Sesavali - institutehist.ucoz.netinstitutehist.ucoz.net/_ld/1/156_cigni-saboloo-.pdf · 3 Crdilo kavkasiasa da mis mimdebare velebze warmoqmnili yoveli axali politikuri gaerTianebiT

Sesavali

uZvelesi droidan, gansakuTrebiT ki xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis epoqidan, aziidan wamosuli mTeli rigi xalxebi da monaTesave tomTa gaerTianebebi, md. uralze gadasvlis Semdeg, zogjer, aRar agrZelebdnen gzas dasavleT evropisaken da samomTabareod Crdilo kavkasiis, azovis zRvis aRmosavleT da dasavleT, aseve Savi zRvis Crdilo velebze rCebodnen. es xalxebi, droTa ganmavlobaSi, binadar cxovrebaze gadasvlisa da adgilobriv, aborigen mosaxleobasTan Serevis gamo, eTnikurad axali erTeulebis Camoyalibebis ucilobeli komponentebi Seiqmnen. amitomaa, rom volgispireTis, kavkasiis, centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis zogierTi xalxis eTnogenezi, istoria, ena da kultura ar SeiZleba erTi mxriv, dRevandeli centraluri da Sua aziis, cimbiris xalxebis warsulis gaTvaliswinebis, xolo meore mxriv, Zveli hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebis istoriasTan kavSiris gareSe iqnas Seswavlili.

centraluri da Sua aziidan mosulma momTabareebma gansakuTrebuli kvali Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebs daaCnies. SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi dRevandeli xalxebis garkveuli nawili swored adgilobrivi – aborigeni da mosuli eTnosebis sinTezis Sedegad Camoyalibda. am sinTezSi Zvel iranulenovan xalxebTan (alanebi da sxv.) erTad mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes: centraluri da Sua aziidan mosulma hunur-Turquli modgmis avarebma, akacirebma, saragurebma, uTurgurebma, kuTurgurebma, bolgarebma, turkiutebma, xazarebma, yivCayebma da sxvebma, aseve dasavleT cimbiridan wamosulma fino-ugoruli warmomavlobis xalxebma – ugrebma (mag., madiarebma), sabirebma da sxva. maTi kvali evropis ukiduresi aRmosavleT nawilidan dunais napirebamde Cans. magaliTad, Crdilo kavkasiaSi sabirebi da yivCayebi Tu ”yumuxebisa da daRestnis zogierTi xalxebis formirebis komponenti gaxda”1, Zvelma bolgarebma `umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrules aRmosavleT evropis istoriaSi, monawileoba miiRes sxvadasxva xalxebis eTnogenezSi”2. rogorc cnobilia, imave bolgarebma aseTive roli Seasrules „volgisa da kaspiispireTis xalxebis — yazanis TaTrebisa da CuvaSebis eTnogenezis procesSi”3.

saukuneTa manZilze centraluri da Sua aziidan mosuli hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebis sul axali da axali talRebis garkveuli nawili droTa ganmavlobaSi Tu Crdilo kavkasiaSi da Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT rCeboda da SemdegSi iq mkvidrdeboda kidec, maTi mcire nawili mainc kavkasiis zekarebiT, amierkavkasiisa da wina aziis mdidari saxelmwifoebis darbevisa da gaZarcvis mizniT, amierkavkasiis teritoriazec Semodioda. zogjer maTi gadmosvlis mizans swored amierkavkasiaSi dasaxleba Seadgenda (magaliTad, huni sabirebis dasaxleba albaneTSi, md. mtkvris sanapiroze), ris Semdegac isini adgilobriv binadar, maRalkulturul xalxebs erwymodnen. xdeboda isic, rom kavkasiis CrdiloeTiT damkvidrebuli momTabareebi, zogjer, TviT wina aziis an amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoTa xelisufalTa neba-surviliT gadmodiodnen, araiSviaTad gadmosaxldebodnen xolme amierkavkasiaSi (magaliTad, iranis Sahis xosro I anuSirvanis (531 – 579) mier maTi dasaxleba darubandis samxreTiT, yivCayTa gadmosaxleba

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saqarTveloSi da sxva). ra Tqma unda, aseTma procesebma garkveulwilad ganapiroba amierkavkasiis zogierTi xalxis, gansakuTrebiT ki Crdilo kavkasiis mosaxleobis eTnikuri siWrele. amerikeli iranologis riCard nelson frais SeniSvniT, „kavkasiis qedis regions pirveli adgili uWiravs msoflioSi eTnikuri jgufebisa da enaTa sxvadasxvaobiT. es

qvabi ki araa, rogorc zogierTi fiqrobs, aramed TavSesafari – par excellence, sadac mcire eTnikurma jgufebma aTaswleuli istoriis manZilze Semoinaxes Tavi”4. amave azrisaa cnobili rusi

aRmosavleTmcodne n. pigulevskaia. „amier da imier kavkasia, – wers igi, – erT-erT saintereso mxares warmoadgens... kavkasionis qedsa da misi ganStoebebis xeobebSi rCebodnen da mkvidrdebodnen xalxTa gvarebi da tomebi, romlebic odesRac am adgilebis maxloblad momTabareobdnen an cxovrobden”5.

hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebis Semosvla da dasaxleba amierkavkasiaSi, kerZod, Zveli albaneTis teritoriaze prof. z. buniatovs ise masiur movlenad miaCnda, rom, misi varaudiT, Turquli warmoSobis xalxebi (xazarebi da sxvani) VII – VIII ss. albaneTSi gabatonebul mdgomareobaSi unda yofiliyvnen6. amierkavkasiis sxva xalxebTan (qarTvelebi, somxebi da sxvani) hunur-Turquli da indoevropuli (magaliTad, alanebis) modgmis xalxebis Serevis Sesaxeb SeiZleba naklebi iTqvas, magram is mcireodeni kvalic ki, rac maTTan urTierTobis maCvenebeli SeiZleba iyos, mosaZebni da Sesaswavlia. Sesaswavlia qarTul saxelmwifoebTan Crdilo kavkasiaSi arsebuli hunur-Turquli gaerTianebebis urTierToba. aseTi urTierTobis erT-erT damadasturebel magaliTad zogi mkvlevari asaxelebs bizantieli avtoris agaTia sqolastikosis (VI s.) cnobas dasavleT saqarTveloSi toponim onogurisis arsebobis Sesaxeb7. aranakleb sainteresoa akad. iv. javaxiSvilis varaudi CvenSi tarxunis kulturis dasavleT cimbiris ugorul-Turqul samyarodan Semosvlis Sesaxeb. „rodis da saiTgan aris

saqarTveloSi tarxunis kultura Semosuli, – wers igi, – jerjerobiT Zneli gamosarkvevia... raki TviT cimbiris mcenarea, SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom egebis qarTvelebs ungrelebisagan hqondaT es saxeli SeTvisebuli im xanebSi, rodesac, es xalxi... saqarTvelos Crdiloeli mezobeli iyo”8.

Zveli Turqulenovani xalxebis Crdilo kavkasiaSi mosvlisa da maT mier iq saxelmwifo gaerTianebebis Seqmnis drois dadgena, qarTlis samefos istoriis zogierTi sakiTxis gasarkvevadac uciloblad meCveneba. Crdilo kavkasiaSi damkvidrebulma mravalma xalxma, m. S. sabirebma, avarebma, xazarebma, turkiutebma da sxvebma Crdilo kavkasiaSi mosvlisTanave aqtiuri urTierToba daamyares wina aziisa da amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebTan. cnobilia, rom es xalxebi siamovnebiT Tanxmdebodnen daqiravebuli laSqris saxiT monawileoba mieRoT rogorc amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebis, ise iran-bizantiis omebSi. amitom iyo, rom kavkasiisa da Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare velebze maT mier Seqmnili yoveli axali gaerTianeba maSinve iqcevda iranisa da bizantiis, aseve amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoTa (qarTli, albaneTi, egrisi, somxeTi) mmarTvelebis yuradRebas. maT mimarT gansakuTrebiT did interess ki iranisa da bizantiis diplomatia iCenda, radgan orive saxelmwifo cdilobda axlad gamoCenil „barbarosTa” samxedro Zala mowinaaRmdegisaken miemarTa.

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Crdilo kavkasiasa da mis mimdebare velebze warmoqmnili yoveli axali politikuri gaerTianebiT civilizebuli saxelmwifoebis mesveurTa daintereseba sxva faqtorebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. Crdilo kavkasiis mimdebare velebze damkvidrebuli xalxebi amierkavkasiisa da sxva regionis saxelmwifoebisaTvis, erTi mxriv Tu sasurveli samxedro mokavSireebis rolSi gamodiodnen, meore mxriv, isini yofili mokavSireebis teritoriebis darbevaze da Zarcva-glejazec ar ambobdnen uars. maT Tvali yovelTvis samxreTis mdidari saxelmwifoebisaken eWiraT. am saxelmwifoTa mosaxleobisaTvis sityva „huni” ufro metad mZarcvelisa da mkvlelis sinonimi unda yofiliyo. riCard frai wers: ”sityva hun-i... Zalian adre gaxda mezobeli xalxebisaTvis mZvinvarisa da saSinlis aRmniSvnelad. asadi tusis leqsikonSi... sityva hun-i ganmartebulia rogorc „mteri”9. hunebis mtroba CineTidan mokidebuli

mravalma xalxma – maT Soris amierkavkasiisa da wina aziis araerTma qveyanam gamoscada. kavkasiis zekarebiT amierkavkasiaSi samoyvrod Tu samtrod Semosuli hunebi uSualod saqarTvelosa da alabaneTis teritoriaze xvdebodnen, am qveynebis mosaxleoba pirveli egebeboda maT. magaliTisaTvis moviyvan V s. bizantieli istorikosisa da diplomatis priskos panielis cnobas. rogorc igi wers, 466 wlis maxlobel xanaSi iuropaaxiis gziT gadmosulma saragurebma, akacirebma da sxva xalxebma, qarTlis gaZarcvis Semdeg, mcire xniT iqve daides bina da iqidan somxeTis soflebs esxmodnen Tavs10. Crdiloeli mezoblebis Tavdasxmebis SesaCereblad saWiro iyo amierkavkasiaSi gadmosasvleli zekarebis Caketva-gamagreba, iq mudmivi garnizonis yola – „gomardebis dadgena”. qarTlSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis arsebobis dros kavkasiis zekarebis Caketva Tu qarTlis mefeTa kontrolis qveS iyo, qarTlSi

mefobis gauqmebis Semdeg, TviT iranma aiRo xelSi maTi dacva. „moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs” matianes cnobiT: „viTarca mefobaჲ daesrula qarTls Sina, sparsni ganZlierdes da ereTi da somxiTi daipyres... kavkasianTa Sevides da karni ovseTisani aignes da erTi didi kari ovseTsave da orni dvaleTs da erTi parWuans durZukeTisasa, da igi mTiulni gomardad daadgines”11. xosro I-is mier darubandis (Coris) da albaneTis sxva gasasvlelebis Caketvis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs VII s. somexi istorikosi sebeosic12.

hun-TurqTaTvis gzebis Casaketavad aigo cixesimagreebi da kedlebi: darubandi, dariali, kelasuri, zaqaTalis didi kedeli da sxvani. ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSno isic, rom Crdilo kavkasiaSi Seqmnili momTabare tomTa esa Tu is Zlieri gaerTianeba zogjer amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoTa siZlieresac ganapirobebda, radgan „mTielebisa da momTabareTa saSineli stiqiis ara marto uvnebelyofa SeiZleboda, aramed sakuTari miznebisaTvisac gamoyeneba”. marTlac, qarTlis Zlieri saxelmwifo, rogorc akad. g. meliqiSvili wers, axerxebda Tavisi gavlena gaevrcelebina mezobel mTiel tomebzec... myari kontroli daewesebina didi kavkasionis zekarebze (darialis xeoba da sxva). am gadmosasvlelebze kontroli yovelTvis didad sasurveli iyo ara marto qarTlis samefosaTvis, aramed mezobeli saxelmwifoebisTvisac, maT ricxvSi — somxeTi, irani, Zlieri romi. es ukanasknelni yovelTvis dainteresebulni iyvnen TavianT saxelmwifoSi Sesasvleli gzebi CaeketaT Crdiloeli momTabareebisaTvis13. ”vis xelSic iyo

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gadmosasvlelebze kontroli, – dasZens g. meliqiSvili, – mas saSualeba hqonda ar daeSva samxreTSi Crdiloeli tomebis didi masebis Semosvla. qarTlis samefo, Tavis Crdiloeli mezoblebis saxiT, imave dros Zlier iaraRs flobda Tavisi samxreTeli mezoblebis winaaRmdeg. mas yovelTvis hqonda saSualeba SeTanxmeboda mTielebsa da momTabareebs, gamoeSva isini samxreTisaken da maTTan erTad gaenadgurebina Tavisi mowinaaRmdegis teritoria”14.

ase moiqca ax. w. I s-Si qarTlis mefe farsman I. im xanad qarTlis samefos samxreTiT mdebare qarTuli miwebis gamo, brZola qarTlsa da somxeTs Soris sagrZnoblad gamwvavda. romaelebi ki xan somxebs, xan qarTvelebs exmarebodnen. qarTvelebi am brZolebSi cdilobdnen Crdilo kavkasieli alanebi moeSvelebinaT. da, marTlac, ase momxdara I s. 60-ian wlebSi. qarTvelTa mier gadmoSvebuli alanebi didad awuxebdnen rogorc romis, ise parTiis samflobeloebs. amitom, romis imperatorma neronma, Tavisi mmarTvelobis bolos (ax. w. 68 w.) ganizraxa didi laSqroba moewyo alanebis winaaRmdeg. aseTi laSqroba parTielebisTvisac xelsayreli iyo da isini yovelnairad aqezebdnen romis xelisufalT, magram, verc neronis (54 – 68) da verc vespasianes (69 – 79) imperatorobisas romma aseTi laSqrobis mowyoba ver moaxerxa. alanebi ki amasobaSi araerTxel SeiWrnen somxeTsa da mis mezobel mxareebSi. grandiozuli iyo maTi Semoseva ax. w. I s. 70-ian wlebSi. am laSqrobaze cnobebia I s. ebraeli istorikosis ioseb flaviusis TxzulebaSi, aseve Zvel qarTul da somxur wyaroebSi. flaviusis Tanaxmad, alanebma molaparakeba gamarTes hirkaniis mefesTan, romelic flobda aleqsandre makedonelis mier rkinis kariT Caketil gadasasvlels. hirkaniis mefem gaatara isini da alanebis didi laSqari SeiWra midiaSi. iqauroba umowyalod gaZarcves da miaRwies somxeTs. somxeTis mefe gamovida maT winaaRmdeg, magram kinaRam tyved Cavarda. alanebma qveyana aaoxres da uamravi nadavliTa da didZali tyveebiT gabrundnen TavianT qveyanaSi15.

