Sentence 句子分析

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Sentence ................................................................................................................................................................. 1

A General Structure of (Long) Sentence............................................................................................. 2

1. LNP & Parallelism................................................................................................... 3

2. NP-CP................................................................................................................................................ 4

3. NP-CP1-Cp2............................................................................................................. 4

4. SVO, SVO ................................................................................................................ 6

Examples....................................................................................................................................... 8

................................................................................................................................ 8

......................................................................................................................................................... 9

....................................................................................................................................................... 13

SVO ...................................................................................................................................................... 16

Frequently Asked Sentences .............................................................................................................. 28

GRE2012

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Sentence /S/V/O

NP(noun phrase), VP(verb phrase, VNP

V), CPclause phrase, APadjective phrase, , PPpreposition phrase

f=function

Sentence = SVO = f (NP, VP, CP, AP, PP)

AP PPNP, VP, CP

A General Structure of (Long) Sentence

GRE

GRE/GMAT

SVOS/OCPCP1-Cp2

SVO, SVOSVO+SVO

when, if, becauseSVO: SVO

SVO vs. SVO whereas, however

although, though

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8>>NP

NP

CP CPNp

NP-CP1-Cp2

CPNPNP that Np v Np

v Np= NP

GRE

SVO = NP V NPNP V AP--

1. LNP & Parallelism

Long Noun Phrase=LNP

S = np1 of np2 in np3 V O=np1 of np2 in np3 over np4. => SVO = np1-3 V np1-4.

3-4 3 1 3-4

8 np1 np1

the view of, the discovery of, the fact of development, lack, scarcity

the number of, the amount of np2 np1

np2 3-4

np1 V np1

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1.

parallelism 1

2. NP-CP

CP, that/which/whoVP, v-ing/v-ed

NP+CP, np that,

S = np1-3 V O=np1-4

SO 1 2 8

6-9 1+2 = 3

6-9 25 GRE

np1-4 V np1-4

np1 np1 V np1

that, whether, why, how

That np1 of np2 V np1 of np2 that V that np1 of np2 V np1 of np2 which.

3. NP-CP1-Cp2recursionnesting

CP=clause phrase

Steven Pinker Words and Rules(p.9)

that/which/who

v-ing/v-ed

, (with) np that,

that/which/who

v-ing/v-ed

, (with) np that,

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S=sentence/CPNP=noun phraseVP= verb phrase/, VP=V + NP,

NP/S VP=V+NP+S S=NP + VPVP = V+NP+S

Source: Steven Pinker, Words and Rules, p. 9

GRE 88

4 5

2-33-5 GRE

2 3 6CP

SVO = np1-3 CP1-Cp2 V np1-3 CP1-Cp2-cp3

SVO = np1-3 that, which, V np1-3, whichand which, v-ed, np1 of np2 that

np1-3, that which

Vnp1-3 which v-ed

np1 of np2 that

1 2 3 6 6-9

50 >

np1 V np1

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4. SVO, SVO that/which/who

if/because/when/although/while/whereas

SVO if / because / when SVO

1-3

np1-3 thatV np1-3, which, v-ed, np that if/because/when np1-3 which, V np1-3, which, v-ed, np

that

2 1+3=4 10 8 80

if, because, when

np1 V np1 2-3

SVO: SVO, SVO

Although/ While / Whereas SVO, SVO

While, whereas

1-3

Although/While / Whereas np1-3 thatV np1-3 which, v-ed, np that, np1-3 thatV np1-3, which,

v-ing.

np1 V np1 vs. np1 V np1

np1 V np1 vs. np1

V np1

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SVO; SVO; SVO 3

SVO: SVO; SVO; SVO

Although SVO, SVO while SVO 2

SVO if SVO; however, SVO because SVO, though SVO. 1 SVO however

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Examples1.

when, if, although, whereas

2.

3. GRE-RC-36 Exercise 13,15, 23, 24, 25,26

30-50

1. But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the

skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups

undermines the attempt to explain away superficial

resemblance as due to convergent evolutionthe

independent development of similarities between

unrelated groups in response to similar environmental

pressures.

