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Section I: Section I: Early Civilizations of the Early Civilizations of the
Americas Americas (Pages 198 - 205 )(Pages 198 - 205 )
Section I: Section I: Early Civilizations of the Early Civilizations of the
Americas Americas (Pages 198 - 205 )(Pages 198 - 205 )
This section is about:This section is about: The geography and the The geography and the
climate of the area known climate of the area known today as Latin America today as Latin America and how these influenced and how these influenced the development of early the development of early civilizations there.civilizations there.
Several significant early Several significant early civilizations of the region, civilizations of the region, including the Olmecs, including the Olmecs, Mayas, and Aztecs.Mayas, and Aztecs.
Before we start this Before we start this new chapter:new chapter:
Look at pages 198-199.Look at pages 198-199. LetLet’’s preview whats preview what’’s in s in
this chapter.this chapter. LetLet’’s check out the s check out the
picture.picture. And, letAnd, let’’s read page s read page
198 (from a 198 (from a PrimaryPrimary source).source).
On the time line: we On the time line: we go back in history for a go back in history for a while.while.
Early civilizations lived in all parts of the Early civilizations lived in all parts of the Americas Americas
(North, Central, and South)(North, Central, and South)Central America also includes Latin AmericaCentral America also includes Latin America
Why is this called Latin Why is this called Latin America?America?
Most of the people Most of the people in this area today in this area today speak a form of speak a form of Spanish, Portuguese Spanish, Portuguese and/or French (all and/or French (all come from Latin).come from Latin).
These areas at one These areas at one time were all time were all annexedannexed (added) to (added) to land controlled by land controlled by European countries.European countries.
The Geography of Latin The Geography of Latin America:America:
Plains.Plains. Mountains: the Sierra Mountains: the Sierra
Madres and the Andes.Madres and the Andes. Rain Forests: in the Rain Forests: in the
Amazon are the Amazon are the largest in the world.largest in the world.
Highland Plateaus: Highland Plateaus: good for good for farming/grazingfarming/grazing
Parts can get real hot Parts can get real hot and humid and some and humid and some very cold.very cold.
The First AmericansThe First Americans
Probably came Probably came across the ice across the ice covered (at the covered (at the time) Bering time) Bering Straits.Straits.
Best guess right Best guess right now: 13,000 years now: 13,000 years ago?ago?
Just like everywhere elseJust like everywhere else
The early peoples stopped The early peoples stopped being nomads and slowly being nomads and slowly settled in groups, starting settled in groups, starting communities that ended communities that ended up growing into complex up growing into complex societies.societies.
About 2500 BC: these About 2500 BC: these people started people started successfully planting successfully planting maizemaize (corn) – a GREAT (corn) – a GREAT food.food.
Corn uses today
Foods containing corn
The Olmecs and the ZapotecsThe Olmecs and the Zapotecs(are the oldest civilizations in the (are the oldest civilizations in the
Americas)Americas) The Olmec PeopleThe Olmec People
(1200 BC)(1200 BC) Lived near the Gulf of Lived near the Gulf of
Mexico.Mexico. Were fishermen and Were fishermen and
farmers.farmers. Known for games they Known for games they
played (with rubber played (with rubber balls from the rubber balls from the rubber trees), gigantic carved trees), gigantic carved stone heads, and a stone heads, and a calendar.calendar.
The Zapotec PeopleThe Zapotec People(500 BC)(500 BC)
Developed a writing Developed a writing system.system.
Huge cities (125,000) with Huge cities (125,000) with stone buildings, plazas, stone buildings, plazas, and ceremonial pyramids.and ceremonial pyramids.
Teotihuacan.Teotihuacan. People lived in stone People lived in stone
apartments and would apartments and would travel to farm outside the travel to farm outside the city each day.city each day.
Others: craft workers, Others: craft workers, artisans, builders, artisans, builders, merchants, and warriors.merchants, and warriors.
Priests and rulers were in Priests and rulers were in charge.charge.
The The MayaMaya (300-900 AD) (300-900 AD) Lived in todayLived in today’’s Guatemala, Belize, and the Yucatan s Guatemala, Belize, and the Yucatan
PeninsulaPeninsula
Most were peasants, laborers Most were peasants, laborers and farmers – also played sports and farmers – also played sports (even a game like basketball)(even a game like basketball)
Had many city-states which were Had many city-states which were linked and worked together.linked and worked together.