aleqsandre makedonelis mier rkinis kariT Caketili gadmosasvleli radgan darialis kari unda iyos, fiqroben, rom „hirkaniis mefeSi” qarTlis mefe unda igulisxmebodes16. aseTi mosazrebis dasturad miaCniaT Zveli somexi avtoris movses xorenacis monacemebi. igi pirdapir miuTiTebs alanTa dasaxelebul laSqrobaSi qarTvelTa monawileobaze. am laSqrobis Sesaxeb kidev ufro sainteresoa „mefeTa cxovrebis” cnoba. masSi laSqrobis iniciatorebad qarTlis mefeebi azoriki da armazelia nagulisxmevi17.

ax. w. 134 wels qarTlis mefes farsman II-s, rogorc amas romaeli istorikosi dion kasiusi gvatyobinebs, romisa da parTiis samflobeloebze alanTa didi Seseva mouwyvia. alanebi Tavs daesxnen albaneTsa da midias, agreTve somxeTsa da kapadokias (romis imperiis nawils). parTiis mefe vologes II (105 – 147) iZulebuli gamxdara „saCuqrebiT” exsna Tavi alanebisagan. kapadokiis romaelma mmarTvelma flavius arianem ki didi samxedro mzadeba wamoiwyo alanebis winaaRmdeg gasalaSqreblad. dion kasiusis TqmiT, amiT SeSinebulma alanebma Sewyvites omi18.

rogorc cnobilia, Crdiloel xalxebTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobis damyarebis erT-erTi saSualeba maTi mmarTveli zedafenis

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warmomadgenlebTan danaTesaveba iyo. marTlac, farnavazis xanidan mokidebuli, am mxriv Zvel qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi araerTi cnobaa.

mas Semdeg ki, rac IV s. 70-iani wlebidan Crdilo kavkasiasa da mis mimdebare velebze hunur-Turquli gaerTianebebi Seiqmna, alan-osTa nawili maT daeqvemdebara. amieridan qarTvelTa mokavSireebad hunebi gamodian. Tumca, yovelTvis ver xerxdeboda maTi daqiraveba. ase magaliTad, 482 – 484 ww., antiiranuli ajanyebisas, vaxtang gorgasalma mxolod 300 hunis daqiraveba SeZlo. unda vivaraudoT, rom im xanad darialis kars TviT iranelebi akontrolebdnen. aseve, 523 wels, roca „dasavleTi qarTlisa”-s gamgebeli gurgeni iranelTa winaaRmdeg ajanyda, bizantiis saimperatoro karma, miuxedavad imisa, rom specialurad gagzavna Tavisi moxele probosi hunTa dasaqiraveblad, man hunebis daqiraveba ver moaxerxa19. ise ki huni sabirebi, heftalitebi da sxvani xSirad monawileobdnen brZolebSi daqiravebul molaSqreTa saxiT, — xan iranis, xan ki bizantiis mxareze.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg SeiZleba iTqvas: imierkavkasiaSi hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebis mier yoveli axali gaerTianebis Seqmnis drois dadgenam, Crdilo kavkasiaSi maTi mosvlis swori TariRis gansazRvram, aseve qarTlis samefosTan maTi urTierTobis garkvevam garkveuli wvlili unda Seitanos aramarto saqarTvelos istoriis, aramed Crdilo kavkasiis velebze mosuli hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebTan saqarTvelos urTierTobis Seswavlis saqmeSi.

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Tavi I. Zveli qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebis cnobebi amierkavkasiaSi Turqulenovani xalxebis Semosvlis Sesaxeb. am cnobaTa realurobis sakiTxi

amierkavkasiaSi ucxo warmoSobis xalxebis Semosvlisa da maT mier

dasaxlebebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb rogorc qarTul, ise ucxoenovan saistorio wyaroebSi araerTi cnobaa. es avtorebi Zveli ambebis gadmocemisas amierkavkasiaSi ZiriTadad hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebis Semosvlasa da maT mier dasaxlebaTa Seqmnaze mogviTxroben. Zvel qarTvel da ucxoenovan avtorTa TxzulebebSi arsebuli cnobebi amierkavkasiaSi hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebis Semosvlis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad anaqronistuli xasiaTisaa, am cnobaTa gaanalizebisas yovelTvis ar ismeboda maTi realurobis – istoriul sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxi. ufro metic, gasuli saukunidan moyolebuli mkvlevarTa umetesoba maT sinamdvilis amsaxvelad miiCnevda. samwuxarod, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, zogi mkvlevari am cnobebs dResac ukritikod iRebs. mag., sinamdvilis amsaxveladaa miCneuli cnobebi Zveli w. IV s-dan mokidebuli amierkavkasiaSi xazarTa da sxva Turquli modgmis xalxebis laSqrobebisa da maT mier aq dasaxlebebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. am xasiaTis cnobaTa gamoyenebisas mkvlevrebi mxedvelobidan uSvebdnen im garemoebas – esa Tu is Turquli modgmis xalxi rodis iyo mosuli Crdilo kavkasiaSi. saerTod ki, am xalxTa mosvlis drois sakiTxi xSirad arc ki idga mkvlevarTa winaSe, radgan zogi maT aborigen mosaxleobad miiCnevda. ase rom, hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebis amierkavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebisa da, rac mTavaria, amierkavkasiaSi maTi nakvalevis Ziebisas, pirvel rigSi am xalxebis Crdilo kavkasiaSi mosvlis dro unda gvqondes dadgenili. Zvel avtorTa miTiTebebi amierkavkasiaSi Turqulenovani eTnosebis Semosvlisa da damkvidrebis Sesaxeb, mxolod yovelmxriv analizisa da didi dakvirvebis Semdeg SeiZleba iqnas gaziarebuli.

meore mxriv, Turqizirebuli indoevropuli modgmis zogi tomi ufro adre unda Semosuliyo amierkavkasiis teritoriaze, vidre centraluri aziidan wamosuli hunTa didi masebi aRmosavleT evropaSi gamoCndeboda. Turqizirebuli indoevropelebis garda, kaspiis zRvis dasavleTiT mdebare velebze jer kidev hunebis mosvlamde, mravlad iyvnen skviTur-sarmatuli modgmis sxvadasxva tomebi, romlebic sxva Zalebis dawoliT iZulebulni xdebodnen, ufro dasavleTiT daewyoT moZraoba.

Zveli qarTuli da ucxoenovani saistorio wyaroTa avtorebi Zv. w. IV s. wina xanidan miuTiTeben Crdilo kavkasiidan amierkavkasiaSi hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebis Semosvlaze. am xasiaTis araerTi cnoba moepoveba XI s. qarTvel avtors leonti mrovels. hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebidan leonti gansakuTrebiT vrclad xazarebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. xazarebis amierkavkasiis teritoriaze Semosvlis Sesaxeb igi jer kidev qarTlis saxelmwifos Seqmnamde miuTiTebs1.

leontis cnobiT, im Jamad `ganZlierdes xazarni da dauwyes brZolad naTesavTa lekisaTa da kavkasiosTa~. Semdeg xazarebma `iCines mefe~, `daemorCilnes yoveli xazarni~ mefes da `warmoiZRuanes igi da gamovles zRÂs-kari, romelsa aw hqvian darubandi~. xazarebma `wartyuenes qveyana TargamosianTa, da Semusrnes yovelni qalaqni araratisani da masisisani da

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Crdilosani. daurCes cixe-qalaqni Tuxarisi, samSvilde da mtueris cixe, romel ars xunani, Sida-qarTli da egrisi~2.

amierkavkasiaSi xazarTa am pirveli laSqrobis Semdeg, leontis sityviT `...iswaves xazarTa ornive ese gzani, romel ars zRÂs-kari darubandi da aragÂs-kari, romel ars dariala. da ganamravles xazarTa gamosvla da tyuenva maTi da verRara winaaRudges. da mieriTgan iqmnes ese yovelni Targamosianni moxarke xazarTa~3.

amierkavkasiaSi xazarTa am laSqrobebisas, leontis Tanaxmad, xazarebma ara marto daipyres Targamosianebi, e. i. amierkavkasiis mcxovrebni, aramed xazarTa nawili darCa kidec aq sacxovreblad. magram, SemdegSi, leontisave cnobiT, qarTlSi Semosulma sparsTa erisTavma ardamma, `...Semusrna yovelni qalaqni da cixeni qarTliani, da mosra yoveli raodeni xazarebi pova qarTlsa Sina~4. e. i. leontis koncefciiT, amitom aRar iyo qarTlSi, mis droisaTvis, ucxo eTnikuri elementi xazarTa saxiT. Tumca, leontis warmodgeniT, xazarebi qarTlis mezoblad uxsovari droidanve saxlobdnen. amitom igi roca aleqsandre makedonelis qarTlSi legendaruli laSqrobis ambavs aRwers, aRniSnavs, rom aleqsandres mier qarTlSi datovebulma azonma roca qarTli da egrisi daipyro, osebTan da lekebTan erTad moxarkne yvna xazarnic5.

qarTlSi xazarTa zemoaRniSnuli laSqrobebis Sedegad, leontis Tanaxmad, xazarTa mefe uobosma Tavis Zes misca `tyve somxeTisa da qarTlisa~, xolo dasasaxleblad da samflobelod `...qveyana kavkasis nawili, lomekis (e. i, Tergis – v. g.) mdinarisa dasavliT, dasavleTamde mTisa~, sadac daeSena uobosis Ze6 (ra Tqma unda, mamis mier micemuli somex da qarTvel tyveebTan erTad. – v. g.) da maTni `naTesavni arian ovsni~7. e. i. leontis koncefciiT, somexi da qarTveli tyveebis Crdilo kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebis Sedegad gaCnda ovseTi8, xolo imave laSqrobisas xazarTa mier Targamosianebisagan wayvanili tyve ranelebiTa da movaknelebiT dasaxlda lekeTi – Crdilo kavkasiis aRmosavleTi nawili.

rogorc vxedavT, leontis amierkavkasiaSi xazarTa laSqrobis ambavi uZveles droSi gadaaqvs da cdilobs am laSqrobis SedegebiT amierkavkasiisa da Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebis erTian warmomavlobaze miuTiTos.

uZvelesi xanis qarTlSi xazarebis Semosvlis paralelurad leonti Turqebis Semosvlis ambavsac gadmogvcems. amjerad, saqarTveloSi maTi Semosvlis gzad darubandisa da darialis nacvlad, kaspiis zRvis samxreT

velebsa da md. mtkvris xeobas asaxelebs, `...masve Jamsa, – wers leonti, – movides Turqni, otebulni misive qaixosrosagan gamovles zRva gurganisi, aRmoyves mtkvarsa da movides mcxeTas saxli ocda rva~9. qarTlSi, jer kidev aleqsandre makedonelis legendarul laSqrobamde Semosuli Turqebis (igive bun-Turqebis) sinonimad leonti yivCayebs xmarobs10.

aleqsandre makedonelis droisaTvis saqarTveloSi bun-TurqTa yofnis Sesaxeb Txroba qarTvel istorikosTa mier `uZveles erovnul matianed~ miCneul `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s qronikaSicaa. TiTqos, bun-Turqebs mtkvris xeobaSi oTxi qalaqi (sarkine, kaspi, urbnisi da oZrxe) `da cixeni maTni: cixe didi sarkinisaÁ, ufliscixe kaspisa, urbnisisa da oZrxisaÁ~ ekavaT. Semdeg movidnen kidev `qaldevelTagan gamosxmuli honni, da iTxoves bun-TurqTa uflisagan queyanaÁ xarkiT da dasxdes igini zanavs~11. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s Tanaxmad, qarTlSi Semosulma aleqsandrem

8

Tu `dalewna samni es qalaqni, da honTa dasca maxvili~, xolo sarkineSi myofT TerTmeti Tve ebrZoda da qalaqis aRebis Semdeg, iq msxdomni bun-Turqni `meot iqmnes~12, leontis TxrobiT, sarkineSi myofma bun-Turqebma TerTmetTviani garemocvis dros `ganxurites klde~, `gankrbes... Rame da Seivltodes kavkasiad~13. e. i. bun-TurqTa erTi nawili leonti mrovelma jer kidev Zv. w. IV s. dasasruls Seiyvana kavkasiis mTebSi.

Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi arsebuli cnobebi `honTa~ da `bun-TurqTa~ Sesaxeb, rom iseTive ararealuria, rogorc qarTlSi aleqsandre makedonelis Semosvla da mis mier bun-TurqTa da honTa amoxocva, es naTelia. magram aris mkvlevarTa nawili, romelic cdilobs saqarTvelo erT-erT im qveynad miiCnios, sadac Turqebi imTaviTve cxovrobdnen. maT Zvel qarTul wyaroTa cnobebi absolutur WeSmaritebad miaCniaT. isini ar iTvaliswineben esa Tu is Turquli tomi rodis Semovida Crdilo kavkasiaSi (aseTi tipis mkvlevarTagan unda davasaxelo v. Rukasiani da a. iunusovi. maTi naazrebi detaluradaa gaanalizebuli Cems naSromSi – `miwis ena~ mrude sarkeSi. Tb., 2007).

bun-TurqTa, ZiriTadad ki amierkavkasiidan wayvanil TargamosianTa STamomavlebiT Crdilo kavkasiis dasaxlebis ambavs roca gadmogvcems, leonti, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, amierkavkasiisa da Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebis saerTo naTesaobis ideiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes, magram riT unda aixsnas Crdilo kavkasiis dasaxleba man maincdamainc amierkavkasiidan xazarTa mier wayvanili tyveebiT rom gaiazra?

leontis droisaTvis, e. i. XI s-Si xazarTa kaganati, rogorc Zlieri politikuri erTeuli, ukve aRar arsebobda, amitom leontis mier xazarTaTvis aseTi rolis miniWebas sxva mizezi unda edos safuZvlad. `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ leontis es ambebi an adre Sedgenili qarTuli wyaroebidan unda Seetana, an TviT esargebla xazarTa siZlieris amsaxveli Zveli wyaroebiT. aseTi Casworebis aucilebloba, rogorc Cans, iman ganapiroba, leontis Tanadroulad Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovreb Targamosianebze Turquli warmoSobis xalxebi rom batonobdnen.

leontisave cnobiT, xdeboda isec, roca saqarTvelos teritoriaze qarTlis mefeebs TviTon SemohyavdaT ucxo eTnikuri erTeuli. mag., leontis Tanaxmad, qarTlis mefe saurmagma `...warmoiyvana... yovelTa kavkasiis naTesavTa naxevari, da romelnimeni maTgani warCinebul qmna, da sxvani dasxna mTiuleTs, didoeTiTgan vidre egrisamde, romel ars suaneTi, da eseni daipyra misandoblad TÂsad~14. `yovelTa kavkasiis naTesavTa~ garda, qarTlis mefeebi, rogorc gareSe ise qveynis SigniT arsebul mowinaaRmdegeTa dasamorCileblad, leontis gadmocemiT, ara kavkasianebsac iyenebdnen15.

xazarebTan da TurqebTan erTad, leonti qarTlis saxelmwifos ambebis gadmocemisas Turquli modgmis paWanikebsac anaqronistul konteqstSi ixseniebs. misi sityviT, roca qarTlis mefeebma azorikma da armazelma moindomes qarTlosianTa Zveli sazRvris aRdgena, somxeTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gadmoiyvanes ovsTa mefeni – bazuk da ambazuk, romlebmac `gardmoitannes Tana paWanikni da jiqni~16.

paWanikebis moxseniebis mxriv anaqronizmia vaxtang gorgaslis `cxovrebaSic~. am TxzulebaSi paWanikebi Crdilo kavkasiaSi vaxtang gorgasalis laSqrobasTan dakavSirebiT ixseniebian. im pirovnebas, vinc vaxtang gorgaslis `cxovrebaSi~ paWanikTa Sesaxeb cnobebi Seitana, V s-Tvis paWanikTa qveyana swored Crdilo kavkasiaSi, jiqeTTan axlos, `mosazRvred

9

ovseTisa~ eguleboda17, amitom misi gadmocemiT, roca Crdilo kavkasiaSi vaxtang gorgasalma laSqroba moawyo, paWanikeTi da jiqeTic moaoxra. am omis dros datyvevebulTagan imaT garda, romlebic qarTvel tyveebSi gacvala, kidev darCa eqvsas ormocdaaTi aTasi. tyveTa aseTi raodenoba, ise rogorc vaxtang gorgaslis Tanadroulad Crdilo kavkasiaSi paWanikTa moxsenieba, ararealuria. sxvaTa Soris, vaxtang gorgaslis `cxovrebis~ teqstSi moTavsebul CanarTSi (gv. 156), vaxtangis mier yivCayTa damorCilebazecaa miTiTeba. rac imis maCvenebelia, CanarTis avtoric yivCayebs Crdilo kavkasiaSi adridanve macxovrebel xalxad rom Tvlida.

rogorc vxedavT, leonti mroveli (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebulis Sedgenisas, albaT, manve Seitana vaxtang gorgaslis `cxovrebaSi~ cnobebi paWanikebis Sesaxeb) qarTlis saxelmwifos warmoqmnisTanave saqarTvelos teritoriaze Turquli modgmis yvela im xalxis Semosvlaze miuTiTebs, romlebic mis droisaTvis Crdilo kavkasiisa da mis mimdebare velebze cxovrobdnen da momTabarebobdnen. esenia: Turqebi, xazarebi, paWanikebi, yivCayebi. leontis, ra Tqma unda, eWvi ar epareboda, dasaxelebuli xalxebi uZvelesi droidanve Crdilo kavkasiaSi rom cxovrobdnen. aseTi damokidebuleba kavkasiis qeds gadaRma momTabare Turquli modgmis xalxebisadmi damaxasiaTebelia rogorc Zveli qarTveli, ise somexi da arabi avtorebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, Zveli somexi istorikosi movses xorenaci, Tavis `somxeTis istoriaSi~ somxeTSi bolgarTa gadmosaxlebis ambavs orjer mogviTxrobs. misi pirveli cnoba somxeTSi bolgarTa gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb somxeTis mefis valarSis mefobis (Zv. w. 127-114 ww.) xanas ganekuTvneba.

xorenacis sityviT, mefe valarSma CrdiloeTSi – parxalis mTebis ferdobebisaken `nestian, nislian, tyian~ adgilebSi roca moagvara qveynis saqmeebi, Semdeg `mouxmo velur, mosul tomebs~, romlebic binadrobdnen CrdiloeTis velze da `kavkasiis didi mTebis ferdobebze~, `ubrZana maT moeSalaT avazakoba~. mere `gadavida Saras samflobelos mimdebare, balaxovan adgilebSi, romelTac Zvelebi anfaitsa da zemo basians eZaxian. radgan ltolvili bulRari, vRndur vundai am mxareSi damkvidrda, SemdgomSi misi saxelisagan [iqaurobas] vanandi ewoda~. aseve misi Zmebisa da naSieris saxelebis mixedviT darqmeuli saxelwodebebi, dasZens xorenaci, `dRemde SemorCa soflebs-o~18.

xorenaci mis mier dasaxelebul ltolvil xalxebSi (`bulRari, vRundur vundai~-Si, n. eminis TargmaniT, esenia: `Вх’ндур булгар’ Вунд~)19, ueWvelia, bolgarebs garda sxva Turquli tomis saxelebsac gulisxmobs.

Crdilo kavkasiidan somxeTSi bolgarTa gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb xorenaci Semdegac mogviTxrobs. valarSis Zis – arSakis mefobaSi, – aRniSnavs igi, – `saSineli areuloba moxda didi mTis, kavkasiis midamoebSi, bulRarTa mxareSi. bevri maTgani aiyara da Cven qveyanas moaSura. isini didxans mkvidrobdnen kolis qvemoT, noyier miwebze, puriT mdidar adgilebSi~20.

aranakleb sainteresoa xorenacis cnobebi Crdilo kavkasiidan somxeTSi Turquli modgmis sxva xalxebis gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb. xorenacis cnobiT, mefe valarSis (Вах’арш) mefobis dros `Sekribnen CrdiloeTis brboebi~ – xazarebi da basilebi da gadmolaxes Woras kari. `maTi winamZRvari da mefe iyo vinme vnasep surhapi; maT gadmolaxes mdinare mtkvari. valarSi didZali laSqriT, mamaci meomrebiT SeebrZola

10

maT da mowinaaRmdegeTa uricxvi gvamebiT dahfara brZolis veli, mere didxans sdia mters da ganvlo Woras xeoba. iq mtrebma kvlav erTad moiyares Tavi da brZolisaTvis moemzadnen. marTalia, isini ukuagdes da aotes somexma vaJkacebma, magram maTma mamacma mSvildosnebma SeZles moeklaT valarSi~21.

zemomotanil cnobaSi dasaxelebuli `Woris karis~ komentirebisas a. abdalaZe wers: `Woras kari, igive kaspiis karia~ q. darubandis maxloblad, `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ mas Cori ewodeba. `fiqroben, rom xorenacis mier am TavSi aRwerili ambebi, somexTa mefis Crdilo kavkasiaSi laSqroba da iq misi mokvla ax. w. 198 w. unda momxdariyo~22. e. i. Zv. w. II s-Si xorenaci amierkavkasiaSi bolgarebisa da sxva Turquli tomebis dasaxlebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, xolo ax. w. II saukunisaTvis mas xazarebi da basilebi ukve Crdilo kavkasiaSi myofebad miaCnia.

uZveles xanaSi amierkavkasiaSi Turqulenovani xalxebis gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb xorenacis cnobebis realurobiT, upirveles yovlisa, ra Tqma unda, xorenacis Txzulebis rusul enaze mTargmneli n. emini dainteresda. jer kidev Zv. w. II s-Si somxeTSi bolgarTa gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb xorenacis cnobas roca Seexo, teqstis komentarebSi man miuTiTa: mefe vaRarSakis (Zv. w. 149 – 127 ww.), Semdeg ki vaRarSakis Zis – arSak I-is (Zv. w. 127 – 114 ww.) mefobaSi Crdilo somxeTSi myofma bolgarebma, albaT, raRac politikuri areulobis Sedegad, datoves TavianTi samSoblo da gadmosaxldnen araqsis CrdiloeTiT. Tavdapirvelad isini cxovrobdnen kavkasiis mTebidan Sors – volgispireTis qveynebSi: kamis napirebze, uralis uiguriis dasavleT midamoebSi23.

n. emini, rogorc vxedavT, istoriul WeSmaritebad miiCnevs movses xorenacis cnobas jer kidev Zv. w. II – I saukuneebSi Crdilo kavkasiaSi Turquli modgmis bolgarebis yofnisa da maTi somxeTSi gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb. aseTi msjelobis safuZvels n. emins, ra Tqma unda, im drois saTanado istoriuli literatura aZlevda. igi teqstis komentarSi wers, rom sxvaTa Soris, neimanma (Geschichte der Armenische Literatur, 1836, gv. 48) da karl riterma (Die Erdkunde, X Theil, Berlin, 1843, gv. 589 – 590) bolgarTa da maTi winamZRolis vundis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad xorenacis am cnobaze dayrdnobiT gaakeTes daskvna, maTi slavuri warmoSobisa da bolgarTa istoriulad arsebobis Sesaxeb jer kidev Zv. w. II saukuneSi24.

n. emini iqve miuTiTebs, rom bolgarTa Sesaxeb msgavsi mosazrebaa rus mecnierebSic. venelini, – wers igi, Tavis `Историко–критических изысканиях~, p. Safarikis sawinaaRmdegod amtkicebs, rom volgispira bolgarebi slavuri warmoSobisani iyvneno. Semdeg n. emini askvnis, rom am sakiTxs SeiZleba naTeli mohfinos bolgarTa sakuTari saxelebisa (Вхндур, булкар, Вунт an Венд) da qveyana vanandis, sadac es mosuli bolgarebi dasaxldnen, saxelis

garkvevam. me, Cemis mxriv, unda aRvniSno, – dasZens n. emini, – am saxelebSi somxuri suli ar gamosWviviso25.

marTlac, rogorc ucxoeTSi, ise ruseTSi, ruseTis Zveli istoriiT dainteresebul mecnierTa garkveuli nawili, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ruseTis maSindeli imperiis teritoriaze Zvelad mcxovreb da momTabare yvela xalxs slavebis winaprebad acxadebda da cdilobda saerTo moenaxa am xalxebsa da slavebs Soris. ase iyo XIX saukuneSi da ase darCa dResac. mag., somexi mkvlevari s. ovnaniani xorenacis cnobebs amierkavkasiaSi bolgarTa gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb, somxeT-bulgareTis istoriuli urTierTobis

11

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Seexo da aRniSna: somexi da bulgareli xalxebis megobroba saTaves Soreul saukuneebSi iRebs. jer kidev Cveni welTaRricxvis II saukuneSi bulgarTa winaprebi (`протоболгары“), gamoCndnen Tu ara istoriis asparezze azovispireTis velebze, mWidro urTierToba daamyares somex xalxTan. Semdeg, hunTa Tavdasxmebis gamo, protobolgarTa mniSvnelovani jgufebi iZulebulni gaxdnen daetovebinaT qveyana, gadaelaxaT kavkasionis qedi da Sesuliyvnen somxeTSi. maT miaRwies dRevandeli yarsis raions – sadac damkvidrdnen. am adgilebSi didxans cxovrebis Semdeg maT gadaiRes somxuri kultura, religia, ena da ramdenime Taobis Semdeg adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi maTi asimilacia damTavrebuli iyo. radgan Semdegi drois somexi istorikosebi bolgarTa gansaxlebis adgils – vanandis mosaxleobas yovelgvari miniSnebis gareSe somxebad Tvlian26.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, Tu pirvel rigSi ar dadginda esa Tu is Turqulenovani xalxi, romelTa momTabareobisa da sacxovrebel adgilad wyaroebSi ZiriTadad Crdilo kavkasiisa da Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare velebia miTiTebuli, rodis movida dasaxelebul adgilebSi, manamde am xalxis amierkavkasiaSi Semosvlis Sesaxeb Zvel avtorTa cnobebis istoriul realobaze saubari ar SeiZleba. s. ovnanianis sayuradRebod ki unda vTqva: ax. w. II s-Si azovispireTSi araviTari protobolgarebi ar yofilan da maTze im xanad jer kidev centralur aziaSi momTabare hunebi Tavdasxmebs ver moawyobdnen. Sesabamisad, verc ararsebuli protobolgarebi damkvidrebulan Tanamedrove q. yarsis raionSi. zemomotanili magaliTi ovnanians somexi da bulgareli xalxis megobruli kavSirebi rom Soreul warsulSi iRebs saTaves, imis dasturad ar gamoadgeba. yarsis (Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis q. kari) raionSi araviTari ucxo eTnikuri jgufis dasaxleba ax. w. II s-Si ar momxdara da adgilobriv mosaxleobas aravis asimilacia ar mouxdenia.

xorenacis cnoba somxeTSi bolgarTa koloniis arsebobis Sesaxeb, aseve sinamdvilis amsaxvelad miaCnia rus mecniers a. v. gadlos. Tumca, mas cnoba ukve aRmosavleT evropaSi hunebis mosvlis (IV s-is 70-iani wlebi) Semdgom xanaze – V s-is Suawlebze gadaaqvs. misi sityviT, atilas saxelmwifos dacemis Semdeg Crdilo kavkasiaSi mosulma sabirebma dasavleTisaken ubiZges mTel onogurul masas. onogurebsa da bolgarebSi ganxeTqileba (`didi areuloba~) moxda, [bolgarTa] nawili somxeTSi gadavida (maTi arseboba aisaxa movses xorenacisTan), nawili ki kavkasiispireTSi darCa27.

aqve unda aRvniSno: xorenacis cnobisadmi zogierT Tanamedrove mkvlevarze met kritikul midgomas n. emini iCenda. roca igi xorenacis im cnobas Seexo, romelSic barsilTa da xazarTa amierkavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebazea saubari, im droisaTvis Crdilo kavkasiaSi xazarTa arsebobis sakiTxSi eWvi Seitana da miuTiTa: xorenaci geografiaSi barsilebis gverdiT aTavsebs xazarebs. xazarebi ki bizantiel mwerlebTan mxolod VII s. I naxevarSi gvxvdeba. xorenaci ki maTi Tavdasxmebis Sesaxeb 193 – 213 wlebs Soris mogviTxrobs28. aseve, samarTlianad Seitana eWvi akad. i. manandianma im cnobaSi, romelSic Cvens eramde ori saukuniT adre Crdilo kavkasiaSi xazarebi, barsilebi da bolgarebi ixseniebian29.