But the recent discovery of detailed similaritiesin the

skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups

underminesthe attemptto explain away superficial

resemblance as due to convergent evolutionthe

independent development of similarities between

unrelated groups in responseto similar environmental

pressures.

np1 np1-5np1 discovery np2

similarities in np3 of np4 in np5

undermine, =weaken, ruin, attempt

explain away as due to convergent evolution

response evolutionsimilarities undermine

convergent evolutionflipper; superficial: convergent:

2. They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the

intellectual world to the new science and to liberate

intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and

envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not

of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and

physics.

They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the

intellectual world to the new scienceand to liberate

intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and

envisioned their work as contributingto the growth, not

of philosophy, but ofresearch in mathematics and

physics.

they: were fighting, envisioned as,

v1 to v2to open to liberate

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ecclesiastical philosophyalbeit= although,

contributing to the growth

of mathematics and physics mathematics and physics = new science open to the new

scienceenvisioned, contributing to

discreet = prudent, modest, not obtrusive; ecclesiastical:

Ecclesiastes:

3. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women

would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic

subordination" of the family by technological

developments that made possible the recruitment of "the

whole female sex into public industry."

Friedrich Engels, however, predicted thatwomenwould

be liberatedfrom the "social, legal, and economic

subordination" of the family by technological

developments thatmade possible the recruitment of "the

whole female sex into public industry."

E that

women, liberated byby

technological developmentsdevelopment technological that

(predicted) thatEwomen

be liberated by technologicalsubordination-ord- sub-

recruitment

4. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily

stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any

interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger),

but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements

of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in

an all-encompassing interpretation.

This isnotbecause such an interpretation necessarily

sti ff ens into a thesis(although rigidity in any

interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger),

but becauseWuthering Heightshasrecalcitrant

elementsof undeniable power that, ultimately, resist

inclusionin anall-encompassing interpretation.

this is not because, but becausebut because

because WH

has np1 of np2 np1recalcitrant elements that

resist inclusion = recalcitrant

WH not, but

not stiffen, but resist inclusion

although

rigid = stiffen

stiff = rigid, stubborn; recalcitrant = obstinately defiant, unruly, resistant,

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5. Metaphysics, philosophys traditional core

considered as the most general description of how the

heavens and the earth are put togetherhad been

rendered almost completely meaningless by the

spectacular progress of physics.

Metaphysics, philosophys traditional coreconsidered

as the most general description of how the heavens and

the earth are put togetherhad been renderedalmost

completely meaninglessbythe spectacular progress of

physics.

metaphysicsm traditional,

recent considered

howbeen rendered meaninglessphysics

Mphysicsmetaphysics,

, ; render = make, do; spectacular:

6. Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the

problem of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics

with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of

philosophy as queen of sciences into the new notion

of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline:

philosophy became primary no longer in the sense of

highest but in the sense of underlying.

Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem

of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics with

epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of

philosophy as queen of sciences into the newnotion

of philosophy as a separate, foundationaldiscipline:

philosophy became primary no longer in the sense of

highest but in the sense of underlying.

K v1 to v2 replace

m vs. eby focusing on

focus on = replace with, knowledge = epistemology

K e knowledge m thus

transform/, new p(hilosophy)

new p

underlying = foundationalK e mp foundational

underlying: basic, fundamental; epistemology:

7. Only in the case of the February Revolution do we

lack a useful description of participants that might

characterize it in the light of what social history has

taught us about the process of revolutionary

mobilization.

Only inthe case of the February Revolution do we lack

a useful descriptionof participants thatmight

characterize it in the light of whatsocial history has

taught us about the process of revolutionary

mobilization.

onlywe lack useful description 2

descrpition thatwhat

2 thatcharacterizein

the light of = according to, in the view ofmobilization

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8. It was not the change in office technology, but rather

the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an

apprenticeship for beginning managers, from

administrative work that in the 1880's created a new

class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered

"women's work."

It was not the change in off ice technology,butrather

the separation of secretarial work, previouslyseenas

an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from

administrative work that in the 1880's createda new

class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered

"women's work."

It was thatnot but ratherbut

np1 of np2, v-ed, from np3 seen as

np1separation np2secretarial work created dead-end jobs

considered notbut technology

vs. separation

dead-end jobsapprenticeshipthenceforth:

9. When nitrogen levels are low, however, specialized

cells called heterocysts are produced which lack

chlorophyll (necessary for photosynthesis) but which

can fix nitrogen by converting nitrogen gas into a usable

form.