Wealthy Mayas owned slaves.Wealthy Mayas owned slaves. Priests were important (with Priests were important (with
their daily ceremonial pyramids their daily ceremonial pyramids for the Gods).for the Gods).
This included human sacrifices.This included human sacrifices. Most accurate calendar in the Most accurate calendar in the
world (based off the sun), first to world (based off the sun), first to understand the idea of a zero.understand the idea of a zero.
Developed writing using Developed writing using glyphsglyphs (pictures or symbols that (pictures or symbols that represent words or ideas).represent words or ideas).
The The ToltecsToltecs (950-1200 AD)(950-1200 AD)
Lived north of where Lived north of where Mexico City is today in Mexico City is today in their capital of Tula their capital of Tula (mining and trading).(mining and trading).
Worshipped Worshipped Quetzacoatl (a Quetzacoatl (a feathered serpent who feathered serpent who symbolized a union of symbolized a union of Earth and sky).Earth and sky).
The civilization ended The civilization ended with a great fire with a great fire around 1200 AD.around 1200 AD.
They always believed They always believed Quetzacoatl would Quetzacoatl would return someday.return someday.
The The AztecsAztecs moved into the moved into the same area as the Toltecs same area as the Toltecs
(about 1200)(about 1200) During the 1400During the 1400’’s, they s, they
began invading the began invading the peoples around them and peoples around them and forced them to pay tribute forced them to pay tribute with maize, tobacco, gold, with maize, tobacco, gold, and precious stones.and precious stones.
They also took POWThey also took POW’’s (who s (who became slaves).became slaves).
Most became human Most became human sacrifices (Aztecs believed sacrifices (Aztecs believed it was an honor for them it was an honor for them and their families).and their families).
Lots of swampland, so they Lots of swampland, so they came up with came up with chinampaschinampas (rafts filled with soil).(rafts filled with soil).
Boys went to school (to Boys went to school (to train for war). Girls were train for war). Girls were taught by their moms (to taught by their moms (to be weavers or priestesses).be weavers or priestesses).
It’s time to be an archeologist
(page B)
This is your farm.
You’re digging around.
You find this.
Tell me about it.
Section II: Peru and the Incan Section II: Peru and the Incan EmpireEmpire
(Pages 206 - 211)(Pages 206 - 211)
Section II: Peru and the Incan Section II: Peru and the Incan EmpireEmpire
(Pages 206 - 211)(Pages 206 - 211)
This section is about:This section is about: The early Peruvians The early Peruvians
and the rich, complex and the rich, complex culture of the Incan culture of the Incan Empire.Empire.
Elements of the culture Elements of the culture of the Incan Empire, of the Incan Empire, such as the strong such as the strong system of government, system of government, the arts, and the arts, and architecture.architecture.
LetLet’’s start by reading s start by reading whatwhat’’s at the end – s at the end – and what we are and what we are expected to find out.expected to find out.
Page 211: Review Page 211: Review History, Critical History, Critical Thinking, and Write Thinking, and Write About Government.About Government.
We should probably We should probably also look at the also look at the pictures on 206-211.pictures on 206-211.
This section is about South America (Peru This section is about South America (Peru today)…today)…
and the early Native Americans who lived and the early Native Americans who lived there.there.
The Chavin PeopleThe Chavin People Lived here about 900-200 BC.Lived here about 900-200 BC. Built stone temples with Built stone temples with
carvings of gods and other carvings of gods and other images (jaguars, serpents, images (jaguars, serpents, caiman).caiman).
By the coasts, they were By the coasts, they were among the first to build with among the first to build with adobeadobe (sun-dried clay bricks). (sun-dried clay bricks).
It took about 50,000,000 of It took about 50,000,000 of these bricks to build a temple.these bricks to build a temple.
After the Chavin, the Moche After the Chavin, the Moche moved to the area moved to the area (200-100 BC)(200-100 BC)
They controlled a lot of They controlled a lot of land, but didnland, but didn’’t have t have huge cities.huge cities.
They were skilled They were skilled engineers – building engineers – building roads, canals, and roads, canals, and irrigation systems. irrigation systems.
TheyThey’’ve left very little of ve left very little of their culture behind their culture behind (except some of their (except some of their buildings).buildings).
By 900, they were gone. By 900, they were gone. No one really knows whyNo one really knows why Earthquakes, droughts, Earthquakes, droughts,
floods? floods?
The The IncasIncas are the main group are the main group we know about from this area.we know about from this area.