zogi mkvlevari ax. w. I – III saukuneebSi amierkavkasiis teritoriaze hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebis Tu mxolod dasaxlebaze miuTiTebda, rusi mkvlevris k. treveris Tanaxmad, hunTa (misi sityviT `xonTa~) erTi Sto

12

saerTod kavkasiuri warmoSobisa iyo. k. treveri aseT daskvnamde mivida Zveli somexi avtorebis im cnobaTa gaanalizebis Semdeg, romlebSic gadmocemulia IV s-is 30-ian wlebSi faitakaranis olqisa da qalaqis mmarTvelis senasanis anu sanatrukis somxeTze Tavdasxmebis ambavi.

k. treveris Tanaxmad, senasanis mxareze gamosul `xonebs~ ekavaT teritoria tavsaparebis CrdiloeTiT, md. samuridan sulakamde da ufro zemoT CrdiloeTisaken. Semdeg aRniSnavs, rom mkvlevrebi kaspiis zRvasTan, daRestnis teritoriaze mcxovreb am `xonebs~, rogorc meCveneba, SecdomiT hunebTan aigiveben. somexi istorikosebi, favstos buzandacidan mokidebuli, am xonebs kavkasiuri warmoSobis xalxebisagan (tavsaparebi, xeCmatakebi, gugarebi, Cilbebi, balasaCebi da sxvani) arafriT ar ganasxvaveben. ar aRniSnaven gansxvavebas garegan SexedulebaSi, yofaSi. am `xonebis~ kavkasiur warmomavlobaze, – dasZens igi, isic miuTiTebs, rom dionise periegetis (I – II ss.) cnobiT, CrdiloeTidan mokidebuli kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze cxovrobdnen: skviTebi, Semdeg unebi (ouvvoι), Semdeg kaspebi, albanebi30. aseve, dionise periegetis sqolioebSi aRniSnulia, rom es ùnebi~ kaspiispireTis skviTuri xalxia31. k. treverisave mtkicebiT, dionise periegetis òuvoι~ (erTi `v~-Ti) somexi istorikosebis `hon~ damwerlobas Seesabameba. aq isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom somxebi kargad icnobdnen `xonebs~, radgan maT zogjer am xalxTanac uxdebodaT brZola. rac Seexeba hunebs, albanelebi da somxebi maT mxolod VI s-Si Sexvdnen da bizantiur teqstebSi maTi saxeli gansxvavebulad iwereboda – kerZod xouvvι32.

k. treverisave azriT, kavkasieli hunebi, rogorc Cans, ramdenime Stosagan Sedgebodnen. erT-erTi maTganis saxeli agaTangelosis Txzulebis berZnul versiaSi orjer ixsenieba rogorc `masaxa-xunebi~ (Масаха-хунны), somxur teqstSi ki `masaxa-xunis~ magivrad sityva `maskutia~. Semdeg wers: maskutebs hunebTan aigivebdnen VI saukuneSic. mag., prokopios kesarieli iustinianes mxedarTmTavarTa Soris ixseniebs vinme egans, romelic, misi cnobiT, warmoSobiT àxla hunebad wodebuli masagetebidan~ iyo33. aRniSnulTan erTad, dasZens igi, agaTangelosis Txzulebis berZnul teqstSi moxseniebuli `masaxa~, romelsac misive somxur teqstSi `maskuti~ Seesabameba, ar SeiZleba rogorc amas Cveulebriv akeTeben, Sua aziis erT-erT xalxTan – masagetebTan davakavSiroT. ufro marTebulia `maskuti~ satomo saxel `masaka~ (an `mazaka~)-dan modiodes (am xalxs pliniusi ixseniebs meotidinan kervanis mTebamde mcxovrebi xalxebis CamonaTvalSi).

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, – askvnis k. treveri, – mtkicdeba misi varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom somxuri wyaroebis maskuti, sarmatuli warmoSobis kavkasiuri tomi iyo34.

ra SeiZleba iTqvas? vfiqrob, k. treveris mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos, somex avtorebTan Tanamedrove daRestnis aRmosavleT nawilSi, md. samurisa da sulaks (am mdinaris ufro CrdiloeTiTac) Soris mcxovreblebad dasaxelebuli `xonebi~ kavkasiuri warmoSobis xalxebisagan arafriT gansxvavdebodnen da am `xonebis~ kavkasiuri warmomavloba ax. w. II s-Si mcxovrebi dionise periegetTan hunebis moxseniebiT dasturdeba, yovlad miuRebelia. periegetTan moxseniebuli `hunebis~ mis sqolioebSi skviTuri warmomavlobis xalxad ganmarteba da is faqti, skviTuri warmoSobis masagetebis erTi nawili gvian hunebad rom arian saxeldebulni, imis safuZvels ar gvaZlevs, skviTuri da Turquli warmomavlobis xalxebi kavkasiuri warmoSobisad CavTvaloT. rogorc Zvel

13

somex avtorebTan, ise dionise periegetTan hunebis moxsenieba anaqronizmia (periegetTan aseve anaqronizmia huni sabirebis ax. w. II s-Si moxsenieba).

k. treveris zemomotanili Tvalsazrisi garkveuli niuansebiT gaimeora n. volkovam. 1973 wels gamocemul monografiaSi, man `honTa qveynis~ qveS igulisxma vainaxur tomTa gansaxlebis teritoria da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos calkeuli istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi (TuSeTi, fSavi, xevsureTi)35. n. volkovas es Tvalsazrisi, am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil specialur gamokvlevaSi uaryo v. iToniSvilma36, magram ise, rogorc k. treverma, dionise periegetTan da sxva Zvel avtorebTan hunebis dasaxeleba man istoriul realobad CaTvala. v. iToniSvili aRniSnavs, rom Zv. w. III – ax. w. I s-Si CinelebTan brZolebSi damarcxebulma hunebma aRmosavleTisaken daiwyes moZraoba da `romaeli istorikosi tacitusi (ax. w. 50 – 117 ww.) Tavis `istoriaSi~ ukve asaxelebs hunebs (Hunos) pompeusis laSqarTan mebrZol barbarosTa (alanebi, goTebi) gverdiT. xolo ax. w. II s-is berZeni avtoris dionise periegetis `msoflio aRwerilobaSi~ kaspiis zRvis piras mcxovreb tomTa siaSi (kaspielebi, albanebi, hirkanebi da sxva) hunebic (ouvvoι) figurireben. hunebs icnobs agreTve klaudios ptolemaiosi (gard. ax. w. 180 w.), romlis saxelganTqmul `geografiaSi~ hunebi ixseniebian amjerad ukve evropul sarmatiaSi mcxovreb tomTa Soris. metad

sayuradReboa, – dasZens v. iToniSvili, – 293 wliT daTariRebuli erT-erTi sasaniduri warwerac, sadac laparakia kavkasiaSi myof TurqTa xakanze, romelSic SesaZloa swored kavkasiaSi mcxovreb hunTa xelisufali eqvemdebarebodes amocnobas~37.

v. iToniSvilis mier dasaxelebuli Zveli berZeni avtorebis teqstebSi sityva `huni~ rom gviani CanarTi unda iyos, amaSi eWvi ar mepareboda. Cemi yuradReba ufro metad v. iToniSvilis mier v. kovalevskaias naSromze (Кавказ и аланы, М., 1984, gv. 95) dayrdnobiT 293 wliT daTariRebul erT-erT sasanidur warweraSi naxsenebma `TurqTa xakanma~ miiqcia. es xakani, misi varaudiT, SesaZloa kavkasieli xelisufali iyo.

293 wliT daTariRebuli sasaniduri warwera, uciloblad e. w. `paikulis warwera~ unda yofiliyo. am warweris Sinaarss v. lukoninis rusuli TargmaniT vicnobdi. sasaniduri xanis warwerebi (m. S. paikulisa) dokumenturi xasiaTisaa, `paikulis warweraSi~ `TurqTa xakanis~ moxsenieba sul sxvagvarad ayenebda aRmosavleT evropaSi hunebis mosvlis sakiTxs. amitom saswrafod gavecani v. kovalevskaias dasaxelebul naSroms. miTiTebul gverdze germaneli mkvlevris franc althaimis naSromze dayrdnobiT igi, marTlac, wers calkeul `kavkasiel hunebze~, romlebic, TiTqos, III s. 60-ian wlebSi `sparseTis armiaSi~ msaxurobdnen. iqve aRniSnavs, rom imave saukunis 90-ian wlebSi somexi istorikosebi saubroben hunebisa da alanebis jariskacebze, xolo 293 wlis paikulis sasaniduri warweridan vgebulobT `kavkasiaSi TurqTa xakanis Sesaxeb~38.

v. kovalevskaia f. althaimis naSromSi arsebul cnobebs rom ase endoba, SemTxveviTi araa. Tavisi naSromis 94-e gverdze igi wers: arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, Zv. w. IUs. meore naxevarSi dionise periegetTan moxseniebuli unebi (`унны~) hunebi unda iyvneno. dionises mixedviT, isini cxovrobdnen `возле Каспийского моря, между скифами и каспийцами~. momdevno saukuneebSi klavdios ptolemaiosi maT bastarnebisa da roksolanebs Soris aTavsebso39.

am `hunebis~ Sesaxeb qvemoT meqneba saubari, aq ki unda aRvniSno: v. kovalevskaias zemomoyvanili Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebaze, albaT,

14

garkveuli gavlena moaxdina ucxoel mecnierTa azrmac. rogorc l. gumiliovi wers, ingliseli mecnieri e. tomsoni da amerikeli o. menCen-helfeni hunebs aRmosavleT evropis avtoqtonebad – ugrebad miiCnevdnen. misive TqmiT, sabWoTa swavluli a. bernStami ki Tvlida, rom hunTa nawili movida aziidan, magram nawili avtoqtonurad warmoiqmna (ix. Л. Н. Гумилев, Гунны, СИЭ, т. 4, М., 1963; misive statia Гунны, БСЭ, mesame gamocema, t. 7).

axla CavixedoT v. lukoninis mier gamocemuli `paikulis warweris~ teqstSi da vnaxavT, rom masSi `sakebis mefea~ mxolod ramdenjerme naxsenebi40, f. althaimma ris safuZvelze Seitana Tavis naSromSi `kavkasiis TurqTa xakani~, ar vici. faqti isaa, rom misi naSromidan es cnoba moxvda v. kovalevskaias, v. iToniSvilisa da bolos n. nikoloziSvilis sakandidato disertaciis teqstSi41.

hunebis istoriis cnobil germanel mkvlevars f. althaims, hunebis Sesaxeb Zvel berZen avtorTa cnobebis realurobaSi, marTlac, ar epareba eWvi. aRniSnuls garda, ax. w. II s-Si amierkavkasiaSi hunebis yofnis damadasturebel sabuTad mas mohyavs mcxeTaSi, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad napovn gemaze arsebuli warwera `Aspaurikis~. f. althaimis Tanaxmad, asparuki sparsuli warmoSobis Turquli saxelia42.

f. althaimis mier motanili magaliTi, ra Tqma unda, safuZvels ar gvaZlevs, ara Tu ax. w. II s-Si, III s-is dasasrulisaTvisac (293 w.) qarTlSi hunebis, miTumetes `TurqTa xakanis~ yofna vamtkicoT. saxeli asparuki, ise rogorc qarTlis samefos aristokratiaSi miRebuli sxva araerTi saxeli, `Crdilo-iranuli~ warmomavlobisadaa miCneuli43.

f. althaimis zemomotanili Tvalsazrisi axali araa. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, Turquli warmoSobis xalxebs, romlebic aRmosavleT evropaSi hunebis Semdeg bevriT gvian gamoCndnen, XIX s-is zogi rusi mecnieri avtoqton mosaxleobad Tvlida. aseTi azrisa iyo i. venelini. misi mtkicebiT, xazarebi slavuri warmoSobisani iyvnen. rogorc Cans, aseTi mosazrebis gavlena ganicada `anonimuri somxuri geografiis~ rusul enaze mTargmnelma q. patkanovma, roca ax. w. damdegisaTvis aRmosavleT evropaSi xazarTa moxsenieba realur ambavad miiCnia. misi azriT, somxeTze xazarTa da barsilTa gaerTianebuli Zalebis Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb cnobebi xorenacis II – III s-ebSi mcxovrebi cnobili gnostikosis – bardasenis Txzulebidan unda aeRo. am wyaroTi dasturdeba ax. w. II s-Si, samxreT ruseTSi xazarTa yofna. rac Seexeba barsilebs, – wers q. patkanovi, – isini ufro adre sarmatiaSi cxovrobdnen da cnobilni iyvnen ptolemaiosisaTvis, SesaZloa herodotesaTvisac kio44. aseTi mosazrebis damadastureblad patkanovs miaCnia Zvel wyaroebSi moxseniebuli Βασιλικοι Σαρματοι, rac, misive ganmartebiT, `samefo sarmatebs~ niSnavs45.

rac Seexeba xorenacis mier moTxrobil ambavs, bolgarebis somxeTSi SeWris Sesaxeb am cnobis wyarod patkanovi sirieli mar abas katinas (cxovrobda ax. w. III s-Si) Txzulebas Tvlis. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, q. patkanovi askvnis, rom ax. w. III s-Si somxeTSi bolgarTa kolonia arsebobda. es rom istoriuli faqtia, Turme iqidan Cans, rom sxva adgilas avtori erTi somxuri olqis saxels maTgan warmoSobilad Tvlis46.

q. patkanovis zemomoyvanili mosazrebis Sesaxeb, Cemi mxriv minda davZino: Zvel avtorebTan rom xazarTa da bolgarTa Sesaxeb cnobebi moipoveba, es ar niSnavs, dasaxelebul avtorTa cnobebi rom realuria. cnobilia, rom gviandel komentatorebsa da gadamwerebs Zvel avtorTa

15

teqstebSi xSirad SehqondaT TavianTi Tanadrouli viTarebis amsaxveli Sesworebani. msgavs movlenasTan unda gvqondes saqme rogorc bardasenis, ise mar abas katinas TxzulebebSi.

