5 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo

importma ki _ 6,0 mlrd aSS dolari. rom ara esoden di-

di uaryofiTi savaWro saldo, saqarTvelos SedarebiT

meti biujeti eqneboda. saqme isaa, rom savaWro deficiti

ifareba aRebuli valiT. am ukanasknelis momsaxureba ki

biujetis mier xdeba, rac zrdis misi deficitis SesaZ-

leblobebs.

eqsportis moculobis zrda uSualo kavSirSia moq-

medi kompaniebis (firmebis) waxalisebasTan, romlebic

msoflio bazrisaTvis konkurentunarian produqcias

awarmoeben. kompaniebi, Tavis mxriv, iTviseben erovnul ba-

zars da paralelurad axorcieleben saerTaSoriso gare-

moze dakvirvebas. msoflio bazris segmentis arCevis Sem-

deg kompaniebi maTTvis misaReb strategias irCeven, risT-

visac isini pirvel rigSi iTvaliswineben:

a) im qveynis biznesgaremos, sadac apireben Sesv-

las;

b) saerTaSoriso operaciebis da transaqciebis gan-

xorcielebis pirobebi, qveynis erovnuli savaWro poli-

tika, saerTaSoriso konkurenciis done da sxv. amasTan

erTad, saerTaSoriso bazarze Sesvlis yvelaze aprobi-

rebuli gzaa eqsportisaTvis saxelmwifos aqtiuri mxar-

daWera.

sakuTari biznesis swrafi zrdisaTvis kompaniebi

xSirad iyeneben franCaizings, es ukanaskneli maT aZlevs

farTo SesaZleblobebs, ucxouri qveynis sawarmoebze

franSizis gadacemiT miiRon damatebiTi Semosavlebi.

saqarTvelos agro da kvebis mrewvelobis seqtorSi

franCaizinguli sistemis gamoyeneba xels Seuwyobs eko-

logiurad sufTa nedleulis gadamuSavebas, misi cnoba-

dobis gaZlierebas msoflio bazarze da gayidvebis mo-

culobis zrdas.

msoflio sabazro segmentSi SeRwevisaTvis kompa-

niebi xSirad irCeven erToblivi sawarmos dafuZnebis

strategias. statistikuri monacemebiT, evropis qveynebSi

Sereuli kapitalis formirebaSi samrewvelo kompaniebis

60-70% monawileobs, riTac inarCuneben bazarze saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis poziciurobas da stabiluri Semo-

savlebis dones. saqarTvelodan swored im tradiciuli

dargebis produqcia gadis saerTaSoriso bazarze, sadac

adgilobriv mewarmeebTan erTad ucxoelebic TanamSrom-

loben.

saqarTvelom upiratesoba unda moipovos ara marto

tradiciul dargebSi, aramed, agreTve, maRalxarisxiani,

maRalteqnologiuri da maRalproduqtiuli warmoebis

sferoebSic, vinaidan mxolod am gziTaa SesaZlebeli

konkurentunarianobis grZelvadiani da Seuqcevadi zrda.

gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom saerTaSoriso biznesstruqturebSi aqtiuri monawi-

leoba xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso bazar-

ze Sesvlis strategiuli amocanis gadawyvetas. aqedan ga-

momdinare, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia Semdeg RonisZiebaTa

sistemis formireba:

1. qveyanam sakuTari ekonomikuri politika unda

aagos saeqsporto produqciis warmoebis strategiaze;

2. xelsayreli politikuri da biznesgaremos Seqmna;

3. axali teqnologiebis danergva da samecniero-

kvleviTi potencialis gafarToeba;

4. saeqsporto produqciis sabiTumo bazrebisa da

pavilionebis Tanamedrove moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad orga-

nizeba;

5. saeqsporto bazrebis moZiebis mizniT marketingu-

li Zalisxmevis gaZliereba.

187


1. gvelesiani r.gvelesiani r.gvelesiani r.gvelesiani r. ekonomikuri politika. Tsu, 2008.

2. yorRanaSvili l.yorRanaSvili l.yorRanaSvili l.yorRanaSvili l. saerTaSoriso ekonomikisa da bizne-

sis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 2008.

3. Полякова В.В. Мировая экономика и международный бизнес. М., 2008.

4. World economic situation and prospects, 2010, NEW YOURK: U. N., 2010.

Maisuradze Giga THE TENDENCIES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

DEVELOPMENT

SUMMARY

For international business, us for business in the country, the main goal is to reccive profit. National firms (companys) have competition advuntage in their countries. This means that very strong motivations are needed for company to decide making business and enter into world market. In order to increase domestic und therefore export manufacture in Georgia it is significant to develop traditional fields, where country has got a competitive preference. The promoting factors and recomendutions of development of international business are given.

qeTevan qvelaZeqeTevan qvelaZeqeTevan qvelaZeqeTevan qvelaZe mamuka xuskivaZe mamuka xuskivaZe mamuka xuskivaZe mamuka xuskivaZe

turistuli biznesis ganviTareba _ umuSevrobisturistuli biznesis ganviTareba _ umuSevrobisturistuli biznesis ganviTareba _ umuSevrobisturistuli biznesis ganviTareba _ umuSevrobis

donis Semcirebis erTdonis Semcirebis erTdonis Semcirebis erTdonis Semcirebis erT----erTi ZiriTadierTi ZiriTadierTi ZiriTadierTi ZiriTadi

mimarTuleba saqarTveloSimimarTuleba saqarTveloSimimarTuleba saqarTveloSimimarTuleba saqarTveloSi

postkomunistur qveynebSi umuSevroba da umuSev-

robiT gamowveuli negatiuri movlenebi mwvave ganxilvis

da msjelobis sagania.

mosaxleobis garantirebuli dasaqmebis praqtika,

rac didi xnis manZilze arsebobda saqarTveloSi, ara-

efeqturad, magram mainc wyvetda am problemas. dRes ra-

dikalurad gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa da mosaxleobis

dasaqmebis uzrunvelsayofad sazogadoebis da mTavrobis

mxridan Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli xedva da midgomaa

saWiro.

Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmeba qveynis eko-

nomikuri zrdis sakvanZo sakiTxia. dasaqmebis dabali do-

ne da umuSevroba saojaxo meurneobis Semosavlebis sim-

cires da mraval negatiur da socialur-ekonomikur Se-

degs iwvevs.

umuSevrobis problema gacilebiT ufro mtkivne-

ulia saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis, vidre amas ofici-

aluri statistikuri monacemebis analizi gviCvenebs. bo-

lo wlebSi Catarebuli araerTi gamokiTxvis mixedviT,

umuSevrobam pirveli adgili daikava im problemebs So-

ris, romlebic saqarTvelos mosaxleobas yvelaze metad

aRelvebs.

qarTvel eqspertTa yvelaze liberaluri Sefasebi-

Tac ki umuSevrobis realuri done qveyanaSi 30-35%-ia [3].

saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis donis Semcirebis erT-

erT ZiriTad rezervs Cven turistuli biznesis ganvi-

TarebaSi vxedavT.

turizmi aris adamianis Tavisufali, nebayoflo-

biTi, droebiTi gadaadgileba Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgi-

lidan dasvenebis, gajansaRebis, istoriisa da kulturis

Zeglebis daTvalierebis an sxva mizniT.

saqarTveloSi strategiuli kvlevebis da ganviTa-

rebis centris mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad dadgin-

da, rom gamokiTxulTa 66%-is azriT, saqarTvelos ganvi-

189

Tarebisa da mewarmeTa dasaqmebis kuTxiT, turizmi erT-

erTi prioritetuli dargia.

saxelmwifo turizmisa da kurortebis dargs erov-

nuli kulturisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis erT-erT

prioritetul mimarTulebad aRiarebs. qmnis turistuli

da sakurorto saqmianobisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebs.

saqarTvelos kanoni `turizmisa da kurortebis

Sesaxeb~ uflebas aZlevs turistul da sakurorto sa-

warmoebs, aRiaron momsaxurebis licenzia. turistuli

sawarmoebis ekonomikuri saqmianoba warimarTeba turis-

tuli da sakurorto industriis gamoyenebis efeqtiano-

bis uzrunvelsayofad, saxelmwifo biujetSi Semosavle-

bis zrdis, turistuli saqmianobis subieqtebidan saxs-

rebis nebayoflobiTi mozidvis, mosaxleobis dasaqmebis

da turistebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.

msoflioSi arnaxuli tempiT viTardeba turizmi,

sadac CarTulia milionobiT adamiani da TiTqmis mTeli

msoflio, rogorc Tavisi ekonomiurad aqtiuri mosax-

leobis nawiliT, ise kulturuli, teqnikur-ekonomikuri

da bunebrivi potencialiT. ekonomikuri, socialuri,

kulturuli mniSvnelobisa da zrdis tempis gamo turiz-

mi miCneulia meoce saukunis aRmoCenad. bolo 15 wlis

ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri maCveneblebis analizis mixed-

viT, turizmi Zalian maRali tempebiT ganviTarda. ekono-

mikuri krizisisa da arasasurveli koniunqturis piro-

bebSic ki man SeinarCuna zrdis dadebiTi tendencia [6].

gaeros rekomendaciebidan gamomdinare, qveyanaSi

turizmi ekonomikis maprofilebel dargad ganixileba,

Tu misi xvedriTi wona mTlianad Sida produqtis (mSp-s)

RirebulebaSi 8%-ze met niSnuls Seadgens, xolo regi-

onul WrilSi 10%-ian maCvenebels aRemateba. aRniSnuli-

dan gamomdinare, msoflioSi turizmi yvelaze dinamiku-

rad ganviTarebadi dargia. mis wilad modis msoflioSi

Seqmnili mTliani erovnuli produqtis daaxloebiT 6%,

msoflio inovaciebis 7%, yoveli me-16 samuSao adgili,

msoflio samomxmareblo danaxarjebis 11% da mTeli sa-

gadasaxado Semosavlebis 5%. is TiTqmis yoveli qveynis

mSp-Si mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs [2].

turistuli biznesi gvevlineba qveynis ekonomikis

ganviTarebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtorad. msoflio

turizmis malinis (filipinebi) forumze miRebul dekla-

raciaSi xazgasmiT aris aRiarebuli, rom turizmi aris

ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli, ekologiuri da

politikuri movlena.

msoflio turistul bazarze qveynis imijis dam-

kvidreba swori marketinguli strategiis gansazRvras

moiTxovs _ qveynis erovnuli produqtis damkvidrebas

msoflio turizmis bazarze.

turizmis ganviTarebis erovnuli koncefciis da

strategiuli gegmis SemuSavebis procesSi mniSvnelova-

nia dargis winaSe mdgari problemebis da misi susti mxa-

reebis Seswavla. mxolod arsebuli problemebis tipis

gansazRvrisas da siRrmiseuli gaTviTcnobierebis Semdeg

gaxdeba SesaZlebeli maTi gadaWris gzebis dadgena. am

sakiTxisadmi midgoma emyareba im mosazrebas, rom turiz-

mi warmoadgens ekonomikis iseT dargs, romelic awar-

moebs saqonels da cdilobs misi momxmareblis mopove-

bas. aqedan gamomdinare swavlobs saqonlis tips, xarisx-

sa da moculobas, agreTve, maTi realizaciis meTodebs

da Sesabamis bazars.

saqarTveloSi turizmi ekonomikis mniSvnelovani

dargi gaxda. igi imarTeba ekonomikuri kanonebiT da

aucilebelia, qveynis ekonomikur blokSi mas realuri

prioriteti mieniWos. misi ganviTarebis strategia tu-

rizmis mdgradi ganviTarebis msoflioSi aRiarebul

principebs emyareba. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis

#404 brZanebis safuZvelze damtkicda turizmis ganviTa-

rebis erovnuli koncefcia da samuSao programa. aRniS-

nul dokumentSi gaanalizebulia saqarTveloSi turiz-

191

mis dargSi arsebuli situacia da gansazRvrulia is Zi-

riTadi problemebi, romlebic xels uSlis am seqtoris

dinamiur ganviTarebas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom, Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesaba-

misad, turizmis ganviTareba saxelmwifosa da regions

mTlianad uqmnis Sesabamisi stimulirebis nairsaxeobas:

axali samuSao adgilebi da sawarmoebi, damatebiTi Se-

mosavlebi, adgilobrivi produqciisaTvis axali gasaRe-

bis bazrebi, infrastruqturis da komunaluri momsaxure-

bis obieqtebis samsaxurebis modernizacia, axali profe-

siebi da teqnologiebi, axali midgomebi miwaTsargeblo-

baSi, sazogadoebis mier kulturuli memkvidreobis da

bunebis dacvis aucileblobis safuZvliani gageba.

saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis perspeqtiveb-

ze saubrisas aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi, gaTvaliswine-

bul iqnes qveynis unikaluri turistuli resursuli po-

tencialis arseboba (geografiuli, klimaturi, bunebriv-

rekreaciuli SesaZleblobebi da istoriul-kulturuli

memkvidreoba), rac turizmisaTvis umTavresi faqtoria.

Cveni qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba, xelsayreli

unikaluri bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi, samxreTuli

siTbo da, amave dros, TovliT da myinvarebiT dafaruli

kavkasioni, Savi zRvis sanapiro subtropikuli hava, sam-

kurnalo mineraluri wylebiT mdidari kurortebi, reli-

giuri da arqiteqturuli Zeglebi xels uwyobs msoflio

masStabiT konkurentunarianobas. saqarTvelo kurorte-

bis qveyanaa. aq 102 kurorti da 182 sakurorto adgilia

da mTlianad qveynis masStabiT gaTvaliswinebulia 38 sa-

kurorto-rekreaciuli raionis formireba, saerTo far-

TobiT daaxloebiT 15,4 aT.kv.km, anu qveynis teritoriis

22%-is [2].

saqarTvelos yoveli kuTxe saukeTeso saSualebas

iZleva regionuli, regionTaSorisi da subregionuli

turizmis ganviTarebis strategiuli da optimaluri geg-

mebis formirebisaTvis. garda amisa, turizmis ganviTa-

rebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs garemos biologiur mra-

valferovnebaTa, kulturuli memkvidreobis, xalxTa So-

ris urTierTTanamSromlobis da planetaze mSvidobis

SenarCunebaSi [4].

saqarTveloSi turistuli resursuli potenciali

xelSemwyob pirobebs qmnis iseTi turistuli mimarTule-

bebis ganviTarebisaTvis, rogoricaa _ agroturizmi, eko-

turizmi, samkurnalo, saqalaqo, kulturuli da sxv. maTi

ganviTareba xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi Sida turizmis gan-

viTarebas, rac ganaviTarebs saqarTvelos periferiebis

ekonomikas. Sida turizmis ganviTareba Semomyvani turiz-

mis ganviTarebis erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa, romel-

sac qveynis turizmis ganviTarebis strategiis ZiriTad

mimarTulebebs Soris pirveli adgili uWiravs. Semomy-

vani turizmi mTlianad muSaobs qveynis Sida bazris

gafarToebaze.

ucxoeli turistebis miReba, momsaxureba saqarT-

velos teritoriaze ganixileba, rogorc turistuli

momsaxurebis eqsporti.

TbilisSi Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda,

rom qveyanaSi Semosuli erTi turisti saSualod xar-

javs 1160 dolars. es aris Semosavlebis ganTavsebis, kve-

bis, satransporto momsaxurebis, sxvadasxva komunikaci-

ebis safasuri.

turistul bizness samuSao adgilebis SeqmniT

udidesi potenciali gaaCnia siRaribis donis Semcirebis

daZlevaSi. turizmSi dasaqmebis ZiriTad principebs are-

gulirebs momsaxurebis industria, romelic Zalian spe-

cifikuria da aqtivobis did speqtrs moicavs. saerTaSo-

riso gamocdilebiT, ucxoeTidan Semosul yovel 10 tu-

ristze modis erTi samuSao uSualod turizmis sferoSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, 1 milioni turistis miRebis SemTx-

vevaSi, turizmSi dasaqmdeba 100 000-mde kaci, aqedan uSu-

alod sastumroebsa da turistul kompaniebSi _ 30 000

193

kaci. sxva sferoebSi ki – 70 000 kaci, rac saqarTvelos

ojaxebis saerTo raodenobis 10%-ia [5]. gasaTvalis-

winebelia is garemoeba, rom uSualod turizmSi Seqmni-

li erTi samuSao adgili qmnis 2 axal samuSao adgils

mis monaTesave dargebSi, e. i. damatebiT Cvens qveyanaSi

SeiZleba dasaqmdes 200-300 aTasi adamiani. saqarTveloSi

turizmis ganviTarebis dinamika mocemulia danarTSi.

sastumro da turistuli meurneobis ganviTareba

aris saqarTvelos ekonomikis gajansaRebis umniSvnelova-

nesi saSualeba, amitomaa rom saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis indikatur gegmaSi turizmi erT-erT pri-

oritetul dargad aris dasaxelebuli [6].

am miznis gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa qveyanaSi

ganviTardes umaRlesi donis profesiuli turistuli ga-

naTlebis sistema, romelic turistul bazars uzrunvel-

yofs maRalkvalificiuri specialistebiT.

dargis marTvis uflebamosili organo xels uw-

yobs saswavlo programebisa da dawesebulebebis Seqmnas

turistuli industriis kadrebis momzadebis, gadamzade-

bisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mizniT [1].

zemoTqmulidan vaskvniT, rom turistuli biznesis

ganviTareba saqarTvelosaTvis metad saWiro da auci-

lebelia rogorc axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis da

mosaxleobis dasaqmebis mxriv, aseve qveynis biujetis

Sesavsebad. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia turistuli bizne-

sis ganviTarebis swori strategia garemosTan mimarTeba-

Si, rac regionebSi uzrunvelyofs gacilebiT usafrTxo

da uvnebel ekologiur atmosferos.

amasTanave, mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom tu-

ristuli biznesiT SeiZleba dasaqmdes mcire biznesis da

saojaxo biznesis yvela wevri, rogorc moswavleebi (mag.,

megzurebad), ise pensionerebi (saojaxo sastumroebsa da

restornebSi).

danarTi 1danarTi 1danarTi 1danarTi 1

turizmis ganviTarebis dinamikaturizmis ganviTarebis dinamikaturizmis ganviTarebis dinamikaturizmis ganviTarebis dinamika saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi

maCveneblebimaCveneblebimaCveneblebimaCveneblebi 1995199519951995 2000200020002000 2005200520052005 2006200620062006 2007200720072007 pppperspeqerspeqerspeqerspeqtivativativativa

2010201020102010----2012201220122012

qveyanaSi Semo-

sul turistTa

raodenoba

(aTasi kaci)

85,4 387,3 542,4 654,3 711,0 1,500-2,000

turizmidan

miRebuli

saerTo

Semosavali

(mln lari)

181,2 326,7 5015,0 609,5 704,4 1,200-1,500

biujetSi

turizmidan

miRebuli

Semosavali

(mln lari)

68,3 91,6 265,7 248,4 410,0 400-1,000

turizmSi

dasaqmebulTa

raodenoba (aT.

kaci)

9,7 16,6 29,2 48,3 102,0 200,0-300,0

gamoyenebuli litegamoyenebuli litegamoyenebuli litegamoyenebuli literaturaraturaraturaratura

1. masuraSvili s.masuraSvili s.masuraSvili s.masuraSvili s. turistuli biznesis perspeqtivebi sa-

qarTveloSi. p. guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis

samecniero konferencia, 2009.

2. lipartia z., beriZe T., qinqlaZe r. lipartia z., beriZe T., qinqlaZe r. lipartia z., beriZe T., qinqlaZe r. lipartia z., beriZe T., qinqlaZe r. `statistika~, t. II,

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, 2009.

3. kvirkvelkvirkvelkvirkvelkvirkvelia m.ia m.ia m.ia m. dasaqmebis problemis gadawyvetis mi-

marTulebebi. saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevis da

ganviTarebis centri, #112, 2009.

4. maisuraZe g.maisuraZe g.maisuraZe g.maisuraZe g. turizmis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi sa-

qarTveloSi. p. guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis

samecniero Sromebis krebuli, tomi I, 2008.

5. SublaZe v.SublaZe v.SublaZe v.SublaZe v. saqarTvelo da turizmi. Tbilisi, 2004.

6. RvedaSvili n., RuduSauri z.RvedaSvili n., RuduSauri z.RvedaSvili n., RuduSauri z.RvedaSvili n., RuduSauri z. saqarTvelos sastumros

da turistul meurneobas kvalificiuri personali

sWirdeba. J. _ `socialuri ekonomika~, #3, 2007.

195

Kveladze Ketevan Khuskivadze Mamuka

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM BUSINESS IN ONE OF THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF UNEMPLOYMENT

LEVEL DECREASE IN GEORGIA

SUMMARY

Unemployment and negative phenomena caused by unemployment in Georgia is an object of keen discussion. The development of business is one of the priority branch to decrease this problem. Tourist-recreation resource potential existed in Georgia is the best means for the development in the country of agrotourism, ecotourism, cultural tourism etc. The development of tourism business shall help the population to be employed and improve its social-economic condition.

Tengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZe mcire biznesi da siRaribis daZlevismcire biznesi da siRaribis daZlevismcire biznesi da siRaribis daZlevismcire biznesi da siRaribis daZlevis

gzebi sofladgzebi sofladgzebi sofladgzebi soflad

siRaribis problema msoflios aqtualuri prob-

lemaa. es movlena gansakuTrebiT ekonomikurad sustad

ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Raribi

qveynebis mosaxleoba ver ikmayofilebs sakveb produqteb-

ze moTxovnilebas, ris gamoc msoflioSi milionobiT

adamiani SimSilobs. siRaribe _ SimSili _ umuSevroba _

es erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli jaWvis rgole-

bia.

saerTaSoriso kriteriumebiT, Raribad CaiTvleba

adamiani (ojaxi), romelic Tavisi SemosavlebiT ver ikma-

yofilebs cxovrebisaTvis saWiro yvela pirobas. siRari-

bis zRvars uwodeben mdgomareobas, rodesac adamiani

(ojaxi) Tavisi SemosavliT mxolod saarsebo minimums

uzrunvelyofs, xolo adamiani (ojaxi), romelic verc sa-

arsebo minimums uzrunvelyofs, iTvleba siRaribis donis

miRma (anu Ratakad). dReisaTvis miRebulia, rom Tu ada-

mians SeuZlia dReSi 2 aSS dolari daxarjos, igi iTv-

leba siRaribis zRvars miRma, xolo Tu adamians dReSi 1

aSS dolarze metis daxarjva ar SeuZlia, is Ratakis ka-

tegorias miekuTvneba [2].

saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamen-

tis 2008 wlis monacemebiT irkveva, rom ZiriTadi saxis

sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoeba mosaxleobis

erT sulze gaangariSebiT wliTiwlobiT mcirdeba, maga-

liTad, Tu xorblis raodenoba erT sul mosaxleze 1999

wels 51 kg iwarmoeboda, 2008 wels ki Semcirda 15 kg-mde.

Sesabamisad Semcirda simindis warmoeba (110kg _ 40kg),

kartofilis (100 kg _ 38 kg), bostneulis (94 kg _ 41 kg)

da a.S., rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos mosax-

leoba SimSilobs. adgilobrivi samamulo warmoebis sak-

vebze fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs igi sanaxevrodac ki

ver ikmayofilebs. aseT mdgomareobaSi qveyanaSi umuSev-

robis Semcireba siRaribis daZlevis sakvanZo problemad

gvevlineba. dasaqmebis dabali done ganapirobebs saojaxo

meurneobebis Semosavlebis dabal dones. sagulisxmoa,

rom dasaqmeba da umuSevroba arc erT ganviTarebul

qveyanaSi ar ganixileba, rogorc calke aRebuli prob-

lema. igi mTliani socialuri da ekonomikuri sakiTxebis

Semadgeneli nawilia da problemis arsebiTad gadawyve-

tac xangrZlivi kompleqsuri midgomis safuZvelzea Se-

saZlebeli.

saqarTveloSi mTeli simZafriT igrZnoba masobrivi

umuSevrobis negatiuri tendenciebi. mosaxleobis didi

nawili siRaribis zRvars miRma cxovrobs. realur mdgo-

mareobas gaumjobeseba didad ar etyoba. Sromis bazris

Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba kvlav problemuria. rac

Seexeba umuSevrobas, igi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba.

umuSevrobis done 2004 wels iyo 12,6%; 2005 wels _ 13,8;

2006 wels _ 13,6; 2007 wels _ 13,3; 2008 wels _ 16,5; 2009

wels _ 16,9%; aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom 2004 _ 2009 wleb-

197

Si ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis klebaa dafiqsire-

buli (garda 2009 wlisa).

siRaribis problema uSualod ukavSirdeba sasur-

saTo usafrTxoebis sakiTxs, romelic ganviTarebadi da

ekonomikurad ganuviTarebeli qveynebis mosaxleobis pro-

blemad gvevlineba.

eqspertebis SefasebiT, saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis

mier moxmarebuli ZiriTadi kvebis produqtebis mocu-

loba fulad gamoxatulebaSi qveynis agrarul bazarze

2008 wels 2,4 miliard lars Seadgenda, rac 45,5%-iT

naklebia saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis kvebis fizi-

ologiuri normiT gaTvaliswinebuli Rirebulebisa. SeiZ-

leba gakeTdes daskvna, rom qveynis agrosasursaTo seq-

tori dReisaTvis ver uzrunvelyofs im raodenobis sa-

sursaTo produqciis warmoebas, romelic daakmayofi-

lebs mosaxleobis kvebis fiziologiur normebs (maga-

liTad, saqarTvelos mxolod marcvleulis 1/3 maragi

gaaCnia, danarCeni ki importiT ivseba).

sasursaTo usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi resursi saxnavi

miwaa, romlis farTobi yovelwliurad mcirdeba. sxva-

dasxva mizeziT (miwebis degradacia _ wylismieri, qaris-

mieri, teqnikuri da teqnologiuri erozia) msoflioSi

yovelwliurad erTi milioni heqtari ikargeba, rac uSu-

alod axdens gavlenas sursaTis Semcirebaze.

sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTveloSi SeiniSneba marc-

vleulis naTesi farTobebisa da mosavlis Semcireba,

gansakuTrebiT ki xorblis; Tu misi naTesi farTobi 2003

wels Seadgenda 117,3 aTas heqtars da mosavali 225,4 aTas

tonas, es maCvenebeli 2008 wlisaTvis Semcirebulia 74,9

aTas tonamde, anu 66,8%-iT.

yvela is problema, sasursaTo usafrTxoebasTan

dakavSirebiT, upirvelesad ganviTarebadi qveynebis prob-

lemebia; Zneli warmosadgenia, rom dedamiwaze uaxloes

periodSi gamoinaxos am problemis gadawyvetis saerTa-

Soriso meqanizmi. aqedan gamomdinare, siRaribis daZlevis

mTeli simZime erovnul doneze gadis.

saqarTveloSi sasursaTo uzrunvelyofa, rac

uSualod dakavSirebulia siRaribesTan, Semdegi maCveneb-

lebiT xasiaTdeba: cnobilia, rom erT zrdasrul ada-

mianze weliwadSi 400-450 kilogrami nedli marcvali un-

da iwarmoebodes, misi moTxovnileba rom dakmayofildes

pursa da purproduqtebze (aRniSnuli 10%-iTac ver

kmayofildeba adgilobrivi warmoebiT). SedarebiT uke-

Tesi mdgomareobaa kartofilis warmoebis mxriv, sadac

importi 2008 wels 2006 welTan SedarebiT sagrZnoblad

Semcirda da Seadgina 4,7%. saTanado masalebis Seswav-

liT irkveva, rom 2008 wels, 2005 welTan SedarebiT,

erTwlovani kulturebis naTesi farTobi 210, xolo

gasuli saukunis 80-ianNwlebTan SedarebiT 520 aTasi heq-

tariT Semcirda. aRsaniSnavia, rom saanalizo wlebSi

Semcirda TiTqmis yvela saxis kulturis naTesi farTobi

da mTliani mosavali. magaliTad, 2008 wels, 2005 welTan

SedarebiT, xorblis naTesebi Semcirda 49, simindis _ 48,

kartofilis _ 16, bostneulis _ 17 aTasi heqtriT. amave

wlebSi xorblis warmoeba daeca _ 110, simindis _ 93, kar-

tofilis _ 240, bostneulis _ 272 aTasi toniT. Semci-

rebulia maTi saSualo saheqtaro mosavlianoba. igive

mdgomareobaa sxva erTwlovan kulturebSic (marcvlovan-

parkosnebi, baRCeuli, teqnikuri kulturebi), mravalwli-

ani nargaoba TiTqmis samjeraa Semcirebuli.

analogiuri tendencia SeiniSneba mecxoveleobaSic,

sadac bolo wlebSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda rogorc

cxovelebis suladoba, ise xorcisa da mecxoveleobis

sxva produqtebis warmoeba, 2005 welTan SedarebiT

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis raodenoba 2008 wels 145

aTasiT, Roris suladoba 369 aTasiT, cxvrisa da Txis 201

aTasi suliT, frinvelis 800 aTasi frTiT Semcirda. yve-

la saxis xorcis warmoeba (dakluli woniT) TiTqmis

ganaxevrda da 105 aTasi tonis nacvlad 54 aTasi tona

199

Seadgina. rZis warmoeba Semcirebulia 61 aTasi toniT,

kvercxis 67 mln caliT. erTaderTi dargi, romelic am

periodSi aRmavlobas ganicdida _ mefutkreoba iyo.

qveyana sul ufro metad importdamokidebuli xde-

ba da soflad siRaribisa da umuSevrobis aRmofxvris

TvalsazrisiT importSemcvleli produqciis warmoebas

araviTari yuradReba ar eqceva. ufro metic, importze

orientacia saxelmwifo politikis rangSia ayvanili,

radgan Semotanil produqciaze daricxuli gadasaxadebi

biujetis Sevsebis umniSvnelovanes wyaros warmoadgens,

nacvlad imisa, rom biujetSi Semosavlebis ZiriTadi ka-

tegoria warmoebis zrdidan miRebuli gadasaxadebi iyos.