Whennitrogen levels are low, however, specialized

cellscalled heterocysts are producedwhichlack

chlorophyll (necessary for photosynthesis) but which

can fix nitrogen by convertingnitrogen gas into a

usable form.

when specialized cells called

h which, but which cells

h

= whenn(itrogen)n h

c(hlorophyll)photosynthesis cpp n(itrogen)n

n: c:p n: p

n: p

10. According to the model, that signal is generated as a

negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative,

sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at

25 to 85 kilometers per day.

According to the model, that signalis generatedas a

negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative,

sea level, thatmoves westward parallel to the equator at

25 to 85 kilometers per day.

that signal generated R. wave that

depressed = negativeR.

wavedepressed, parallel,

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*11. The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun's

large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the

Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained

against decay.

The alternative explanationsupposes thatthe Sun's

large-scale magnetic fieldis a remnantof the field the

Sun acquiredwhen it formed, and is not sustained

againstdecay.

alternative explanation suppose that magnetic

field/ is remnant remain that

the Sun acquired that/which when

remnant = not against

decay = decay alternative

explanation explanationkwx y z

12. They conclude that such dramatic technological

innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine,

the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted

in equally dramatic social changes in women's economic

position or in the prevailing evaluation of women's

work.

They conclude thatsuch dramatic technological

innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine,

the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not

resulted inequally dramatic social changesin

women's economic position or in the prevailing

evaluation of women's work.

They conclude that dramatic technological

innovationsnot result in

np1 in np2 or in np3 np1dramatic social changes

conclude

1-2ts=kwcsdramtic:

striking, fundamental, revolutionary, transforming,

13. Since 1953, many experimental attempts to

synthesize the chemical constituents of life under

"primitive Earth conditions" have demonstrated that a

variety of the complex molecules currently making up

living organisms could have been present in the early

ocean and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such

molecules are synthesized far less readily when

oxygen-containing compounds dominate the

atmosphere.

Since 1953, many experimental attemptsto synthesize

the chemical constituentsof life under "primitive Earth

conditions" have demonstratedthata variety of thecomplexmoleculescurrently making upliving

organisms could have been presentin the earlyocean

and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such

moleculesare synthesized far less readilywhen

oxygen-containing compounds dominate the

atmosphere.

attempts to synthesize chemical constituents

demonstrate that

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complex molecules v-ingbeen present early

only

less, dominatewheno

m

onlyo:m()

o: m

14. The common belief of some linguists that each

language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the

nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart

of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics

that supply and demand will regulate everything for the

best.

The common beliefof some linguiststhateach

languageis aperfectvehicle for the thoughts of the

nationspeaking itisin some ways the exact

counterpartof the conviction of the Manchester school

of economics thatsupply and demandwill regulate

everything for the best.

belief conviction that

that

the fact that, the theory that, the hypothesis that

beliefperfect the nation

speaking it is itbelief counterpart

countercounterpart = similarity

M. school that-best

perfect = the best common belief

l=e. l1=e1. l2=e2 (l=linguists, e=economist)

15. Many critics of Emily Bronts novel Wuthering

Heightssee its second part as a counterpoint that

comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where

a romantic reading receives more confirmation.

Many criticsof Emily Bronts novel Wuthering

Heightsseeits second part as a counterpointthat

commentson, ifit does not reverse, the first part,

wherea romantic reading receives more confirmation.

np1 of np2s np3 critics see as = view as = consider as

second part, counterpoint that

if that comments on that first part where

WHWuthering Heights

counterpoint counterpoint = comment on

counterpoint counterpart counter/

NP1-3 V NP CP1(that), Cp1(if), Cp2(where)

many critics

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16. The demarcation of philosophy from science was

facilitated by the development in the early nineteenth

century of a new notion, that philosophys core interest

should be epistemology, the general explanation of what

it means to know something.

The demarcation of philosophy from science was

facilitated by the developmentin the early nineteenth

century of a new notion, thatphilosophys core interest

should be epistemology, the general explanation of what

it means to knowsomething.

np1 of np2 from np3np1

demarcation = separation np2p(hilosophy)

facilitate = precipitateby np1 in np2 of np3np1 development

new notion that

thatps interest epistemology

e np1 of np2 np2 what

know = epistemologyp 19p e development

pp

17. Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twain'sA

Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, is a

nineteenth-century master mechanic who, mysteriously

awakening in sixth-century Britain, launches what he

hopes will be a peaceful revolution to transform

Arthurian Britain into an industrialized modern

democracy.

Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twain'sA Connecticut

Yankee in King Arthur's Court, isa nineteenth-century

master mechanicwho, mysteriously awakeningin

sixth-century Britain, launches whathe hopes will be a

peaceful revolution to transform Arthurian Britain into

an industrialized modern democracy.

Mtopic

TACY is mechanic

whowho awakening

what to transformM

master mechanic who whatM

Mark Twain ACY Hank Morgan 19 6

18. None of these translations to screen and stage,

however, dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A

Connecticut Yankee, which ends with the violent

overthrow of Morgan's three-year-old progressive order

and his return to the nineteenth century, where he

apparently commits suicide after being labeled as lunatic

for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and

battlements.

Noneof these translationsto screen and stage, however,

dramatize the anarchyat the conclusion ofA

Connecticut Yankee, whichends with the violent

overthrow of Morgan's three-year-old progressive order

and his return to the nineteenth century, wherehe

apparently commits suicide after being labeledas

lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges

and battlements.

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np1 of np2 to np3 np1 of np2none translations dramatize

np1 at np2 of np3 np1anarchy ACY 2-3which

nineteenth century where after

conclusion:

end, lunatic, lunarincoherent, babble, v.

ACY

Morgan 19

*19. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism

by driving the warmer surface water into a "pile" that

blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the

east and further warms the eastern water, thus

strengthening the wind still more.

These windstend to create a feedback mechanism by

drivingthe warmer surface water into a "pile" that

blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the

east and further warms the eastern water, thus

strengtheningthe windstill more.

winds v1 to v2 v2=create feedback mechanismby driving

driving = createpile that

block, warm eastern water strengthening

winds create feedback

windsstrengthen the winds

feedback: output inputupwelling:

20. For example, the spiral arrangement of scale-bract

complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, where the

female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is

important to the production of airflow patterns that

spiral over the cone's surfaces, thereby passing airborne

pollen from one scale to the next.

For example, the spiral arrangementof scale-bract

complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, wherethe

female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is

important tothe production of airflow patternsthat

spiral over the cone's surfaces, therebypassingairborne

pollenfrom one scale to the next.

np1 of np2 on np3 np1= spiral arragementnp2 of np3

where

is important to = is important for = is responsible for = cause = determine airflow

pattern thatpassing>

spiral arrangement is important to airflow patterns

pollenpassing pollen

in order to

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21. As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic

characteristics encountered generally change abruptly,

which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to

the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.

As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic

characteristicsencounteredgenerally changeabruptly,

whichcauses part of the energy to be reflected back to

the surface, whereit is recordedby seismic instruments.

As e. characteristics encountered

change which surface where as

which where

e[lastic]. characteristics changecrossed,

recordede

crossed, energy recorded

SVO

22. Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been

connected to other land masses, the great variety of

plants in Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance

dispersal of seeds, a process that requires both a method

of transport and an equivalence between the ecology of

the source area and that of the recipient area.

Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been connected

to other land masses, the great varietyof plants in

Hawaii must be a result ofthe long-distance dispersal

of seeds, a process thatrequires both a method of

transport and an equivalence between the ecology of the

source area and that of the recipient area.

SinceSince

variety = diversitybe a result of = be caused by = be determined by = result from

dispersal of seedsprocess = dispersal that

equivalence = similarity

recipient, adj., receive, n., =receiver,

23. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by

different populations makes this task more difficult:

some populations remain roughly constant from year to

year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and

scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and

crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the

weather, and in other cases not.

The great varietyof dynamic behaviors exhibited by

different populations makesthis task more difficult:

somepopulations remain roughly constantfrom year to

year; othersexhibit regular cyclesof abundance and

scarcity; still othersvary wildly, with outbreaks and

crashesthatare in some cases plainly correlated with

the weather, and in other cases not.

4 SVO1 SVO

3 SVO SVO 1 variety exhibited by

make difficult 2 3 4some remains constant, others exhibit regularcycles, others vary wildly that

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1

24. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death

and migration rates may be fluctuating around their

long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent

effects, the population would, in the long run, either

increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle

by which gains and losses canceled exactly).

No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death

and migration rates may be fluctuating around their

long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent

effects, the populationwould, in the long run, either

increase or decrease without bound(barringa miracle

by whichgains and losses canceled exactly).