AZvel avtorebTan moxseniebul barsilTa Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Tanamedrove rusi mecnieris a. v. gadlos mosazrebani. misi aRniSvniT, barsilebi evropul saistorio tradiciaSi pirvelad Teofilaqte simokatasaTan (VII s-is damdegi)Ogvxvdeba47. amis Semdeg igi cdilobs daamtkicos, barsilebi iranulenovani xalxi rom iyo. Tumca, rogorc wyaroTa monacemebidan Cans, da mis mier motanili masalebic cxadhyofs, barsilebi bolgarebTan da xazarebTan ufro axlos unda yofiliyvnen48. rac mTavaria, a. gadlos mtkicebiT, TviT eTnonim basils (barsils), Turme, Crdilo kavkasiaSi aqvs tradicia, romelic I aTaswleulis damdegidan modis. am msjelobisas igi Βασιλικοι Σαρματοι-s Sesaxeb q. patkanovis zemomoyvanil mosazrebas eyrdnoba da aRniSnavs, rom SesaZloa Sua saukuneebis Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi barsilebi sarmatebidan momdinareoben49 (aseTi mosazreba, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne, saTanado wyaroTa arakritikuli midgomis Sedegia).

Semdeg a. gadlo cdilobs daamtkicos, rom barsilebi (romlebic mas iranuli modgmis xalxad da aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove osebis erT-erT winaprad miaCnia) ara marto I aTaswleulis damdegidan arian cnobilni, aramed isini TviT XIX s-is bolomdec ki arsebobdnen. misi azriT, aseTi mtkicebis safuZvels `somxur-amerkavkasiuli werilobiTi da zepiri tradicia~ iZleva, rasac barsilTa (basilTa) gansaxlebis adgilis Ziebisas

mkvlevrebi iviwyeben. am eTnonimma, – aRniSnavs igi, – Cvenamde moaRwia da amjerad isini Crdilokavkasiur tradicias warmoadgenen. misi mtkicebiT, aseTi tradiciis damadasturebelia termini basiani, romelic fiqsirebulia XIV – XV saukuneebis qarTul epigrafikaSi `baqsan~-is formiT da dRemdea SemorCenili md. baqsanis (ufro sworad baxsanis) saxelwodebaSi50. Semdeg wers, rom vaxuSti batoniSvili dawvrilebiT aRwers basians, rogorc digoris dasavleTiT mdebare olqs da basianis qveS esmis Tanamedrove balyareTis teritoria. vaxuSti basians im `xevebs~ miaTvlis, romelTac baTo xanis damarcxebamde osTa mefeebi flobdnen. basianis olqis garda, – dasZens a. gadlo, – vaxuStim icis `gvarovnul-tomobrivi jgufi~ (`родо-племенная группа~) basiani, romelTac igi `osTa Soris uwarCinebulebs~ (`превосходнейших из овсов~) akuTvnebs51.

amis Semdeg a. gadlo askvnis, rom vaxuStim Semogvinaxa qveynis saxeli, romelsac es qveyana atarebda am teritoriaze Tanamedrove balyarTa dasaxlebamde.

rogorc vxedavT, a. gadlos cda daamtkicos, TiTqos, Turquli modgmis barsilebi jer kidev I aTaswleulis damdegidan cxovrobdnen Crdilo kavkasiaSi da isini iranulenovani xalxi iyo (aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove osTa winaprebi), maTi saxelidan momdinareobs Crdilo kavkasiaSi toponimi `basiani~, saqarTveloSi ki es toponimi fiqsirebulia XIV – XV saukuneebis epigrafikaSi, damajerebeli araa. aseTi mtkicebisaTvis a. gadlos XVIII s-Si moRvawe vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobebi ar gamoadgeba. vaxuStis cnobebs I – VII ss-Si amierkavkasiis teritoriaze Turqulenovani (an iranulenovani) eTnikuri jgufebis Semosvlisa da maT mier dasaxlebebis Seqmnis samtkiceblad ver gamoviyenebT.

16

Zvel qarTul, somxur (aseve arabul. ix. qvemoT) wyaroebSi arsebuli is cnobebi, romlebSic amierkavkasiis teritoriaze Turqebis, xazarebis, paWanikebis, yivCayebisa da sxvaTa Semosvla-laSqrobis an maTi dasaxlebebis Seqmnis Sesaxebaa moTxrobili, anaqronistuli xasiaTisaa. amierkavkasiis qveynebis Zveli istoriis gasamarTavad maTi gamoyenebisas didi sifrTxilea saWiro – zustad unda ganisazRvros is eTnonimi, romlis saxeli gviandelma avtorma an redaqtorma Tavisi Tanadrouli eTnikuri erTeulis saxeliT Secvala.

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Tavi II. toponimebis Zieba saqarTvelos teritoriaze

§ 1. toponimebis Seswavla saqarTveloSi (zogadi mimoxilva)

amierkavkasiis teritoriaze sanam Zveli Turquli warmomavlobis

adgilis saxelebis Sesaxeb daviwyeb saubars, mokled Tvali gadavavloT saqarTveloSi toponimikuri Ziebis istorias.

qarTuli onomastikis (mecnierebis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis yovelgvar sakuTar saxels) mecnierul Seswavlas orasormocdaaT welze meti istoria aqvs. onomastikis erT-erTi dargis – toponimikis, rogorc mecnierebis, aseve mecnieruli istoriuli geografiis fuZemdebeli saqarTveloSi vaxuSti bagrationia (gard. 1757 w.).

saqarTveloSi istoriuli geografiisa da toponimikis Seswavlis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes: m. brosem, n. marma, iv. javaxiSvilma, n. berZeniSvilma, s. janaSiam, a. Ciqobavam, a. SaniZem, d. musxeliSvilma, d. berZeniSvilma da sxvebma. maT mier Seswavlili da gamoqveynebuli naSromebi exeba qarTul, qarTvelur, kavkasiur toponimikas, anTroponimikas, eTnonimikas, istoriul geografias.

saqarTveloSi calkeuli regionebis toponimebic sakmaodaa Seswavlili. mag., m. Ciqovanma aRwera leCxumis toponimebi, m. alaviZem – qvemo raWa, p. cxadaiam – dasavleT saqarTvelo. dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriuli geografia Seiswavla T. beraZem, j. gvasaliam – qsnis xeoba, v. gamrekelma da n. oTinaSvilma – liaxvis xeoba. mesxeTis toponimebi Seiswavla i. maisuraZem. am mxris toponimebi Seiswavles agreTve g. Tofuriam da n. norakiZem. i. sixaruliZem or tomad gamoaqveyna `samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelos toponimika~ (w. I – II, baTumi, 1958 – 1959). I tomSi daaxloebiT 10 000 erTeulia mocemuli aWaris teritoriidan; II tomSi qvemo guriis toponimebia Tavmoyrili (daaxl. 2 600 erTeuli. aqve ganxilulia is eTnonimebi, romelTac odesRac ucxovriaT guriis teritoriaze). manve gamosca `masalebi samcxis istoriuli geografiisaTvis~, sadac 2 500 toponimia Setanili1. erwo-TianeTis toponimika Seiswavla r. TofCiSvilma da g. bedoSvilma, aragvis xeobisa – g. xornaulma.

mosaxleobaSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs prof. z. WumburiZis `ra gqvia Sen?~, romelic damatebuli da Sesworebuli saxiT 1987 wels meoTxed gamoica.

saqarTvelos toponimikuri Seswavlis mxriv didi samuSaoebi Sesrulda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetTan arsebul laboratoriaSi2. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis mier gamoqveynebuli `masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisa da toponimikisaTvis~ (X – XVII ss. istoriuli dokumentebis mixedviT)3. mniSvnelovania g. bedoSvilis mier 2002 wels gamocemuli `qarTul toponimTa ganmartebiT-etimologiuri leqsikoni~4. am eqvsasze met gverdian naSromSi mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT aseulobiT hidronimi da toponimia ganmartebuli.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul ucxo warmoSobis toponimebs, am mxriv unda aRvniSno prof. s. jiqias Rvawli. man `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris~ gamocemisas saerTo Turquli

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toponimebis sakiTxi ganixila, gaaanaliza aRmosavluri warmoSobis sityvebi qarTulSi, Seexo toponim `suramisa~ da `yazbegis~ warmomavlobis sakiTxs5.

prof. m. andronikaSvilma Seiswavla saqarTvelos teritoriaze iranuli warmoSobis satomo da adgilis saxelebi. aseTi saxis kvlevas igi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs: `kavkasiis tomTa da enaTa istoriis Seswavlasa da maT wina aziis uZveles xalxebTan urTierTobis sakiTxis gaSuqebaSi, _ wers igi, _ onomastikonisa da ucxo saistorio wyaroebSi daculi adgilisa da satomo saxelTa gaTvaliswineba warmoadgens mecnieruli kvlevis sruliad garkveul safexurs~6. droTa ganmavlobaSi, `adgilisa da tomis saxeli iqceva zogad saxelad, zogan arsebiT an zedsarTav saxelad. am saintereso semantikuri gadanacvlebis TvalsaCino nimuSebs yvela xalxis enaSi vxvdebiT~7, _ daZens igi.

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi sakmaod didi samuSaoa Sesrulebuli istoriuli geografiisa da istoriuli toponimikis Sesaswavlad, magram am monografiisaTvis aqtualuri hunur-Turquli warmomavlobis toponimebi prof. leon meliqseT-begis (ix. qvemoT) garda, specialurad Tu aravis ukvlevia, am bolo xans am mxriv Tavi gamoiCina azerbaijanelma a. iunusovma. 2000 wels q. baqoSi gamocemul wignSi (`Месхетинские турки: дважды депортированный народ~) imdeni uzustoba da TviTneburi etimologiaa qarTuli adgilis saxelebisa, rom masze pasuxis gasacemad specialuri gamokvlevis dawera momixda (ix. v. goilaZe, `miwis ena~ mrude sarkeSi, Tb., 2007).

* * *

CvenTvis saintereso hunur-Turquli, saerTod Turquli

warmomavlobis geografiuli saxelebi, kavkasiis regions garda, Cveulebrivi movlenaa evraziis kontinentisaTvis. igi gvxvdeba dunais sanapirodan Soreul aRmosavleTamde. aqve Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom Turquli geografiuli leqsika zogierT SemTxvevaSi emTxveva monRolurs, tungusur-manjuruls, fino-ugruls da sxva, maSin cxadi gaxdeba, Turquli warmomavlobis toponimebis areali ramdenad farToa8.

Zveli Turquli warmomavlobis onomastikam adridanve miipyro swavlulTa yuradReba (am mxriv aRsaniSnavia XI s-Si mcxovrebi yirgizi swavlulis muhamed yaSRarelis moRvaweoba9). SemdgomSi, pirveli cda Seekriba da aexsna Turquli geografiuli saxelebi, ungrel aRmosavleTmcodnes arminius vamberis (1832 – 1913 ww.) ekuTvnis. man gamoaqveyna Sua aziis teritoriaze Segrovili Turquli, tajikuri da sxva saxis toponimebi10. Turquli warmoSobis toponimebis sistematuri Seswavla XX s-is Suaxanebidan daiwyo. Sua aziis respublikebSi gamoqveynda regionaluri krebulebi, gamoica `Ономстика Средней Азии~, uzbekeTsa, yazaxeTsa da TurqmeneTSi toponimikuri leqsikonebi11.

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§ 2. ZvelTurquli warmomavlobis toponimebad miCenuli adgilis saxelebi saqarTveloSi

amierkavkasiis teritoria, Tavisi mdebareobis gamo, adridanve

CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken da piruku sxvadasxva xalxTa moZraobis erT-erT gzas warmoadgenda. amis gamoa igi, Crdilo kavkasiasTan erTad, rogorc n. mari miuTiTebda, `msoflios eTnikur terminTa salaro~. am `salarodan~ amjerad kvlevis obieqts amierkavkasiis teritoriaze IV – X saukuneebSi Semosuli hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebis nakvalevad miCneuli zogierTi toponimis gamovlena Seadgens. dasmuli sakiTxis Seswavlam saboloo angariSSi met-naklebad pasuxi unda gagvces, Tu ra wvlili Seitanes IV – X ss-Si amierkavkasiis teritoriaze Semosulma hunur-Turquli modgmis tomebma am regionSi mcxovrebi zogi xalxis eTnogenezis procesSi.

hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxebi amierkavkasiis teritoriaze, rogorc zemoT vaCvene, sxvadasxva gziT Semodiodnen, romelTagan ZiriTadi derbendisa da darialis kari iyo. uZvelesi droidan mokidebuli darialis zekari Crdilo kavkasiasa, saerTod, aRmosavleT evropis velebze arsebuli politikuri gaerTianebebisaTvis samxreTisaken moZraobis erT-erTi mTavari gza iyo. laTinur-berZnuli, aseve Zveli qarTuli, somxuri, bizantiuri, arabuli, siriuli wyaroebis avtorebi xSirad weren kavkasionis qeds gadaRma arsebul politikur gaerTianebaTa mier darialis gzis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, saqarTvelos teritoriaze am xalxTa gaCerebaze naklebad miuTiTeben. am mxriv gamonakliss V s-is bizantieli istorikosisa da diplomatis priskos panielis cnoba warmoadgens. mxolod igi wers qarTlis teritoriaze hunebis gaCerebis Sesaxeb. amasTanave, Zvel avtorTa cnobebi xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTisaa da mkvlevarTagan gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT midgomas moiTxovs. am cnobaTa realurobis dasadgenad, zogjer sxva cnobiT misi dadasturebac ar kmara, saWiroa arqeologiuri da anTropologiuri masalis moSvelieba, rac yovelTvis ar xerxdeba.

aqve unda aRvniSno: hunur-Turquli modgmis xalxTa nakvalevis mxriv amierkavkasiaSi gansakuTrebiT Zveli albaneTis teritoria gamoirCeva, rac albaneTis geografiulma pirobebmac ganapiroba. masze qvemoT meqneba saubari. manamde ki vnaxoT, ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv istoriul saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

* * *

k. treveris mier gamoTqmuli zemomotanili Tvalsazrisi (zogierTi

kavkasiuri modgmis xalxis hunuri warmomavlobisad miCnevis Sesaxeb) axali ar iyo rusuli istoriografiisaTvis. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, jer kidev XIX s-s Suaxanebidan mokidebuli ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze adreSuasaukuneebidan mcxovrebi (an momTabare) ararusulenovani (m. S. hunur-Turquli modgmis) tomebi rusTa winaprebad iqna gamocxadebuli12. hunur-Turquli modgmis tomebis nakvalevs eZebdnen saqarTvelos teritoriazec. Zveli qarTuli wyaroTa monacemebi am mriv maT garkveul safuZvels aZlevda13, magram zemonaxsenebma a. iunusovma im mizniT, raTa Turquli orientaciis e. w. `Turqi mesxebisaTvis~ daesabuTebina samxreT-

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dasavleTi saqarTvelo maTi gasaxlebis droisaTvis ukve Turquli eTnosiT dasaxlebuli mxare rom iyo, mesxeTis teritoriaze imdeni Turquli warmomavlobis tomi `Caasaxla~ da imdeni Turquli warmomavlobi toponimi `moZebna~, rom XI s-is mesxeTi `did Turqestanad~ gamoacxada14 (am mxriv aranaklebi `mecnieruli mignebebi~ aqvs mis winamorbeds v. Rukasians15. a. iunusovis zogierTi debulebis kritika mocemuli aqvs l. janiaSvils. am avtorTa Sesaxeb ix. agreTve Cemi gamokvleva16).