2008 wels saqarTveloSi Semoitanes 942 mln aSS dola-

ris sasursaTo produqcia, maSin, roca wina wlebSi 500-

200 milionis farglebSi meryeobda. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar

miviRebT iseTi produqtebis imports, romelic saqarT-

veloSi ar iwarmoeba, rCeba 780 mln aSS dolaris pro-

duqcia, romlis warmoeba SesaZlebeli iyo, anu es aris

bazris damatebiTi moculoba, romelic qarTuli produq-

ciiT unda Sevsebuliyo da produqciis importze gawe-

uli xarjebi saqarTveloSi mcxovreb mewarmeTa sakuTre-

ba gamxdariyo. 2008 wels saqarTveloSi importirebuli

iyo 73125 aTasi aSS dolaris msxvilfexa rqosani piruty-

vis, Rorisa da frinvelis xorci. rZisa da rZis produq-

tebis importze 39652 aTasi aSS dolari daixarja. amave

wels qveyanaSi Semoitanes 6003 aTasi aSS dolaris Rire-

bulebis kartofili, 3853 aTasi dolaris pomidori, 4821

aTasi dolaris xaxvi da niori, 4847 aTasi dolaris

marcvleuli _ parkosani. 4162 aTasi dolaris Cai, 183342

aTasi dolaris xorbali da xorblis fqvili, 48631 aTasi

dolaris mcenareuli zeTi, 16248 aTasi dolaris marga-

rini, 25377 aTasi dolaris sakonditro nawarmi da pur-

funTuSeuli, 76532 aTasi dolaris Tambaqos nawarmi da

a.S.

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi ZiriTadad eqstensi-

uri meTodebi gamoiyeneba. gasarwyavebuli miwebis raode-

noba 150-180 aTas heqtramde Semcirda 420-450 aTasi heqta-

ris nacvlad, organuli da mineraluri sasuqebi, pestici-

debi da herbicidebi adrindelTan SedarebiT 3,5-4-jer

naklebi gamoiyeneba. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi

kolxeTis dablobze rvajeraa Semcirebuli da 20-22 aTas

heqtars Seadgens _ Zlierdeba meoradi daWaobebis pro-

cesebi. qveyanaSi izrdeba damlaSebuli, bicobi niadage-

bis farTobebi. dawyebulia gaudabnoebis procesi de-

dofliswyaros raionSi; erozirebuli miwebis farTobma

1 mln heqtars gadaaWarba, mcirdeba niadagSi humusis

Semcveloba, yovelwliurad daumuSavebeli rCeba saxnavi

miwebis 50-60 procenti, maSin, roca produqciis warmoebis

struqturaSi kerZo seqtorze 90-95% modis. amasTan, qar-

Tul sofels dacla, anu mosaxleobis masobrivi migra-

cia emuqreba (samuSaoebis arqonis gamo bolo monaceme-

biT, guriidan TurqeTSi Cais sakrefad 4000-4500 adamiani

gadis; qvemo qarTlSi saadreo kartofilis amoRebaze,

aseve sxva samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad guriidan da sa-

megrelodan aseulobiT muSaxeli Cadis, adre ki piriqiTa

procesebTan gvqonda saqme). Tu dRes moqmedi tendenciebi

SenarCunda, mokle xanSi aRar gveqneba ara marto for-

maluri soflis meurneoba, aramed TviT sofelic ki,

romlis gareSe warmoudgenelia imedis momcemi kurorte-

bisa da mwvane turizmis ganviTareba.

siRaribis daZlevis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi

arasakmarisi pirobebia mcire da saSualo biznesis gan-

viTarebisaTvis rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise dafinansebis

kursiT. Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi

aTas sul mosaxleze mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoTa

mcire raodenoba modis dsT-s qveynebTan SedarebiT da

kidev ufro mcire ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT.

mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmos ganviTareba Seferxe-

bulia mravali barieriT, maT Soris problemebiT saga-

201

dasaxado, sabaJo, sertificirebis, standartizaciisa da

Semowmebis sferoebSi. Sedegad: mcire da saSualo zomis

sawarmoebis zrda oTxwliani periodis ganmavlobaSi

2004-2008 wlis CaTvliT TiTqmis SeCerda da mxolod 6%

Seadgina; mcire da saSualo biznesis wili mTlian Sida

produqtSi kvlav dabali darCa, mxolod 10% dsT-s da

sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, sadac analogiuri maCvenebeli

40%-ia, xolo evrogaerTianebis zogierT qveyanaSi 60%-is

tolia.


1. abesaZe r.abesaZe r.abesaZe r.abesaZe r. `srulyofili sabazro ekonomika jerjero-

biT ar gvaqvs”; `saxelmwifos gareSe mewarmeoba ver

ganviTardeba”, gaz. `bankebi da finansebi”, 12 agvisto

2009.

2. CxeiZeCxeiZeCxeiZeCxeiZe TTTT, , , , qvelaZeqvelaZeqvelaZeqvelaZe qqqq.... miwis resursebis optimalurad

gamoyeneba, rogorc siRaribis daZlevis sawindari. pa-

ata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis saerTaSoriso

samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis krebu-

li. Tbilisi, 2010.

3. qavTaraZe T.qavTaraZe T.qavTaraZe T.qavTaraZe T. mcire biznesi: imedebi da realoba, gamom-

cemloba `lega”, Tbilisi, 2006.

Kavtaradze Tengiz

SMALL BUSINESS AND THE WAYS OF POVERTY OVERCOMING IN RURAL GEORGIA

SUMMARY

The article studies the issues of small business development in

rural Georgia. On the basis of experience of Georgian regions are shown those problems and the ways of their solution which face the producers in

rural places in the process of poverty overcoming. With regard for employment, are planned some recommendations for poverty overcoming and business development.

roland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimelia privatizeba da siRaribis daZlevis zogierTiprivatizeba da siRaribis daZlevis zogierTiprivatizeba da siRaribis daZlevis zogierTiprivatizeba da siRaribis daZlevis zogierTi

sakiTxi saqarTveloSisakiTxi saqarTveloSisakiTxi saqarTveloSisakiTxi saqarTveloSi

postindustriul sazogadoebaSi keTilsindisieri

gzebiT gamdidreba da misi sazogadoebis sasargeblod

gamoyeneba adamianebisaTvis cxovrebis mowyobis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi mizania.

me-20 saukunis meore naxevridan msoflioSi gafar-

Tovda kerZosakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis sfero, ramde-

nadac masSi saxelmwifo da kooperatiul sakuTrebaze

dafuZnebuli qveynebi CaerTvnen. ganviTarebulma saxelm-

wifoebma, rogorc cnobilia, kerZo sakuTrebis safuZ-

velze Zlieri saxelmwifoebi Seqmnes, romelTa srulyo-

fis procesebi globalizaciis pirobebSi grZeldeba, ker-

Zod, saubaria siRaribis daZlevaze mosaxleobaSi.

siRaribe, Tavis mxriv, subieqtis, ojaxis da a.S. qo-

nebriv ukmarisobas niSnavs. misi done ki siRaribis

zRvars miRma mcxovrebi qveynis mosaxleobis ricxov-

nobis procentuli warmodgenaa [1, gv. 4].

siRaribis donis Sesafaseblad lorencis mrudTan

erTad iyeneben jinis indeqss, romelTa saSualebiT xdeba

siRaribis simwvavisa da siRrmis gansazRvrac. cdiloben

siRaribis `portretis~ agebasac.

siRaribis Sesafaseblad ki gamoyofen or midgomas:

globalurs, anu maCvenebels mosaxleobis cxovrebis do-

nis saSualo standartTan (mis donesTan) miaxloebis mi-

xedviT da fardobiTs, anu maCvenebels, roca aTvla iw-

yeba yovel calkeul qveyanaSi yvelaze dabali Semo-

203

savlebis mqone Raribi mosaxleobis Sesabamisad, rac ana-

logiuri wesiT zustdeba TiToeuli adamianis moxmarebis

SesaZleblobis, Semosavlebis mixedviT da a.S. garda ami-

sa, es orive midgoma erTdrouladac gamoiyeneba.

postkomunistur saqarTveloSi, ise, rogorc yvel-

gan, siRaribis donis Semcireba mimarTulia mosaxleobis

cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebisaken. is rTuli procesia,

Tundac saimedo informaciis miRebisa da misi Sesabamisi

monacemebis dazustebis TvalsazrisiTac. mniSvnelovania,

agreTve, siRaribis daZlevaze sazogadoebis axali xedvis

gamovlena, ramdenadac safuZvlianad icvleba Zveli Sexe-

dulebebi cxovrebis sakvanZo sakiTxebze.

mosaxleobis mier Semosavlebis miRebis keTilsin-

disieri gzebis gamokvleva yuradsaRebia, Tanac isic, rom

Tanamedrove msoflioSi simdidris gamoTanabrebis `daka-

noneba saxifaToa~ yvela qveynisaTvis, ramdenadac is ga-

napirobebs ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebis Semcirebas,

xolo nekroekonomikis zombirebis saSiSroeba [3, gv. 35-

40] kidev ufro met mniSvnelobas mianiWebs siRaribis daZ-

levas.

globalizaciis pirobebSi siRaribis simwvavis Sem-

cirebaze zrunva eyrdnoba ekonomikur daxmarebebs, mag-

ram siRaribis daZlevis ZiriTad SesaZleblobad kerZo

seqtoris ekonomikis ganviTarebaa miCneuli [2.1, gv. 20-21].

kapitalisturma ekonomikam kolosalur warmate-

bebs kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebis safuZvelze miaRwia.

ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi warmoeba, mtp-is Tanamed-

rove miRwevebis safuZvelze uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis

yvela fenisaTvis cxovrebis pirobebis erTdroul, Tumca

araTanabar, gaumjobesebas. amitom zrunva siRaribis do-

nis Semcirebaze yvelgan mimdinareobs. garkveuli warma-

tebis miuxedavad, saxelmwifoebi mainc saWiroeben war-

moebis procesebis maregulirebel damatebiT saSuale-

bebs. radganac mxolod xelfasebis zrda sakmarisi ar

aris siRaribis daZlevisa da Sromis nayofierebis amaR-

lebis stimulirebisaTvis, erT-erT aseT saSualebad Se-

iZleba privatizeba miviCnioT postkomunistur qveynebSi.

migvaCnia, privatizaciis, rogorc `mcire dinamiku-

robis~ amsaxavi procesis analogad miviCnioT magaliTad,

termini optimizacia.

daxmarebasTan erTad, `nekroekonomikiT daavade-

bul~ privatizebul sawarmoebs, globalizaciis Sesabami-

sad, kontrolic unda gaewios, magram ara mxolod zom-

birebis wesiT, rogoricaa mTavrobis daxmareba sawarmo-

Ta masiuri gakotrebis SesaCereblad finansuri sesxebis

saxiT `SeRavaTian~ procentebSi, rasac SeiZleba moyves

sawarmoTa gakotrebis daCqareba da Sesabamisad qveyanaSi

siRaribis donis kidev ufro gauareseba [3, gv. 24-29].

privatizaciis procesSi Careva da privatizebuli

obieqtis mimarT mis saqmianobaSi CarTva SesaZlebeli Se-

iZleba arc iyos, ramdenadac axal pirobebSi privati-

zebul obieqts axali patroni, mesakuTre hyavs. magram,

Tu privatizebuli sawarmoebi ar emsaxurebian qveynis

ekonomikis `gajansaRebas~, maSin `sakiTxi sxva WrilSi~

unda daisvas.

pirvel rigSi dazustdes is mizezebi, Tu ram gamo-

iwvia privatizebul sawarmoebze damyarebuli imedebi,

romelic SeiZleba iyos mravalmxrivi da winaaRmdegobri-

vic.

privatizebuli obieqtebis uSualo gavlena siRa-

ribis donis Semcirebaze aSkarad ar Cans. igi ufro ara-

pirdapiri gzebiT SeiZleba gamovlindes, kerZod, priva-

tizebul sawarmoTa saSualebiT RaribTa Semosavlebis

ufro swrafi zrdiT, mosaxleobis saSualo Semosavle-

bis zrdasTan SedarebiT [2.1, gv. 21]. amaSi ki mosaxleobis

mdidari fenis SesaZleblobebic unda CairTos. rogor?

ra gziT? esec winaaRmdegobrivia da Semdgom kvlevas

saWiroebs.

205

aRsaniSnavia, rom privatizebis tempebis daCqareba

saqarTveloSi aucilebeli iyo da, rigi naklovanebebis

miuxedavad, igi mainc progresul RonisZiebadaa aRiare-

buli. amJamad saWiroa naklovanebebis drouli gamov-

lineba da swrafi orientacia maT gamosasworeblad.

privatizebam qveyanaSi unda ganapirobos mosaxle-

obis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba, rasac adgili

aqvs postkomunistur saqarTveloSi, magram misi roli

umniSvneloa dabali tempis gamo.

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, saqarT-

velos ekonomikis TviTdinebaze miSvebis gamo, qveyanaSi

ver moxerxda obieqtebis saprivatizaciod momzadeba, ase-

ve, mosaxleobis saSualo fenis gaZliereba, kargad re-

alizebadi da ekonomikurad momgebiani strategiis Semu-

Saveba da warmarTva.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mosaxleobis dabali

msyidvelobiTunarianoba da erovnul mesakuTreTa mdida-

ri fenis Seqmnis daCqarebis aucileblobis pirobebSi

privatizebis masStabebis zrdiT investiciebis mozidvis

politikamac qveyanaSi modifikacia ganicada, ris Sede-

gadac SesaZlebeli gaxda ucxouri investiciebis sakmao

moculobiT mozidva, ramac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba eko-

nomikuri zrda da mosaxleobis mdidari fenis procen-

tuli mateba, rac dadebiT Sedegad unda CaiTvalos,

magram saWiroa, gamoiricxos qveyanaSi simdidris flang-

vis SemTxvevebi da damkvidrdes momWirneoba.

gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, privatizaciis qvey-

nis sasikeTod koreqtireba optimizmis imeds iZleva,

radgan qveyana, globalizaciis gavleniT, mdgradi ganvi-

Tarebis gzaze dgas. Tumca masze uaryofiT gavlenas

axdens qveyanaSi saeqsporto produqciis warmoebis daba-

li done, umuSevroba, siRaribis donis zrda da sxv. ki-

dev ufro mZime SedegebiT mimdinareobs ruseTis gamo-

ucxadebeli omi, ltolvilTa ricxovnobis zrda afxaze-

Tidan da samaCablodan. garda amisa, qveynis ekonomikis

zrdaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs ruseTis sabazro sivrcis

dablokvac, romliTac zaralobs ruseTis keTilsindisi-

eri mosaxleobac.

konkretuli monacemebis analizis safuZvelze

irkveva, rom privatizaciis zrda mosaxleobis dasaqmebis

zrdasTan pirdapir korelaciur kavSirSia, maSin iqmneba

siRaribis donis Semcirebis imedi. mosaxleobis masiuri

dasaqmeba ganapirobebs saSualo fenis zrdasac, xolo

privatizebuli obieqtis Sesabamisi riskis analizTan er-

Tad privatizaciis momgebianobis dasabuTebac SesaZle-

belia.

yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gamovlena axal koreq-

tivebs Seitanda privatizebaSi, xolo Semdgom privatiza-

ciaSi, es maSin, SesaZlebeli rom gamxdariyo kerZo sa-

kuTrebad gadaqceuli obieqtebis warmarTva mcire mewar-

meobis gasaZliereblad, mosaxleobis saSualo fenis

procentuli zrdis dasamkvidreblad da, masTan erTad,

siRaribis donis Sesamcireblad postkomunistur saqarT-

veloSi.

amjerad msjelobas privatizebisa da privatiza-

ciis optimisturi SemTxvevebis daxasiaTebiT daviwyebT.

ase magaliTad, 21-e saukunis dasawyisidan saqarTveloSi

aSkara gaxda ekonomikis ganviTarebis calkeuli miRwe-

vebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis energoresursebiT uzrun-

velyofis saqmeSi da sakvebi produqtebis deficitis aR-

mofxvrasTan dakavSirebiT, aseve yuradsaRebi miRwevebia

samoqalaqo disciplinisa da sagzao mSeneblobis infra-

struqturis gaumjobesebaSi. garda aseTi Sedegebisa, sa-

Wiroa imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom mosaxleobis saSualo

fena 15-20%-mdea [7, gv. 54] da sasurvelia misi Semdgomi

zrdis daCqareba. amasTan, sasurvelze metic aris Raribi

fenis saSualo fenaSi gadasvlisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna.

igi mxolod `TviTdasaqmebiT~ ver miiRweva.

207

saWiroa mtp-is safuZvelze Sromis mwarmoebluro-

bis zrda ise, rom mas mohyves mosaxleobis dasaqmeba da

misi yvela fenis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba, rac

ganviTarebuli qveynebis TanadgomiTa da globalizaciis

pirobebSi SeiZleba realobad iqces.

qveynis ekonomikis gajansaRebis mizniT privatize-

bis Catarebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze amJamad ar

daoben, magram dasazustebelia riskis gauTvaliswineb-

lad Catarebuli privatizebis Sedegebi, romelic jer

kidev ar aris saTanadod Sefasebuli.

yuradsaRebia saqarTveloSi zigzagiseburi gardaq-

mnebis procesebi, romlebic marTvis gamWvirvalobas bun-

dovans xdis, xolo momavlis ganusazRvreloba damSvi-

debis saSualebas ar iZleva. miuxedavad amisa ar SeiZle-

ba optimisturi midgomiT ar davaxasiaToT postkomunis-

turi saqarTvelos mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTareba

siRaribis donis konteqsSic ki, romlis Sesafaseblad am-

jerad daveyrdnobiT nodar WiTanavas naSroms [11, gv. 103-

106], sadac pirobiTad 1991-2008 wlebis periodis ekonomika

oTx ZiriTad etapad aris dayofili, romlis safuZvelze

SesaZlebeli xdeba mTlianobaSi warmovidginoT sagareo-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mzardi roli da qveynis

globalur procesebSi misi CarTvis mniSvneloba. ase

magaliTad, aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi 2000 welTan

SedarebiT eqsporti 4-jer gaizarda, xolo importi 8,5-

jer [11, gv. 109]. mniSvnelovania isic, rom 2008 wels

statistikis departamentis informaciiT, mcire sawar-

moTa didi nawili arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi funqcioni-

rebda, ramac mosaxleobis saSualo fenis gasaZliereb-

ladac pirobebi unda Seqmnas.

qveyanaSi rigi uaryofiTi Sedegebi gamoiwvia sawar-

moTa privatizebaSi daSvebulma Secdomebma. miuxedavad

amisa, postkomunisturi saqarTvelo globalizaciis pro-

cesSi isea CarTuli, rom igi ganviTarebis magistralur

gzazea da SeiZleba masze optimisturi prognozebiT vims-

jeloT. Tumca swrafad cvalebadi garemo da ganusazRv-

reloba mravalmxrivi winaaRmdegobis winaSe gvayenebs

(rodesac erTi siZnelis gadalaxva an Sesusteba, axal

siZneleebs qmnis da a.S.).

privatizebis sirTuleebze damakvalianebeli msje-

lobebia Catarebuli qarTvel mecnier-ekonomistTa naS-

romebSi imis xazgasmiT, rom qveyanaSi privatizacia war-

moebis ganviTarebas emsaxurebodes da ara gakotrebul

an ufunqcio sawarmoTa kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacemas. am

mxriv privatizebis dawyebis siZneleebis miuxedavad, saWi-

ro sifrTxilesTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynebuli naSro-

mebidan gamovyofT ramdenimes, magaliTad:

vladimer papavas [4, gv. 167-199], avTandil silagaZis

[9.1, gv. 31-34], giorgi papavas [14, gv. 33-34; 95] naSromebs.

maTTan erTad yuradRebas ipyrobs nugzar sanTelaZis

statia, sadac misTvis Cveuli, gonivrulad mozomili

msjelobebiT moyvanilia saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi mosa-

lodneli, im drois Sesabamisi scenaris optimisturi va-

riantebi, romlebic qveyanaSi kerZo seqtoris ganviTare-

bis imeds iZleodnen [9.3, gv. 54-62].

is, rom privatiazaciasTan dakavSirebiT, ekonomiku-

ri reformebis organizaciul-teqnikur mxaresTan erTad,

saWiro iyo socialur-fsiqologiuri mxaris aranakleb

mniSvnelobaze yuradRebis miqceva da siRaribis winaaRm-

deg brZola _ aRniSnulia elguja meqvabiSvilis stati-

aSi [9.2, gv. 44-47].

gulnaz erqomaiSvilis monografiaSi [12, gv. 53-67]

yuradReba gamaxvilebulia imaze, rom urTulesi piro-

bebi Seiqmna sawarmoTaA privatizebis sferoSi, ris gamoc

privatizebul sawarmoTa mniSvnelovani nawili umoqme-

dod darCa, xolo 40-45% umniSvnelo datvirTviT [13,

gv.45] agrZelebda muSaobas. magaliTad, xerxdeboda ra

sawarmoebSi ucxouri investiciebis mozidva (rasac maSin-

deli kanoni ukiduresad zRudavda), qveyanaSi Semosuli

209

saxsrebi (kreditebi da daxmarebebi) nawildeboda cal-

keuli dargobrivi uwyebebis doneze ise, rom ar xdeboda

maTi ekonomikur politikasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana [12,

gv. 56], saxelmwifos mTeli mcdeloba ki mimarTuli iyo

gadasaxadebis àmoRebisaken~. amaSi gasaTvaliswinebeli

iyo isic, rom jer kidev adre, 80-iani wlebis meore

naxevridan, saqarTveloSi daiwyo kerZo seqtoris ara-

pirdapiri gzebiT Camoyalibeba, xolo 80-iani wlebis

dros kooperativebis umravlesoba (75-80%) saxelmwifo

sawarmoTa bazaze formirdeboda. 2001 wlisaTvis aSkara

gaxda kerZo seqtorSi sawarmoTa simZlavreebis Sedare-

biT ukeTesi mdgomareoba, Tumca amas pesimizmi mainc

axlda, Tanac imis aucileblobis xazgasmiT, rom kerZo

sawarmoTa ZiriTadi saSualebebis TiTqmis mesamedi mo-

dernizacias saWiroebda [13, gv. 48], xolo zogierTi

mTlianad iyo Sesacvleli. aSkara gaxda is, rom qveyanaSi

samrewvelo warmoeba gadasamuSaveblad sanaxevrod sazR-

vargareTul nedleuls iyenebda, xolo maTi gasaRebis

bazrebi ZiriTadad samamulo iyo. saqarTvelos regioneb-

Si mewarmeoba araTanabrad viTardeboda, ar xorciel-

deboda realobasTan miaxloebuli saxelmwifo politika.

amis gamo qveyanaSi mewarmeoba dascilda Tavis obieqtur

safuZvels da Senelebulad viTardeboda, isic metwilad

subieqturi niSniT, raSic aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulebi

`momxveWelobisaken daZruli partokratebi~ (yovelive

amis xelSemwyobi pirobebi ganpirobebuli iyo mZime war-

suliT, rodesac mewarmeoba gaigivebuli aRmoCnda vaWro-

basTan, romlis ZiriTadi organizaciuli forma ukeTes

SemTxvevaSi individualuri warmoeba iyo; warsulidan

inerciiT viTardeboda wvrili meurneobebi da xelosnoba

iseT dargebSi, romlebic damyarebuli iyo adgilobrivi,

kerZo sasoflo-sameurneo needleulis gadamuSavebaze.

maT didi gasavali hqondaT ZiriTadad ruseTis bazarze.

aseTnairad `miSvebuli~ ekonomika, gansakuTrebiT soflis

meurneoba, rogorc dargi, nadgurdeboda).

sabWouri periodis 60-iani wlebidan aralegaluri

warmoebis masStabebi gafarTovda, xolo sabazro ekono-

mikaze gardamavali periodis sawyis etapze, me-20 sauku-

nis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan mewarmeoba oficialurad

saxelmwifo seqtoris danamatad yalibdeboda [12; 13].

saqarTveloSi mewarmeTa fenis Camoyalibeba 80-iani wle-

bis bolos daiwyo [13, gv. 43].

privatizebasTan dakavSirebiT Sedegian procesebze

aRvniSnavT, rom sawarmoTa ricxvis zrda saqarTveloSi

1994 wlidan daiwyo. maSin registrirebuli iyo 12 aTasi

sawarmo, 1995 wels _ 17 aTasi, xolo 1996 wlis bolosaT-

vis ki _ 8995, romlis 30%-mde saxelmwifo seqtors ekuTv-

noda. 2002 wlisaTvis mcire sawarmoTa umetesi nawili

privatizebuli iyo. maTi sxva nawili vaWrobisa da

momsaxurebis sferos ekuTvnoda [12, gv. 73].

saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis 2002-2008

wlebis masalebis mixedviT, privatizebuli obieqtebis

raodenoba sakmaod maRalia. igi medianuri zomis mixed-

viT, weliwadSi (saSualod) 673 erTeuls Seadgens. am

mxriv 2008 wels obieqtebis raodenoba maqsimaluri iyo,

Semosvali _ 769 milioni lari. privatizebis wesi Ziri-

Tadad auqcioni iyo.