2 1No matter howif

population either or without bound

barringby which

if

severe: fluctuate: bar: block, prevent, barring = excluding, except

25. They correctly note that slavery stripped some

cultural elements from Black people -- their political

and economic systems -- but they underestimate the

significance of music in sustaining other African

cultural values.

They correctlynote that slavery strippedsome

culturalelements from Black people -- their political

and economic systems -- but they underestimatethe

significance of musicin sustainingother African

culturalvalues.

but 2 1 thatslavery

strippedcultural elements 2they underestimate music

np1 of np2 in v-ing

1 correctly 2 underestimate

=+

strip vs. sustain

26. If anatomical similarity in the flippers resulted from

similar environmental pressures, as posited by the

convergent-evolution theory, one would expect walruses

and seals, but not seals and sea lions, to have similar

flippers.

If anatomical similarity in the flippers resulted from

similar environmental pressures, as posited bythe

convergent-evolution theory, one would expect

walruses and seals, but not seals and sea lions, to have

similar flippers.

anatomical similarity resulted from environmental

posited one would expect

If/convergent-evolution

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f(lippers)

wouldanatomy:

posit: suppose, assume, presumeconvergent: flipper: ,

w s

s s.l,

27. This link between philosophical interests and

scientific practice persisted until the nineteenth century,

when decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship

and changes in the nature of science provoked the final

separation of philosophy from both.

This linkbetween philosophical interests and scientific

practice persisted until the nineteenthcentury, when

declinein ecclesiastical power over scholarship and

changes in the nature of science provokedthe final

separation of philosophy from both.

2 SVOwhen np1 between np2 and np3 np1=link

persist until 19th

century when decline

provoke np1 of np2 from np3, separation of p(hilosophy)

p 1919p until

link

separation link vs. separation

persist: ecclesiastical:

scholarship: academic study/provoke: pro--vok-

28. Biologists have long maintained that two groups of

pinnipeds, sea lions and walruses, are descended from a

terrestrial bearlike animal, whereas the remaining group,

seals, shares an ancestor with weasels.

Biologists have long maintained that two groupsof

pinnipeds, sea lions and walruses, are descended from

a terrestrial bearlikeanimal, whereas the remaining

group, seals, shares an ancestor withweasels.

that 22

whereas 2p(innipeds) 1

descended from = share ancestors with bearlike

vs. weasels2pp

long maintainedKWo

AW-KWndescend:descendant = offspringterrestrial:

29. Although these observations are true, Pessen

overestimates their importance by concluding from them

that the undoubted progress toward inequality in the late

eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian period

and that the United States was a class-ridden, plutocratic

society even before industrialization.

Although these observations are true,Pessen

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overestimates their importanceby concluding from

them thatthe undoubted progress toward inequality in

the late eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian

period and thatthe United States was a class-ridden,

plutocratic society even before industrialization.

2=+

true vs. overestimate althoughobservations are true,

P overestimates importanceby concluding that and

that 1 thatprogress inequality continued

np1 toward np2 in np3 np1progress np2inequality 2 that

U.S. was a classsociety classsociety

plutocratic P

thatand that

overestimateprogress: ridden: harassed, oppressed;

class-ridden: class-dominated, class-governed; plutocratic: pluto-=wealth + -crat-=rule, govern

30. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates

the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the

adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear,

whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.

Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates

the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the

adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear,

whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.

3 SVOboth whereas

Althougha(drenaline), n(orepinephrine) arousal

stimulates a and n whereas h c

fear vs. aggression

arousal: arise, arouse, ; herbivore:

herb=grass + vore = eat; carnivore: carn-=meat + vore=eat

31. Granted that the presence of these elements need not

argue for an authorial awareness of novelistic

construction comparable to that of Henry James, their

presence does encourage attempts to unify the novels

heterogeneous parts.

Granted that the presence of these elementsneed not

arguefor an authorialawareness ofnovelistic

constructioncomparable tothat of Henry James, their

presencedoes encourageattemptsto unifythe novels

heterogeneous parts.

2 SVO Granted that

these elements not argue

Jbutpresense encourage attempts to unify

attempt unify parts

Granted

not

: not construction vs. unify

J

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magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the

significance of the February insurrection has been

diminished.