* * *

axla rac Seexeba im toponimebs, romlebic Crdilokavkasiuri da

hunur-Turquli warmomavlobisadaa miCneuli.

darialis xeoba. ambazukis hunebi uZvelesi droidan darialis xeoba, rogorc araerTxel aRvniSne,

Crdilo kavkasiidan amierkavkasiaSi gadmosasvleli erT-erTi mTavari magistrali iyo. amitom, vfiqrob, upirveles yovlisa, am regionis toponimiiT unda davinteresdeT.

Crdilo kavkasiidan darialis zekariT qarTlSi gadmomaval mTavar gzaze akad. iv. javaxiSvilma yuradReba miaqcia adgilis saxels _ `WarTali~ da igi Crdilokavkasiur satomo saxel `War~-isagan warmomdgarad miiCnia. man Tavis cnobil monografiaSi `saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi~ (w. I) specialurad ganixila `War~-Ziriani saxelebi da aRniSna: `WarTali, viTarca tomis saxeli unda War-isa da Tal-isagan Sedgenili iyos~. misi azriT, `Wari~ lekuri tomis saxelia, Tal – ki RunZurSi daculi Senobis an skis xmovanCamocilebuli formaa. amrigad, _ dasZens igi, _ WarTali Tavdapirvelad Temis saxeli unda yofiliyo. winaT, WarTali rom marto patara Temisa-ki ara, aramed gacilebiT ufro farTo miwawylis saxeli yofila da mTel kaxeTsac wodebia, es imiTac mtkicdeba, rom andielebi kaxeTs exlac `Wors~ uZaxian da kaxur didrqa xarebs swored `WorTol unsols~ uwodeben~17.

Tu istoriuli realobiT vixelmZRvanelebT, darialis samxreTiT rogorc Crdilokavkasiuri, ise savaraudod hunur-Turquli toponimebis arseboba SemTxveviT movlenad ar unda CaiTvalos, magram darialis samxreTSi mdebare `WarTalis~ saxeli rom Crdilokavkasiur romelime enasTan siaxloves iCens, es ufro iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis maCvenebeli unda iyos.

rac Seexeba darialis samxreTiT Turquli (an sxva ucxo eTnosis aRmniSvneli) toponimis gaCenas, akad. s. eremianis Tanaxmad, amisaTvis xeli unda Seewyo, imasac, rom TviT amierkavkasiaSi gabatonebuli saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen rogorc derbendis, ise darialis karis gamagrebas da maTSi TavianT samxedro garnizonebsac ayenebdnen. rogorc igi wers, darialis karis dasacavad sasanianebs Seqmnili hqondaT samxedro gamagrebaTa mTeli sistema. maTi mTavari Zalebi bostan-qalaqis raionSi iyo Tavmoyrili, da iqidan akontrolebdnen darialis Camket

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cixeSi mdgom samxedro Zalebs (awvdidnen sursaTs da sxva). aseTi mdgomareoba iyo saqarTveloSi arabTa batonobisa da Semdgom xanebSic18.

s. eremianis zemomotanili zogadi miniSneba Tu konkretuli masaliT ar gamyarda, cxadia, mas araviTari Zala ara aqvs. konkretuli cnobebi ki aseTia: darialis karis midamoebSi ucxo eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis Sesaxeb cnoba VI s. cnobil bizantiel avtors prokopios kesariels ekuTvnis. rogorc igi wers, V s-is dasasruls `kaspiis kars~ (igive darialis kars) STamomavlobiT huni ambazuki flobda19.

ambazukis vinaobasa da misi samflobelo adgilis lokalizaciis sakiTxs 1940 wels specialuri gamokvleva miuZRvna prof. g. gozaliSvilma. rogorc igi wers, huni ambazuki darialis (kaspiis) karis mflobeli iyo. V s-is dasasruls man Tavisi samflobelo SesTavaza bizantiis imperators anastasios I-s, magram radgan misgan uari miiRo, kaspiis kari xelT igdo iranis Sahma kavad I-ma, rac SemdegSi 502 wels dawyebuli bizantia-iranis omis erT-erTi sababi gaxda20.

darialis karis mflobel, warmoSobiT huni ambazukis samflobelosTan dakavSirebiT, Cemi yuradReba miiqcia somxuri anonimuri geografiis (VII s.) erTma adgilma. geografiis avtori aziis sarmatiis aRwerisas da sarmatiaSi mcxovrebi (53 dasaxelebis) xalxebis CamoTvlisas darialis karis samxreTiT, daaxl. iq, sadac ambazukis samflobelo lokalizdeba, hunebs asaxelebs.

anonimi geografi kavkasionis mTavari qedis samxreT ferdobze21, aziis sarmatiaSi mcxovrebi xalxebis ganlagebas Semdegnairad gadmogvcems: dasaxelebuli 53 xalxidan 23-e arian dvalebi (Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi maT sacxovris adgilad miCneulia kavkasionis qedis centraluri nawili, darialis xeobasa da mamisonis gadasasvlels Soris, md. liaxvis xeobis zemo weli22). dvalebis Semdeg, aRmosavleTiT, 24-ed hunebia dasaxelebuli; Semdeg, 25-ed vosfurebi (var. Апулы); 26-ed wanarebi, romelTac alanTa gasasvlelebi ukaviaT (iqvea cekani), Semdeg, 27-ed TuSebi, 32-ed gudamayrelebi23.

anonimi avtori, rogorc vxedavT, dvalebis Semdeg hunebs asaxelebs, romelTa sacxovrebel adgilad aragvis xeoba ivaraudeba. anonimi geografi amave xeobaSi asaxelebs wanarebs, maT sacxovrebel adgilad uSualod `alanTa gasasvlels~ miuTiTebs.

anonimi geografis cnobaTa sandoobis sakiTxs roca q. patkanovi Seexo, aRniSna: droTa ganmavlobaSi geografiaSi moxseniebuli xalxis saxelebi SeiZleboda damaxinjebuliyo, an masSi gviandeli xalxebi iyos Camatebuli24. amitom man, raTa sworad aRedgina xalxTa saxelebi da darwmunebuliyo teqstSi gviandeli CanarTebi xom ar iyo, anonimi geografis cnobebi sarmatiaSi mcxovrebi xalxebis Sesaxeb Seudara klasikur da im somex avtorTa cnobebs, romelnic VII saukunemde cxovrobdnen. ris Sedegadac mas garkveuli garantia Seeqmna geografiaSi Secdomebisa da gviandeli CanarTebis sawinaaRmdegod.

q. patkanovs mohyavs Zveli berZeni geografosis ptolemaiosis cnobebi. masTan, zemodasaxelebuli, CvenTvis saintereso xalxebidan # 26-s Seesabameba wanarebi (Σαναραιοι), xolo anonimi geografis # 27-s – TuSebi (Τουσκοι)25.

rogorc vxedavT, ptolemaiosi darialis karis midamoebSi wanarebTan erTad hunebs ar asaxelebs da arc SeiZleboda daesaxelebina,

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ptolemaiosis moRvaweobis droisaTvis (ax. w. II s.) hunebis dasaxeleba wyaroSi anaqronizms warmoadgens. rac Seexeba berZen mwerals – arianes (ax. w. II s.), masTanac darialis karTan CvenTvis saintereso xalxebidan Tu arc erTi araa dasaxelebuli, Zvel – V s. somex avtorTan – eliSesaTan 24-e nomers hunebi Seesabameba. amis Semdeg q. patkanovi askvnis, rom anonimTan dasaxelebuli 53 xalxidan, 40-mde xalxis saxeli ar aris damaxinjebuli da isini sxva avtorebTanac gvxvdeba26.

zemomotanili masalidan CvenTvis sainteresoa is, rom anonimi geografis msgavsad, iq, sadac prokopios kesarielis mier dasaxelebuli huni ambazukis samflobelo unda yofiliyo, hunebs ixseniebs eliSec.

ramdenad realuri viTarebis amsaxvelia zemomotanili cnobebi darialis karTan da mis samxreTiT hunebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, danamdvilebiT arafris Tqma ar SemiZlia, magram gamoricxuli araa 502 wlis wina xanaSi huni ambazuki – hunebis razmiT, marTlac, mdgariyo darialis cixeSi da es faqti asaxuliyo rogorc eliSesTan, ise somxur anonimur geografiaSi.

aragvis xeobis Sesaxeb (sadac anonimi geografis mier dasaxelebuli hunebi lokalizdebian) sainteresoa erTi zepiri gadmocema, romelic XIX s-is cnobil qarTvel istorikoss platon ioselians aqvs motanili `duSeTis istoriaSi~. `amboben, romo, – wers igi, – duSeTi TaTruli sityvaa. mogviTxroben, TiTqos, Temur lengis cxenosani jari saqarTveloSi 1394 wlis gamanadgurebeli laSqrobisas roca moadga aragvis xeobas da mTiani mxaris avlis Semdeg farTo veli dainaxa, meomrebma TavianTi beladis brZaneba gaigones: `duS at~ – `SeaCere cxeni~. aqedan miiRo am adgilma saxelwodebao27. p. ioseliani iqve dasZens, saxelwodeba `duSeTi~ gvxvdeba CerqezeTSi (jiqeTSi), aseve lazikaSi, sadac md. duSeTi Sav zRvas erTvis (aq imowmebs diubua de monperes mogzaurobis cnobas, t. I, gv. 187). CerqezTa enaze `duSet~ niSnavs `Tqveni sajdomi~ (`ваше седалище~). aseTi saxelwodeba, TiTqos, miuTiTebs mmarTvelis rezidenciaze. rogoric, marTlac, iyo duSeTSio~. Semdeg igi varauds gamoTqvams, SeiZleba duSeTs swored Cerqezebma misces es saxeli, roca Zvelad maT aragvis xeobaSi gasayidad CamohyavdaT TavianTi saqoneli28.

p. ioseliani, rogorc vxedavT, ufro SesaZleblad Tvlis duSeTis saxeli TurqulTan ki ara, CerqezulTan iyos dakavSirebuli, magram, erTi SexedviT, saxel `duSeTis~ Turqul warmoSobas SeiZleba mxars uWerdes amave xeobaSi arsebuli soflis saxeli kobi, romelic toponimikur literaturaSi Turquli warmoSobisadaa miCneuli29. Tumca, vfiqrob, rogorc kobis, ise duSeTis Turquli warmomavloba saeWvoa. duSeTis saxelis matarebeli toponimi da hidronimi, rogorc p. ioseliani wers, ^Tu, marTlac, aris jiqeTSi da lazeTSi, es imis mowmobaa, iseve rogorc WarTali, saxel duSeTis warmoSobac iberiul-kavkasiur fuZe enaSi veZioT30.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulTan erTad sainteresoa duSeTis xevSi arsebuli md. arRunis saxeli. p. ioselianis Tanaxmad, duSeTis xevi Sedgeba ori mdinarisagan, romelTagan erTs arRuni hqvia31. iv. javaxiSvilis miTiTebiT ki `arRuni~ saCeCnoSi araerTi mdinaris saxelia. mag., arsebobs Canvy-argun, Saro argun32. vfiqrob, arRun/arguni iseTive warmoSobis toponimia, rogorc duSeTi da WarTali.

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xunani zog mkvlevars hunuri warmomavlobisad miaCnia Zveli qarTuli

qalaqis – xunanis saxelwodeba33. xunanis, igive mtueris cixis agebas Zveli qarTuli saistorio

tradicia qarTvelTa eTnarqs – qarTloss miawers34. Zvel somxur wyaroebSi es cixe hunarkertis saxeliT ixsenieba35. h. hiubSmanis Tanaxmad, xunani unda ukavSirdebodes sparsul sityva `hunar~-s (unars), e. i. unarianad, kargad aSenebuls36.

ra masalas emyarebian is mkvlevrebi, romlebic toponim xunans hunuri warmomavlobisad miiCneven?