We donWe don’’t know much t know much about the early Incas about the early Incas and how they started and how they started (about 1200 AD?).(about 1200 AD?).
They controlled the They controlled the Andes Mountain Valley.Andes Mountain Valley.
Their first great leader Their first great leader (Pachacuti – (Pachacuti – ““Earth Earth ShakerShaker””) built the ) built the capital city of Cuzco capital city of Cuzco and expanded the and expanded the empire.empire.
The main Incan place most The main Incan place most people know about: Machu people know about: Machu
PicchuPicchu
The City of The City of CuzcoCuzco
Designed in the shape of a Designed in the shape of a Puma (mountain lion) – Puma (mountain lion) – which was sacred to the which was sacred to the Incas.Incas.
Had a fortress/temple at Had a fortress/temple at the head.the head.
Houses and palaces were Houses and palaces were built along the body.built along the body.
Four Four ““highwayshighways”” met in the met in the central plaza.central plaza.
The Incas were great The Incas were great builders – for buildings , builders – for buildings , palaces, and roads.palaces, and roads.
All Incas were expected to All Incas were expected to help build.help build.
Inca Messages…Inca Messages… ……were easy to send, were easy to send,
because they had great because they had great roads and a roads and a ““postal systepostal system.m.””
Runners would travel the Runners would travel the roads – each going 3 miles roads – each going 3 miles to the next rest stop and to the next rest stop and the next runner.the next runner.
Messages could travel 150 Messages could travel 150 miles in a day this way miles in a day this way (that(that’’s a lot).s a lot).
Incas didnIncas didn’’t use writing, so t use writing, so the runners had to the runners had to remember the messages.remember the messages.
They also used a They also used a quipuquipu (strings that kept track of (strings that kept track of numbers).numbers).
Government officials would Government officials would use quipus for use quipus for recordkeeping.recordkeeping.
The Later Incan EmperorsThe Later Incan Emperors
Tapa Inca tried to Tapa Inca tried to expand the empire.expand the empire.
By 1400, it covered By 1400, it covered the entire length of the entire length of the Andes Mts.the Andes Mts.
The last of the Inca The last of the Inca emperors was emperors was Atahualpa (thatAtahualpa (that’’s s when the Spanish when the Spanish showed up).showed up).
Incan Government:Incan Government: Was a Was a hereditary hereditary
monarchy.monarchy. The empire was divided The empire was divided
into 4 sections – each with into 4 sections – each with itit’’s own governor.s own governor.
These governors were all These governors were all part of the Inca emperors part of the Inca emperors extended family.extended family.
Other government jobs Other government jobs went to people who were went to people who were loyal to them.loyal to them.
When they conquered When they conquered people, they made them people, they made them into slaves… or used them into slaves… or used them for sacrifices.for sacrifices.
King, whoKing, who’’s son is next to rules son is next to rule
Inca religion was Inca religion was polytheisticpolytheistic
What?????What?????Many GodsMany Gods
•Main God: Viracocha (the creator).
•Others controlled thunder, the Earth, the sea, and the moon.
•The Sun God was their special protector.
•People were ordered to build temples to the gods.
•They also believed spirits lived throughout nature (Japanese Shinto).
•They developed a calendar to keep track of festivals important to the farming year (planting and harvesting).
The Incas did The Incas did have social classeshave social classes
The top: the ruling and The top: the ruling and noble families (only about noble families (only about 200 of these 200 of these ““purepure”” Incas). Incas).
Next: the adopted Incas: Next: the adopted Incas: nobles from lands the Incas nobles from lands the Incas conqueredconquered
Next: Nobles from far away Next: Nobles from far away lands they controlled but lands they controlled but didndidn’’t care much about.t care much about.
Last: ordinary people.Last: ordinary people. You could not usually You could not usually
change who you were – change who you were – unless you did something unless you did something extreme (great courage, or extreme (great courage, or the best servant/slave in the best servant/slave in town).town).
Do we have Do we have ““social classessocial classes”” anywhere today?anywhere today?
Incan FamiliesIncan Families Families were organized Families were organized
into groups.into groups. No taxes, but people were No taxes, but people were
expected to work in expected to work in exchange for government exchange for government services.services.
The government did give The government did give feasts on holidays.feasts on holidays.
The government controlled The government controlled most peoplemost people’’s lives.s lives.