2 SVOwhich

while

J: magnified vs. F:

diminished6 2

exert: ; impact: , = influence, significance; insurrection, = rebellion, revolt,

revolution

35. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris

Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of

nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they

also present the social historian with a signal advantage:

these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable

documentation as a by-product of authorities efforts to

search out and punish the rebels.

Although theJune insurrection of 1848 and the Paris

Commune of 1871 would be considered watershedsof

nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they

also presentthe social historian with a signal

advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of

invaluable documentationas a by-product of

authorities efforts to search out and punish the rebels.

2 SVOAlthough J and PC

would be considered watersheds 19

but

advantage invaluable

documentation = advantage as a by-product=+

watershed vs. advantage/invaluable document

watershed: ; signal, adj. =significant; insurrection, = rebellion, revolt, revolution;

invaluable, , = priceless; authority: =governmentrebel, n. , , = insurgent,

insurrectionist, mutineer; rebel, adj.

1848 6 1871 19

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36. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which

women work have changed little since before the

Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by

gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that

require relatively low levels of skill and offer women

little opportunity for advancement all persist, while

women's household labor remains demanding.

Fundamentally, however, the conditionsunder which

women work have changed littlesince before the

Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by

gender, lower payfor women as a group, jobs that

require relatively low levels of skill and offer women

little opportunity for advancement all persist, while

women's household laborremains demanding.

3 SVO+ 1 conditions changed little

conditions under which 2 while changle little

change little = persist, remains 2 SVO

jobs that 2require and offer 3

lower paypersist 3 SVO whilewomens household labor remains demandingwhile

37. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy

does not deny the frequently noted fact that some of the

immigrants of the 1630's, most notably the organizers

and clergy, advanced religious explanations for

departure, but he finds that such explanations usually

assumed primacy only in retrospect.

With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy

does not denythe frequently noted factthat someof the

immigrants of the 1630's, most notably the organizers

and clergy, advanced religious explanationsfor

departure, buthe finds that such explanations usually

assumed primacy only in retrospect.

2 SVObut 1 C not deny the factthe fact that

some immigrants advanced religious explanationsbut 2 SVO

explanations assumed primacy only in retrospectonly

religious vs. only Conly

religiousreligious = spiritual = metaphysical vs. secular = material =sociopolitical

C 1630

assume: primacy: primaryretrospect: retro-: back + -spect-: see

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38. Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed

as a reproductive process marked by random events in

which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by

the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the

ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the

expense of producing much more pollen than is actually

used.

Traditionally, pollination by windhas been viewedas a

reproductive processmarked byrandomevents in

whichthe vagariesof the wind are compensated for by

the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the

ultimate production of new seeds is assuredat the

expense of producing much more pollenthan is

actually used.

2 SVO so that so that 2

so that in whichwind pollination = w. p. has

been viewed as a process w.p.

process marked by random events random

process

random in which vagaries = random (events), so that new seeds = reproductive assured at the expense

produce more pollen generation of vast

quantities of pollen that is actually used than is the pollen

traditonally, has been

KWoAW-KWn

pollination, ; random: ; vagary, n. = caprice, erratic or unpredictable action,

39. Because the potential hazards pollen grains are

subject to as they are transported over long distances are

enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view

above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen

through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount

of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater

than the amount produced by species pollinated by

insects.

Because the potential hazardspollen grainsare subject

to asthey are transported over long distances are

enormous, wind-pollinated plantshave, in the view

above, compensated forthe ensuing loss of pollen

through happenstance by virtue of producing an

amount of pollenthatis one to three orders of

magnitude greaterthan the amountproduced byspecies

pollinated by insects.

2 SVObecause 1 SVObecausehazardspollen grains

that / whichnp [that] np v npv np

as hazards are

enormous 2 SVO w-p plants compensated for the loss of pollenby virtue of doing

= by doing compensated

producing an amount of pollen amount of pollenthat

amountproduced by speciespollinated by

greater than

w-p plants

producing an amount of pollen

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potential: possible, grain: ; be subject to: ; enormous: huge,

tremendous, ; pollinate: ; ensue: ; ensuing: resulted, followinghappenstance:

accidents, magnitude: ; orders of magnitude:

1-3

40. However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an

adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral

arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated

plant lineages and is regarded as a characteristic of

vascular plants, of which conifers are only one kind, as a

whole.