V s-is bizantieli istorikosi priskos panieli daaxl. 466 wels darialis gziT roca qarTlis teritoriaze huni saragurebis, akacirebisa da sxva xalxebis Semosvlaze wers, aRniSnavs, rom isini qarTlSi gaCerdnen da aqedan esxmodnen Tavs somxeTis soflebs, magram sad gaCerdnen isini, cnobili araa. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, iyo cda xunanis saxeli hunebTan daekavSirebinaT. profesori leon meliqseT-begi orjer Seexo aRniSnul sakiTxs. werilSi `К истории появления гуннов в Восточном Закавказьи~, man SesaZleblad miiCnia ax. w. IVBs-Si aRmoavleT amierkavkasiaSi hunebis yofna. misi TqmiT, amaze migviTiTebs V s-is somexi istorikosis favstos buzandacis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom maskutTa mefe senasanma honebTan erTad ilaSqra somxeTis winaaRmdeg. l. meliqseT-begis Tanaxmad, es laSqroba emTxveva Crdilo kavkasiaSi hunebis SeWras. Semdeg askvnis: hunebis (hun-Turqebis) IV s-is meore naxevarSi amierkavkasiaSi, kerZod, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi yofna da SesaZlo dasaxleba aRbeWdili unda iyos cixis saxelwodebaSi `xunani~, romelsac ar SeiZleba sxvagvari interpretacia mivceT, Tu ara `hun~ resp. `hon~ (`hon~) Ziridan warmomavloba37.

rogorc l. meliqseT-begi wers, jer kidev 1920 wels TbilisSi wakiTxul moxsenebaSi (`О новых материалах для древней истории Закавказья~)38 konstantine mixeilis Ze Tumanovma q. xunanis saxeli CineTis provincia xunanidan gamosul CinelTagan momdinared miiCnia39. 1927 wels ki gazeT `zaria vostokaSi~ (# 1570) zemodasaxelebuli konstantine Tumanovis Zmiswulma mixeil giorgis Ze Tumanovma dabeWda werili `Китайские выходцы в древнем Закавказье~ (историческая справка), sadac avtori wers: Zvel amierkavkasiis teritoriaze aris qalaqi, romlis saxeli ar ixsneba adgilobriv enebze. es saxelwodeba kidev erTxel mowmobs somxeTsa da saqarTveloSi CineTidan gadmosaxlebulTa koloniis arsebobas. avtoris Tanaxmad, – aRniSnavs l. meliqseT-begi, – xunani orbelianTa mamulis axlosaa, SesaZloa maTac ekuTvnoda. Cinurad `xunani~ niSnavs `wverosanTa qveyanas~, Cinelebi ki wverosnebs uwodebdnen indo-ariuli warmoSobis TavianT Tanamemamuleebso40 (l. meliqseT-begis sityviT, msgavsi Sinaarsis werili mixeil Tumanovs jer kidev 1911 wels gamouqveynebia venis mxiTarianTa kongregaciis JurnalSi). amis Semdeg l. meliqseT-begi dasZens: dasaxelebuli avtorebi roca xunanis saxelis Cinur warmomavlobaze weren, somxur saistorio mwerlobas (favstos buzandaci, movses xorenaci, sebeosi) eyrdnobian. maTi cnobiT ki, mamikonianebi (stefanos orbelianis Tanaxmad – orbelianebi) Cinelebisagan momdinareobdnen41.

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zemomotanili msjelobis Semdeg l. meliqseT-begi cdilobs TviT axsnas xunanis etimologia da aRniSnavs: xunani iseTive kategoriis saxelia, rogoricaa sakaSene (Seqi) – sakebis adgili anu qalaqi, `naxWevani~ – naxCTa qalaqi anu adgili. xunani hunTa binadrobis adgili rom unda iyos, – dasZens igi, – amis sasargeblod, rasakvirvelia, pirdapiri Cveneba saistorio wyaroebSi ara gvaqvs, magram mis raionSi ax. w. IV s-Si hunebs SeeZloT gaevloT da droebiT mainc damkvidrebuliyvnen42. aseTi varaudis gasamyareblad moaqvs romaeli istorikosis amianus marcelinusis (gard. 400 w.) cnoba, romlis Tanaxmad, 377 wels hunebma alanTa qveynidan gadaiares samxreTisaken da mravali xalxi amowyvites da gaZarcves. l. meliqseT-begis Tanaxmad, favstos buzandacic mogviTxrobs maskutTa mefe senasanma somxeTze laSqrobisas xonTa da sxva xalxTa daxmarebiT rom miaRwia didi mdinaris – mtkvris sazRvramde43.

rogorc vxedavT, l. meliqseT-begma maincdamainc xelmosakidi masala ver moitana toponim xunanis hunuri warmomavlobis saCveneblad. xunanis saxeli hunebs rom ar unda ukavSirdebodes, es cxadia, magram saidan warmodgeba am uZvelesi qalaqis saxelwodeba, marTlac, sainteresoa. rac mTavaria, zemoganxiluli masalidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos teritoriaze hunur-Turquli eTnosis araviTari kvali ar Cans.

agaTia sqolastikosis cnoba onogurisis

cixis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli araqarTuli warmomavlobis

adgilis saxelebidan onogurisi erT-erTi imaTgania, romlis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb Zvel saistorio wyaroSi uSualo miTiTeba gvaqvs. cixesimagre onogurisis Sesaxeb cnobebs VI saukunis bizantieli avtori agaTia sqolastikosi gvawvdis.

poeti, iuristi, istorikosi agaTia im drois erT-erTi ganaTlebuli pirovneba iyo. iuridiuli mecniereba aleqsandriasa da konstantinopolSi Seiswavla. misi mravalmxrivi Semoqmedebidan poetur memkvidreobaze aq arafers vityvi, saistorio Txzuleba („iustinianes mefobisaTvis“ – xuT wignad) ki cnobili bizantieli istorikosis prokopios kesarielis „istoriis“ gagrZelebas warmoadgens. agaTia masSi, garda imisa, rom Tanmimdevrulad gadmogvcems 552 – 558 wlebSi bizantiis imperiaSi momxdar ambebs, mniSvnelovani cnobebi aqvs dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. swored ganaTlebiT iuristma, poetma – agaTiam Semogvinaxa uZvelesi qarTuli mWermetyvelebis brwyinvale nimuSebi: VI saukunis lazi moRvaweebis – aietisa da fartaZis is sityvebi, romlebic maT saxalxo krebaze warmoTqves. agaTias TxzulebaSi aseve saintereso cnobebia lazebze da misimianebze, egrisis cixe-qalaqebis: quTaisis, muxurisis, vardcixis, tolebis, aseve CvenTvis saintereso onogurisis cixis Sesaxeb.

agaTias Tanaxmad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdebare onogurisis cixem saxeli Zvelad huni onogurebisagan miiRo1. es cnoba dRemde qarTvel da ucxo mecnierTa did interess iwvevs, magram aravin dainteresebula, ramdenad realuria agaTias monaTxrobi onogurisis

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cixis saxelis huni onogurebidan warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. rac mTavaria, dRemde dadgenili araa cixis mdebareobis adgili.

sanam agaTias cnobis sandoobis Taobaze Cems mosazrebas mogaxsenebT, vnaxoT, mkvlevrebi ras werdnen agaTias aRniSnuli cnobis Sesaxeb.

onogurisis cixis mdebareobisa da misi saxelis warmomavlobis sakiTxs akad. s. yauxCiSvili 1936 wels saqarTvelos Sesaxeb agaTias cnobebis qarTuli Targmanis gamocemisas Seexo da SeniSvnaSi aRniSna: onogurisi m. brosem qarTul unagiras daukavSirao (m. broses Semdeg onogurisis cixis lokalizaciis sakiTxs p. ioseliani Seexo da igi q. xonTan gaaigiva2). s. yauxCiSvilis sityviT, m. broses aseT mosazrebas adasturebs agaTias mier mocemuli aRwerilobis Sedareba vaxuStis cnobebTan da dRevandeli martvilisa da xonis raionebis sazRvarze aRmarTuli unagiras mTis geografiul mdebareobasTan3. amrigad, – askvnis s. yauxCiSvili, – agaTias Ονογουρις-is cixe mdebareobda dasavleT da aRmosavleT lazeTis sazRvarze, amave saxelwodebis (unagiras) mTaze, romlis erT kalTaze arqeopolisi – noqalaqevia moTavsebuli. aq cixe yofila winaTac da igi laz-bizantielebs hkuTvnebia, magram sparselebs Cavardnia xelSi4.

s. yauxCiSvilma, TiTqos, gaarkvia onogurisis cixis mdebareoba, magram imave SeniSvnaSi bolomde ar rCeba zemogamoTqmul Tvalsazrisze da iqve wers: „radgan prokopiosi metad mniSvnelovan punqtad Tvlis uqimerions, agaTia ki sruliad ar axsenebs am saxels – ise ki warmoudgenelia, rom agaTia am punqts ar icnobdes, radgan prokopis is Zalian kargad icnobs da uxvadac iyenebs. amave dros prokopiseuli uqimerionis rols akuTvnebs „onoguriss“, maSasadame, aq Cven unda gvqondes saqme erTsa da imave sasimagro punqtTan, romelsac xan cixis (uqimerionis) saxelwodebiT ixseniebs, xan ki mTis (unagiras) saxelwodebiT, sadac es cixe iyo agebuli“5.

s. yauxCiSvilis mier onogurisis cixis uqimerionTan gaigivebam gaarTula onogurisis cixis lokalizaciis sakiTxi. saqme isaa, rom TviT uqimerionis cixis mdebareobac araa garkveuli. akad. d. musxeliSvilis Tanaxmad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdebare uqimerionis cixesimagre pirvelad VI saukuneSi ixsenieba da erTi mosazrebiT igi mdebareobda cxeniswylis xeobis gaswvriv magistralze, romelic muxuriss leCxumTan da svaneTTan akavSirebs (varaudoben, rom cxeniswylis marjvena napirze SemorCenili cixesimagris nangrevebi uqimerionia), sxva mosazrebiT, uqimerioni quTaisSi, goraze dRemde SemorCenili Zveli cixesimagrea6.

1960 wels dasavleT saqarTveloSi istoriis institutis samecniero eqspediciis muSaobisas onogurisis cixis lokalizaciis sakiTxiT akad. n. berZeniSvili dainteresda. rogorc igi wers, man onogurisis cixe ver naxa. cixe martvilis maxloblad, sadRac Rrma xevSi ivarauda7. n. berZeniSvili iqve dasZens: „ukmayofilo mivdivar, „onogurisi“ ver davadgine“8. „mivdivar da bunebrivad miCndeba azri, rom es onogurisi arqeopolisis momijnave qveyanaSia. aseTi qveyana ki abaSis xeobaa. banZa am cixis salokalizaciod sul ufro da ufro misaRebad meCveneba. aqve onoRias „najaxovu“... da TviT saxeli onoRia metyveli meCveneba... onoRia abaSis xeobaSi, is Wanurad „qalaqs“, savaWro adgils niSnavs... xom ar SeiZleba onoRiasTan dakavSireba berZnuli onogurisis... maincdamainc

26

onogurisis daguleba onoRiaSi Tu enobriv siZneleebs xvdeba, materialur-Sinaarsobriv is kargad eTanxmeba wyaros Cvenebebs“9. s. yauxCiSvili, – wers Semdeg n. berZeniSvili, -– erTxel uqimerions onoguriss uigivebda, Semdeg, Cans, es azri uaryo da sxva punqtebis Sesaxeb mjelobda, magram gadawyvetili daskvna ar miuRia da sakiTxi, misi azriT, Riad darCa10.

rogorc vxedavT, kerZod sad mdebareobda onogurisis cixe, misi saxeli unagiras mTidan modioda Tu huni onogurebidan, „Riad darCa“. onogurisis cixis saxelis momdinareobisa da TviT cixis mdebareobis Sesaxeb akad. s. yauxCiSvilma da akad. n. berZeniSvilma dasabuTebuli mosazreba ver gamoTqves.

onogurisis cixe rom namdvilad arsebobda dasavleT saqarTeloSi, am mxriv agaTias cnobis sandoobaSi ar daeWvebula akad. iv. javaxiSvili. egrisSi mimdinare didi omianobis gaanalizebisas igi „onoguris cixeze“ araerTxel miuTiTebs 11. onogurisis cixeze saubrobs a. bogveraZe 1973 wels gamocemul „saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis“ meore tomSi12.

onogurisis cixis lokalizaciis sakiTxs araerTxel Seexo akad. d. musxeliSvili. 1977 wels gamocemul „saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebis“ pirvel tomSi man aRniSna: onogurisis cixe arqeopolisis maxloblad mdebareobda. mas md. texuris marjvena napirze (mis qvemo welze) mdebare dRevandel Sxefis cixesTan aigiveben13 (Sxefis cixe q. senakis maxloblad mdebareobs. – v. g.).

1984 wels gamocemul „qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopediis“ meSvide tomSi moTavsebul werilSi „onogurisi“ d. musxeliSvilma onogurisis cixe rom igive Sxefis cixe unda yofiliyo, aRar miuTiTa. igi wers: onogurisi „istoriuli cixesimagrea dasavleT saqarTveloSi. egrisis samefos mniSvnelovani strategiuli punqti, arqeopolisis maxloblad“, onogurisis cixis „zusti adgilmdebareoba daudgenelia“14. samagierod, 1987 wels „qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopediis“ meTerTmete tomSi – statiaSi „Sxefis cixe“ T. beraZem kvlav miuTiTa: „Sxefis cixe aris igive onogurisi“15. 2003 wels monografiaSi „saqarTvelo IV – VIII saukuneebSi“ d. musxeliSvili kvlav Seexo onogurisis cixis mdebareobis sakiTxs da amjerad igi axlandel martvilis raionSi, md. abaSis marjvena napirze (martvilidan 7 km.) mdebare sof. abedaTis cixed miiCnia16.

amrigad, 1984 wels akad. d. musxeliSvilisaTvis onogurisis cixis zusti mdebareoba Tu daudgeneli iyo, 2003 wels igi yovelgvari daeWvebis gareSe miuTiTebs – onogurisi sof. abedaTis cixeao. amjerad d. musxeliSvili prof. p. zaqaraias azrs iziarebs (eyrdnoba: p. zaqaraia, T. kapanaZe, cixegoji – arqeopolisi – noqalaqevi. xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1991, gv. 129).

dasaxelebuli monografiis avtorebi weren: „...Cven mtkiced varT darwmunebuli imaSi, rom axlandeli abedaTis cixe Zveli onogurisis cixea“. amis Semdeg prof. p. zaqaraia, rogorc Cans, ufro darwmunda Tavisi mikvlevis sisworeSi. 2002 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi („qarTul cixesimagreTa istoria“. ix. statia „abedaTi, onogurisi“) qarTvel mkiTxvels kvlav auwyebda onogurisis cixis mikvlevis Sesaxeb. dasaxelebul werilSi igi wers: onogurisis cixe Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan egrisis saxelmwifos damcvelad iTvleboda... onogurisi dRevandeli sofel abedaTis cixea. onogurisis cixes karga xania

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mkvlevrebi eZebdnen, magram ver miugniaT. am cixeze qarTul matianeSic araviTari cnoba ar Semonaxula, masze mxolod VI s. bizantiel istorikosTan darCenili cnobebia... cixes 1983 wels noqalaqevis eqspediciam miagno. es „mignebuli cixe“, p. zaqaraiam, marTalia, IV – VI s-ebiT daaTariRa, magram, rogorc TviTon wers, „Zveli cixis gegma ar dgindeba“. p. zaqaraias iqve moaqvs agaTias cnoba, sparselTa sardals onogurisis cixe rom „winaT gaexada arqeopolisis midamoebSi romaelTa winaaRmdeg saWiro sasimagro safarad“.