2002-2008 wlebSi privatizebis Semosavali iyo _

1350 mln laramde. drois amave periodSi privatizebuli

obieqtebis raodenoba imereTis, aWaris regionebsa da

TbilisSi 1995 welTan SedarebiT, mSp-is mixedviT, 1,7-jer

gaizarda.Arac ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo privatizaciaSi

kerZo seqtoris wvlilis gazrdiT [5; 6]. am mxriv 2003

wels kvebis mrewvelobaSi privatizebis SedarebiT maRa-

li done modioda purproduqtebis, Rvinisa da sakon-

servo mrewvelobis sawarmoebze.

arsebuli statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, sa-

qarTveloSi mosaxleobis siRaribis doneze sawarmoTa

211

privatizebis procesis Sedegebis gavlenis Sefaseba SeuZ-

lebeli xdeba, magram am mimarTulebiT daskvnebis miReba

mainc SesaZlebelia.

calkeuli adamianis, adamianTa jgufis, ojaxis da

a.S. siRaribis done qonebriv ukmarisobas niSnavs (Cve-

ulebrivad deficits). magram SesaZleblobebis mixedviT,

SemosavlebiT an msyidvelunarianobiT da a.S fasdeba Ra-

ribi da mdidari konkretuli subieqtis simdidris mdgo-

mareoba. siRaribis donis zogadi da miaxloebiTi

warmodgena _ es mxolod misi ganmartebis naklovaneba ar

aris, igi daxvewas moiTxovs. TviT siRaribis srul-

yofili Sefasebis SeuZlebloba aRricxvis Tvalsazrisi-

Tac realobaa. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi statistikis de-

partamentis monacemebiT, siRaribis donis garkveva sa-

ojaxo meurneobebis calkeuli subieqtebis qonebrivi

mdgomareobis gamokiTxvis safuZvelze WeSmaritebasTan

sakmaod zerele miaxloebaa. misi dazusteba calkeul

konkretul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, magram igi mTlianobaSi

mainc bolomde gaurkveveli rCeba, radgan siRaribis òp-

timaluri variantis~ an misi donis dadgena ufro rTuli

problemaa.

rigi faqtorebi siRaribis doneze rogorc dade-

biTad, aseve uaryofiTad moqmedebs, xolo maTze srul-

yofili monacemebiT korelaciuri analizi (konkretuli

monacemebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) SeiZleba siRaribis

èrT-erTi SesaZlo variantis gamovlenis SesaZleblobas~

iZleodes, magram am mimarTulebiT amocanis dasma jer-

jerobiT ar aris mosaxerxebeli.

davsvaT kiTxva, msoflios sazogadoebisaTvis glo-

balizaciis pirobebSi aqvs Tu ara azri imis garkvevas,

ZiriTadi qonebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT calkeul qvey-

nebSi, momavlisaTvis romelia ukeTesi: simdidris jamuri

maCveneblebi Tu milionerTa ricxovnobis maqsimumi. ana-

logiurad SeiZleba msjeloba siRaribis donis optima-

lur variantze, rodesac maqsimums miaRwevs qveyanaSi

(saerTod msoflioSi) dovlaTis warmoeba.

postkomunistur saqarTveloSi simdidris gamoTa-

nabrebaze zrunva Tavisufali ekonomikis arsebobazea da-

mokidebuli. Cveulebriv pirobebSi, rodesac qveyana

mdgradi ganviTarebis gzaze dgas, maSin mdidrebi ufro

swrafi tempiT mdidrdebian, xolo Raribebi kidev ufro

Tu ar Raribdebian, esec did miRwevad SeiZleba CaiT-

valos.

gamoyegamoyegamoyegamoyenebuli literaturanebuli literaturanebuli literaturanebuli literatura

1. abesaZe r.abesaZe r.abesaZe r.abesaZe r. siRaribe da ekonomikuri ganviTareba. pa-

ata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis daarsebis 65-

e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saqarTvelos ekonomist-

Ta samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis

krebuli. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi

Tanamedrove etapze. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 3-10.

2. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis

Sromebi. VII tomi, Tbilisi, sagamomcemlo firma

`siaxle~, 2009.

2.1. papava vl.papava vl.papava vl.papava vl. siRaribis Semcireba kerZo seqtoris

ganviTarebis gziT: qarTuli sinamdvile da perspeq-

tivebi [2, gv. 20-41].

2.2. Ciqava l.Ciqava l.Ciqava l.Ciqava l. demografiul maCveneblebze siRaribis

gavlenis negatiuri Sedegebi [2, gv. 5-19].

3. papava vl. papava vl. papava vl. papava vl. nekroekonomikis zombireba (globaluri

finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis zegavlena Savi zRvis

regionis qveynebze). Tbilisi, paata guguSvilis eko-

nomikis instituti, 2010.

4. papava vl.papava vl.papava vl.papava vl. postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politiku-

ri ekonomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika. Tbilisi,

`pdp~, 2002, gv. 167-199.

5. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro.

statistikis departamenti. saqarTvelos Sinameurne-

213

obebi, statistikuri publikacia, 2008. Tbilisi, 2009,

gv. 55-64.

6. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro.

statistikis departamenti. statistikis weliwdeuli

2009. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 64-68.

7. sarCimelia r.,sarCimelia r.,sarCimelia r.,sarCimelia r., arevaZe n.arevaZe n.arevaZe n.arevaZe n. mosaxleobis Zlieri saSu-

alo fenis formirebisaTvis saqarTveloSi. J. èko-

nomisti~, #5, 2009, gv. 53-57.

8. qoqiauri l., bebiaSvili n.qoqiauri l., bebiaSvili n.qoqiauri l., bebiaSvili n.qoqiauri l., bebiaSvili n. sainvesticio proeqtebi.

Teoria, analizi, marTva. Tbilisi, 2009.

9. socialur-ekonomikur gardaqmnaTaAstrategia da taq-

tika garadamaval periodSi (saqarTvelos samecniero

simpoziumis masalebi), Tbilisi, `diogene~, 1997.

9.1. silagaZe a.silagaZe a.silagaZe a.silagaZe a. saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo qonebis

privatizebis zogierTi sakiTxi [9, gv. 31-36].

9.2. meqvabiSvili e. meqvabiSvili e. meqvabiSvili e. meqvabiSvili e. ekonomikuri efeqtianobisa da soci-

aluri samarTlianobis dialeqtika gardamavali eko-

nomikis pirobebSi [9, gv. 44-47].

9.3. sanTelaZe n.sanTelaZe n.sanTelaZe n.sanTelaZe n. makroekonomikuri strategia da sam-

rewvelo politika gardamaval periodSi [9, gv. 54-62].

10. Sengelia T.Sengelia T.Sengelia T.Sengelia T. sawarmoTa privatizaciisa da restruq-

turizaciis socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi saqarT-

veloSi. J. `socialuri ekonomika~, #3, 1999, gv. 79-85.

11. WiTanava n.WiTanava n.WiTanava n.WiTanava n. globalizacia da saqarTvelos soci-

alur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis problemebi. saqarT-

velos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia. Sromebi, t.

VIII, Tbilisi, `siaxle~, 2010, gv. 80-120.

12. erqomaiSvili g.erqomaiSvili g.erqomaiSvili g.erqomaiSvili g. mewarmeobis formirebisa da ganviTa-

rebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 2004,

Tsu gamomcemloba.

13. erqomaiSvili gerqomaiSvili gerqomaiSvili gerqomaiSvili g. biznesi, firmis funqcionirebis Zi-

riTadi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2007, Tsu gamomcemloba.

14. papava g.papava g.papava g.papava g. sabazro ekonomikaze saqarTvelos gadasv-

lis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba èna~, 1991.

Sarchimelia Roland PRIVATIZATION AND SOME ISSUES OF OVERCOMING

OF POVERTY IN GEORGIA

SUMMARY

In the article there are characterized the issues of privatization concerning the decreasing of a poverty level in globalization conditions.

Is noted the positive results of privatization, namely, the percentage growth of rich section of the population and the economic achievements in postcommunist Georgia.

AAMmedea melaSviliAAMmedea melaSviliAAMmedea melaSviliAAMmedea melaSvili nunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistauri

AsiRaribe da misi daZlevis ZiriTadiAsiRaribe da misi daZlevis ZiriTadiAsiRaribe da misi daZlevis ZiriTadiAsiRaribe da misi daZlevis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSimimarTulebebi saqarTveloSimimarTulebebi saqarTveloSimimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi

dRes msoflioSi siRaribe globalur xasiaTs ata-

rebs. mas ar gaaCnia sazRvrebi. msoflioSi mimdinare

procesebis globalizaciam gamoiwvia janmrTelobis er-

Tiani problemebi _ Sidsi, garemos dabinZureba, eko-

logiuri katastrofebi, terorizmi, omebi da a.S. (msof-

lioSi 2000 wels ganviTarebuli movlenebis (omebis) Se-

degad warmoiSva 23 milioni ltolvili). miuxedavad

imisa, rom dRes arnaxuli keTildReobis pirobebia, de-

215

damiwis mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari (3 miliardi

adamiani) cxovrobs dReSi 2 aSS dolarze naklebi Semo-

savliT, xolo daaxloebiT 1.3 miliardi adamiani – uki-

dures siRaribeSi [6]. Raribi mosaxleobis ricxvi yovel-

wliurad matulobs. msoflio bankis monacemebiT, 2015

wlisaTvis mosaxleobis mesamedi (daaxloebiT 1.9 mili-

ardi adamiani) icxovrebs siRaribis oficialur zRvars

qvemoT arsebuli SemosavliT (1 aSS dolariT dReSi).

bunebrivia, siRaribis globaluri problema mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones-

Tan. amJamad 20 gansakuTrebiT mdidari qveynis saSualo

wliuri Semosavlebi 37-jer aRemateba 20 uRaribesi qvey-

nis saSualo Semosavlebs. 40 weliwadSi navaraudevia am

gansxvavebis orjer gazrda.

ucxour literaturaSi vxvdebiT adamianTa keTil-

dReobis raodenobrivi Sefasebis orgvar midgomas. pir-

veli maTgani gulisxmobs keTildReobis Sefasebas sar-

geblianobis safuZvelze, xolo meore ar iTvaliswinebs,

an TiTqmis ar iTvaliswinebs sargeblianobis faqtors da

elementaruli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas gulisx-

mobs.

msoflio ekonomikur literaturaSi siRaribis

problemis gadaWra ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia qveynis

ekonomikur zrdasTan, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania

socialuri daxmarebis gaweva Raribi mosaxleobisaTvis.

ganviTarebadi qveynebis socialuri daxmarebis programe-

bis analizi gviCvenebs, rom jer kidev araa Seqmnili ma-

sobrivi siRaribis daZlevis efeqtiani meqanizmi. Tumca

msoflio gamocdilebiT, msoflio bankis specialistebma

gamoiyenes siRaribis Semcirebis saxelmwifoebrivi soci-

aluri dacvis instrumentebi. maT SeimuSaves 70 uRari-

besi ganviTarebadi qveynis siRaribis daZlevis strategia

finansuri daxmarebis gziT. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi es dax-

mareba sxvadasxva miznobrivi programebis meSveobiT xor-

cieldeba. Tumca am programebs gaaCnia naklovanebebi.

kerZod, socialuri dacvis sistemaSi gabatonebulia ko-

rufcia, biurokratizmi da a.S. bunebrivia, siRaribis daZ-

leva mxolod amgvari programebiT ver moxdeba. siRa-

ribis donis daZlevaSi metad mniSvnelovania saxelm-

wifos roli (administraciuli, samarTlebrivi, direq-

tiuli Tu sxva meTodebis meSveobiT). man minimumamde un-

da daiyvanos kontrabanda, korufcia, meqrTameoba, ga-

dasaxadebis gadauxdeloba da sxv., raTa Tavidan iqnes

acilebuli umravlesobis gaRatakeba da umciresobis gam-

didreba (rasac amJamad adgili aqvs rogorc CvenTan, ise

mTel postkomunistur sivrceSi). aucilebelia, saxelm-

wifoSi ganxorcieldes simdidrisa da Semosavlebis sa-

marTliani gadanawileba, SemuSavdes iseTi samTavrobo

politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs RaribTa socialur

dacvas. dReisaTvis qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze war-

moebuli mSp-is mixedviT aseTi mdgomareobaa: erT sul

mosaxleze iwarmoeba daaxloebiT 1328 laris Rire-

bulebis produqti, romlis Tanabari ganawilebis SemTx-

vevaSi TiToeul adamians daaxloebiT 110 lari eqneboda

Semosavali, rac naklebia saarsebo minimumze. realur si-

namdvileSi ki, Semosavlebis uTanasworo ganawilebis

gamo, mosaxleobis mcire nawils gaaCnia udidesi Semo-

savali, udides nawils ki saarsebo minimums qvemoT.

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umdidresi 10%-is Semosavlebi

45-50-jer aRemateba uRaribesi 10%-is Semosavlebs, e.i.

Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi mniSvnelovani uTanasworobaa.

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, siRaribis masStabebis

Semcirebis sawyis etapze ganxorcieldes mosaxleobis

uRaribesi fenebis Semosavlebis gazrda fuladi saxs-

rebiT Tu materialuri faseulobebiT, xolo Semdgom

etapze moxdes maRali Semosavlebis mqone fenebis Semo-

savlebis garkveuli nawilis RaribTa materialuri moT-

xovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad gadanawileba (magali-

Tad, SesaZloa mosaxleobis maRalSemosavliani nawilis

217

progresuli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT dabegvris sistemis

SemoReba, xolo dabali Semosavlebis mqoneTa dabali ko-

eficientiT an mTlianad gaTavisufleba amgvari gada-

saxadisagan).

saqarTvelo sul ufro farTod ebmeba globali-

zaciis procesebSi, rac sazogadoebis socialur struq-

turaSi arsebiT cvlilebebs iwvevs. igi aRmoCnda im qvey-

nebis ricxvSi, romelTa mosaxleobis 80% siRaribis

zRvars qvemoT imyofeba.

RaribTa gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobis mqone

qveynebis CamonaTvalSi 21-23-e adgilebzea somxeTi da

yirgizeTi, sadac siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba mo-

saxleobis 55%, saqarTveloSi (24-e adgilzea) – 54%,

azerbaijanSi (37 adgilzea) – 49%, ruseTSi (52 adgilzea)

– 40%, TurqmeneTSi (65-e adgilzea) _ 34%, ukrainaSi (73-e

adgilzea) _ 29%, yazaxeTSi (77-e adgilzea) _ 28%, belo-

rusiaSi (85-e adgilzea) _ 22%, amerikaSi _ 13%, did bri-

taneTSi _ 17%, CineTSi _ 22%. saSualod siRaribis

zRvars qvemoT mcxovrebTa ricxvi msoflioSi 41.9%-s Se-

adgens.

qveynis ganviTarebis dones ZiriTadad mosaxleobis

erT sulze mSp-is moculobis mixedviT gansazRvraven.

Tumca mkvlevarTa nawili Tvlis, rom Raribi mosax-

leobis cxovrebis donis Sesafaseblad es maCvenebeli

arasakmarisia. aucilebelia gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mSp-

is ganawilebis princips mieniWos. amas adasturebs

magaliTad is faqti, rom 1997-2001 wlebSi saqarTveloSi

realuri mSp-is mosaxleobis erT sulze (24.8%-iT) gazr-

das arsebiTi zegavlena ar mouxdenia saqarTvelos mo-

saxleobis cxovrebis doneze (gansakuTrebiT ki pensione-

rebze, sabiujeto seqtorSi dasaqmebulebze, iZulebiT

gadaadgilebul da socialurad naklebad uzrunvelyo-

fil fenebze). mTliani Sida produqtis moculobis

dinamika bolo periodSi ase gamoiyureba (ix. cxrili 1)

[8]. cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1

mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba da dinamikamTliani Sida produqtis moculoba da dinamikamTliani Sida produqtis moculoba da dinamikamTliani Sida produqtis moculoba da dinamika

(mimdinare fasebSi; mln lari)

2003200320032003 2004200420042004 2005200520052005 2006200620062006 2007200720072007 2008200820082008

mSp 8 564 9 824 11 621 13 790 16 994 19 070

mSp (mudmiv fasebSi) %-iT wina wlebTan

111.1 105.9 109.6 109.4 122.3 102.1

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sefasebis yvelaze

gavrcelebuli maCvenebelia siRaribis done (igi gani-

sazRvreba mosaxleobis wiliT mTel mosaxleobaSi, rom-

lis moxmarebis moculoba siRaribis zRvars qvemoTaa).

igi Semdegnairadaa ganawilebuli wlebis mixedviT:

1994 w. – 80%; 1995 w. – 60%; 1996 w. – 52.1%; 1997 w. – 46.2%;

1998 w. – 50.2%; 2001 w. – 51.1%, 2003 w. _ 54.5%, 2004 w. _

52.0%. e.i. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis naxevarze meti 2 aSS

dolarze naklebs moixmars. amasTan, sofelSi siRaribis

done saarsebo minimumTan mimarTebaSi 47.6%-ia; qalaqSi –

54.4% (es gamowveulia imiT, rom soflis mosaxleoba

moixmars sakuTari warmoebis produqtebs).

Raribi mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis maC-

venebels warmoadgens siRaribis siRrme (misi gaanga-

riSeba CvenTan xdeba 1996 wlidan. esaa saSualo sidide,

riTac Raribebi cildebian siRaribis zRvars). siRaribis

siRrmem saarsebo minimumis mimarT Semdegi done daafiq-

sira: 1996 wels – 20.9%; 1997 w. – 17.3%; 1998 w. _ 19.5%;

1999 w. – 20.5%; 2000 w. – 20.2%; 2001 w. – 19.3%; 2003 w. _

21.1%; 2004 w. _ 20.0%.

siRaribis siRrmis maCvenebeli ukiduresi siRari-

bis mimarT 1996 wels iyo 14.5%, xolo Semdgom wlebSi

219

8.5-9.5%-is farglebSi meryeobs. siRaribis donis maCveneb-

lad gvevlineba siRaribis simwvave (igi gviCvenebs Rarib

ojaxTa Soris siRaribis uTanabrobis gansxvavebas). rac

metia siRaribis simwvave, miT metia Ratakebis (e.i. mox-

marebis mixedviT 0-is maxloblobaSi myofi) mosaxleobis

raodenoba Raribebs Soris. es maCvenebeli ase ganawilda

wlebis mixedviT: 1996 w. – 11.3%; 1997 w. – 8.9%; 1998 w. _

10.4%; 1999 w. – 10.9%; 2000 w. _ 10.7%; 2001 w. – 9.9%; 2003 w.

_ 11.2%; 2004 w. _ 10.6%.

sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom ara mxolod kapi-

taliTa da bunebrivi simdidriT, aramed adamianuri re-

sursebiT ganisazRvreba qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis mimarTuleba, xasiaTi da tempebi. postin-

dustriuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba damyarebulia ada-

mianur kapitalze. aq xdeba codnis ekonomikis ganvi-

Tareba. ganaTlebis sistemisa da mecnierebis ganviTa-

rebis safuZvelze unda ganxorcieldes Tanamedrove eko-

nomikis ganviTareba. saWiroa axali codnis warmoeba, teq-

nologiuri inovaciebis Seqmna, rac mosaxleobis dasaq-

mebas uzrunvelyofs da amiT siRaribis donec Semcir-

deba.

reformamdel periodSi saqarTvelo msoflioSi

erT-erT maRalganviTarebul qveynad iTvleboda. postso-

cialistur periodSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani gaxda

mecnierebisa da praqtikis Tanamedrove miRwevebis sa-

fuZvelze erovnuli ekonomikis transformacia. Cvens qve-

yanaSi erovnuli ekonomikis yvela dargSi kvalificiuri

kadrebis (ganaTlebis doniTa da gamocdilebiT) Warbi

raodenobaa. meore mxriv, samuSao adgilebis deficitia.

aseve dasaqmebulTa anazRaurebis done ukiduresad da-

balia.

saqarTvelos ganviTarebis strategiis mTavar pri-

oritetad unda ganisazRvros ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

ganviTareba. saqarTvelos mosaxleobam siRaribes Tavi

swored ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebis raode-

nobrivi da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis ganviTarebiT un-

da daaRwios, vinaidan mxolod ganaTlebul ers ar

emuqreba siRaribe. cnobilia, rom rogori ganaTlebis

sistemasac flobs qveyana, iseTivea misi ekonomika. amis

naTeli magaliTia gasul saukuneSi yvelaze krizisul

mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynebis – iaponia, germania, bra-

zilia da a.S. – warmatebebi ganaTlebis sistemis srul-

yofis safuZvelze.

2000 wlis seqtemberSi 191 qveynis mTavrobis warmo-

madgenelma gaeroSi miiRes aTaswleulis deklaracia,

romlis ganxorcieleba rogorc TiToeuli qveynis, ise

saerTaSoriso doneze mdgradi ganviTarebis garanti un-

da gamxdariyo.

2004 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo aTas-

wleulis miznebisa da amocanebis koncefcia, romelic

safuZvlad daedo saqarTveloSi “ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programas”. am programis

mixedviT navaraudevia 2015 wlamde ukiduresi siRaribis

donis 4%-mde, xolo siRaribis donis (oficialur sa-

arsebo minimumTan mimarTebaSi) 20-25%-mde Semcireba.

saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi mimdinare krizisulma

movlenebma uaryofiTi zegavlena moaxdina samecniero-

kvleviT da saproeqto-sakonstruqtoro dawesebulebaTa

funqcionirebaze. maTi umetesoba centraluri saxelmwi-

fo dafinansebis gareSe darCa an minimalurad Seumcirda

es dafinanseba. inovaciur saqonelze moTxovnis Semcire-

bis gamo maT ver SeZles alternatiuli wyaroebis moZeb-

na. aman gaauaresa maTi materialur-teqnikuri baza. amas-

Tan, aq moxda kadrebis masiuri gadadineba saqmianobis

sxva sferoebSi. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi jer ki-

dev aris SenarCunebuli wina periodSi Seqmnili mec-

nierul-teqnikuri potenciali. saxelmwifos mier gatare-

bulma gonivrulma politikam maqsimalurad unda gamo-

iyenos am potencialis ara marto SenarCunebis, aramed

221

gaZlierebis da mZlavrad amoqmedebis Sansi. swored es

Seqmnis mniSvnelovan winapirobas qveynis ekonomikis win-

svlisa da ganviTarebis, anu siRaribis umwvavesi prob-

lemis warmatebiT daZlevisaTvis.


1. abesaZe rabesaZe rabesaZe rabesaZe r. ekonomikuri ganviTareba. Tbilisi, “meridi-

ani”, 2006.

2. abesaZe r.abesaZe r.abesaZe r.abesaZe r. “siRaribe da ekonomikuri ganviTareba”. eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi Tanamedrove etap-

ze. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecni-

ero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis krebuli. Tbi-

lisi, “paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ga-

momcemloba”, 2009.

3. aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi saqarTveloSi.

gaeros gamocema, Tbilisi, 2004.

4. gabiZaSvili b.gabiZaSvili b.gabiZaSvili b.gabiZaSvili b. “siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi”

(mokle ekonomikur-statistikuri narkvevi). Tbilisi,

“universali”, 2006.

5. qistauri n., melaSvili m.qistauri n., melaSvili m.qistauri n., melaSvili m.qistauri n., melaSvili m. inovaciuri ganviTarebis

aucilebloba saqarTveloSi, samecniero Sromebis kre-

buli. Tbilisi, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institu-

tis gamomcemloba, 2009.

6. SublaZe v.SublaZe v.SublaZe v.SublaZe v. saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis

makroekonomikuri regulirebis meqanizmi (siRaribis

daZlevis konteqstSi). disertacia, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 9.

7. saqarTveloSi siRaribis daZlevis da ekonomikuri zrdis erovnuli programis Sualeduri dokumenti

(mTavrobis ganacxadi). Tbilisi, 2001.

8. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli. saq. ekon. ganv. saministro, statistikis departamenti, Tbilisi,

2009.

Melashvili Medeja Kistauri Nunu

POVERTY AND MAIN TRENDS OF ITS OVERCOMING IN GEORGIA

SUMMARY

At present the poverty in the world has global character. Almost

one third of the world population is extremely poor. The decrease of poverty level is mainly connected with the

improvement of economic indices of a country, but the elaboration and successful implementation of social relief for poor population is no less significant. Here the state plays a great role the main aim of which should be the working out of right economic policy providing the distribution of wealth and incomes, hence the social defence of poors.

We consider the development of education and science is the main priorities of economic progress in Georgia.