People even had travel People even had travel restrictions and a restrictions and a ““dress dress codecode”” (you had to wear (you had to wear clothing that connected clothing that connected you to where you were you to where you were born).born).
Inca FarmingInca Farming Each family belonged Each family belonged
to a larger group to a larger group called an called an allyuallyu..
They owned the land They owned the land together and worked together and worked together.together.
The leader of each The leader of each allyu made sure allyu made sure government orders government orders were followed, and were followed, and decided what each decided what each personperson’’s job should be.s job should be.
Inca FarmsInca Farms Corn.Corn. Squash.Squash. Tomatoes.Tomatoes. Peanuts.Peanuts. Cotton.Cotton. Potatoes (200 kinds – great Potatoes (200 kinds – great
in the mountains).in the mountains). Llamas and alpacas – for Llamas and alpacas – for
wool.wool. Boys learned from dads Boys learned from dads
(farming or a (farming or a ““tradetrade””).). Girls learned from moms Girls learned from moms
(weaving and cooking).(weaving and cooking). Most didnMost didn’’t like what they t like what they
did, but they knew it would did, but they knew it would make the empire stronger, make the empire stronger, which would help them out.which would help them out.
Section III: North American Groups Section III: North American Groups (Pages 212 - 217)(Pages 212 - 217)
Section III: North American Groups Section III: North American Groups (Pages 212 - 217)(Pages 212 - 217)
This section is about:This section is about: How the varied climates How the varied climates
and environments of and environments of North America influenced North America influenced the development of the development of distinct regional cultures distinct regional cultures in the western and in the western and eastern regions.eastern regions.
There were many There were many different kinds of Native different kinds of Native Americans.Americans.
Our book splits them up Our book splits them up into Western and into Western and Eastern groups.Eastern groups.
Page 213 of your book Page 213 of your book splits them up a little splits them up a little differently.differently.
Others split them up Others split them up several ways, but the several ways, but the important thing to important thing to remember is in the remember is in the Main Ideas on page 212 Main Ideas on page 212 (A).(A).
The Native Americans in North America were The Native Americans in North America were a lot different than those in Central and a lot different than those in Central and
South America.South America.
No unified empires, no No unified empires, no cities, and no palaces.cities, and no palaces.
They hunted, gathered, They hunted, gathered, farmed, and traded with farmed, and traded with each other.each other.
Had a wide variety of Had a wide variety of cultures, languages, cultures, languages, styles of dress and styles of dress and architecture, and beliefs.architecture, and beliefs.
The big thing is: they The big thing is: they didndidn’’t try to control their t try to control their environment – they environment – they adaptadapted to it (adjusted).ed to it (adjusted).
Thick forests, hilly, and rocky with four distinct
seasons
Warm and humidFlat and covered with grass (few trees) with cold winters and hot
summers
Forests, cool, with a long rainy
season
Dry and Hot
Most of North America gets enough rain: good for farming and supporting animals
Also has a great system of rivers (Ohio / Mississippi / Missouri) for travel and trade
Western Native AmericansWestern Native AmericansThe The Aleuts, Yupiks, and InuitsAleuts, Yupiks, and Inuits
Lived in todayLived in today’’s s northern Canada and northern Canada and Alaska.Alaska.
Hunted seals, walruses, Hunted seals, walruses, whales, polar bears, whales, polar bears, caribou, foxes (too cold caribou, foxes (too cold to farm). to farm).
Used furs for clothing Used furs for clothing and blankets.and blankets.
Tools, weapons, tents Tools, weapons, tents and boats (kayaks) and boats (kayaks) from animal parts.from animal parts.
Northwest Native AmericansNorthwest Native Americans Easier life than up Easier life than up
north.north. Rivers and oceans full Rivers and oceans full
of fish and forests full of fish and forests full of food.of food.
Traded a lot.Traded a lot. Had a ceremony called Had a ceremony called
a a potlachpotlach: the host : the host would claim certain would claim certain rights (like possessions rights (like possessions of a dead relative), the of a dead relative), the guests would act as guests would act as witnesses, the host witnesses, the host would give them a would give them a huge feast (and give huge feast (and give them costly gifts).them costly gifts).
The The AnasaziAnasazi Settled near Settled near ““the four the four
corners.corners.”” Were able to grow some Were able to grow some
food, but produced a lot of food, but produced a lot of pottery, baskets, and cloth.pottery, baskets, and cloth.