p. zaqaraias Tanaxmad, zemomotanil citataSi „...pirdapir ori ramaa naTqvami: pirveli – onogurisi arqeopolisis midamoebSia da meore – igi arqeopolisis „safaria“. arqeopolisis siaxloves, unagiras mTis zolze, sof. abedaTis Tavze mdebareobs is cixe, romelic onogurisad miiCneva. sxva cixe, an nacixari am midamoebSi ar aris. amitom, es cixe onogurisad iqna miCneuli, rac gaTxrebmac daadastura“. abedaTis cixe rom igive onogurisia, amis dasamtkiceblad p. zaqaraias damatebiT moaqvs agaTias cnoba onogurisis cixis „kbilanebze“ sparselTa yofnis Sesaxeb da iqve arsebuli miTiTeba, cixis damcvelebma „zevidan raRac tiloebi da wamosasxamebi �rom� gadmohkides da amiT isrebis Zalas asustebdnen, romlebic maT winaaRmdeg midioda“. amis Semdeg p. zaqaraia askvnis: „yovelive zemoTqmuli aSkarad adasturebs onogurisisa da abedaTis cixis identurobas. Zegli adrefeodaluri xanis saimedo saforTifikacio nagebobad gvevlineba“-o17.

ramdenad damajerebelia p. zaqaraias mikvleva, amjerad es TviT mkiTxvelisaTvis mimindvia, Cemi mxriv ki unda aRvniSno, rom agaTiaseuli onogurisis cixis sof. abedaTSi mdebare cixesTan igiveobis Sesaxeb p. zaqaraias dabejiTebiTi mtkiceba prof. T. beraZem ar gaiziara. 2007 wels sainstituto gegmiT Sesrulebul naSromSi man kvlav Sxefisa da onogurisis cixeebis igiveobaze miuTiTa.

onogurisis cixis mdebareobis sakiTxs araerTi ucxoeli mkvlevari Seexo. 1953 wels m. levCenkom agaTias „istoriis“ rusuli Targmanisadmi darTul komentarSi miuTiTa – onogurisis cixe samtrediis raionSi telefisis axlos mdebareobdao18. germaneli mecnieri g. hauzigi, marTalia, wers huni onogurebis arqeopolisis axlos yofnis Sesaxeb (Zvel wyaroebSi aseTi cnoba araa. – v. g.), magram, rogorc Cans, misTvis imdenad gaurkveveli iyo arqeopolisis mdebareoba, rom onogurisis cixe Crdilo kavkasiidan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadmomavali darialis zekaris Camket cixesimagred miiCnia19. m. artamonovis Tanaxmad, onogurisis cixe lazikaSi, md. rionis CrdiloeTiT iyo20.

onogurisis cixis mdebareobis sakiTxs, ra Tqma unda, gverds ver auvlidnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze ZvelTurquli warmomavlobis toponimebis maZiebeli v. Rukasiani da i. iunusovi.

v. Rukasianis mcdelobas, saqarTvelos teritoriaze rac SeiZleba bevri ZvelTurquli warmoSobis toponimebi moeZebna, qarTvelma mecnierebma pasuxi gasces 1982 wels werilSi – „По поводу одной статьи В. Л. Гукасяна“. isini weren: saqarTveloSi Turqulenovani eTnosebis arsebobis dasadastureblad v. Rukasians arafers aZlevs agaTias cnoba – dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdebare onogurisis cixem saxeli rom onogurebisagan miiRo. upirveles yovlisa, TviT agaTia ambobs, rom cixem saxeli miiRo kolxebTan huni onogurebis damarcxebis aRsaniSnavad. aq saubaria

28

SemoWrili onogurebis damarcxebisa da ara am cixesTan onogurebis xangrZlivi yofnis Sesaxeb21.

rac Seexeba a. iunusovs, onogurisis cixis Sesaxeb agaTias cnobis gaanalizebis Semdeg igi dasZens: dasavleT saqarTveloSi hun onogurebTan ara marto cixis saxelia dakavSirebuli, aramed „kavkasiis SavizRvispireTSi“ onogurebis adgilsamyofelic iyo, rasac mowmobs am regionidan mravalricxovani arqeologiuri masala, aseve is faqti, rom dasavleli Tanamedroveni (aq, rogorc vnaxavT, a. iunusovi VII s. ravenel anomims gulisxmobs. – v. g.) saxeldobr, aq aTavseben „qveyana onogorias“ („Страна Оногория“)22.

kavkasiis SavizRvispireTSi „qveyana onogoria“ rom arsebobda, amis dasturad a. iunusovi m. artamonovisa da i. da g. fiodorovebis gamokvlevebs imowmebs.

a. iunusovi, rogorc vnaxeT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi hun onogurebis saxelTan dakavSireul onogurisis cixeze msjelobisas axsenebs „qveyana onogorias“ da migvaniSnebs: cixe onogurisTan imave saxelis mqone xalxis qveyanac mdebareobdao. amitom sainteresoa gairkves, Tu ra teritoria igulisxmeba „kavkasiis SavizRvispireTSi“, sadac „qveyana onogoria“ iyo.

„saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis“ II tomSi, sadac saqarTvelos istoria SedarebiT vrcladaa gadmocemuli, onogurisis cixe mxolod erTxelaa naxsenebi23. qarTulma istoriografiam dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi araviTari „qveyana onogoria“ ar icis. ase rom, a. iunusovis mtkiceba CvenTvis siaxlea. amitom qvemoT vnaxoT, ra masala aqvT m. artamonovsa da i. da g. fiodorovebs huni onogurebis Sesaxeb, ram misca iunusovs safuZveli [dasavleT saqarTveloSi]� SavizRvispireTSi „qveyana onogoriis“ arsebobaze mieTiTebina.

m. artamonovi movses kalankatvacisa (VII s.) da stefanos orbelianis (XIII s.) TxzulebebSi Semonaxul legendebze dayrdnobiT, iranis Sahis Sabur II-is (III s.) Tanadroulad xazarTa Tavdasxmebze da hunze saxelad „Х'онагур“-ze (romelmac, TiTqos, Sabur II orTabrZolaSi gamoiwvia) saubrobs. miuTiTebs, rom azovis zRvis aRmosavleTiT mdebare „qveyana onogoria“ cnobili iyo VII s-Si raveneli anonimi avtorisaTvis24. rac Seexeba i. da g. fiodorovebs, isini weren: onogurebma amierkavkasiaSi, albaT, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirodan SeaRwies. sxvagvarad Zneli asaxsnelia VI s-Si bizantia-iranis omTan dakavSirebiT kolxeTSi agaTias mier moxseniebuli „onogurisis“ cixis saxelwodeba. am avtorTa varaudiT, kavkasiis Savi zRvis sanapiroze onogurebis yofnas adasturebs gelenjikis maxloblad, borisovskSi mikvleuli samarxi, romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari bolgarTa siZveleebs miakuTvnebs. aq daujerebeli araferia, – dasZenen isini, – rogorc cnobilia, md. yubanis qvemo weli da kavkasiis mTianeTis Crdilo dasavleTi, „ravenuli kosmografiis“ monacemebiT, onogurebis qveynis farglebSi Sedioda. amierkavkasiaSi laSqrobis Semdeg saragurebi, maT Semdeg onogurebi, qrebian TanamedroveTa TvalTaxedvidan – wyaroebi maT Sesaxeb duman. rogorc Cans, marTalia m. artamonovi, roca varaudobda VI s-is damdegs saragurTa moTaveobiT Seqmnili bolgaruli tomebis kavSiris daSlas, magram gana yvela saraguri gadavida amierkavkasiaSi, maTi nawili darialis gasasvlelis Crdilo mxares, mTiswineTsa da velebSi unda

29

darCeniliyo, sadac isini adrealanuri kulturis matarebel Crdilokavkasiur tomebs Seerivnen25.

rogorc vxedavT, zemomotanili masala araviTar safuZvels ar iZleva dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi „qveyana onogoriis“ arsebobis Sesaxeb. legendarulia Sabur II-is Tanadroulad rogorc xazarTa Tavdasxmebze saubari, ise vinme hunis – „Х'онагур“-is arseboba. rac mTavaria, VII s-is raveneli anonimis cnobiT, onogurebis qveyana azovis zRvis aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda. wyaroebSi araviTari cnoba araa saragurTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, arc TviT saragurTa da arc maT gaerTianebaSi Semavali onogurebis azovis aRmosavleTi zRvispireTidan kolxeTSi Semosvlis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli masala da gelenjikis maxloblad (krasnodaris mxareSi) mikvleuli samarxi aseTi mtkicebis safuZvels rom ar iZleva, es a. iunusovmac kargad icis. onogurebis gansaxlebis adgilad amitom asaxelebs zogadad „kavkasiis zRvispireTs“, mkiTxvels ubiZgebs „qveyana onogoria“ dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi igulisxmos.

ra SeiZleba iTqvas zemomotanili masalis Semdeg onogursisis cixis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb?

1. ucxoel mkvlevarTa nawili (v. Rukasiani, a. iunusovi) agaTias cnobas imis dasadastureblad iyenebs, adreSuasaukuneebidanve saqarTvelos teritoriaze Turquli warmomavlobis toponimebi rom arsebobda;

2. mkvlevarTa meore nawilisaTvis (i. da g. fiodorovebi) agaTias dasaxelebuli cnoba sakmarisi aRmoCnda Crdilo kavkaiidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze hun saragurTa didi nawilis gadmosvlis (gadmosaxlebis) Sesaxeb mieTiTebinaT;

rac Seexeba qarTvel mkvlevrebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1936 wels akad. s. yauxCiSvilma onogurisis cixis lokalizacia ver gansazRvra, xolo 1960 wel akad. n. berZeniSvilma sagangebo Ziebis miuxedavad onogurisis cixis adgilmdebareobas ver miakvlia da, rogorc TviT wers, „sakiTxi Riad darCa“, dRemde aravis eWvi ar epareba, onogurisis cixe sadRac arqeopolisTan axlos rom mdebareobda.

onogurisis cixis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb, TiTqos, dasabuTebuli Tvalsazrisi warmoadgina prof. p. zaqaraiam, magram garda imisa, rom man egrisSi huni onogurebis laSqrobis agaTiaseuli cnobis realuroba ar Seamowma – 1. cixis „Zveli gegma“ ver aRadgina; 2. arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas mikvleuli raime xelmosakidi masalis (mag. VI s. bizantiuri an sasanuri moneta) ver warmoadgina. misi mTavari argumenti onogurisisa da abedaTis cixeebis identurobisaTvis mxolod isaa, „arqeopolisis siaxloves, unagirs mTis zolze“ abedaTis cixis garda „sxva cixe an nacixari“ rom ar mdebareobs.

p. zaqaraia agaTias im cnobas mainc rom Cahkvirveboda, iranelTa sardalma mermeroem onogurisis cixe rom „adre Seqmna“ (ix. qvemoT), aseve, onogurisis „cixis kbilanebze“ myofma cixis damcvelebma „zevidan raRac tiloebi da wamosasxamebi“ imitom rom gadmokides, raTa „amiT mtris isrebis Zala SeesustebinaT“ (s. yauxCiSvilis TargmaniT), iqneb, ase dabejiTebiT onogurisisa da abedaTis cixeebis identurobaze, onogurisis cixis aRmoCenaze aRar mieTiTebina. prof. T. beraZes sruli ufleba hqonda aseTi gaigiveba ar gaeziarebina.

30

onogurisis cixis Sesaxeb agaTias cnobebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, onogurisis cixis mdebareobis gansazRvra, TiTqos, ar unda gaZnelebuliyo. vnaxoT, ras wers agaTia. onogurisi „Zveladve Seerqva am adgils SesaZlebelia imis gamo, rom hunnebi, ogurebi ewodebodaT, am adgilas Sebmian kolxebs warsul wlebSi da damarcxebulan da am gamarjvebis niSnad da Zeglad adgilobriv mcxovreblebs es saxeli SeurqmeviaT am adgilisaTvis. amJamad, – dasZens agaTia, – bevri ase ki aRar uwodebs, aramed, radgan aq dafuZnebulia im wmida stefanes taZari, romelic, rogorc amboben, sakuTari nebiT Seeba mters ...da Caqolil iqmna mowinaaRmdegeTa mier, misi saxeli ewoda am adgils. Cven ki, vfiqrob, araferi gviSlis xels Zveli saxelwodeba vixmaroT“26.

vfiqrob, motanil cnobasTan erTad, agaTias TxzulebaSi arsebuli miTiTeba „SesaZlebelia“ ukve daeWvebis sababs iZleoda onogurisis cixis saxelis hun onogurebTan dasakavSireblad. rac mTavaria, daeWvebis sauZvels iZleoda is, rom agaTias moRvaweobis droisaTvis cixis saxeli „onogurisi“ ukve daviwyebuli iyo da brZolis adgils, im xanad, wmida stefanes saxelze agebuli taZris saxeliT icnobdnen.

es asec iyo mosalodneli. huni onogurebis dasavleT saqarTveloSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne, saistorio wyaroebSi araviTari cnoba araa. rac Seexeba V s. bizantieli avtoris – priskos panielis cnobas, masSi moTxrobilia 466 wlis axlo xanaSi Crlilo kavkasiidan qarTlSi huni akacirebis, saragurebisa da onogurebis gadmosvlis Sesaxeb. rogorc priskosi wers, am hunebma qarTlSi daides bina da aqedan Tavs esxmodnen somxeTis soflebs27. dasavleT saqarTveloSi maTi laSqrobis Sesaxeb igi arafers wers. amierkavkasiaSi laSqrobis Semdeg hunTa es gaerTianeba daiSala. akacirebma Crdilo kavkasiidan ufro dasavleTisaken gadainacvles, saragurebi saerTod qrebian istoriis asparezidan28. onogurebi ki azovis zRvis aRmosavleTiT mdebare velebze agrZelebdnen arsebobas (SemdegSi monawileoba miiRes ungreli xalxis CamoyalibebaSi29).

axla isev onogurisis cixis sakiTxs davubrundeT. kidev unda aRvniSno: marTalia, onogurisis cixis saxelis

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb agaTias cnobebi daeWvebis sababs iZleoda, magram igi ise cocxlad, dinamiurad aRwers egrisSi mimdinare didi omianobis calkeul epizodebs, rom mkiTxvels agaTia calkeuli brZolebis monawile Tu ara, TviTmxilveli mainc hgonia. agaTias Txrobis manera mkiTxvels misi cnobebisadmi

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