223

Ната Давлашеридзе ЛАУРЕАТ НОБЕЛЕВСКОЙ ПРЕМИИ ПО ЭКОНОМИКЕ

ТЕОДОР ШУЛЬЦ О РОЛИ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА В ПРЕОДОЛЕНИИ ПРОБЛЕМ БЕДНОСТИ

Проблема бедности остается фундаментальной глобальной

проблемой, стоящей перед мировым сообществом. Она оказывает па-губное влияние на экономику, социальные отношения, политику, культуру; она воздействует на такие основополагающие харак-теристики жизни любого человека, как состояние здоровья и уровень образования. То обстоятельство, что сегодня нищета, бедность, отсталость характерны прежде всего для третьего мира, не делает проблему менее актуальной по отношению к высокоразвитым го-сударствам. Неспособность большинства беднейших стран вырваться из нищеты собственными силами сделала проблему бедности общечеловеческой. Растущая озабоченность и тревога, которые вызывает проблема бедности в мире, объясняются в первую очередь тем, что в своем нынешнем виде глобализация, придающая миру небывалую доселе целостность, не уничтожает и не сглаживает его внутреннюю противоречивость, бедность становится комплексной проблемой – экономической, социальной, культурной, политической, международной – с большим дестабилизирующим потенциалом в глобальном масштабе.

Проблема бедности занимала лучшие умы человечества, в частности, огромное значение ее преодолению уделялось в трудах

лауреата Нобелевской премии по экономике за 1979 г. Теодора Шуль-ца (Theodore Schultz). Изучая положение слаборазвитых стран, он заявлял, что улучшение благосостояния бедных зависело не от недр, которыми располагала их страна, не от технической оснащенности или усилий их правительств, а скорее от знаний, которыми обладали люди, населяющие эту страну. Иначе говоря, от способности об-щества накапливать, производить и трансформировать знания индии-видуумов и коллективов в общественное благосостояние.

Шульц является основоположником револю-ционного откры-тия о важности вложений в «человеческий капитал» (Human Capital), одним из авторов теории «человеческого капитала».

В своих исследованиях основной акцент он делал на проблемах оценки «образовательного фонда» США, вклада об-разования в экономический рост, экономической эффективности «инвестиций в человека». Шульц показал, что американская эко-номика в течение длительного времени получала более высокий доход от «человеческого», чем от «вещественного» капитала.

Образование, по мнению Шульца, повышает не только производительность труда индивидуума, но и экономическую ценность его времени, что выступает отличительной чертой современного экономического роста. Он относит к инвестициям в человеческий капитал не только прямые затраты на образование в средних и высших учебных заведениях, но и самообразование дома, накопление опыта на работе, а также капиталовложения в сферу здравоохранения, образования и науки. Именно вложения в “человеческий капитал”, рост ценности человеческого труда ста-новятся важнейшими факторами преобразования экономики, модернизации экономических и юридических институтов. При таком подходе развитие рассматривается не просто как повышение темпов экономического роста, а как инвестиции в человеческий капитал и ликвидация бедности.

Шульц отмечал, что с помощью образования плавильщик чугунных чушек, которого Тейлор сравнивал по интеллекту с быком, делается ответственным и инициативным работником, способным анализировать ситуацию, предвидеть поломки и предотвращать брак. Процесс повышения качества рабочей силы Шульц считает таким же

225

естественным итогом вложений дополнительных средств в обра-зование, как технический прогресс – ассигнований на совер-шенствование и повышение продуктивности средств производства. Такой подход вполне отвечал традициям классической школы и открывал реальный путь для совершенствования количественного анализа факторов экономического роста.

Термин «человеческий капитал» впервые появился в работе Теодора Шульца: «Человеческий капитал: вопросы политики и возможности исследования». В сборнике «Человеческие ресурсы / Пятидесятый ежегодный колок-виум», Нью-Йорк /1975) (Schultz T.W. Human Capital: Policy Issues and Research Opportunities. In: Human Resources/ Fiftieth Anniversary Colloquium .VI. N. Y /1975). Изучая положение слаборазвитых стран, Шульц подчеркивал, что улучшение благосостояния бедных людей зависело не от земли, техники или их усилий, а скорее от знаний. Он назвал этот качественный аспект экономики «человеческим капиталом». Шульц предложил следующее определение: «Все человеческие ресурсы и способности являются или врожденными, или приобретенными. Каждый человек рождается с индивидуальным комплексом генов, определяющим его врожденный человеческий потенциал. Приобретенные человеком ценные качества, которые могут быть вложениями, мы называем человеческим капиталом».

Для стран, стремящихся к развитию, должно быть понятно, что экономический рост достигается не только трансфертом технологий, инвестициями в физический капитал и накоплением знаний. Экономический рост зависит от человеческого капитала и в другом смысле: от улучшения здоровья людей данного общества, от снижения в нём преступности, от соответствующего социального климата и институтов и – в равной степени – от ответственного воспитания детей.

Человеческий капитал отличается от природных ресурсов и производственных активов тем, что его нельзя ни сдать в залог, ни продать. Он принципиально не отчуждаем. Эффективность исполь-зования человеческого капитала в первую очередь зависит от мобиль-ности трудовых ресурсов – носителей человеческого капитала.

Человеческий капитал должен достаточно быстро реагировать на изменения в глобальной экономике и перестраиваться на те сферы деятельности, в которых его производительность выше. Причем важна как профессиональная, так и географическая мобильность. А для ее обеспечения требуются соответствующие институты: финансовые рынки и рынки жилья (ипотека и образовательные кредиты), специфические институты рынка труда (мониторинг рынка труда, развитая система повышения квалификации и т. д.).

Термин «человеческий капитал» определяет качественный аспект экономики. Понятие «человеческий капитал», по сути, есть всего лишь развитие экономического понятия «капитала». Это особый способ размышления о компетенции человека на языке финансовых показателей. Это принятая форма рационализации денежных вложений в социальную сферу, причем, что важно – экономической рационализации, то есть рассмотрение таких вложений в фокусе альтернативных инвестиций. Согласно таким представлениям, домохозяйство осуществляет рациональный выбор: положить условные финансовые ресурсы на депозит, приобрести на них ценные бумаги, потратить на «незабываемые удовольствия», вложить в недвижимость или инвестировать в образование. Таким же образом и правительство, принимая решение, совершает выбор – к примеру, направить условную сумму в бюджет развития на решение инфра-структурных проблем, или снизить налоги, или повысить пенсии и выплаты безработным, или дать деньги на фундаментальную библиотеку, или даже создать сеть «федеральных и исследовательских университетов». В развитых странах увеличение продолжительности образования на один год ведет к росту ВВП на 5-15%. Политика домохозяйств и правительств поворачивается лицом к образованию, а деньги, вложенные в образование, начинают рассматриваться исключительно как инвестиции. Финансирование социальной сферы - образования, здравоохранения, культуры, др. – приобретает счетность, экономическую рациональность и вслед за этим политический спрос.

Таким образом, человеческий капитал получает статус важнейшего фактора экономического роста. Уже в работе «Преобразуя традиционное сельское хозяйство» показана важная роль аграрной технологии, уровень которой, по мнению Т. Шульца,

227

зависит прежде всего от информации, находящейся в руках фермера. Ее недостаточность выступает как фактор, сдерживающий рост урожайности и повышение эффективности хозяйства. Именно вложения в «человеческий капитал», повышение ценности чело-веческого труда становятся важнейшим, по мнению Т. Шульца, факто-ром преобразования экономики, модернизации экономических и юридических институтов. В поисках новых факторов экономического роста Шульц обратил внимание на то, что именно образование превращает простого исполнителя в творческого работника, зас-тавляет его анализировать ситуацию, искать оптимальные пути решения производственных задач.

В настоящее время под человеческим капиталом понимается сформированная в результатах вложений в человека совокупность способностей личности, обусловленная определенным запасом его знаний, здоровья, профессиональных навыков и способностей к труду, которые способствуют росту производительности труда и увеличению доходов.

Шульц пропагандировал идею образовательного капитала – ответвление концепции человеческого капитала в области инвестиций в образование. Шульц исследовал причину того, почему ФРГ и Япония после войны смогли быстро восстановиться из руин. По сравнению с этими странами, в Великобритании, например, гораздо дольше после войны использовались продуктовые карточки. По мнению Шульца, скорость восстановления была связана со здоровым и образованным населением. Образование делает людей более производительными, а хорошее здравоохранение сохраняет инвес-тиции в образование и даёт возможность производить. Можно сказать, что одна из главных работ Шульца «Теория человеческого капитала», инициировала в 1980-х годах активную деятельность по мотивации инвестиций в профессиональное и техническое образование со стороны Международных финансовых системных институтов Бретонн Вудса, таких как МВФ и Всемирный банк.

Согласно Шульцу, образовательный уровень населения в значительной степени определяет его способность использовать информацию и технологию для развития, равно как и для структурной

перестройки экономики. Несмотря на то, что стоимость земли, оборудования, по словам Шульца, рассчитывалась с большой точностью, мало что было известно относительно ценности «человеческого капитала». В статье «Создание капитала благодаря образованию» («Capital Formation by Education»), опубликованной в «Журнале политической экономии» («Journal of Political Economy», 1960), Шульц представил свои оценки стоимости рабочей силы, включая расходы на образование, равно как и стоимости труда, «потерянные» человеком за время его учебы. Эта величина была хорошо известна фермерским и рабочим семьям, которые рассчи-тывают на то, что их дети смогут пополнять семейные доходы в воз-можно более раннем возрасте. Однако она совершенно игно-рировалась экономистами и была поставлена ими под сомнение, когда в своих работах Шульц обозначил ее в качестве предмета иссле-дования. И хотя расчеты Шульца не были и не могли быть точными во всех отношениях, а сам он обращался к своим студентам и коллегам с просьбой их уточнить, тем не менее его концепция постепенно завоевывала признание, пока многим не стало ясно, что капи-таловложения развивающегося мира в образование (т.е. в «чело-веческий капитал») могут оказаться решающим фактором для экономического развития этих стран. Шульц неопровержимо доказал, что для слаборазвитых стран инвестиции в «человеческий капитал» и сельское хозяйство даже важнее, чем капиталовложения в машины и промышленные предприятия. Выступая против традиционного подхода к экономическим отношениям, Шульц стремился к тому, чтобы были приняты во внимание люди, действующие за рамками математических формул экономистов. Проблемы «человеческого капитала» были освещены Шульцем в его одной из первых работ «Возникающая экономическая сцена и среднее школьное образо-вание» («The Emerging Economic Scene and Its Relation to High School Education»), опубликованная в сборнике «Школа в новой эре» («The High School in New Era», 1958), также в книгах «Вложения в "человеческий капитал"»: роль образования и научных исследований» («Investment in Human Capital: The Role of Education and of Research», 1971) и «Инвестиции в людей: экономика качества населения» («Investing in People: The Economics of Population Quality», 1981).

229

Теория «человеческого капитала» отражала переориентацию эконо-мической науки с проблем использования трудовых ресурсов на проблемы создания качественно новой рабочей силы в условиях НТР. Шульц исследовал также демографические аспекты этой проблемы, обобщив результаты в ряде сборников, изданных под его редакцией, в том числе «Брак, семейный капитал и рождаемость» («Marriage, Family Human Capital, and Fertility», 1974) и «Экономика семьи» («Economics of the Family», 1974).

В монографии «Преобразование традиционного сельского хозяйства» («Transforming Traditional Agriculture»), вышедшей в 1964 г. в серии Йельского университета «Исследования по сравнительной экономике», Шульц доказывал, что даже в примитивном хозяйстве фермеры действуют рационально и используют свои ресурсы эффективно в пределах той информации, которая им доступна. Он подчеркивал важность проблемы, связанной с деятельностью в условиях несбалансированности, риска и неопределенности, обычных при применении новых методов хозяйствования даже тогда, когда преимущества этих методов очевидны.

Исследования в этой области были вызваны так называемой «зеленой революцией» - попытками увеличить сельскохозяйственное производство при помощи применения генной инженерии и других технологических методов, частично разработанных Н.Борлоугом. Там, где не удавалось увеличивать производство сельскохозяйственной продукции с помощью займов и субсидий, гибридные семена и новая технология обеспечивали повышение урожаев, что особенно наглядно проявилось в Индии, Пакистане и на Филиппинах. Эта работа Шульца обозначила новую область в современной экономической науке. Позднее Шульц проявлял особенно большой интерес к проблемам образования женщин и к высшему образованию молодежи, которая могла бы применить свои знания в наиболее подходящей с культурной точки зрения форме для улучшения условий здраво-охранения, благосостояния и экономического процветания народов «третьего мира». Он с оптимизмом относился к возможностям разви-тия бедных народов в регионах с преобладанием сельскохозяйст-венного населения. «Бедные народы, живущие в странах с низким

уровнем доходов, не являются заложниками, скованными железными обручами нищеты, которую экономисты не способны разрушить», — писал он. Предлагаемая Шульцем стратегия состояла в том, чтобы выправить возникающие повсеместно перекосы и сосредоточить внимание на возможных выборах и доступной информации. Его главной заботой было определить политику, которая могла бы способствовать расширению скрытых в сельском хозяйстве воз-можностей и их использованию. Это и стало составной частью его стратегии динамического роста. В своих исследованиях динами-ческого развития Шульц с особым вниманием относился к проблемам справедливости, в том числе к структуре заработков и их возрастающей неравномерности, что также включалось им в понятие динамического развития.

Таким образом, Теодор Шульц внес огромный вклад в становление теории человеческого капитала на начальном этапе её развития, в её принятие научной общественностью и популяризацию. Он одним из первых ввел понятие человеческого капитала как производительного фактора и сделал многое для понимания роли человеческого капитала как главного двигателя и фундамента индустриальной и постиндустриальной экономик.

Davlasheridze Nata THE NOBEL PRIZE WINNER IN ECONOMICS THEODOR

SCHULTZ ABOUT THE ROLE OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL IN OVERCOMING OF POVERTY PROBLEMS

SUMMARY

In the present work the views and ideas of Theodor Schultz - the

winner of Nobel Prize in economy – concerning the role of human capital in overcoming of the problems of poverty are considered in details. T.Schultz has proved theoretically that the improvement of well-being of the poor people depends not only on natural resources which the country has, not only on technical equipment or efforts of the government, but is

231

faster because of the knowledge which the people of this country possess. In other words, it depends mostly on the ability of a society to accumulate, produce and transform knowledge of individuals and groups in public welfare, that is the capital investments in education (i.e. in «human capital») can appear to become the main factor for the country’s economic growth. So, for example, the increase in duration of education period in the developed countries by one year provides the growth rate of GNP of 5-15 %. The role of the present research is defined by its importance for the successful political and economic reformation of Georgia, the integration of the country into the world economy and the working out and realization of the national strategy for reduction of poverty.

TinaTin qurdaZe TinaTin qurdaZe TinaTin qurdaZe TinaTin qurdaZe

investiciebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobisinvesticiebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobisinvesticiebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobisinvesticiebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis

amaRlebis problemebi saqarTveloSiamaRlebis problemebi saqarTveloSiamaRlebis problemebi saqarTveloSiamaRlebis problemebi saqarTveloSi

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi nebismieri samewar-

meo saqmianoba Tu biznesi moiazreba, rogorc finansuri

urTierTobebisa da fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis erTob-

lioba, romelic moZraobaSi mohyavs finansur gadawyve-

tilebebs. saqarTveloSi finansuri menejmenti gansakuT-

rebul mniSvnelobas iZens gasuli saukunis 90-iani wle-

bidan, rodesac qveyana gadavida sruliad axal ekono-

mikur modelze da mis ZiriTad amocanad damatebiTi Ri-

rebulebis Seqmna da investoris molodinis gamarTleba

iqca. am, CvenTvis sruliad axalma, mecnierebam umTavres

miznad daisaxa fuladi nakadebis yvelaze xelsayreli

organizeba maRali Sedegebis miRebis mizniT. Tu maRali

Sedegebi miRweuli iqneboda, maSin sworad agebuli fi-

nansuri biznessistema ukve TviTon SeZlebda damatebiTi

Rirebulebis warmoebas da gaamarTlebda investoris mo-

lodins.

samewarmeo saqmianobis ZiriTad amocanad, zogadad,

da, saerTod, postrevoluciuri transformaciis Tanamed-

rove etapzec, iTvleba maqsimaluri mogebis miReba

biznesSi sworad organizebis xarjze. garda amisa, fi-

nansuri menejmentis finansuri analizi erT-erTi umTav-

resi faqtoria, romelsac mTlianad emyareba finansuri

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi. gaTvlebis sisworem da

sxvadasxva analitikuri meTodebis SemuSavebam xeli Se-

uwyo fuladi nakadebis marTvas da saaqcionero kapita-

lis gazrdas. TviT analitikuri saqmianoba ki emyareba

finansur informacias, romlis wyaroebis da aRricxvis

sizuste swori dagegmvisa da marTvis garantiaa.

investiciebis finansuri menejmentis iseT mniSvne-

lovan sakiTxs, rogoricaa gadawyvetilebis miReba, ro-

melic arsebiT nawils warmoadgens finansuri marTvis

sxva elementebTan erTad, warmovadgenT Semdegnairad:

biznessistemis zogadi grafikuli gamosaxva gamoxatavs

urTierTkavSirsa da dinamiur urTierTqmedebas gadawyve-

tilebaTa miRebis sam ZiriTad sferoSi, esenia: sainves-

233

ticio gadawyvetilebebi, mimdinare (operaciul saqmeebSi)

gadawyvetilebaTa miReba da finansuri gadawyvetilebebi.

finansuri angariSgebis ZiriTadi dokumentebi, rom-

lebic gvevlineba, rogorc finansuri informaciebis Zi-

riTadi pirvelwyaro, maTi kavSiri finansur sistemasTan

xorcieldeba: sabuRaltro balansiT, mimdinare saqmiano-

bis mogeba-zaralis angariSebSi da cvlilebebiT aqci-

onerTa CamonaTvalSi. xolo finansuri analizis meTo-

debis zogadi mimoxilva warmoebs sami ZiriTadi mimarTu-

lebiT, esenia: finansuri aRricxva, sainvesticio saqmiano-

bis analizi da marTvis ekonomika.

mocemul statiaSi, zogadad, mokled mimovixilavT

ekonomikuri gaTvlebis yvela arsebul meTods, romelic

arsebiT rols TamaSobs sainvesticio gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebaSi. cnobilia, rom finansuri menejmenti emyareba

finansuri aRricxvis standartizebul monacemebs, rom-

lebic mSralad asaxavs arsebul realobas da xSirad ar

gamoirCeva sizustiT, amitom finansuri menejeris erT-

erTi umTavresi amocanaa, moaxdinos am faqtebis swori

interpretacia.

mzardi finansuri sistemis arseboba warmoud-

genelia investirebis gareSe, amitom finansuri menejeris

valdebulebaa, sworad gaTvalos investirebis ekonomi-

kuri efeqtianoba da amiT Seamciros dabandebiT gamowve-

uli riski, romlis ganxilvis mTavar sagnad Cven avir-

CevT investiciis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gaangariSebis

meTodebს, vinaidan swored am meTodebis daxmarebiTaa

SesaZlebeli momgebiani sainvesticio gadawyvetilebis mi-

Reba, rac, Tavis mxriv, dgas damatebiTi Rirebulebis

Seqmnis samsaxurSi.

investiciis gaangariSebis meTodebi warmoadgens

sainvesticio gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT safuZ-

vels, wminda ekonomikuri efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT,

investiciis ramdenime alternatiuli variantis SemTxve-

vaSi yvelaze efeqtianis (ekonomikuris) arCevis meqanizms.

gamoyenebis sferoebis mixedviT SeiZleba gavyoT: meTo-

debad, romlebic afaseben calkeul sainvesticio obieq-

tebs (proeqtebs, sainvesticio winadadebebs) da meTo-

debad, romlebic afaseben sainvesticio programebs, rom-

lebic, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens calkeuli sainvesticio

proeqtebis nakrebs.

zogadad, investiciis gaangariSebis meTodebis mi-

zans warmoadgens gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ga-

urkvevlobis situaciis maqsimalurad Semcireba. gada-

wyvetilebis mimRebisTvis aucilebelia aRniSnuli meTo-

debis SesaZleblobebis, maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebis

codna. sawarmoebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneben ara

erT romelime meTods, aramed meTodTa nakrebs. magali-

Tad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kompaniaTa mxolod

14% iyenebs erT meTods, danarCeni 86% ki _ or (36%), sam

(34%) da oTx (16%) meTods. yvelaze xSirad amerikuli

kompaniebi iyeneben dinamikur meTodebs. investiciis ga-

angariSebis statikuri meTodebi gamokveTilad ar iTva-

liswinebs drois faqtors, anu warmoadgens moklevadiani

investiciebis gaangariSebis meTods da, ZiriTadad, mcire

da saSualo sawarmoebi iyeneben. amgvar meTodebs zo-

gierT literaturaSi aramecnierul an `praqtikaSi damx-

mares~ uwodeben. esenia danaxarjebisa da mogebis Sedare-

bis, rentabelobisa da amortizaciis gaangariSebis meTo-

debi.

investiciis xarjebi moicavs ara marto uSualod

investirebis obieqtis Seqmnis Rirebulebas, aramed mas-

Tan dakavSirebul sxva xarjebsac, aseve, saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, meoradi investiciebis xarjebsac. investici-

idan mosalodneli Semosavlebis Sefaseba garkveul sir-

TuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli, radgan yovelTvis aris

riski bazris tendenciebis araswori prognozis gakeTe-

bisa, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac investiciis

eqspluataciis vada xangrZlivia (10 da meti weli). inves-

235

ticiis sagadasaxado mxares gadawyvetilebis miRebis

dros yuradReba eqceva iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac cal-

keuli sainvesticio proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis

dabegvra qveyanaSi moqmedi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT

gansxvavdeba. saqarTveloSi amdagvar gansxvavebas iZleva

investicia fasian qaRaldebSi da sxva saxis investiciebi.

magaliTad, fasiani qaRaldebidan dividendis saxiT miRe-

buli mogeba ibegreba 10 procentiani ganakveTiT, xolo

sxva danarCeni mogeba 20 procentiani ganakveTiT. aseve,

rodesac saqme gvaqvs investiciis obieqtidan gamomdinare

garkveul konkretul gadasaxadebTan. dReisaTvis prezi-

dentisa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier SemoTavazebu-

lia axali nouhau, vinc investicias Cadebs Savi zRvis pi-

ras mimdinare mSeneblobaSi, SeiZens miwas da aaSenebs

sastumros erTi wlis vadaSi, Tavisufldebian gadasaxa-

debisagan. amgvari sainvesticio proeqtebi erTgvari sti-

mulia rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo investiciebisaTvis,

rac sasikeTod waadgeba ekonomikis efeqtianobas da

nawilobriv mainc gadawyvets dasaqmebis problemas.

`saqarTveloSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis

mniSvnelovani nakadi koncentrirebuli iyo privatizaci-

asa da uZravi qonebis SeZenaze, ramac aSkara disbalansi

gamoiwvia, roca finansuri resursebis nakadis zrdis

tempi qveyanaSi sagrZnoblad aRemateboda ekonomikis re-

aluri seqtoris zrdis temps~21.

ekonomikuri eqspluataciis vadaze gavlenas axdens

samarTlebrivi da teqnikuri gamoyenebis xangrZlivoba da

pirobebi. aseve masze moqmedebs bazris koniunqtura da

swored misi zusti prognozirebis SeuZlebloba arTu-

lebs Sefasebis process. firma dgas gadawyvetilebis mi-

Rebis winaSe, investirebis alternatiuli proeqtebidan

amoirCios erTi an ramdenime saukeTeso. amisaTvis SeiZ-

21

papava papava papava papava vvvvl.l.l.l. nekroekonomikis zombireba. Tbilisi, 2010, gv.72.

leba gamoyenebul iqnes pragmatuli meTodi, rogoricaa

"ekvivalenturi cifruli meTodi". alternatiuli vari-

antebis Sefaseba moxdeba sxvadasxva kriteriumebis mixed-

viT 10 baliani sistemiT. udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs aRniS-

nuli kriteriumebis sworad SerCevas konkretuli fir-

misa da misi bazris Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, ag-

reTve imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu razea saubari: grZelvadiani

miznebis miRwevaze, maT konkretizaciaze firmis stra-

tegiaSi Tu moklevadian adaptaciaze garemo pirobebi-

sadmi. magram yvela SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis

safuZvels warmoadgens finansuri Sedegebis prognozi.

firmis sicocxlisunarianoba damokidebulia misi saqmi-

anobis grZelvadiani da moklevadiani fenomenebis efeq-

tian Sexamebaze. dadebiTi Sedegi, rogoricaa soliduri

brunva da bazris wili, maRali gadaxdisunarianoba, lik-

viduroba da rentabeloba, miiRweva mxolod im gada-

wyvetilebis miRebis gziT, romelic firmis egzogenuri

arisa da ganviTarebis e. w. magistraluri xazis adekva-

turia. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba firmis strategia.

e.i. sainvesticio gadawyvetileba mocemuli koniunqturis

dros unda iyos ekonomikurad efeqtiani da, amave dros,

unda Seesabamebodes firmis strategias. swored amas

gulisxmobs grZelvadiani da moklevadiani fenomenebis

efeqtiani Sexameba. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, kri-

teriumebi Semdegnairad Camoyalibdeba:

aRniSnuli meTodi, miuxedavad imisa, rom afasebs

investirebis alternatiul proeqtebs rogorc wminda

ekonomikuri, aseve strategiuli TvalsazrisiTac, mainc

ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos srulyofilad, radganac ver iT-

valiswinebs firmis interess, romelic mas gaaCnia moce-

mul momentSi. SeiZleba sawarmo arsebul etapze win aye-

nebdes mogebis maqsimizacias moklevadian periodSi da

ara perspeqtivas da produqciis sicocxlisunarianobis

gazrdas an piriqiT. arsebuli problematikis gadasaWre-

lad ekvivalenturi cifruli meTodi SeiZleba daixvewos

237

kriteriumebis mixedviT Sesabamisi multiplikatorebis

SemoRebiT, e.i. TiToeuli kriteriumis mixedviT sainves-

ticio proeqtis balobrivi Sefaseba-gamravldeba mocemu-

li kriteriumis Sesabamis multiplikatorze. am multi-

plikators ki Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gansazRvravs ga-

dawyvetilebis mimRebi, gamomdinare firmis strategiidan

mocemul etapze.

sainvesticio menejmentSi gansakuTrebuli roli

ekisreba investirebis kontrols, romelic SeiZleba or

sferod gavyoT: erTi mxriv Sedegze,l xolo meore mxriv,

qcevaze orientirebuli kontroli. Sedegze orientirebu-

li kontroli gulisxmobs ekonomikuri da teqnikuri Se-

degebis kontrols, xolo qcevaze orientirebuli kont-

roli _ gadawyvetilebis miRebis, investirebis dagegmvisa

da realizaciis meTodebis dacvis kontrols. investici-

is kontroli (investitions-kontroling), romelsac xSir SemTx-vevaSi kontroliori asrulebs, moicavs amocanebis sam

ZiriTad pakets marTvis sxvadasxva fazebis mixedviT, ker-

Zod: amocanebs investiciis proeqtis arCevisa da dagegm-

vis, uSualod realizaciisa da realizaciis შemdgom fa-

zebSi.

rogorc vxedavT, kontroli mimdinareobs rogorc

sainvesticio proeqtis realizaciis procesSi, ise misi

gaxorcielebis Semdegac. amgvarad firmas saSualeba aqvs,

Tvalyuri adevnos proeqtis gegmasTan Sesabamisobas, rac

aucilebeli pirobaa sawarmos efeqtiani marTvisTvis. sam-

rewvelo firmaSi, gamomdinare rezervebis mudmivad war-

moSobadobis principidan, investireba uwyveti xasiaTis

process warmoadgens. Tu firmas surs SeinarCunos konku-

rentunarianoba, igi mudmivad unda eZebdes ganviTarebis,

warmoebis srulyofisa da racionalizaciis gzebs da

cxovrebaSi atarebdes maT, am ukanasknels ki Zlieri sa-

investicio menejmenti uzrunvelyofs.

dasasrul, saerTaSoriso kavSirebis ganviTarebaze

finansebis zemoqmedebis mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas war-

moadgens saqarTvelos ekonomikis sabazro dargebis sa-

warmoebSi ucxoeli investorebis mobilizacia. ucxouri

investiciebi saqarTvelos msoflio ekonomikaSi inves-

tirebis da damatebiTi erovnuli Semosavlis Seqmnis pi-

robebs uqmnis.