However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an

adaptationto wind pollination because the spiral

arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated

plant lineages and is regarded as a characteristic of

vascular plants, of whichconifers are only one kind, as a

whole.

2 SVObecause 1these pattern cannot be viewed as an adaptation

2because

v(ascular) plants of whichbecause

vascularconifer

41. In her recitals Duncan danced to the music of

Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but,

contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to

visualize or to interpret the music; rather, she simply

relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing

inner feelings through movement.

In her recitals Duncan danced to the musicof

Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but,

contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to

visualize or to interpretthe music; rather, shesimply

relied on it to provide the inspirationfor expressing

inner feelings through movement.

3 SVObut rather

D

recital: ; inspiration:

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42. In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's

investigation, we may think of the density-dependent

effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists

are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make

the population increase from relatively low values or

decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-

independent effects act to produce "noise" in the

population dynamics.

In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's

investigation, we may think of the density-dependent

effects on growth parameters as the "signal"ecologists

are trying to isolate and interpret, one thattends to make

the population increase from relatively low values or

decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-

independenteffects act to produce "noise"in the

population dynamics.

2 SVO while in order toPPwe may think of d-d effects as

signal signal ecologiststhat/which

one that signal that

whiled-i effects produce noisePP, S V O-CP1-CP2

vs. S V O. while signal vs. noise

parameter: factor; dynamics:

43. For populations that remain relatively constant, or

that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be

fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even

though the causative biological mechanism may remain

unknown.

For populations thatremain relatively constant, or that

oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be

fairly easily characterizedand its effects described,

even though the causative biological mechanism may

remain unknown.

2 SVO 2

that

* 44. The increase in the numbers of married women

employed outside the home in the twentieth century had

less to do with the mechanization of housework and an

increase in leisure time for these women than it did with

their own economic necessity and with high marriage

rates that shrank the available pool of single women

workers, previously, in many cases, the only women

employers would hire.

The increase inthe numbers of married women

employedoutside the home in the twentieth century hadless to do with the mechanizationof housework and an

increase in leisure time for these women than it did

with their own economic necessity and with high

marriagerates thatshrank the available pool of single

women workers, previously, in many cases, the only

women employerswould hire.

2 1 SVOnp1 in np2 of np3 np1, np2

np3married women employed

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have to do with = relate to = correlate with less

mechanization

1 2 2

that high marriage rates that single

women workersthe only womenemployers would hire that/

which less than

mechanization vs. marriage rates

20mechanization

pool 20

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45. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases

in which the law of supply and demand left actual wants

unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those

instances in which the very nature of a language calls

forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and

in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or

defined in order to present the idea intended by the

speaker: "He took his stick -- no, not John's, but his

own."

Just as economists were blind tothe numerous cases in

whichthe law of supply and demand left actual wants

unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf tothose

instances in whichthe very nature of a language calls

forth misunderstandingsin everyday conversation, and

in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or

defined in order to present the idea intendedby the

speaker: "He took his stick -- no, not John's, but his

own."

2just as economists were blind to cases

cases in which so alsolinguists

are deaf to instances instances 2 in which 2 in which intended by 1

blind = deaf

cases, instances in which unsatisified =

misunderstanding

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Frequently Asked Sentences kw

TS

CSaw-kw1 vs. kw2

however, but, yet, nevertheless, although awTS, CS, kw, aw

2-3/10

2-3/10

5-6/10

1-3/10

GRE

3-5/10GRE GREGRE

GRE

GRE

1. (initial letters)

Hargrave and Geen: H.G.

, say, Brahms or Schumann: B. S.

in order to

, say, a hungry lizard :

adrenaline and norepinephrine: a. n.

Lymnaea peregra: Lp

Anabaena: A.

2.

like, similar(=), as as, comparable to;

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unlike(), rather than, more than(>), less than, different from, contrast, opposed to, comparable to;

whereas, whenhowever, while

early, before, prior to, initially, originally; later, recent, now, new; until

only, first, most adj., the least

although, though, while; despite, in spite of + NP; as adj. as it is []

did/does, may be, may seem, might seem, there might be, there is some evidence [But]

of course, certainly; undoubtedly, no doubt, no problem [But]

It is true that, to be sure, Granted; this is not to deny [But]

not but/instead/rather

not to suggest. But

kw. not a. but b/kw.

without, never, absent from, the lack of, far from, away from, not until

150-160 /

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