Lived in Lived in ppueblosueblos (adobe (adobe brick homes) that were brick homes) that were ““temperature controlled.temperature controlled.””
They look a lot like some They look a lot like some modern apartment buildingsmodern apartment buildings
Mesa Verde is one of their Mesa Verde is one of their more famous settlements.more famous settlements.
They moved near the Rio They moved near the Rio Grande in 1300 AD: their Grande in 1300 AD: their descendants are the descendants are the Pueblos.Pueblos.
The The PPueblosueblos Not really one people – more Not really one people – more
of a group of Native of a group of Native Americans that shared many Americans that shared many of the same characteristics.of the same characteristics.
Religion is based on praying Religion is based on praying for a good harvest (in dry for a good harvest (in dry area).area).
KachinasKachinas (ancestor spirits) (ancestor spirits) return to the earth as plants, return to the earth as plants, animals, or people who have animals, or people who have power to heal the sick and power to heal the sick and bring rain.bring rain.
Farming got easier after they Farming got easier after they moved near the Rio Grande.moved near the Rio Grande.
Pueblos today are well-Pueblos today are well-known for their pottery skills.known for their pottery skills.
Kachina Dance
NavajosNavajos / / ApachesApaches
Navajo means: large Navajo means: large planted field.planted field.
About 1000 years ago, their About 1000 years ago, their ancestors came from ancestors came from Canada and split into the 2 Canada and split into the 2 groups. groups.
They settled where the They settled where the Anasazi had left (from the Anasazi had left (from the Four Corners to Texas).Four Corners to Texas).
Growing food was tough, so Growing food was tough, so they mostly hunted they mostly hunted (buffalo, deer, and rabbit).(buffalo, deer, and rabbit).
Nothing was ever wasted.Nothing was ever wasted. This wasnThis wasn’’t always enough t always enough
to survive, so they often to survive, so they often raided other people – raided other people – stealing food, livestock, and stealing food, livestock, and supplies.supplies.
For For ApachesApaches: courage and : courage and bravery in making a raid bravery in making a raid was highly valued.was highly valued.
Eastern Native AmericansEastern Native AmericansThe Mound BuildersThe Mound Builders
From the Mississippi and From the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys (starting Ohio River Valleys (starting about 300 years ago).about 300 years ago).
Each time someone was Each time someone was buried (usually a leader), buried (usually a leader), they added them to the they added them to the mound.mound.
Two kinds: temple mounds Two kinds: temple mounds and burial mounds - all and burial mounds - all different sizes and shapes.different sizes and shapes.
The Mississippian people The Mississippian people built temple mounds. Some built temple mounds. Some are even a pyramid shape.are even a pyramid shape.
These people disappeared These people disappeared about the 1600about the 1600’’s: either s: either crop failures or wars.crop failures or wars.
The The IroquoisIroquois (and the (and the Hurons)Hurons)
Lived where New York is now Lived where New York is now – and didn– and didn’’t always get along.t always get along.
Lived according to the Lived according to the seasons: spring planting / fall seasons: spring planting / fall harvesting (and settling harvesting (and settling yearly disputes).yearly disputes).
It got cold in winter – so they It got cold in winter – so they built built longhouseslonghouses – with many – with many families living in each.families living in each.
All people worked to provide All people worked to provide food – fishing, gathering, food – fishing, gathering, hunting, and farming.hunting, and farming.
Family groups cooperated, Family groups cooperated, but they argued so much but they argued so much among different tribes, they among different tribes, they formed a group to settle formed a group to settle disputes (The Iroquois disputes (The Iroquois Confederacy).Confederacy).
The Iroquois ConfederacyThe Iroquois Confederacy
Hiawatha (Iroquois) and Hiawatha (Iroquois) and Dekanawidah (Huron) Dekanawidah (Huron) wanted to bring peace to wanted to bring peace to their people.their people.
They formed a group made They formed a group made up of the 5 Iroquois Nations up of the 5 Iroquois Nations who all shared the same who all shared the same language and traditions. language and traditions. (Mohawks/Senecas/Onondagas/Oneids/Cuyag(Mohawks/Senecas/Onondagas/Oneids/Cuyagas)as)
Each nation had its own Each nation had its own council – headed by a chief council – headed by a chief called a called a sachem.sachem.
Their most important duty Their most important duty was to maintain peace was to maintain peace between the 5 tribes.between the 5 tribes.
All decisions were to based All decisions were to based on the welfare of the people.on the welfare of the people.
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