1. papavapapavapapavapapava vl.vl.vl.vl. nekroekonomikis zombireba. paata guguS-

vilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,

2010.

2. papavapapavapapavapapava vvvvllll.... postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis

makroekonomika (Teoria da politika). Tbilisi, 2005.

3. lipartialipartialipartialipartia zzzz. korporaciuli finansebis marTva. Tbi-

lisi, ùniversali~, 2009.

4. “Финансовый менеджмент”, под редакцией Е. С. Стояновой, Москва, 1997.

5. Риндин А.Г., Шамаев Г.А. Организация финансового менедж-мента на предприятии. РДЛ, Москва, 1997.

6. Портфель конкуренции и управления финансами. Москва, СОМИНТЭК, 1996.

7. “Финансовое планирование и контроль” – под редакцией М.А. Поукока и А. Х. Тейлора. Москва, ИНФРА-М, 1996.

Kurdadze Tinatin THE PROBLEMS OF THE GROWTH OF ECONOMIC

EFFECTIVENESS OF INVESTMENTS

SUMMARY

The goal of investment on micro and macro levels of economy is increasing profit and prosperity. Thus it’s necessary to control it as process,

239

because here is a key of fast development of economy in private business and all country.

giorgi bregvaZegiorgi bregvaZegiorgi bregvaZegiorgi bregvaZe mSeneblobis ganviTarebis regmSeneblobis ganviTarebis regmSeneblobis ganviTarebis regmSeneblobis ganviTarebis regionulionulionulionuliiii


siRaribe da simdidre _ es fardobiTi cnebebia.

yvela droSi idga da albaT momavalSic aqtualuri

iqneba siRaribis daZlevis sakiTxi. gansakuTrebiT mwvavea

es problema sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi. mizezi bev-

ria: adamianebis araTanaswori unar-SesaZleblobebi, qvey-

nis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, ganawilebisa da ga-

danawilebis arasamarTlianoba, ganviTarebis istoriuli

done, geografiuli pirobebi, yofiTi tradiciebi, fasebi

da inflaciis done qveyanaSi, xalxTmosaxleobis prob-

lemebi da mravali sxva.

siRaribis gansazRvrisaTvis arc kvebis produqte-

bis normativebis an samomxmareblo kalaTis dadgenaa

sakmarisi, vinaidan geografiuli, istoriuli da yofiTi

tradiciebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba kvebis racioni da

moxmarebuli saqonlis asortimenti sxvadasxva iyos. is,

rac erT adamians akmayofilebs, vTqvaT, afrikaSi, is

CrdiloeTis qveynis mcxovrebTaTvis SeiZleba arasakmari-

si aRmoCndes, TviT qveynis SigniTac moxmareba sxvada-

sxvagvaria. Tan kvebac individualuria. bevri mdidaric

ki sxvadasxva mizezis gamo arasrulfasovnad ikvebeba.

amis magaliTia cnobili msaxiobebi, modelebi da sxv.,

vinc wonis SesanarCuneblad mravali, sicocxlisaTvis

aucilebeli sakvebi produqtis miRebisagan ikavebs Tavs.

siRaribis dasaZlevad ar kmara marto saxelmwifos

mier an mdidrebis gaRebuli Semowirulobebi. ar SeiZ-

leba qveyana arsebobdes im principiT da im imediT, rom

mdidrebi unda exmarebodnen Raribebs an saxelmwifo

zrunavdes yvelaze da exmarebodes maT. ra Tqma unda,

unda exmarebodes, magram xSirad es SeuZlebelia sxva-

dasxva obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezis da, rac mTa-

varia, siRaribis gansazRvris mtkice kriteriumebis arar-

sebobis pirobebSi. albaT ar iqneba sakamaTo is, rom qve-

yanaSi siRaribis met-naklebad dasaZlevad saWiroa, adami-

anebs gaaCndeT samuSao da isic Rirseuli da ara mizeru-

li anazRaurebiT.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi dadgenilia, rom qveyanaSi

umuSevrobis done rac SeiZleba dabali unda iyos da ar

unda aRematebodes maqsimum 10%-s, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

miRebuli unda iqnes Sesabamisi zomebi, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi qveyanaSi mZime socialuri viTareba Seiqmneba.

umuSevroba aRiricxeba Sromis birJebis meSveobiT.

saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs oficialuri struqtu-

ra, romelic sworad da realurad aRricxavda da izru-

nebda umuSevarTa dasaqmebaze. TviT statistikis depar-

tamentis monacemebi satelefono SerCeviT gamokiTxvas

emyareba da ufro socialuri gamokiTxvis Sedegebia, vid-

re realuri statistikuri cifrebi. sinamdvileSi saqarT-

veloSi bevri umuSevaria. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia inf-

241

laciis realuri done da fasebis zrdis tempebi, ase

rom, advili warmosadgenia, ramdeni adamiani imyofeba

dRes siRaribis zRvarze. marTalia, qveyanaSi moqmedebs

siRaribis zRvarze myofTaTvis daxmarebis programebi da

ufaso sasadiloebi, magram mxolod aseTi programebi

siRaribes ver daZlevs. saWiroa meti maRalanazRaurebadi

samuSao adgilebis Seqmna. es ki arc ise advilia. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom qveynis xelisufleba am mxriv bevrs ake-

Tebs, rogorc TviTon amboben _ gasakeTebeli jer kidev

bevria.

qveyanaSi siRaribis daZlevis erT-erTi swori gza

_ es qveynis ekonomikis swrafi ganviTarebaa. amisaTvis ki

ufro meti ucxouri Tu adgilobrivi investiciebia sa-

Wiro, raTa ekonomikis sxvadasxva dargebi ganviTardes

da rac SeiZleba meti adamiani dasaqmdes.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

dargia mSenebloba. mSeneblobis xvedriTi wili ekonomi-

kis mTlian seqtorSi soflis meurneobis, vaWrobisa da

transportis Semdeg 7.2 procents Seadgens. Cvens qveyana-

Si mSeneblobas yovelTvis mniSvnelovani adgili ekava.

1995 wlidan gatarda fuladi reforma. Semovida

erovnuli fuladi erTeuli “lari”, romelic dRemde Se-

darebiT stabilur valutad rCeba. aseve, daiwyo ekono-

mikuri reformebis gatareba. Catarda da axlac tardeba

privatizacia. qveyanaSi ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da sta-

bilizaciisaTvis Seiqmna Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo baza.

gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad gaumjobesda krimino-

genuri viTareba. samSeneblo biznesi ganviTarebis gzaze

dadga. amasTan, Tu 1990 wels saxelmwifo samSeneblo

kompaniaTa ricxvi 945 iyo, 1999 wlisaTvis 177-mde Semcir-

da. samagierod, gaizarda arasaxelmwifo samSeneblo kom-

paniaTa ricxvi da man 463 Seadgina. moyolebuli 1998-1999

wlebidan, samSeneblo biznesi 2008 wlis agvistomde aq-

tiurad mzardi tempebiT viTardeboda. aseve izrdeboda

am sferoSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobac. izrdeba investti-

ciebic. Sesabamisad Seiqmna mravali developeruli kompa-

nia, iseTebi, rogoricaa: “centr pointi”, “aqsisi”, ,,arsi”,

“iberia”, “magi stili”, “bagebis siTi jgufi” da mravali

sxva, romlebmac warmatebiT warmarTes TavianTi biznesi.

Tumca gaizarda fasebic, Tu 1995 wels axali Senobis 1

kv. metris fasi 100-200 aSS dolari iyo, 2008 wlis 1000-

1500 aSS dolaramde avida, xolo komerciuli farTebis

fasebi kidev ufro meti gaxda.

samSeneblo biznesis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi

Tavisi mizezebi gaaCnia, romelTa Soris unda aRiniSnos:

pirveli, ltolvilebis didi raodenobiT arseboba, rac

zrdis moTxovnas bazarze; meore, saqarTveloSi fasiani

qaRaldebis bazris ganuviTarebloba, 90-ian wlebSi, anab-

rebis gaufasurebis gamo, bankebisadmi mosaxleobis ndo-

ba daikarga, amitomac maT, vinc sxvadasxva gziT didi

fuli daagrova, kapitalis dabandebis stabiluri Semo-

savlebis momtan erT-erT biznesad uZravi qonebis SeZena

miaCniaT, vinaidan binebisa da savaWro obieqtebis fasi

mzardi tendenciiT xasiaTdeba; mesame, 2003 wlidan xe-

lisuflebaSi mosuli axali mTavrobis mier gatarebuli

RonisZiebebi mimarTulia axlis mSeneblobisa da Zvelis

restavraciisaken, ris Sedegadac restavracia Cautarda

bevr Senobas da aSenda bevri axali nageboba saxelmwifo

dawesebulebebisaTvis. magaliTad: policiis Senobebi,

samxedro yazarmebi, hesebi, aseve gzebi, xidebi, stadi-

onebi da sportuli darbazebi, Sadrevnebi, rkinigzis

sadgurebi, savaWro centrebi, sastumroebi, sawarmoebi da

sxva.

aSenda da galamazda saqarTvelos mravali qalaqi,

maT Soris siRnaRi, Tbilisi, baTumi, quTaisi, rusTavi,

mcxeTa, ramac mniSvnelovnad gazarda samSeneblo biznes-

Si CabmulTa raodenoba. samSeneblo biznesis gafar-

Toebas mohyva maTi momijnave dargebis ganviTareba, ker-

Zod, ganviTarda samSeneblo da xe-tyis masalebis, meta-

243

loplastikuri nakeTobebis, cementis, aguris, blokis,

kramitis saRebavebisa da sxva damxmare masalebis biz-

nesic, ramac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba mravali adamianis

dasaqmebac.

gaizarda mSeneblobaSi dasaqmebulTa Semosavle-

bic, maTi xelfasebi sakmaod maRalia da 2010 wels 772.9

lars Seadgens. saqarTveloSi amJamad arsebul saSualo

xelfasTan SedarebiT, es Tanxebi mniSvnelovnad metia da

am sferoSi dasaqmebulebi karg anazRaurebas iReben.

am sferos ganviTarebis saqmeSi ipoTekuri kredite-

bis gacemiT sabanko seqtormac didi roli Seasrula.

Tavis mxriv, sabanko krizisma, rac imiT gamoixata, rom,

erTi mxriv, mosaxleoba adre aRebul kreditebs ver fa-

ravda da, meore mxriv, bankebi ase advilad kreditebs ve-

Rar gascemdnen. mSenebloba faqtobrivad gaCerda. amas-

Tan, bevri samSeneblo kompania piramidis principiT moq-

medebda, rac am kompaniebis araswori menejmentisa da

araswori dagegmvis Sedegi iyo. yovelive aman samSeneblo

sferoSi krizisi gamoiwvia. Sedegad, Tbilissa da sxva

did qalaqebSi dausrulebeli Senobebi Cveulebriv mov-

lenad iqca.

miuxedavad samSeneblo biznesSi Seqmnili siZnele-

ebisa, zogierTma samSeneblo kompaniam mainc didi mogeba

naxa. es exeba im kompaniebs, romelTac ltolvilebisaT-

vis ramdenime aTasi saxli aaSenes.

amJamad bankebi nela, magram sifrTxiliT, iwyeben

kreditebis gacemas, saxelmwifoc agrZelebs sxvadasxva

saxis mSeneblobas. amasTan, saxelmwifom SeimuSava Zveli

Tbilisis restavraciis gegma, romlis mixedviTac,

saxelmwifo afinansebs im samSeneblo kompaniebs, romle-

bic Zveli Tbilisis restavracias moaxdenen. daangreven

Zvel avariul Senobebs da gaiyvanen mosaxleobas. xolo,

rac Seexeba axal binaTmSeneblobas, es procesi ase swra-

fad ver aRdgeba, vinaidan mosaxleoba amJamad mSenebare

binebSi fulis dabandebas erideba. visac fuli aqvs, is

ukve aSenebuls yidulobs, radgan binebze fasma iklo,

xolo ufuloebis didi nawili, arastabiluri situaciis

gamo, erideba binebis SesaZenad kreditebis aRebas, rad-

gan kreditis dabruneba sakmaod garTulebulia maRali

procentis mizeziT. amis magaliTia is ramdenime aTeuli

aTasi moqalaqe, visac kreditebis dabruneba Zalian

uWirs.

imedia, swori saxelmwifo politikis Sedegad ro-

gorc qveynis ekonomika, ise samSeneblo biznesi nel-nela

krizisidan gamova, risi niSnebic ukve SeiniSneba.

bolo xanebSi saqarTveloSi Zalze swrafad viTar-

deba gzebis, xidebis, sastumroebis, Zveli Senobebis res-

tavraciis, rkinigzebis, aeroportebis sportuli nagebo-

bebis da sxvaTa mSenebloba, romelTac saxelmwifo afi-

nansebs. unda iTqvas rom, Tu momavalSic ase gagrZelda,

uaxloesi wlebis ganmavlobaSi mSeneblobaze dasaqme-

bulTa raodenoba gaizrdeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, didad

Seuwyobs xels regionebsa da did qalaqebSi siRaribis

daZlevas, vinaidan am adamianebs gauCndebaT Semosavali

xelfasis saxiT da droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro nak-

lebi adamiani iqneba siRaribis zRvarze.

ase rom, swori saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis

Sedegad saqarTvelo ekonomikuri krizisidan gamodis da

aRmavlobis gzas adgas, razec mianiSnebs is msoflio

reitingebi, romelTa Soris saqarTvelo sul ufro da

ufro miiwevs win. imedia, es winsvla gagrZeldeba da ma-

le saqarTveloSi mTlianad Tu ara, met-naklebad iqneba

daZleuli siRaribe.


1. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 1999. Tbili-

si, 2000.

245

2. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2008. Tbili-

si, 2009.

3. gaz. bankebi da finansebi. 7-13 aprili, 2009, gv. 19.

4. gaz. bankebi da finansebi. 13-29 aprili, 2009, gv 17.

Bregvadze Giorgi REGIONAL PECULARITY OF THE DEVELOPMENT

OF CONSTRUCTION

SUMMARY

This work analyses construction Tendencies and pecularity in Georgia.

It’s also have been planned the ways which will help out of crisis this sphere and help in the development of construction.

This for its part will employ a lot of people. In The result it will overcome the poverty.

giga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZe miwis menejmentimiwis menejmentimiwis menejmentimiwis menejmenti

miwa soflis meurneobaSi warmoebis ZiriTadi da

Seucvleli saSualebaa. warmoebis faqtorTa Soris mas

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. aqedan gamomdinare,

miwis swori menejmenti aqtualuri sakiTxia da sabazro

ekonomikis atributia. miwis racionaluri gamoyenebis

done damokidebulia, upirveles yovlisa, miznobriobaze,

miwaTmosargebleTa kategoriaze, saadgilmamulo urTier-

Tobebis moqmed wessa da marTvis srulyofil sistemaze.

mniSvnelovani momentia gavmijnoT miwis savargulebisa

da miwis nakveTebis daniSnulebis mixedviT gamoyenebis

cnebebi. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulis cnebis qveS igu-

lisxmeba miwis nakveTi, romelic CarTulia brunvaSi pro-

duqciis misaRebad, xolo arasasoflo-sameurneo daniS-

nulebis miwis nakveTi agraruli mizniT ar gamoiyeneba.

miwis resursebi saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvne-

lovanesi bunebrivi simdidrea. sasoflo-sameurneo daniS-

nulebis miwebi miwis fondis 43%-ia, tyiT dafarulia

37%, xolo arasasoflo-sameurneo miwebs (Waobi, buCqnari,

samrewvelo obieqtebi, qalaqebi da sxv.) 20% ukavia.

sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis saerTo farTia

3023,5 aT. ha, m.S. saxnavi 798,7 aT. ha. mravalwliani nar-

gavebi 264,8 aT. ha, saTibi _ 143,2 aT. ha, saZovari 1796,9 aT.

ha, sakarmidamo miwebi 19,8 aT. ha. arasasoflo-sameurneo

daniSnulebis miwaa 4604,9 aT. ha. aqedan SenobebiTa da

gzebiT dakavebulia 376,6 aT. ha. tyesa da buCqnars min-

247

dorsacav zolebTan erTad ukavia 3005,8 aT. ha, xolo

darCenili 1222,5 aT. ha modis sxva kategoriis miwebze.

raodenobrivad sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi yvelaze

metia kaxeTSi _ 620 aT. ha, yvelaze naklebi aWaraSi _ 74

aT. ha.

saqarTvelos miwis resursebis teritoriul gana-

wilebaSi gamokveTilia vertikaluri zonaloba:

zona I (zRvis donidan 250 m-mde) _ aRniSnuli

farTobi ZiriTadad ukavia dasavleT saqarTvelos sub-

tropikul kulturebs.

zona II (zRvis donidan 250-500 m) _ iTvleba inten-

siuri miwaTmoqmedebis zonad. kerZod ki moicavs meba-

Reoba-mebostneobis, mevenaxeobis da memindvreobis darg-

Ta gavrcelebis areals.

zona III (z.d. 500-1000 m) _ miwebis es farTobi Ziri-

Tadad moqceulia TavTaviani kulturebis warmoebaSi,

aqvea bunebrivi sakvebi savargulebi da mecxoveleobaSi

aTvisebuli farTobebi.

zona IV (z.d. 1000-15000 m) _ aseT miwis farTobebze

ZiriTadad vxvdebiT saTib-saZovrebs, Tumca sustad,

magram mainc viTardeba memindvreoba.

zona V (z.d. 1500-2000 m). saTib-saZovrebis gavrcele-

bis ZiriTadi arealia.

zona VI (z.d. 2000 m. da zeviT) _ miwaTmoqmedebis

gavrcelebis areali wydeba.

miwis menejmentis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili

unda daikavos sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis struq-

turis da soflis meurneobis zonaluri specializaciis

sworad gansazRvram. damuSavebuli miwebis yvelaze maRa-

li xvedriTi wiliT xasiaTdeba sagareubno soflis

meurneobis zonebi (Tbilisi-rusTavi-quTaisis Semogareni)

_ 25-30%. damuSavebuli miwis wili saerTo farTobSi Se-

adgens: kaxeTSi _ 36%, qarTlSi _ 26,6%, kolxeTis sub-

tropikul zonaSi _ 24%, samcxe-javaxeTSi _ 29%. es maC-

veneblebi SedarebiT dabalia imereTis maRlobis, raWa-

leCxumis, samaCablos, mTiani aWaris arealSi da Sesa-

bamisad Seadgens: 9, 10, 12, 11%.

saqarTveloSi kerZo sakuTrebaSi 768,0 aT. ha sa-

soflo-sameurneo savargulia. aqedan yvelaze maRali

maCvenebliT gamoirCeva kaxeTi _ 1547,3 aT. ha, qvemo qarT-

li 1528,7 aT. Hha. da samegrelo-zemo svaneTi 106,8 aT. ha.

yvelaze mcire raodenobiT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwebi

dafiqsirebulia samaCabloSi _ 0,9 aT. ha. garda amisa,

`sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis ijaris Sesaxeb

kanonis“ safuZvelze mosaxleobam miiRo 910 aT. ha s/s

savarguli miwa. erT komlze saSualod 0,81 ha. qveynis

masStabiT ijariT gacemul saSualo maCvenebels sagrZ-

noblad CamorCeba Sida qarTli _ 0,47 ha, mcxeTa-mTianeTi

_ 0,41 ha, guria _ 0,80 ha, imereTi _ 0,35 ha, xolo raWa-

leCxumi-qvemo svaneTis regioni saSualo maCvenebels

TiTqmis 20-25-jer (0,035 ha) CamorCeba.

aRniSnulidan naTlad Cans miwis racionaluri me-

nejmentisa da gamoyenebis regionuli Taviseburebani, ker-

Zod ki Zlieri danawevreba (fragmentacia) rogorc kerZo,

ise ijaris qveS gacemuli miwebis farTobebis mixedviT.

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis mZlavri

stimulia miwis kadastri, sadac Sesulia mravalfero-

vani, maT Soris niadagur-ekologiuri maxasiaTeblebi,

rac miwis resursebis racionaluri menejmentis mniSvne-

lovani winapirobaa.

miwebis sameurneo potencialis maqsimalur gamo-

yenebas da saadgilmamulo urTierTobebis sabazro meqa-

nizmis Sesatyvisad mowyobas xels uSlis miwis bazris

ararseboba. miwis bazris TandaTanobiTi ganviTareba,

moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobis kvalobaze, bunebrivad

moaxdens fasebis koreqtirebas. am procesebis reguli-

rebaSi aqtiurad unda CaerTos miwis kadastri, romlis

monacemebic unda akmayofilebdes myidvelTa da gamyid-

velTa interesebs (miwis normatiuli fasis gansazRvra).

249

miwis bazris garkveuli elementebi ukve arsebobs

(safinanso operaciebi, garigeba, ijara, memkvidreoba, gi-

ravnoba da sxv.), Tumca miwis menejmentis srulyofili

ganxorcielebis mizniT mniSvnelovania bazris organi-

zaciuli formebis Seqmna da daxvewa.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi miwis me-

nejmentis srulyofili racionaluri sistemis formire-

bisaTvis mizanSewonilad migvaCnia Semdegi RonisZiebebis

gatareba:

1. miwis fragmentaciis problemis gadawyveta da

konsolidaciis koordinireba sajaro seqtoris mier, rac

mniSvnelovani piroba iqneba miwis resursuli potenci-

alis gamoyenebis da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis gasa-

umjobeseblad.

2. miwis miznobrivad gamoyeneba da misi mkacri mo-

nitoringi.

3. miwis mesakuTreTa valdebulebebis gansazRvra

da misi mkacri dacva.

4. yvela samarTlebrivi da safinanso aqtebis pro-

cedurebis gansazRvra da misi Sesrulebis saxelmwifo

registracia.

5. miwis bazris saxelmwifo regulireba, rac unda

gamoixatos rigi nakveTebis yidva-gayidvis obieqtad ga-

daqcevis akrZalvaSi. aseve unda ganxorcieldes regist-

raciis, dabegvris, miwis garkveuli farTobebis brun-

vidan amoRebis (istoriuli da kulturuli adgilebi,

sxvadasxva atraqciebi, nakrZalebi, rezervatebi, rekre-

aciuli zonebi da sxva) procedurebis kontroli.

6. miwis nakveTebis efeqturi gamoyenebis mizniT,

mewarmeobis sxvadasxva organizaciuli formebis aqtiuri

gamoyeneba da fermerTa msxvili gaerTianebebis Camoyali-

beba.


1. babunaSvili g.babunaSvili g.babunaSvili g.babunaSvili g. saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebis ga-

moyenebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1999.

2. lemonjava p.lemonjava p.lemonjava p.lemonjava p. bunebis gamoyenebis ekonomika. Tbilisi,

1993.

3. uruSaZe T.uruSaZe T.uruSaZe T.uruSaZe T. saqarTvelos ZiriTadi niadagebi. Tbili-

si, 1997.

4. st. weliwdeuli (saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba).

Tbilisi, 2008.

5. Druker P. Management challenges for the 21th century. New Youk. 1999.

Maisuradze Giga LAND MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY

The article elucidates the actual agrariun problems, in particular

land management, during the transition period. If focuses attention on resonable use land resources, questions of land distribution, low development of leand market and the ways of their overcoming.

Considerations about elaboration of proper land management system and the ways to implementation above mentionud problems are given.

lia dvaliSvili lia dvaliSvili lia dvaliSvili lia dvaliSvili

251

siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe –––– mdgradi ganviTarebismdgradi ganviTarebismdgradi ganviTarebismdgradi ganviTarebis

SeSeSeSemaferxebeli faqtorimaferxebeli faqtorimaferxebeli faqtorimaferxebeli faqtori

globalizaciis pirobebSi mdgradi da usafrTxo

ganviTarebis traeqtoriaze gadasvla ganviTarebuli qvey-

nebis jgufSi gadasvlas gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, qveynis

ekonomikuri politika, pirvel rigSi, mdgradi da usafr-

Txo ganviTarebis optimisturi zRvruli sidideebis re-

alizaciaze unda iyos orientirebuli, romlis miRwevac

mxolod ganviTarebis daCqarebiT, meurneobis institu-

ciuri, struqturuli da teqnologiuri transformaciiT

SeiZleba.

uTanabroba msoflioSi udavod izrdeba. sazogado-

ebis polarizacia matulobs, simdidre adamianTa Sedare-

biT mcire jgufebSi grovdeba.

globaluri masStabiT ekonomikur ganviTrebas

adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac gansxvaveba ganviTarebul da

ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris TandaTan mcirdeba.

globalurma ekonomikurma krizisma TiTqmis yvela

qveyanaSi Seamcira mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da ga-

zarda Raribebisa da Ratakebis ricxvi. dResdReobiT

gansakuTrebuli gavlena eniWeba globalizaciis gavle-

nas siRaribis msoflio problemaze.

siRaribe Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi umwvavesi glo-

baluri problemaa. Raribad iTvleba adamiani, romlis

saSualo wliuri Semosavali saarsebo minimumze nak-

lebia. saerTaSoriso kriteriumebiT, RaribTa ricxov-

nobas gansazRvraven imis mixedviT, Tu Tavisi saarsebo

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad dReSi saSualod

ramdeni Tanxis daxarjvis saSualebas aZlevs adamians

sakuTari Semosavali. misi dRiuri danaxarji Tu 2 do-

lars ar aRemateba, igi iTvleba siRaribis zRvars miRma

myofad. is adamianebi ki, romlebic TavianTi SemosavliT

dReSi 1 dolarze mets ver xarjaven, RatakTa kategorias

ganekuTvnebian. 2006 wlis monacemebiT, mTel msoflioSi

daaxloebiT 1,5 mln adamiani (23%) dReSi saSualod 2 aSS

dolarze naklebs xarjavs, xolo 1 mlrd (16%) – 1 aSS

dolarze naklebs.

siRaribe, garkveul farglebSi, yvela qveyanaSi

SeiniSneba. magaliTad, iseT supersaxelmwifoebSic ki,

rogoric aSS-ia, 32 mln adamiani, anu 14.1% siRaribis

zRvars miRma imyofeba, Tumca, es mtkivneuli socialuri

movlena gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebadi (ekonomikurad sus-

tad ganviTrebuli) qveynebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

msoflios saSualo maCvenebelTan SedarebiT siRa-

ribis done maRalia ekonomikurad ara marto tradici-

ulad CamorCenil (ZiriTadad afrikis, aziisa da laTi-

nuri amerikis) qveynebSi, aramed sabazro ekonomikaze gar-

damaval qveynebSic. aseT saxelmwifoTa kategorias gane-

kuTvneba, uwinares yovlisa, saqarTvelo.

2008 wlis monacemebiT, siRaribis donem medianuri

moxmarebis 60 procentis mimarT 22,1%, xolo 40 procen-

tis mimarT 9,5% Seadgina. siRaribis siRrme Sesabamisad

iyo 7,0% da 2,7%, siRaribis simwvave 3,2% da 1,2% [8, gv.

63].

siRaribis maRali done ara marto sazogadoebis

uTanasworo ganviTarebas uqmnis safrTxes, aramed abrko-

lebs warmoebis mdgrad ganviTarebasa da adamianis Tavi-

suflebis realizaciasac. migvaCnia, rom mdgradi ganvi-

Tarebis uzrunvelyofaSi gadamwyveti roli Semosavle-

bis zrdam da misma samarTlianad ganawilebam unda uz-

runvelyos. saqarTveloSi es tendenciebi jerjerobiT ar

SeiniSneba da mdgradi ganviTrebis safuZvlebis mowes-

rigeba kvlav upirveles amocanad rCeba.

saqarTvelo „axali ekonomikis“ gamowvevas arcTu

ise momzadebuli xvdeba, razec miuTiTebs misi ekono-

mikis dRevandeli mdgomareoba. Tu ganviTarebul indust-

riul saxelmwifoebSi: aSS, iaponia, germania, safrangeTi

da a.S. mTlani Sida produqtis moculoba 1 kacze Sead-

253

gens 45-46 aTas dolars, CvenTan es maCvenebeli mxolod

3 aTasi dolaria (msoflio bankis monacemebiT), anu eko-

nomikis sferoSi cxovrebis done 15-jer CamorCenilia.

arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba gvaqvs postsabWoTa sivrcis

qveynebTan mimarTebaSic.

saqarTvelos mSp dReisaTvis 16 miliard laramdea,

rac gacilebiT mcirea, vidre analogiuri maCvenebeli

yvela mezobel saxelmwifosTn mimarTebaSi. mSp-s mocu-

lobam ocwlian monakveTSi vardna 6,5-jer mainc ganicada.

es maSin, rodesac drois am periodSi TiTqmis yvela nor-

malurma saxelmwifom – upirvelesad aSS-m da evrokavSi-

ris saxelmwifoebma – mSp-s gaormageba da gasammageba

moaxerxes.

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili (daaxlo-

ebiT 53%, soflad cxovrobs, logikuri iqneboda gvefiq-

ra, rom mSp-Si soflis meurneobis xvedriTi wili maRa-

li unda iyos. 1990 wels, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sulac

ar iyo saqarTvelosTvis saukeTeso weli, soflis meur-

neobis xvedriTi wili mSp-Si 34,7% iyo [14, gv. 363]. Cno-

bili mizezebis gamo, 1994 wlisaTvis es maCvenebeli 40%-

mde gaizarda, xolo 2006 wels 11% Seadgina. sul 2003

wlidan 2008 wlamde mSp 40%-iT gaizarda.

dReisaTvis saqarTvelo erT-erT Rarib qveynad imi-

tom iTvleba, rom qveynis mosaxleobis 50%-ze meti umuSe-

varia da vinc muSaobs, maTi xelfasi ver akmayofilebs

saarsebo moTxovnebs. saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis umete-

sobas ar SeuZlia daikmayofilos sursaTze fiziolo-

giuri moTxovnileba, risTvisac saWiroa dRe-RameSi 2500

kkaloriis sursaTis miReba. sursaTs, rogorc sasicocx-

lo uzrunvelyofis mTavar komponents, strategiuli

mniSvneloba aqvs. kvebis produqtebis moxmareba 1990 wli-

dan mkveTrad Semcirda. sagrZnoblad SezRudulma agro-

samrewvelo produqciis warmoebam da mosaxleobis msyid-

velobiTunarianobis daqveiTebam, rasac emateba umuSev-

roba, sakvebi produqtebis moxmarebis mniSvnelovani daq-

veiTeba gamoiwvia.

cxovrebis doneze naTeli warmodgenisaTvis siRa-

ribis donesTan unda gavaanalizoT siRaribis siRrme

(naprali), rac gviCvenebs Raribebis moxmarebis im jamob-

riv sidides, romelic aSorebT maT siRaribis zRvars,

anu saarsebo minimums. rac ufro metia siRaribis siRrme,

miT metia RaribTa moxmarebis donesa da saarsebo mini-

mums Soris sxvaoba. oficialuri monacemebiT, dResdRe-

obiT saqarTveloSi saarsebo minimumi Seadgens 140 lars.

zemoxsenebuli maCveneblis mixedviT ki siRaribis siRr-

mes zrdis tendencia axasiaTebs, rac RaribTa mdgo-

mareobis gauaresebaze miuTiTebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos statistikis

erovnuli samsaxuris mier oficialuri monacemebiT ro-

gorc siRaribis donis procentul maCveneblebSi (2004

wels iyo 24,6; 2005 wels _ 24,1; 2006 wels _ 23,3; 2007

wels _ 21,3; 2008 wels _ 22,1; 2009 wels _ 21,0), aseve siRa-

ribis siRrmisa (2004 wels iyo _ 8,1; 2005 wels _ 7,6; 2006

wels _ 7,2; 2007 wels _ 6,9; 2008 wels _ 7,0; 2009 wels _

6,6) da simwvavis (2004 wels iyo _ 4,0; 2005 wels _ 3,6;

2006 wels _ 3,3; 2007 wels _ 3,2; 2008 wels _ 3,2; 2009

wels _ 3,1) maCveneblebSi 2005 wlidan klebaa (gamonak-

lisia 2008 weli), realur mdgomareobas gaumjobeseba

didad ar etyoba.

mosaxleobis siRaribis gamomwvev mizezebTan aso-

cirdeba umuSevroba da ganixileba, rogorc sabazro me-

qanizmis Tanmdevi. igi marTvadia martiv SemTxvevaSi, ro-

goricaa, magaliTad, mosaxleobis saSualo fenis marTva

maTi dasaqmebiT. mosaxleobis Raribi da Rataki fenebi

umuSevrobas katastrofulad aRiqvamen. amJamad SeuZlebe-

li xdeba maTi dasaqmebis problemis dasma da gadaWra,

arsebuli mTavroba ki elementaruli fuladi daxmarebiT

Semoifargla.

255

umuSevroba saqarTveloSi zrdis tendenciiT xasi-

aTdeba. umuSevrobis done 2004 wels iyo 12,6 procenti;

2005 wels _ 13,8%; 2006 wels _ 13,6%; 2007 wels _ 13,3%;

2008 wels _ 16,5%; 2009 wels _ 16,9% (gamonaklisia 2006-

2007 wlebi).

siRaribisa da umuSevrobis donis maCveneblebis

SedarebiTma analizma aCvena, rom umuSevrobis zrdasTan

erTad iklebs siRaribis done, simwvave da siRrme, rac

ucnauria. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom aTeulwlobiT qvey-

nis mosaxleoba ukiduresad mZime pirobebSi imyofeboda

da survilis SemTxvevaSic ki, mniSvnelovani danazogi

ver eqneboda umuSevrobis dros cxovrebis winandeli do-

nis SesanarCuneblad. umetes SemTxvevaSi umuSevrobis pe-

riodebic xangZlivobiT xasiaTdeboda. am fonze siRari-

bis maCveneblis zrda ufro logikuri iqneboda.

sainteresoa diferenciacia RaribTa Soris moxma-

rebis doneSi, anu ramdenad mwvavea siRaribe dedaqalaqSi

da ramdenad uTanabroa siRaribe TviT RaribTa Soris. es

maCvenebelic, siRaribis siRrmis maCveneblis Sesabamisad,

mzardia. mizezi ki mSp-is socialuri gadanawilebis uTa-

nabrobaa.

cxovrebis doneze sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad

aucilebelia mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis, kvebis

produqtebis, arasasursaTo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

moxmarebis donis struqturis, Sromis pirobebis, samuSao

da Tavisufali drois xangZlivobis da sxvaTa uzrun-

velyofis mdgomareobis yovelmxrivi Seswavla.

keTildReobis sxvadasxva modelebis, indeqsebisa

da tipebis kategoriebidan yvelaze aqtualuri sasursa-

To usafrTxoebis sakiTxia, romelic pirdapir ukavSir-

deba kacobriobis biologiur arsebobas.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi aris qveynebi, romlebmac

ukve gadaWres erovnuli sasursaTo uSiSroebis prob-

lema sursaTis „sakmarisobis“, sursaTze „xelmisawvdo-

mobis“ da sursaTiT „uzrunvelyofis“ TvalsazrisiT. zo-

gierT maTganSi sursaTis Warbwarmoebac ki SeiniSneba.

amasTan erTad, calkeul qveynebSi Tavi iCina ekologiuri

viTarebis gamwvavebam.

saqarTveloSi, eqspertebis SefasebiT, mosaxleobis

mier moxmarebuli ZiriTadi kvebis produqtebis mocu-

loba qveynis agrarul bazarze 2005 wels 2,4 miliard

lars Seadgenda, rac saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis

kvebis fiziologiuri normiT gaTvaliswinebul Rirebu-

lebaze 45,5%-iT naklebia. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba gakeTdes

daskvna, rom qveynis agrosasursaTo seqtori dReisaTvis

ver uzrunvelyofs im raodenobis sasursaTo produqtis

warmoebas, rom dakmayofildes mosaxleobis kvebis fi-

ziologiuri normebi (magaliTad, saqarTvelos mxolod

marcvleulis 1/3 maragi gaaCnia, danarCeni ki importiT

ivseba).

saqarTveloSi sasursaTo uzrunvelyofa Semdegi

maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba: erT zrdasrul adamianze we-

liwadSi unda modiodes 400-450 kg nedli marcvlis war-

moeba, raTa dakmayofildes misi moTxovnileba pursa da

purproduqtebze (saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli 10%-iTac ver

kmayofildeba adgilobrivi warmoebiT). saqarTvelos mo-

saxleoba yovelwliurad 700-750 aTas Tona xorbals

moixmars. sasursaTo importSic yvelaze didi wili xor-

bals (11%), puris fqvils (8,8%) da xorcproduqtebs (12%)

ukavia. Cveni sasursaTo bazari didwiladaa damokide-

buli importul Saqarze, rZesa da rZis produqtze, mze-

sumziris zeTze, bostneulze, Tevzze da sxva sursaTze.

mosaxleobis erT sulze normiT gaTvaliswinebuli

kvebis energetikuli faseulobidan – 2500-2400kkal _ 1995

wlis maCveneblebiT TiTqmis naxevari (1060kkal) marcvle-

ulze modis. miuxedavad imisa, rom purze moxmarebuli

kaloriebi Semcirda 2007 wels da Seadgens 930 kkal-s, is

mainc ar unda CaiTvalos dadebiT maCveneblad, radgan es

257

ar momxdara sxva produqtebidan Sevsebuli kaloriebis

xarjze. aRniSnuli statistika siRaribis maCvenebelia.

zemoT moxsenebuli statistika imaze metyvelebs,

rom saqarTveloSi kidev SeiniSneba sursaTis rogorc

ukmarisoba, ise xelmiuwvdomloba, rom araferi vTqvaT

usafrTxoebaze, romelic pirdapir gavlenas axdens ada-

mianis janmrTelobaze.

globaluri ekonomikis pirobebSi mniSvnelovnad

icvleba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis prioritetebi. dRes

ganviTarebul qveynebSi produqtis deficiti siWarbem

Secvala, xolo prioritetuli mimarTuleba garemos dac-

va da cxovrebis komfortuli pirobebis SenarCuneba gax-

da. mwarmoeblurobis zrdis nacvlad mdgradi ganviTa-

reba msoflios mravali qveynis mizans warmoadgens.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safuZveli is resursebia,

romelic aqvs ama Tu im qveyanas da riTac qveyana flobs

absulutur an SefardebiT upiratesobas.

ilia WavWavaZe miiCnevda, rom qveyanam ise unda

gamoiyenos Tavisi absoluturi da SefardebiTi upira-

tesobani, misi ekonomikis mdgradobas safrTxe ar daemuq-

ros da xalxisTvis, arsebobisaTvis saWiro saxsrebi

advilad da iafad mosapovebeli gaxados. aseTi naazrevi

yoveli xelisuflebisagan did dakvirvebas moiTxovs.

globalizaciis, liberaluri sabazro ekonomikis sayo-

velTaod gavrcobis pirobebSi absoluturi da Sefar-

debiTi upiratesobebis zomis zustad migneba, ganviTare-

bis misaRwevad, saerTo interesebis dacviT gadawyveta,

xelisuflebis, sazogadoebis yvelaze prioritetuli,

sayovelTao amocanaa.

cnobilia, rom Sromis saerTaSoriso (Sso) koncef-

ciis Tanaxmad, yovel adamians aqvs iseTi cxovrebis uf-

leba (sakvebis, tansacmlis, sacxovreblis, samedicino da

socialuri momsaxurebis CaTvliT), romelic aucilebe-

lia misi ojaxis wevrebis janmrTelobisa da keTildRe-

obis SesanarCuneblad. aseve aqvs ufleba, uzrunvelyo-

fili iyos umuSevrobis, invalidobis an saarsebo saxs-

rebis sxva saxiT dakargvis SemTxvevaSi. ama Tu im qvey-

nebSi aRniSnuli uflebebi cxovrebis donis erovnuli

koncefciiT realizdeba, romelic mosaxleobis cxovre-

bis donis amosavali ideaa.

globaluri ekonomikuri integracia gansxvavebu-

lad zemoqmedebs Semosavalze, sazogadoebasa da garemo-

ze. Tu saqme exeba globalizaciis upiratesobas, maSin

gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba mis gavlenas siRaribis

msoflio problemaze. globalizacia SeiZleba siRaribis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi efeqturi saSualeba aRmoCndes,

magram ar SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom utyuaria yvela Sem-

TxvevaSi – mas, dadebiTTan erTad uaryofiTi momentebic

aqvs.

siRaribis daZlevis sakvanZo problemad Cvens qve-

yanaSi Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmeba, umuSevro-

bis Semcireba, ekonomikuri zrda gvevlineba. ekonomikuri

zrdis yvelaze maRali maCveneblebi saqarTveloSi 1996,

1997, 2003 da 2007 wlebSi dafiqsirda (Sesabamisad 11,2;

10,5; 11,1 da 12,3%), kidev 2-jer (2004 da 2005 wlebSi)

ekonomikuri zrdis tempi miuaxlovda 10%-s. daaxloebiT

5-5% iyo ekonomikuri zrda 2001, 2002 da 2004 wlebSi. yve-

la danarCen wels (Tu ar CavTvliT 2009 wels, rodesac

pirvelad 1994 wlis Semdeg saqarlTvelos ekonomikaSi

dacema dafiqsirda) ekonomika saSualod 2-3%-iT izrde-

boda.

fasebis zrda da sursaTis problema – es aris

siRaribis maRali donis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi. jerje-

robiT saqarTveloSi fasebis zrda kvlavac grZeldeba.

Cveni qveynis gaWirvebuli mosaxleoba ukve karga xania,

rac fasebis didi siswrafiT zrdas SeeCvia.

qarTvel eqspertebs miaCniaT, rom mTavrobisa da

xalxis urTierTobaze Zalze bevria damokidebuli. maTi

azriT, qarTuli ekonomika ar aris ise integrirebuli

259

globalur ekonomikaSi, rom msoflio finansur kriziss

myisierad moexdina masze gavlena. Tumca saqarTvelos

ekonomikas sxva problemebic aqvs, sistemuri saxis ara-

jansaRi, arakonkurentuli garemo xels ar uwyobs eko-

nomikis ganviTrebas, rac met-naklebad sasursaTo bazris

mdgomareobazec aisaxeba.

eqspertTa daskvniT, saqarTveloSi arsebobs is

potenciali, romelsac SeuZlia daakmayofilos mosaxle-

oba mTlianad sakuTari warmoebiT. amasTan, gaTvalis-

winebulia saerTaSoriso eqspertTa gamokvlevebi, rom-

lebic aRniSnaven, rom 2015 wlisaTvis msoflioSi mosa-

lodnelia mwvave sasursaTo krizisi, rasac mohyveba sur-

saTze fasebis katastrofuli zrda, kerZod, saqarTve-

losTvis problemuri iqneba importul produqciaze

dayrdnoba, amitom saqarTvelom aqedanve unda aiRos ad-

gilobriv warmoebaze orientiri da mTavrobam maqsimalu-

rad gaataros soflis meurneobis xelSemwyobi politika,

romlis niSnebi qveyanaSi SeiniSneba.

agrosasursaTo seqtoris mdgradi ganviTareba

qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da sasursaTo damo-

ukideblobis ganmsazRvrelia.

migvaCnia, rom sasursaTo bazris problemebis mog-

varebis yvelaze ukeTesi gzaa saxelmwifos mier adgi-

lobrivi warmoebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba.

saqarTvelosTvis, iseve, rogorc sxva danarCeni

msofliosTvis, siRaribis daZleva iyo da dResac rCeba

erT-erT umwvaves problemad. misi gadawyvetis mimarTu-

lebiT ukve dagrovda garkveuli gamocdileba.

Zalze mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso savaluto

fondisa da msoflio bankis roli saqarTveloSi kerZo

seqtoris ganviTarebis gziT siRaribis Semcirebis xel-

SewyobaSi.

siRaribis Semcireba unda gaxdes mTavari mxaris –

mTavrobis da kerZo seqtoris urTierTSeTanxmebuli moq-

medebebis Sedegi, xolo am SeTanxmebis procesSi auci-

lebelia daqiravebulTa interesebis dacva.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

CarTulobas siRaribis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebuli sa-

kiTxebis gadawyvetaSi.

saqarTvelos msgavs patara qveyanaSi, sadac biznesi

axla idgams fexs da mewarmeebs ar aqvT sakmarisi kapi-

tali, gamocdileba da teqnologiebi, sawarmoebis asa-

muSaveblad saWiro kapitalisa da teqnologiebis mopove-

bas mxolod saxelmwifo Tu SeZlebs. saqarTveloSi sa-

Wiroa iseTi dargebis ganviTareba, romelic iyenebs iseT

teqnologiebs, sadac Sromis nayofiereba maRalia, rad-

gan es aris qveyanaSi maRali xelfasebis donis safuZ-

veli da cxovrebis maRali donis miRwevis saSualeba.

samwuxarod, Cven bunebrivi resursebiT mdidari

qveyana ar varT, Tu ar CavTvliT hidroresursebs. Aaseve

viTvlebiT mciremiwian qveynad, ris gamoc soflis meur-

neobaSi ar gvaqvs bunebrivi upiratesoba da sasoflo-

sameurneo saqonlis eqsportiTac ver virCenT Tavs. mag-

ram es ar aris saSiSi, radgan iaponia Cvenze ufro

Raribia bunebrivi resursebiT, magram erT-erTi yvelaze

ufro warmatebuli qveyanaa, radgan ZiriTadad maRalteq-

nologiuri saqonlis warmoebiTaa dakavebuli.

CvenTan sakmaod maRalia komfortuli cxovrebis

moTxovnilebani, romlis dakmayofilebac saTanadod ana-

zRaurebadi dasaqmebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

umuSevrobis Semcirebisa da dasaqmebis zrdisaTvis,

romelic erT-erTi winapirobaa siRaribis daZlevis saq-

meSi, saWiroa samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTvis

aucilebeli biznesgaremos formireba. gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba unda mieqces mcire da saSualo biznesis gan-

viTarebas da konkurentuli urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas.


261

1. grigolaSvili g., kakulia r., mouraviZe d.,grigolaSvili g., kakulia r., mouraviZe d.,grigolaSvili g., kakulia r., mouraviZe d.,grigolaSvili g., kakulia r., mouraviZe d., sulabesulabesulabesulabe----

riZe av., SubiTiZe m.riZe av., SubiTiZe m.riZe av., SubiTiZe m.riZe av., SubiTiZe m. adgilobrivi (regionuli) ekono-

mikis ganviTarebis da marTvis problemebi. Tbilisi,

2001.

2. veSapiZe S., griSikaSvili a., lekaSvili e., aslamaveSapiZe S., griSikaSvili a., lekaSvili e., aslamaveSapiZe S., griSikaSvili a., lekaSvili e., aslamaveSapiZe S., griSikaSvili a., lekaSvili e., aslamazaSzaSzaSzaS----

vili n.vili n.vili n.vili n. msoflio ekonomika. Tbilisi, 2008.

3. lipartia z., jRarkava n.lipartia z., jRarkava n.lipartia z., jRarkava n.lipartia z., jRarkava n. saqarTveloSi siRaribis daZ-

levis prioritetebi Tanamedrove etapze. p. guguSvi-

lis ekonomikis institutis daarsebidan 65-e da aka-

demikos p. guguSvilis dabadebidan 105-e wlisaTvisad-

mi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli

konferenciis masalebis krebuli. Tbilisi, 2010.

4. movsesiani a., ognivcevi s.movsesiani a., ognivcevi s.movsesiani a., ognivcevi s.movsesiani a., ognivcevi s. msoflio ekonomika. tomi 1,

rusulidan Targmna prof. S. veSapiZem. Tbilisi, 2009.

5. osaZe l., cecxlaZe s.osaZe l., cecxlaZe s.osaZe l., cecxlaZe s.osaZe l., cecxlaZe s. sasursaTo bazris zogierTi

problema da globaluri ekonomikuri krizisi. p. gu-

guSvilis ekonomikis institutis daarsebidan 65-e da

akademikos p. guguSvilis dabadebidan 105-e wlisaT-

visadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqti-

kuli konferenciis masalebis krebuli. Tbilisi, 2010.

6. papava vl.papava vl.papava vl.papava vl. siRaribis Semcireba kerZo seqtoris ganvi-

Tarebis gziT: qarTuli sinamdvile da perspeqtivebi.

saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis Sro-

mebi, tomi 7. Tbilisi, 2009.

7. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2008, statistikuri

publikacia, Tbilisi, 2009.

8. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009. statis-

tikuri publikacia, Tbilisi, 2009.

9. sirbilaZe r.sirbilaZe r.sirbilaZe r.sirbilaZe r. saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis

problemebi. p. guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis da-

arsebidan 65-e da akademikos p. guguSvilis dabade-

bidan 105-e wlisaTvisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso

samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis krebu-

li. Tbilisi, 2010.

10. sulaberiZe a., gerzmava o.sulaberiZe a., gerzmava o.sulaberiZe a., gerzmava o.sulaberiZe a., gerzmava o. gardamavali periodis nega-

tiuri socialur-demografiuli tendenciebi. J. „soci-

aluri ekonomika“, Tbilisi, 2001.

11. tyeSelaSvili g.tyeSelaSvili g.tyeSelaSvili g.tyeSelaSvili g. saqarTvelos makroekonomikuri sta-

bilurobis miRwevis gzebi. p. guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis daarsebidan 65-e da akademikos p. guguSvi-

lis dabadebidan 105-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saer-

TaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masa-

lebis krebuli. Tbilisi, 2010.

12. Ciqava l.Ciqava l.Ciqava l.Ciqava l. demografiul maCveneblebze siRaribis gav-

lenis negatiuri Sedegebi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa akademiis Sromebi. tomi 7, Tbilisi, 2009.

13. Ciqava lCiqava lCiqava lCiqava l. siRaribe da misi daZlevis gzebi. J. „eko-

nomika da biznesi“, #1, 2008.

14. Булатов А. С. Мировая экономика. Москва. Экономист, 2007.

15. www.geostat.ge - statistikis departamenti.

Dvalishvili Lia

POVERTY – HAMPARING FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SUMMARY

Poverty is one of the keenest problems of the present. The decrease of population incomes and the level of living

standards is felt keenly in Georgia. That’s why a great part of population lives beyond the limits of poverty.

Poverty is the factor hampering sustainable development. A high level of poverty threatens not only unequal development of

society, but hinders a sustainable development of production and the realization of human freedom as well. We consider that in the provision of sustainable development a decisive role should play the increase of income

263

and its rightful distribution. These tendencies are not yet seen in Georgia, thus the regulation of the bases of sustainable development stays at first place.

marine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZe siRaribis donis Semcirebaze privatizebissiRaribis donis Semcirebaze privatizebissiRaribis donis Semcirebaze privatizebissiRaribis donis Semcirebaze privatizebis

gavlenis problemebis Sesaxebgavlenis problemebis Sesaxebgavlenis problemebis Sesaxebgavlenis problemebis Sesaxeb

Tanamedrove viTarebaSi privatizebis procesi aqti-

ur gavlenas axdens siRaribis doneze misi Semcirebis

mimarTulebiT. es dakavSirebulia siRaribis doneze pri-

vatizebis gavlenis sxvadasxva Teoriul problemaTa ga-

dawyvetaze. sabazro urTierTobebis safuZvelze warmo-

ebisa da momsaxurebis sistemis Camoyalibebam siRaribis

donis Semcirebis aucilebloba warmoqmna. igi dakavSi-

rebulia privatizebis Sedegad siRaribis donis Semci-

rebis Semdeg Teoriul problemebTan:

1. sabazro urTierTobebis safuZvelze Seqmnil sa-warmoebSi dasaqmebis procesis gaumjobeseba, rac siRa-

ribis dasaZlev faqtors da privatizebis ZiriTad mizans

warmoadgens.

2. socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli sa-bazro ekonomikis maregulirebeli instrumentebis gamo-

yeneba saqarTveloSi, privatizebis sawyis periodSi war-

moqmnili siRaribis dasaZlevad.

3. ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis pro-cesTan Sesabamisad, sawarmoebisa da dargebis privatize-

ba komerciuli iniciativisa da socialurad aucilebeli

biznesis ganxorcielebis mizniT.

4. biznesis gafarToebaze moqmedi faqtorebis ga-aqtiureba, kvebisa da msubuqi mrewvelobis produqciaze,

sayofacxovrebo sagnebze, kulturul da saganmanaTleb-

lo saWiroebebze mosaxleobis moTxovnis dakmayofile-

bisa da maTi sabazro moxmarebis donis asamaRleblad.

5. warmoebisa da momsaxurebis im dargebis priva-tizeba, romelTaganac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba warmoebisa

da miwodebis iseTi organizacia, romelic gamoiwvevs me-

warmeebisa da dasaqmebulTa SromiT aqtivizacias bizne-

sis saqmianobaSi. es maT mianiWebs ekonomikuri da soci-

aluri zrdis, privatizebul warmoebis sistemaTa orga-

nizaciis efeqtianobis amaRlebis faqtoris rols.

6. siRaribis donis zrdis _ erT-erTi socialuri procesis _ warmomqmneli faqtorebis daZleva siRaribis

zRvarTan arsebuli mosaxleobis finansuri daxmarebis,

maT Soris, umuSevarTa dasaqmebis, umuSevrebis dazRvevis,

dasaqmebulTa SromiTi Semosavlebis zrdis, janmrTelo-

bis dacvis programebis dafinansebisa da sxva RonisZieba-

Ta saSualebiT;

7. dasaqmebulTa SromiTi Semosavlebis donis maT sabazro da sayofacxovrebo moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi

moyvana, Sromisunarian umuSevarTa dasaqmebis sabazro

procesis rolis zrda, umuSevrobis donis Semcireba

warsulSi arsebuli msxvil warmoebaTa restruqturiza-

ciiT samrewvelo firmebad, sabazro garemos marTvis sis-

temis gaumjobeseba siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofTa

moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad.

8. socialuri ganviTarebisa da cxovrebis donis amaRlebisaTvis aucilebeli, biznesis erTiani mizandasa-

xuli sistemis formireba, romelic produqtebis miwo-

265

debisa da moxmarebis organizaciis gaumjobesebis mizans

moemsaxureba.

am problemaTa gadawyvetis mniSvnelovani saSuale-

baa maTi diferencireba demografiul, socialur da

ekonomikur mimarTulebebad. pirvelis mixedviT, siRari-

bis done aisaxeba mTlian mosaxleobaSi im ojaxebis pro-

centuli nawiliT, romelTa Semosavlebis done siRari-

bis zRvarze naklebia. amitom, privatizebiT miRebuli

Semosavlebidan mizanSewonilia demografiuli jgufebis

– bavSvebis, moxucebisa da martoxela dedebis, droebiT

SromisuunaroTaTvis finansuri daxmarebis gaweva. siRa-

ribis done, romelic siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi

mosaxleobis nawiliT ganisazRvreba, sam mniSvnelovan

faqtze mianiSnebs: 1. siRaribis warmoSoba dakavSirebu-

lia eTnikuri da socialuri faqtorebis gavlenasTan; 2.

siRaribe dakavSirebulia asakobriv faqtorebTan da 3.

siRaribe dakavSirebulia mosaxleobis SemadgenlobasTan,

rogoricaa ojaxis Semadgenloba da sxv. demografiul

procesebTan urTierTmimarTebaSi siRaribis donis anali-

zi emyareba mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebs da dasaq-

mebis sabazro politikis im ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, rom-

lebic moqmedebs mocemul saxelmwifoebriv sistemasa da

warmoebisa da momsaxurebis obieqtebis privatizebis sa-

xelmwifo programis realizaciis procesSi.

meore mimarTulebasTan Sesabamisad, aRniSnul

problemaTa gadawyveta dakavSirebulia siRaribis donis

Semcirebis socialuri programis ganxorcielebasTan.

misi mizania privatizebul obieqtebSi dasaqmebulTaTvis

minimaluri xelfasis zrda, umuSevrebis socialuri

dazRveva, saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis Semcireba, natura-

luri daxmarebebis gaweva, dasaqmebis, rogorc SromiTi,

aseve sabazro stimulebis gamoyeneba. am SemTxvevisaTvis,

siRaribis done ganisazRvreba mocemul saxelmwifo sis-

temaSi arsebuli, Raribi mosaxleobis socialuri dacvi-

saTvis gankuTvnili dafinansebis da sxvadasxva saxis

daxmarebaTa saSualebiT, romelTa miReba xorcieldeba

privatizebuli sawarmoo da momsaxurebis sistemis Semo-

savlebidan. siRaribis daZleva saxelmwifos socialuri

politikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens.

siRaribis donis Semcireba SeiZleba ganapirobos dasaq-

mebulTa minimaluri xelfasis zrdam, socialur daxma-

rebaTa gazrdam, saSemosavlo da komunaluri gadasaxade-

bis racionaluri sistemis Seqmnam, naturaluri daxmare-

bebis periodulobam, umuSevrobaze socialuri daxmare-

bis gawevam da sxva RonisZiebebma.

mesame mimarTuleba, rogoricaa ekonomikuri sis-

temis gardaqmna da misi gadayvana sabazro urTierTo-

bebze, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens siRaribis doneze.

msxvil da saSualo sawarmoTa saaqcio sazogadoebebad

gardaqmna da mcire firmebis warmoSoba ganapirobebs

privatizebidan da warmoebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis

gziT siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofTa dafinansebis

(daxmarebis) gazrdas. amasTan mimarTebaSi, siRaribis

zRvari warmoadgens saSualo zomis ojaxis an martoxe-

lasaTvis, maTi Semosavlis sidididan gansazRvrul sa-

Sualo dones, romlis Semcireba mianiSnebs maT ukidu-

resad gaRaribebaze. ekonomikuri faqtorebis gaTvalis-

winebis dros, siRaribis zRvaris dadgena xorcieldeba

mosaxleobis yvela kategoriisa da socialuri jgufe-

bisaTvis. amis Sedegad xdeba RaribTa dayofa 1. siRaribis

zRvarTan myofTa da 2. siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofe-

bad, rac, Sesabamisad, warmoSobs gansxvavebas maTi so-

cialuri daxmarebisa da janmrTelobis dacvisaTvis ga-

moyenebuli saxsrebis sidideTa Soris. ekonomikuri faq-

torebis gavleniT did mniSvnelobas iZens siRaribis

donis mixedviT fuladi da naturaluri daxmarebebis

ganawileba, normaluri, anu mudmivi Semosavlebis zrda,

ekonomikuri mobilurobis amaRleba. dReisaTvis didia

siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofTa raodenoba, romelTa

267

siRaribe droebiTia. siRaribis doneze gavlenas axdens

agreTve Semosavlebis ganawilebis meqanizmi, romelic

arsebobda reformisa da privatizebis dawyebis periodSi.

siRaribis donis zrda ganapiroba sawarmoTa Semo-

savlebis ganawilebis sistemis da saerTaSoriso sabazro

urTierTkavSirebis arsebobamac. es gamomdinareobda pri-

vatizebis mimarT saxelmwifos politikuri da ekonomiku-

ri miznebidan. privatizebis socialuri miznebis ganu-

sazRvrelobis Sedegad, reformis pirvel etapze warmo-

iqmneba krizisuli situacia da droebiTi uTanxmoeba Se-

mosavlebis ganawilebaSi. aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios umu-

Sevrobis zrda, dasaqmebis donis Semcireba, Sromisunari-

anTa socialuri daucveloba da mosaxleobis didi na-

wilis gaRaribeba. siRaribis doneze did gavlenas axdens

privatizebul sawarmoebsa da dargebSi dasaqmebulTa

Semosavlebis ganawilebis principebi da masStabebi, maT

Soris erT-erT ZiriTads sargeblianobis principi war-

moadgens. amisaTvis mniSvnelovania dasaqmebulTa Semosav-

lebidan moxmarebuli produqtebisa da momsaxurebis

maxasiaTeblebi, romlebiTac aisaxeba maTi sargebliano-

bis xarisxi. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba saqarTvelos mo-

saxleobis Semosavlebidan sxvadasxva produqtebsa da

momsaxurebaze saSualo Tviuri danaxarjebis ganawile-

bis maxasiaTeblebis gamoyeneba.

cxrilicxrilicxrilicxrili 1 1 1 1 22

2001 2005 2008

a)a)a)a) samomxmareblo fuladi samomxmareblo fuladi samomxmareblo fuladi samomxmareblo fuladi

danaxarjebi:danaxarjebi:danaxarjebi:danaxarjebi:

219,6219,6219,6219,6 270,4270,4270,4270,4 389,3389,3389,3389,3

22cxrili gaangariSebulia saqarTvelos statistikis departa-

mentis 2008 wlis monacemebis safuZvelze

1. sursaTze, sasmelze da sxv. 110,2 136,4 179,0

2. tansacmelsa da fexsacmelze 13,2 15,1 17,9

3. saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze 27,9 9,9 13,9

4. janmrTelobis dacvaze 12,5 19,8 38,5

5. saTbobsa da eleqtroenergiaze 18,5 36,6 46,9

6. transportze 13,4 27,5 39,8

7. ganaTlebaze, kulturasa da das-

venebaze

7,9 8,0 13,6

8. sxva samomxmareblo xarjebi 10,0 27,0 39,7

b) arafuladi danaxarjebib) arafuladi danaxarjebib) arafuladi danaxarjebib) arafuladi danaxarjebi 101,0101,0101,0101,0 80,680,680,680,6 87,387,387,387,3

I. samomxmareblo danaxarjebis I. samomxmareblo danaxarjebis I. samomxmareblo danaxarjebis I. samomxmareblo danaxarjebis

jami:jami:jami:jami:

320,6320,6320,6320,6 80,680,680,680,6 476,7476,7476,7476,7

II. Semosavlebidan danaxarjebi II. Semosavlebidan danaxarjebi II. Semosavlebidan danaxarjebi II. Semosavlebidan danaxarjebi

sul:sul:sul:sul:

350,2350,2350,2350,2 389,7389,7389,7389,7 540,0540,0540,0540,0

cxrilis monacemebis analizidan irkveva, rom 2001-

2008 wlebSi saqarTveloSi dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis

Semosavlebis ZiriTad nawils Seadgens danaxarjebi

kvebis prduqtebis, sayofacxovrebo sagnebis moxmarebis,

saTbobis, eleqtroenergiisa da transportiT momsaxu-

rebaze. am monacemebis safuZvelze da prof. g. papavas de-

terminirebuli ekonomikuri mravalfaqtoriani analizis

meTodis gamoyenebiT, SesaZlebelia am procesis asaxva

drois periodebis Sesabamisi analizuri modelis saSu-

alebiT. aRniSnulis mixedviT, mosaxleobis Semosavle-

bidan maTTvis aucilebeli produqtebis moxmarebaze ga-

weuli dargobrivi danaxarjebis elementebis urTierT-

damokidebuleba SeiZleba aixsnas gantolebiT:

Y(t)=α1Y1(t) +α2Y2(t) + ...+ αnYm(t)= ∑∑== jiJi

αjYi(t); i=1,2,…,j; j=1,2,…,i.

sadac αJ - j-uri dargobriv sistemaSi dasaqmebulTa

Semosavlebidan gaweuli danaxarjebis ganawilebis ko-

eficientia, romlis mniSvnelobebi akmayofilebs pirobas

269

∑αj=1, t _ saanalizo wlebia, xolo Yi(t) – i-uri moxmarebis

an momsaxurebis moculobaTa maCvenebelia t wlisaTvis,

xolo Y(t) – mosaxleobidan gaweuli saSualo Tviuri

danaxarjebis maCvenebelia imave t-wlisaTvis. cxrilis

monacemebis safuZvelze, statistikuri damokidebuleba am

maxasiaTeblebs Soris ganisazRvreba formulebidan:

α1= ;)(

)(1

tY

tY α2=

)(

)(2

tY

tY, ...; αn=

)(tY

Ym; magaliTad t=2001

wlisaTvis α1= ;3391,02,350

1,116 =

α2= 04,02,359

2,13 = da a.S.

siRaribis donis analizis mizniT SesaZlebelia

gamoyenebul iqnes gantoleba:

∑∑= =

−=Ji ij

tY 1()( αj)Xi (t),

sadac Xi (t) siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofTa

saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis danaxarjebis maCvenebelia

[8].

aRniSnuli meTodiT mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri

moxmarebis moculobis dadgenaa SesaZlebeli. amasTan

erTad, mizanSewonilia im procesebis analizi, romelic

privatizebis Sedegebis siRaribis doneebze gavlenasTa-

naa dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, transportiTa da eleqt-

roenergiiT momsaxurebis donis amaRleba ganapirobebs

2005 da 2008 wlebSi misi moxmarebis zrdas, romelic

Sesabamisad 3-jer da 2,3-jer gaizarda 2001 welTan Seda-

rebiT. imave periodisaTvis aRsaniSnavia janmrTelobis

dacvaze mosaxleobis danaxarjebis zrdac, romelic 3-

jer gaizarda 2001 welTan SedarebiT da a.S. aRniSnu-

lidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis procesi ZiriTadad mimarTulia cxovrebis

donis amaRlebisa da siRaribis, umuSevrobis daZlevis

saxelmwifo miznebis realizaciaze, rac Tanamedrove

sabazro gardaqmnebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs

warmoadgens. am miznebis miRweva siRaribis donis

Semcirebisa da cxovrebis saerTo donis amaRlebis

safuZvels warmoadgens.

gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literaturaliteraturaliteraturaliteratura

1. abesaZe r.abesaZe r.abesaZe r.abesaZe r. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Teoriuli

aspeqtebi da globalizacia, saq. ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa akademiis SromaTa krebuli. t. 8,

Tbilisi, `siaxle~, 2010.

2. berulava g. berulava g. berulava g. berulava g. saqarTvelos meRvineobis dargis

konkurentunarianobis Sesaxeb (inglisur enaze),

saerTaSoriso konferenciis krebuli, Tbilisi, paata

guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.

3. papava g.papava g.papava g.papava g. samrewvelo firmis organizacia da

marTva, t. I da II, Tbilisi, `samSoblo~, 1998.

4. papava vl.papava vl.papava vl.papava vl. nekroekonomikis zombireba, Tbilisi, p.

guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.

5. saqsi j., lareni f.saqsi j., lareni f.saqsi j., lareni f.saqsi j., lareni f. makroekonomika, moskovi,

`delo~, 1996.

6. CxeiZe T.CxeiZe T.CxeiZe T.CxeiZe T. soflis meurneobis ekonomika, Tbilisi,

`mecniereba~, 2003

7. wereTeli g., bibilaSvili n.wereTeli g., bibilaSvili n.wereTeli g., bibilaSvili n.wereTeli g., bibilaSvili n. umuSevrobis da misi

donis Semcirebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi postkomu-

nistur saqarTveloSi, sam. Sromebis krebuli, t. IV,

Tbilisi, `mecniereba~, 2004.

8. cucqiriZe m.cucqiriZe m.cucqiriZe m.cucqiriZe m. makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis

sistemuri regulirebis da prognozirebis problemebi.

Tbilisi, `mecniereba~, 2004.

271

Tsutskiridze Marina THE PROBLEMS ON PRIVATIZATION AND INFLUENSE ON

POVERTY OVERCOMING

SUMMARY

The article introduces the problems of research of business development process and privatization and its ifluence on poverty overcoming in postsoviet Georgia. There ara given the factors influensing poverty level and necessary measures to overcome the poverty.

zurab nozaZezurab nozaZezurab nozaZezurab nozaZe saxelmwifo nakrZalebis ganviTarebisa da dacvis saxelmwifo nakrZalebis ganviTarebisa da dacvis saxelmwifo nakrZalebis ganviTarebisa da dacvis saxelmwifo nakrZalebis ganviTarebisa da dacvis

ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri sakiTxebi Tanamedrove pirobebSisakiTxebi Tanamedrove pirobebSisakiTxebi Tanamedrove pirobebSisakiTxebi Tanamedrove pirobebSi

saxelmwifo nakrZalebi _ es aris tipuri an unika-

luri saxis gansazRvruli landSaftis zona, adgili,

romelic gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT gamoirCeva.

nakrZalebi iqmneba unikaluri landSaftis zonebis

aRniSnuli bunebrivi mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad maTi

dacvisa da mecnieruli Seswavlis mizniT.

yvelaferi, rac ganTavsebulia saxelmwifo nakrZa-

lis teritoriaze _ miwis farTobi, wiaRiseuli, wyali

da maTTan mdebare bunebrivi obieqtebi, amoRebulia

sameurneo eqspluataciisagan da uvadod aris gada-

cemuli nakrZalebis gamgeblobaSi maTi gamoyenebisaTvis.

NnakrZalebi im organoebis daqvemdebarebaSia, rom-

lebic bunebis dacvis sakiTxebze moqmedeben da axor-

cieleben am problemasTan dakavSirebul yvela Ronis-

Ziebebas. nakrZalebs aqvs samecniero, samecniero-teqniku-

ri, administraciul-sameurneo personalisa da specialu-

ri dacvis samsaxuris Statebi.

nakrZalebis struqturas, saStato ganrigs, dana-

xarjebis xarjTaRricxvas, materialur-teqnikuri uzrun-

velyofis gegmas amtkicebs is organo, romlis gamgeb-

lobaSic (daqvemdebarebaSi) imyofeba igi. saqarTvelos

pirobebSi nakrZalebi imyofeba saxelmwifo biujetze, ga-

aCnia damoukidebeli balansi da saxelmwifo gerbi Ta-

visi dasaxelebiT.

TiToeuli nakrZalisTvis, gamomdinare misi indi-

vidualuri mdgomareobis, samecniero profilis, mowyo-

273

bis organizaciis, gansakuTrebuli reJimis dacvisa da

sxva Tvisebebis gamo, Sesabamisi organoebi SeimuSaveben

konkretuli RonisZiebebis gegmas da gadaugzavnian konk-

retul adresats gansaxorcieleblad.

saxelmwifo nakrZalebi garkveuli miznebisaTvis

iqmneba:

_ axlandeli da momavali TaobebisaTvis bunebis

gansakuTrebuli adgilebis Senaxva yvela Sesabamisi kom-

ponentis dacviT;

_ bunebis am adgilebis bunebrivi procesebis mim-

dinareobis Seswavla;

_ nakrZalis teritoriis dacvis uzrunvelyofa,

masze arsebuli bunebrivi obieqtebisa da nakrZalis reJi-

mis yovelmxrivi Sesruleba;

_ samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba;

_ sanakrZalo saqmianobis safuZvlebis propaganda,

bunebrivi resursebis dacvisa da racionaluri gamo-

yenebis problemebis gaanalizeba;

_ garemos dacvis problemebze momuSave samecniero

kadrebis momzadebis xelSewyobaze zemoqmedeba;

_ saxelmwifo nakrZalebis teritoriaze (akvatori-

aze) akrZalulia yovelgvari saqmianoba, romelic arR-

vevs bunebriv kompleqsebs da xels uSlis bunebrivi obi-

eqtebis SenarCunebas. akrZalulia yovelgvari moqmedeba,

romelic cvlis nakrZalebis hidrologiur da sxva re-

Jimebs;

_ nakrZalebSi dauSvebelia Senobebisa da nagebobe-

bis mSenebloba, gzebisa da navTobsadenebis gayvana,

eleqtrogadamcemi xazebisa da sxvadasxva komunikaciebis

mowyoba;

_ nakrZalebSi ar SeiZleba sasargeblo wiaRise-

ulis mopovebisaTvis samZebro samuSaoebis Catareba, ni-

adagis safaris darRveva, sxvadasxva geologiuri saxis

RonisZiebebi;

N_ nakrZalebSi akrZalulia agreTve tyeTsargeb-

loba, Tivis damzadeba, samkurnalo mcenareebis, yvavi-

lebis, lerwmis mopoveba. mcenareuli safaris darRveva,

pirutyvis Zoveba da gadarekva;

A_ amasTan erTad, saxelmwifo nakrZalebSi akrZa-

lulia: nadiroba, TevzWera, cxovelebis daWera da ganad-

gureba da yvela iseTi qmedebis ganxorcieleba, romelic

xels SeuSlis cxovelebisa da frinvelebis moSenebisa

da gamravlebis pirobebs;

_ akrZalulia koleqciuri da sxva masalebis Seg-

roveba, garda im masalebisa, romlebic saWiroa nakrZa-

lis samecniero Tematikis Sesasruleblad;

_ akrZalulia qimiuri nivTierebebis gamoyeneba

nakrZalis teritoriaze, radgan es did zians miayenebs

nakrZalis florasa da faunas;

_ nakrZalis mimdebare teritoriaze ar SeiZleba

xe-tyis damzadeba, TviTmfrinavebis gadafrena 2000 metr-

ze dabla nakrZalis teritoriaze, agreTve sxva xmauriani

saSualebebis gamoyeneba dasaSveb normebze Seusabamod;

_ nakrZalis teritoriaze dauSvebelia ucxo pirTa

gadaadgileba da gavla, garda saerTo gamoyenebis gze-

bisa da wylis saSualebebisa;

_ saxelmwifo nakrZalis teritoriaze mizanSeuwo-

nelia motoriani da muxluxoiani transportis gada-

adgileba da xanZarsaSiSi moqmedebebi;

_ saxelmwifo nakrZalebSi dasaSvebia im Ronis-

Ziebebis Catareba, romelic xels uwyobs nakrZalebis bu-

nebrivi kompleqsebis dacvas, samecniero-kvleviTi samu-

Saoebis Catarebas da ZiriTadi amocanebis Sesrulebas.

_ nakrZalis teritoriaze, romelzec darRveulia

bunebrivi ZiriTadi kompleqsebi, warmoebs aRdgeniTi sa-

muSaoebi, hidrologiuri reJimis, cxovelTa da mcenareTa

samyaros, gadaSenebis piras mdgomi saxeobebis Sesanar-

Cuneblad;

275

_ saWiro RonisZiebad migvaCnia brZola adamianebi-

sa da cxovelebis saSiS daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg, rome-

lic SeiZleba gavrceldes saxelmwifo nakrZalis teri-

toriaze;

nakrZalebSi unda gatardes xanZardamcavi RonisZi-

ebebi, romelic ar daarRvevs nakrZalSi arsebul reJi-

mebs;

_ nakrZalis teritoriaze mizanSewonilia labora-

toriebis, korpusebisa da sxva nagebobebis ganTavseba

dadgenili wesebis farglebSi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs

nakrZalis ZiriTadi funqciis ganuxrel Sesrulebas;

_ nakrZalis bunebrivi kompleqsebis dacvis mizniT

adamianis sameurneo saqmianobisagan, mis mimdebare teri-

toriaze, nakrZalis garSemo iqmneba damcavi zonebi. dam-

cavi zonis sididem unda uzrunvelyos nakrZalis dacva

arasasurveli zemoqmedebisagan;

damcavi zonis teritoriaze SeiZleba aikrZalos an

SeizRudos nadiroba, TevzWera, tyis Wra, cxovelebis

mokvla an daWera, mosaxleobis dasvenebis masobrivi ad-

gilebis mowyoba, gzebis gayvana, milsadeni da sxva komu-

nikaciebis gayvana, dasaxlebuli punqtebis ganTavseba,

samrewvelo, sameurneo an sxva obieqtebis mSenebloba,

romlebic uaryofiT zegavlenas moaxdens nakrZalebSi

arsebul dacul bunebriv subieqtebze.

nakrZalebis reJimi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos

raionis miwaTmowyobis sqemaSi.

_ nakrZalebSi samecniero muSaoba xorcieldeba da

mimarTulia stacionaruli kompleqsuri kvlevis Catare-

bis, biosferos fonuri mdgomareobis cvlilebis kont-

rolis, iSviaTi da gadaSenebis piras mdgomi cxovelebisa

da mcenareuli samyaros dacvisa da aRdgenisaTvis.

nakrZalebSi, dadgenili wesebis farglebSi, muSav-

deba samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebis da RonisZiebebis

gegmebi, bunebrivi ekosistemebis SenarCunebisa da aRd-

genis, agreTve darRveuli bunebrivi kavSirebis regu-

lirebis gegmebi da waredgineba zemdgom organoebs da-

samtkiceblad.

nakrZalebSi Catarebuli samecniero kvlevis Sede-

gebi qveyndeba maT mier gamocemul Tematur krebulebSi

dadgenili wesebis mixedviT.

aRdgeniTi RonisZiebebis gegmebi, romlebic nakrZa-

lebSi tardeba, SeTanxmebulia da mtkicdeba im organo-

ebis mier, romlis daqvemdebarebaSic aris saxelmwifo

nakrZali. saerTod nakrZalebi SeiZleba daqvemdebarebaSi

iyos mecnierebaTa akademiasTan, garemos dacvisa da bu-

nebrivi resursebis saministrosTan, ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis saministrosTan.

saxelmwifo nakrZalebis dacvas axorcielebs spe-

cialuri samsaxuri. dacvis samsaxurSi Sedian saxelm-

wifo inspeqtorebi da egerebi. specialuri samsaxuris mu-

Sakebi movaleni arian, Caataron qveynis kanonmdeblobiT

gaTvaliswinebuli profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi.

saqarTveloSi gvaqvs Semdegi saxelmwifo nakrZa-

lebi: ajameTis, algeTis, axmetis, borjomis, vaSlovanis,

gumisTis, yazbegis, kintriSis, kolxeTis, lagodexis, li-

axvis, mariamjvaris, biWvinTis, riwis, saguramos,

saTafliis.

yvela zemoT CamoTvlil saxelmwifo nakrZalSi,

SeZlebisdagvarad, individualurad mimdinareobs sxva-

dasxva saxis samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi mcenareTa

da cxovelTa samyaros SenarCunebis, misi dacvisa da

gamravlebisaTvis, rekreaciuli pirobebis gaumjobesebi-

saTvis.

saxelmwifo nakrZalebis saqmianobaSi jer kidev

aris mravali gadauWreli problema, romelTa gadawyve-

tac mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs nakrZalebis bunebriv

ekosistemas, maT ganviTarebasa da dacvas.

277


1. Банников А.Г., Рустамов А.К. Охрана природы. М, 1977. 2. Бауэр Л., Вайничко Х. Забота о ландшафте и охрана

природы. М, 1981. 3. Реймерс Н.Ф., Штильмарк Ф.Р. Особо охраняемые

природные территории. М, 1978. 4. Кукушкин Г. Я. Государственное планирование приро-

допользования. М, 1981.

Nozadze Zurab THE ISSUES OF STATE FOREST RESERVES DEVELOPMENT

AND DEFEND IN MODERN CONDITIONS

SUMMARY

In the article there are discussed the concrete measures of the state forest reserves development and the prohibitions, which are necessary for the functioning of the forest reserves. There are also discussed the organizational and economic questions for the better scientific-researching works of the forest reserves during the marketing relationship conditions.

a v t o r a v t o r a v t o r a v t o r e b ie b ie b ie b i

1.1.1.1. abesaZe ramazabesaZe ramazabesaZe ramazabesaZe ramaz _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis direqtori, emd,

profesori

2.2.2.2. arevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuli _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ganyofilebis gamge,

emk

3.3.3.3. berulava giorgiberulava giorgiberulava giorgiberulava giorgi _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


emd, profesori

4.4.4.4. bibilaSvili nanabibilaSvili nanabibilaSvili nanabibilaSvili nana ____ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


emk

5.5.5.5. bregvaZe giorgibregvaZe giorgibregvaZe giorgibregvaZe giorgi _ _ _ _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSro-

meli, emk

6.6.6.6. burduli vaxtangburduli vaxtangburduli vaxtangburduli vaxtang _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


emd

7.7.7.7. davlaSeriZe natadavlaSeriZe natadavlaSeriZe natadavlaSeriZe nata _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


meli, emk

8.8.8.8. daTunaSvili linadaTunaSvili linadaTunaSvili linadaTunaSvili lina _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ufrosi mecnieri

TanamSromeli, emk, docenti

9.9.9.9. dvdvdvdvaliSvili liaaliSvili liaaliSvili liaaliSvili lia _ _ _ _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


279

meli

10.10.10.10. TaflaZe TamarTaflaZe TamarTaflaZe TamarTaflaZe Tamar ____ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


meli

11.11.11.11. ToTlaZe liaToTlaZe liaToTlaZe liaToTlaZe lia _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


TanamSromeli, emk

12.12.12.12. kakulia eTerkakulia eTerkakulia eTerkakulia eTer _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


TanamSromeli, emk

13.13.13.13. kakulia nazirakakulia nazirakakulia nazirakakulia nazira _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


meli, emk

14141414 kvaracxelia kvaracxelia kvaracxelia kvaracxelia

murmanmurmanmurmanmurman

_ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


TanamSromeli, emd, profesori

15.15.15.15. kilaZe TamarkilaZe TamarkilaZe TamarkilaZe Tamar _ stu-s kaTedris gamge, sruli

profesori

16.16.16.16. kurataSvili kurataSvili kurataSvili kurataSvili

alfredalfredalfredalfred



emd, profesori

17.17.17.17. lazaraSvili TealazaraSvili TealazaraSvili TealazaraSvili Tea _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


emk

18.18.18.18. maisuraZe gigamaisuraZe gigamaisuraZe gigamaisuraZe giga _ _ _ _ emk

19.19.19.19. melaSvili medeamelaSvili medeamelaSvili medeamelaSvili medea ____ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


meli

20.20.20.20. naTelauri izanaTelauri izanaTelauri izanaTelauri iza _ _ _ _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


emk

21.21.21.21. nozaZe zurabnozaZe zurabnozaZe zurabnozaZe zurab _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


meli

22.22.22.22. papava vladimerpapava vladimerpapava vladimerpapava vladimer _ _ _ _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mTavari mecnieri

TanamSromeli, saqarTvelos mec-

nierebaTa erovnuli akademiis

wevr-korespondenti, emd, profe-

sori

23.23.23.23. reviSvili zurabireviSvili zurabireviSvili zurabireviSvili zurabi _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


TanamSromeli, emk

24.24.24.24. sarCimelia sarCimelia sarCimelia sarCimelia

rolandrolandrolandroland



TanamSromeli, emd

25.25.25.25. tyeSelaStyeSelaStyeSelaStyeSelaSvili vili vili vili

goderZigoderZigoderZigoderZi

_ _ _ _ stu-s satransporto da man-

qanaTmSeneblobis fakultetis

satransporto departamentis

ufrosi, ekonomikis da menej-

mentis kaTedris sruli pro-

fesori

26.26.26.26. qavTaraZe TengizqavTaraZe TengizqavTaraZe TengizqavTaraZe Tengiz _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


TanamSromeli, emk

27.27.27.27. qvelaZe qeTevanqvelaZe qeTevanqvelaZe qeTevanqvelaZe qeTevan _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


281

TanamSromeli

28.28.28.28. qistauri nunuqistauri nunuqistauri nunuqistauri nunu – paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri Tanam-

Sromeli, emk

29.29.29.29. qurdaZe TinaTinqurdaZe TinaTinqurdaZe TinaTinqurdaZe TinaTin _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


meli, emk

30.30.30.30. CxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTin _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis samecniero sabWos

Tavmjdomare, smmd, profesori

31.31.31.31. cucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marine _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


meli, emk

32.32.32.32. wereTeli zurabwereTeli zurabwereTeli zurabwereTeli zurab _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis direqtoris moad-

gile

33.33.33.33. xuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamuka _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


emk

34.34.34.34. javaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revaz – paata guguSvilis ekonomikis


meli, emk

A U T H O R S

1. ABESADZE RAMAZ – Director of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics, Doctor of Economics, pro-fessor

2. AREVADZE NANULI – Candidate of Economics, Chief of dept. of P. Gugushvili Institute of Eco-nomics

3. BERULAVA GIORGI – Doctor of Economics, professor, Chief of dept. of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

4. BIBILASHVILI NANA – Candidate of Economics, Chief of dept. of P. Gugushvili Institute of Eco-nomics

5. BREGVADZE GIORGI – Candidate of Economics, scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

6. BURDULI VAKHTANG

– Doctor of Economics, Chief of dept. of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

7. CHKHEIDZE TINANIN

– Doctor of Agriculture, professor, Chairman of Scientific Council of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

8. DATUNASHVILI LINA

– Candidate of Economics, Docent, se-nior scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

9. DAVLASHERIDZE NATA

– Candidate of Economics, scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

10. DVALISHVILI LIA – Scientific worker of P. Gugushvi li

283

Institute of Economics

11. JAVAKHISHVILI REVAZ

– Candidate of Economics, senior scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

12. KAKULIA ETER – Candidate of Economics, senior scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

13. KAKULIA NAZIRA – Candidate of Economics, scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

14. KAVTARADZE TENGIZ

– Candidate of Economics, Chief of lab. of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

15. KHUSKIVADZE MAMUKA

– Candidate of Economics, Chief of dept. of P. Gugushvili Institute of Eco-nomics

16. KILADZE TAMAR – Chief of subdepartment of STU, Full Professor

17. KISTAURI NUNU – Candidate of Economics, scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

18. KURATASHVILI ALFRED

– Doctor of Economics, professor, Chief of dept. of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

19. KURDADZE TINATIN – Candidate of Economics, scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

20. KVARATSKHELIA MURMAN

– Doctor of Economics, senior scientific worker of P. Gugushvili

Institute of Economics

21. KVELADZE KETEVAN

– Candidate of Economics, senior scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

22. LAZARASHVILI TEA – Candidate of Economics, Chief of dept. of P. Gugushvili Institute of Eco-nomics

23. MAISURADZE GIGA – Candidate of Economic sc.

24. MELASHVILI MEDEA

– Scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

25. NATELAURI IZA – Candidate of Economics, Chief of dept. of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

26. NOZADZE ZURAB – Scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

27. PAPAVA VLADIMER – Doctor of Economics, professor, Main scientific worker of P. Gu-gushvili Institute of Economics, Cor-responding member of National Aca-demy of Georgia

28. REVISHVILI ZURAB – Candidate of Economics, scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

29. SARCHIMELIA ROLAND

– Doctor of Economics, professor, senior scientific worker of P. Gugush-vili Institute of Economics

30. TAPLADZE TAMAR – Scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

31. TKESHELASHVILI – Chief of transport department of

285

GODERDZI STU, Full Professor

32. TOTLADZE LIA – Candidate of Economics, senior scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

33. TSERETELI ZURAB – Deputy Director of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

34. TSUTSKIRIDZE MARINE

– Candidate of Economics, scientific worker of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics

s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i

ramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZe mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da siRaribis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da siRaribis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da siRaribis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da siRaribis

zogierTi socialurzogierTi socialurzogierTi socialurzogierTi socialur----ekonomikuri aspeqtiekonomikuri aspeqtiekonomikuri aspeqtiekonomikuri aspeqti

5555

vladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papava postrevoluciuri ekonpostrevoluciuri ekonpostrevoluciuri ekonpostrevoluciuri ekonomikuri reformebi omikuri reformebi omikuri reformebi omikuri reformebi

saqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da problemebisaqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da problemebisaqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da problemebisaqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da problemebi

24242424

alfredalfredalfredalfred kurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvili

“postkomunisturi” kapitalizmi Tu...“postkomunisturi” kapitalizmi Tu...“postkomunisturi” kapitalizmi Tu...“postkomunisturi” kapitalizmi Tu...?!

37373737

vaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burduli siRaribis donis Semcirebis regionuli siRaribis donis Semcirebis regionuli siRaribis donis Semcirebis regionuli siRaribis donis Semcirebis regionuli

strategiisstrategiisstrategiisstrategiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

48484848

giorgi berulavaPgiorgi berulavaPgiorgi berulavaPgiorgi berulavaP privatizaciis politeprivatizaciis politeprivatizaciis politeprivatizaciis politekonomikurikonomikurikonomikurikonomikuri


65656565

goderZi tyeSelaSvili, goderZi tyeSelaSvili, goderZi tyeSelaSvili, goderZi tyeSelaSvili, Tamar kilaZeTamar kilaZeTamar kilaZeTamar kilaZe

kavSirgabmuloba saqarTveloSikavSirgabmuloba saqarTveloSikavSirgabmuloba saqarTveloSikavSirgabmuloba saqarTveloSi

72727272

revaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvili siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe –––– XXI saukunis udidesi borotebaXXI saukunis udidesi borotebaXXI saukunis udidesi borotebaXXI saukunis udidesi boroteba

90909090

nanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZe siRaribe ganviTarebad qveynebSisiRaribe ganviTarebad qveynebSisiRaribe ganviTarebad qveynebSisiRaribe ganviTarebad qveynebSi

95959595

TinaTin CxeiZeTinaTin CxeiZeTinaTin CxeiZeTinaTin CxeiZe siRaribis daZlevis ekologiusiRaribis daZlevis ekologiusiRaribis daZlevis ekologiusiRaribis daZlevis ekologiuri aspeqtebiri aspeqtebiri aspeqtebiri aspeqtebi

101010101111

lina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvili meabreSumeobis ganviTarebis zogierTimeabreSumeobis ganviTarebis zogierTimeabreSumeobis ganviTarebis zogierTimeabreSumeobis ganviTarebis zogierTi

aspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSi

111111110000

iza naTelauri, Tamar TaflaZeiza naTelauri, Tamar TaflaZeiza naTelauri, Tamar TaflaZeiza naTelauri, Tamar TaflaZe saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaRsaqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaRsaqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaRsaqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaRlelelele----

ba, rogorc umuSevrobis donis Semcirebis ba, rogorc umuSevrobis donis Semcirebis ba, rogorc umuSevrobis donis Semcirebis ba, rogorc umuSevrobis donis Semcirebis

erTerTerTerT----erTi faqtorierTi faqtorierTi faqtorierTi faqtori

118118118118

zurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvili

287

sosososoflad siRaribis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvisflad siRaribis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvisflad siRaribis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvisflad siRaribis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvis 124124124124

nananananananana bibilaSvilibibilaSvilibibilaSvilibibilaSvili dasaqmebisdasaqmebisdasaqmebisdasaqmebis saxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifo regulirebisregulirebisregulirebisregulirebis ZiriTadiZiriTadiZiriTadiZiriTadi

mimarTulebebimimarTulebebimimarTulebebimimarTulebebi postkomunisturpostkomunisturpostkomunisturpostkomunistur qveynebSiqveynebSiqveynebSiqveynebSi

131131131131

Tea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSvili saxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifo seqtorisseqtorisseqtorisseqtoris roliroliroliroli dadadada mniSvnelobamniSvnelobamniSvnelobamniSvneloba

gardamavaligardamavaligardamavaligardamavali ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis qveynebSiqveynebSiqveynebSiqveynebSi

141141141141

zurab wereTzurab wereTzurab wereTzurab wereTelielielieli mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebismcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebismcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebismcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis

problemebi saqarTveloSiproblemebi saqarTveloSiproblemebi saqarTveloSiproblemebi saqarTveloSi

148148148148

murman kvaracxeliamurman kvaracxeliamurman kvaracxeliamurman kvaracxelia regionuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis idea regionuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis idea regionuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis idea regionuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis idea

ilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZis ilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZis ilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZis ilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZis

SemoqmedebaSiSemoqmedebaSiSemoqmedebaSiSemoqmedebaSi

158158158158

mamuka xuskivaZe, lia ToTlaZemamuka xuskivaZe, lia ToTlaZemamuka xuskivaZe, lia ToTlaZemamuka xuskivaZe, lia ToTlaZe saqarTvelos ekonomikis realuri seqtsaqarTvelos ekonomikis realuri seqtsaqarTvelos ekonomikis realuri seqtsaqarTvelos ekonomikis realuri seqtoris oris oris oris

ganviTarebis potencialis Sesaxeb ganviTarebis potencialis Sesaxeb ganviTarebis potencialis Sesaxeb ganviTarebis potencialis Sesaxeb

167167167167

eTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakulia mcire sawarmos menejmentis Taviseburebanimcire sawarmos menejmentis Taviseburebanimcire sawarmos menejmentis Taviseburebanimcire sawarmos menejmentis Taviseburebani

174174174174

nazira kakulia nazira kakulia nazira kakulia nazira kakulia instituciuri problemebi reformebis instituciuri problemebi reformebis instituciuri problemebi reformebis instituciuri problemebi reformebis

Tanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapze

182182182182

giga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZe saerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebis

tendenciebitendenciebitendenciebitendenciebi

189189189189

qeTevanqeTevanqeTevanqeTevan qvelaZeqvelaZeqvelaZeqvelaZe, , , , mamukamamukamamukamamuka xuskivaZexuskivaZexuskivaZexuskivaZe turistulituristulituristulituristuli biznesisbiznesisbiznesisbiznesis ganviTarebaganviTarebaganviTarebaganviTareba _ _ _ _ umuSevumuSevumuSevumuSev----

robisrobisrobisrobis donisdonisdonisdonis SemcirebisSemcirebisSemcirebisSemcirebis erTerTerTerT----erTierTierTierTi ZiriTadiZiriTadiZiriTadiZiriTadi

mimarTulebamimarTulebamimarTulebamimarTuleba saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi

195195195195

Tengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZe mcire biznesi da siRaribis daZlevis gzebi mcire biznesi da siRaribis daZlevis gzebi mcire biznesi da siRaribis daZlevis gzebi mcire biznesi da siRaribis daZlevis gzebi

sofladsofladsofladsoflad

203203203203

roland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimelia privatizeba da sprivatizeba da sprivatizeba da sprivatizeba da siRaribis daZlevis zogierTiiRaribis daZlevis zogierTiiRaribis daZlevis zogierTiiRaribis daZlevis zogierTi

sakiTxi saqarTveloSisakiTxi saqarTveloSisakiTxi saqarTveloSisakiTxi saqarTveloSi 210210210210

medea melaSvili, nunu qistaurimedea melaSvili, nunu qistaurimedea melaSvili, nunu qistaurimedea melaSvili, nunu qistauri siRaribe da misi daZlevis ZiriTadi mimarsiRaribe da misi daZlevis ZiriTadi mimarsiRaribe da misi daZlevis ZiriTadi mimarsiRaribe da misi daZlevis ZiriTadi mimar----

Tulebebi saqarTveloSiTulebebi saqarTveloSiTulebebi saqarTveloSiTulebebi saqarTveloSi

223223223223

Ната Давлашеридзе ЛАУРЕАТ НОБЕЛЕВСКОЙ ПРЕМИИ ПО ЭКОНО-МИКЕ ТЕОДОР ШУЛЬЦ О РОЛИ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКО-ГО КАПИТАЛА В ПРЕОДОЛЕНИИ ПРОБЛЕМ БЕДНОСТИ

232232232232

TinaTin qurdaZe TinaTin qurdaZe TinaTin qurdaZe TinaTin qurdaZe

investiciebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobisinvesticiebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobisinvesticiebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobisinvesticiebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis

amaRlebis problemebi saqarTveloSiamaRlebis problemebi saqarTveloSiamaRlebis problemebi saqarTveloSiamaRlebis problemebi saqarTveloSi

241241241241

giorgi bregvaZegiorgi bregvaZegiorgi bregvaZegiorgi bregvaZe mSeneblobis ganviTarebis regionulimSeneblobis ganviTarebis regionulimSeneblobis ganviTarebis regionulimSeneblobis ganviTarebis regionuli


249249249249

giga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZe miwis menejmentimiwis menejmentimiwis menejmentimiwis menejmenti

256256256256

lia dvaliSvili lia dvaliSvili lia dvaliSvili lia dvaliSvili siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe –––– mdgradi ganviTarebismdgradi ganviTarebismdgradi ganviTarebismdgradi ganviTarebis

Semaferxebeli faqtoriSemaferxebeli faqtoriSemaferxebeli faqtoriSemaferxebeli faqtori

261261261261

marine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZe siRaribis donis Semcirebaze privatizebissiRaribis donis Semcirebaze privatizebissiRaribis donis Semcirebaze privatizebissiRaribis donis Semcirebaze privatizebis

gavlenis problemebis Sesaxebgavlenis problemebis Sesaxebgavlenis problemebis Sesaxebgavlenis problemebis Sesaxeb

274274274274

zurabzurabzurabzurab nozaZenozaZenozaZenozaZe saxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifo nakrZalebisnakrZalebisnakrZalebisnakrZalebis ganviTarebisaganviTarebisaganviTarebisaganviTarebisa dadadada

dacvisdacvisdacvisdacvis ekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuri sakiTxebisakiTxebisakiTxebisakiTxebi TaTaTaTanamedrovenamedrovenamedrovenamedrove

pirobebSipirobebSipirobebSipirobebSi

283283283283

avtorebiavtorebiavtorebiavtorebi 289289289289

289

CONTENTS

Abesadze Ramaz SOME SOCIAL-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF POPULATION STANDARDS OF LIVING AND POVERTY

5

Papava Vladimer POST-REVOLUTIONARY ECONOMIC REFORMS IN GEORGIA: SUCCESSES AND PROBLEMS

24 Kuratashvili Alfred «POSTCOMMUNIST CAPITALISM» OR …?!

37

Burduli Vakhtang THE BASIC DIRECTION OF REGIONAL STRATEGIES OF DECREASE OF POVERTY LEVEL

48 Berulava George THE POLITICAL ECONOMY ISSUES OF PRIVATIZATION

65 Tkeshelashvili Goderdzi, Kiladze Tamar COMMUNICATION IN GEORGIA

72

Javakhishvili Revaz POVERTY – 21st CENTURY’S THE GREATEST HARM

90

Arevadze Nanuli POVERTY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

95

Chkheidze Tinatin ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POVERTY OVERCOMING

101 Datunashvili Lina SOME ASPECTS OF SILKWORM FODDER IN GEORGIA

110

Natelauri Iza, Tapladze Tamar THE COMPETITIVENESS RISE OF GEORGIA AS AN ONE OF THIS FACTOR OF UNEMPLOYMENT LEVEL DECREASE

118 Revishvili Zurab

ON THE ISSUE OF RESEARCH OF RURAL POVERTY

124

Bibilashvili Nana MAIN TRENDS OF STATE REGULATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN POSTCOMMUNIST COUNTRIES

131 Lazarashvili Tea THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STATE SECTOR IN THE COUNTRIES WITH TRANSITION ECONOMY

141 Tsereteli Zurab THE PROBLEMS OF SMALL AND MIDDLE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA

148 Kvaratskhelia Murman FOR THE ARTICLE OF GEORGIA’S GOVERNMEN-TAL ESTABLISHMENT IN THE CREATIVE ACTIVI-TY OF ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE AND NIKO NIKO-LADZE

158 Khuskivadze Mamuka , Totladze Lia CONCERNING THE DEVELOPMENT POTENCY OF A REAL SECTOR OF GEORGIA’S ECONOMY

167 Kakulia Eter THE PECULIARITY OF SMALL ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT

174 Kakulia Nazira THE PROBLEMS OF INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS IN THE MODERN PERIOD

182 Maisuradze Giga THE TENDENCIES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

189

Kveladze Ketevan, Khuskivadze Mamuka THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM BUSINESS IN ONE OF THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF UNEMPLOY-MENT LEVEL DECREASE IN GEORGIA

195 Kavtaradze Tengiz SMALL BUSINESS AND THE WAYS OF POVERTY OVERCOMING IN RURAL GEORGIA

203

291

Sarchimelia Roland PRIVATIZATION AND SOME ISSUES OF OVERCOMING OF POVERTY IN GEORGIA

210 Melashvili Medeja, Kistauri Nunu POVERTY AND MAIN TRENDS OF ITS OVERCOMING IN GEORGIA

223 Davlasheridze Nata THE NOBEL PRIZE WINNER IN ECONOMICS THEODOR SCHULTZ ABOUT THE ROLE OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL IN OVERCOMING OF POVERTY PROBLEMS

232 Kurdadze Tinatin THE PROBLEMS OF THE GROWTH OF ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF INVESTMENTS

241 Bregvadze Giorgi REGIONAL PECULARITY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION

249 Maisuradze Giga LAND MANAGEMENT

256

Dvalishvili Lia POVERTY – HAMPARING FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

261 Tsutskiridze Marina

THE PROBLEMS ON PRIVATIZATION AND INFLUENSE ON POVERTY OVERCOMING

274

Nozadze Zurab THE ISSUES OF STATE FOREST RESERVES DEVELOPMENT AND DEFEND IN MODERN CONDITIONS

283

AUTHORS

293

i n f o r m a c i ai n f o r m a c i ai n f o r m a c i ai n f o r m a c i a

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutTan arsebobs

saerTaSoriso samecniero-analitikuri Jurnali “eko“eko“eko“ekonononono----

misti” misti” misti” misti” (mTavari redaqtori emd, prof. r. abesaZe)....

JurnalSi qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze qveyn-

deba statiebi, romlebic Seicavs informacias ekonomikis

sferoSi arsebuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli prob-

lemebis kvlevebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. periodulad daibeW-

deba recenziebi, ekonomikuri mimoxilvebi da sxvadasxva

samecniero-organizaciuli RonisZiebebis qronikebi.

avtorTaTvis JurnalSi statiebis gamosaqveyneblad

moqmedebs Semdegi wesebi:

1. JurnalSi gamosaqveyneblad gankuTvnili samecniero

naSromebi unda iyos damoukidebeli kvlevis Sedegi. naS-

romi ar unda arRvevdes saavtoro uflebebs da ar unda

iyos gamoqveynebuli romelime sxva organoSi.

2. redaqciaSi warmodgenili statiis originali xel-

mowerili unda iyos avtoris, xolo Tanaavtorobis Sem-

TxvevaSi yvela Tanaavtoris mier saxelis, gvaris,

samuSao adgilis, samecniero xarisxisa da wodebis, sru-

li safosto misamarTis, telefonis, faqsis, eleqtro-

nuli fostis miTiTebiT.

3. statiis moculoba, reziume qarTul da inglisur

enebze unda iyos gonivrul SesabamisobaSi maTTvis dama-

xasiaTebel masStabebTan. statia dabeWdili unda iyos 1,5

intervaliT, A4 formatze, 12 fontiT. redaqciaSi statie-

bis warmodgena aucilebelia erT nabeWd egzemplarad,

eleqtronul versiasTan erTad (MS WORD, qarTuli teqsti SriftiT

ACADNUSX, xolo inglisuri TIMES NEW ROMAN).

293

4. JurnalSi statiebi gamoqveyndeba redaqciaSi maTi

Semosvlis rigis mixedviT. redaqciis mier statiis war-

modgenis TariRad CaiTvleba redaqciis mier saboloo

teqstis miRebis TariRi.

5. statia, romelic srulad ar pasuxobs zemoT

moyvanil moTxovnebs, redaqciis mier ar miiReba.

institutis xelmZRvaneloba da Jurnalis redaqcia

mzadaa TanamSromlobisaTvis.

* * *

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutTan paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutTan paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutTan paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutTan

funqcionirebs gamomcemlobafunqcionirebs gamomcemlobafunqcionirebs gamomcemlobafunqcionirebs gamomcemloba

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba _

qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze _ gTavazobT nebis-

mier sagamomcemlo saqmianobas:

• masalis akrefa, dakabadoneba;

gamoicema:gamoicema:gamoicema:gamoicema:

• samecniero wignebi da naSromebi, enciklopediebi,

leqsikonebi, cnobarebi;

• perioduli gamocemebi (samecniero SromaTa krebu-

lebi, samecniero Jurnalebi, konferenciis masale-

bi);

• originaluri da naTargmni mxatvruli litera-

tura, saxelmZRvaneloebi, sabavSvo wignebi, albo-

mebi da gzamkvlevebi.

• eleqtronuli dargobrivi Jurnalebi.

daibeWda ssip _ paata guguSvilis ekonodaibeWda ssip _ paata guguSvilis ekonodaibeWda ssip _ paata guguSvilis ekonodaibeWda ssip _ paata guguSvilis ekonomimimimikis institutis kis institutis kis institutis kis institutis

samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero----sagamomcemlo sabWos gasagamomcemlo sabWos gasagamomcemlo sabWos gasagamomcemlo sabWos gadadadadawywywywyvevevevetitititilebiTlebiTlebiTlebiT

gamomcgamomcgamomcgamomcemlobis redaqtori emlobis redaqtori emlobis redaqtori emlobis redaqtori

sesili xanjalaZe sesili xanjalaZe sesili xanjalaZe sesili xanjalaZe

gadaeca warmoebas _ gadaeca warmoebas _ gadaeca warmoebas _ gadaeca warmoebas _ 60X84 1/1660X84 1/1660X84 1/1660X84 1/16

qaRaldis zoma _ qaRaldis zoma _ qaRaldis zoma _ qaRaldis zoma _ 19.1219.1219.1219.12

pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi _ pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi _ pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi _ pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi _

saaRricxvosaaRricxvosaaRricxvosaaRricxvo----sagamomcemlo Tabaxi _sagamomcemlo Tabaxi _sagamomcemlo Tabaxi _sagamomcemlo Tabaxi _ 12.7512.7512.7512.75

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba

TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi, g. qiqoZis # 14, g. qiqoZis # 14, g. qiqoZis # 14, g. qiqoZis # 14

93 22 60, 99 68 53, 99 74 0993 22 60, 99 68 53, 99 74 0993 22 60, 99 68 53, 99 74 0993 22 60, 99 68 53, 99 74 09

eeeellll----fosta:fosta:fosta:fosta: economisti1@ rambler.ru

Documents

samecniero Sromebis krebuliSromebis krebuli IIIIIIIIIIIIdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/141535/1/Shromebis_Krebuli_2010_N3.pdfdoebis is mravalferovani nawilia, romlis wevrebis Semosavali